Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History of Serbian Cinematography
History of Serbian Cinematography
The first-ever public film showing in Belgrade, on 6 June 1896, marked the
start up of the film industry in the territory of the present FR of Yugoslavia. It was
only after the Second World War that as an integral part of national culture and
arts, it was equated with the traditional arts, such as literature, painting, music
and theatre, and it has been expanding ever since and encompassing the
production of all kinds of films, including everything from documentary films,
cartoons and popular science films to the feature ones. In the mid-sixties, it
clashed with a new medium, the television, and in the late eighties, with the
home video recorders/players, resulting in a decrease in the number of cinemas
and viewers. By keeping up to date on the experiences of and developments in
the international film industry, the Yugoslav film industry endeavoured to become
a part of it on an equal footing with the rest. A large number of prizes was
awarded at the various international film festivals to both films as a whole and
their authors and producers, substantiating thus the existence of a Yugoslav,
national film industry.
The basic activities were also paralleled by a number of other film-related
activities, such as: actor and personnel training, reviewing, publication of film
magazines and books, etc. In that context, particular attention is deserved by the
Yugoslav Film Archive, which has become one of the biggest and best-known
institutions of the kind in the world.
In the last hundred years, the film industry of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) involved many people, from pioneers to tested authors boasting a
significant film opus, as well as institutions, producers and cinemas, not to
mention the films made and preserved.
FIRST WORLD WAR PERIOD (1914-1918). The First World War also
attracted a large number of cameramen to the front lines in the territory of
present Yugoslavia, and domestic ones were among them, too. Their biggest
difficulty was the acquisition of cameras and tape. Towards the end of 1916, when
the Serbian Army reorganised itself in Greece following its retreat through
Albania, the Film Section was established within the Supreme Command of the
Serbian Army. It had three departments: photographic, projectionist and artistic.
It was granted a modest amount of money towards purchasing film equipment
and tape. A lot of shooting was done and after the First World War, the material
thus obtained was used for making several documentaries, such as Breach of the
Salonica Front (Proboj Solunskog front) and The Liberation of Belgrade
(Oslobodenje Beograda)
Having acquired some experience in acting in Budapest, Vladimir Totovic
bought a camera during the First World War and made two feature films in the
autumn of 1915: The Rescuer (Spasilac) and A Detective as a Thief (Detektiv kao
lopov).
BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS. Many film pioneers never came back
from war and others found it dificult to carry on their work. The film production
started up in Zagreb during the First World War was continued, but like in
Belgrade, it soon became only a sporadic one. It should be noted that before the
emergence of new film pioneers, Bosko Tokin, who was to become a distinguished
film reviewer and theorist, began to write his first film reviews for the Progres
daily.
The State Film-making Workshop was established Belgrade in the framework
of the Ministry of Public Health in 1921 on the initiative of Milutin Bata Nikolic, an
actor. It lasted until 1923 and turned out a number of health-promotion films, the
most important of which was The Tragedy of Our Children (Tragedija nase dece),
1922. Slavko Jovanovic, a Serbian film pioneer, carried on making documentaries.
Around that time, another film pioneer, Ernest Bosnjak, founded the Boer Film
company and together with a group of film enthusiasts, carried on making
newsreels and documentaries relating to the town of Sombor and its
surroundings, as well as feature films.
Although several other film companies were established in the mid-twenties
(five in Belgrade and one in Stari Becej and Subotica each), only two of them
(Novakovic Film owned by Kosta Novakovic, a Belgrade pharmacist, and Pobeda
Film, owned by Josip Novak) managed to produce some films.
Although the number of cinemas kept increasing in the then Yugoslavia
(Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) as a whole, the best portions of Serbia
and Montenegro were still without any cinemas. At the beginning of 1927, there
were altogether 344 registered cinemas in Yugoslavia, of which 44 were in the
Belgrade district. After Zagreb, the first American sound films, A Pavement Lady
(Dama sa trotoara) followed by The White Shadows (Bele senke) and The Crazy
Singer (Ludi pevac) were shown in Belgrade towards the end of 1929.
The government showed interest in financing and organising the national film
industry and established the Jugoslovenski prosvetni film (Yugoslav Educational
Film) enterprise in Belgrade in 1931.
The enactment of the Film Distribution Law on 5 December 1931 was of great
importance for the Yugoslav film industry. Although its title relates only to film
distribution, that law also regulated the other two film industry segments and it
was particularly favourable for the film-makers. According to that law, all cinemas
in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had to have in their repertoires at least 5% of
"cultural films' (that is what the short feature films and documentaries were
called), and what is even more important, 7% and 15% of domestic feature films
initially and as of 1933 respectively. Thus, 326 cultural and documentary films,
newsreels and domestic feature films were shown in the cinemas of the Kingdom
of Yugoslavia in 1932, which was more than produced until then in all of the
Balkan countries. In order to abide by that law and avoid being fined, the cinema
operators had in their repertoires a lot of old domestic films or those made in
great haste, so that they were inferior to foreign ones. Consequently, the cinema
audience and income decreased. This aroused the dissatisfaction of both local
cinema owners and American distributors, who threatened to withdraw their films
from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, so that already in 1993, the clause about the
compulsory quota of domestic films was rescinded.
The Film Distribution Law activated the domestic film industry enterprises.
Adrija Nacional Film, which was run by film directors Ranko Jovanovic and Milutin
Ignjacevic, produced two notable films, Through Storm and Fire (Kroz buru i
oganj), 1930, and At the Gate of Orient (Na kapiji orijenta), 1932. One of the best
films made between the two world wars was In God We Trust (Sa verom u boga),
1932, which was directed by Mihajlo Al. Popovic, the owner of MAP Film and a
well-known cameraman. Many companies closed down after 1933, while the
remaining ones stagnated, making documentaries and films on order from time to
time.
According to the files of the State Film Authority relating to 1935, Serbia
proper, i.e., without Vojvodina and Kosovo, had 53 cinemas in 29 towns, and 48
of these cinemas were provided with sound film projectors. The most dense
cinema network was in Vo-jvodina, where there were 87 cinemas in 65 places (68
cinemas equipped for sound-film showing). There were only seven cinemas in
Kosovo and Metohija. Hollywood-made films prevailed in the repertories.
Montenegro had no film production of its own, but its exotic setting got foreign
producers to make films in Montenegro or about Montenegrin topics. For instance,
Vladimir B. Popovic, a minister in the former Kingdom of Montenegro, was the
chief instigator of the production of the film No Resurrection 8'ithout Death
(Voskrsenje ne biva bez smrti), 1922, in Italy by Sangro Film of Rome. Mirko M.
Dragovic of Cetinje, a film enthusiast, took part in the shooting of a feature film
about blood feuds, The Black Hills Law (Zakon crnih brda) which is better known
as The Durmitor Phantom (Fantom Durmitora), 1932. This film was made as a
German-Yugoslav co-production.
On the eve of the Second World War, in 1940, there were nine cinemas in
Montenegro.
SECOND WORLD WAR. The film industry carried on its activities in keeping
with the circumstances brought about by the war.
The demonstrations of 27 March and the bombing of Belgrade on 6 April 1941
were filmed by professionals and amateurs alike, but not much tape has been
preserved. Films were distributed by Jugoistok Film, an enterprise established by
the occupying forces, which shot stories from time to time for the newsreel of the
German UFA.
The most important project in this period was the domestic feature film
Innocence Without Protection (Nevinost bez zastite) directed by Dragoljub Aleksic,
an acrobat, who also played the chief role in it. Its premiere was staged on 15
February 1943 in Belgrade and although it got bad reviews, it was well-received
by the public, which is best corroborated by the fact that it was seen by more
than 60,000 people. (This film was forgotten after the Second World War and it
was brought to light again in 1968 by Dusan Makavejev in a film having the same
title and supplemented with various library tapes, as well as recollections of
Dragoljub Aleksic and Stevan Miskovic, in addihon to other authors.)
In the German-occupied Serbia, 128 cinemas were operated, of which 26 were
in Belgrade alone. Besides the pre-war films approved by the German censors,
the repertoire included German films mostly, as well as some from Italy, Spain
and Hungary. The best-watched film was The Golden City (Zlatni grad) directed
by F. Harland, which was watched by more than 100,000 people in Belgrade
alone.
The end of the Second World War was covered in the territory of Yugoslavia by
allied film reporters, particularly those from the Soviet Union and Great Britain.
Film shooting did not begin in the Yugoslav National Liberation Army before
late 1944, because there were no conditions for that earlier. The roots of the
modern Yugoslav film industry are in the Films Section of the Supreme
Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Serbia, which was established on
16 July 1944 and headed by Rados Novakovic. Its chief task was to make the
existing cinemas operational and arrange for the' showing of selected films as a
contribution to cultural life. The Films Section of the Supreme Headquarters of the
National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was established in
December of the same year. Djorde Vasiljevic, a Nis photographer and
proprietor of a photo-studio, owned a 35 mm camera with which he shot the first
newsreel stories in the early months of 1945, which made up the basis for Our
Film Chronicles No. 1 (News Reel
No. 1), the first work of the modern Yugoslav film industry. The State Film
Enterprise was established on 20 November 1944 by decision of the Agency for
Commerce and Industry of the Federal Government of the Democratic Federal
Yugoslavia (DFY), its task being to restore the cinema network and control the
acquisition of new films. That was a period of the Yugoslav film industry s
transition from a military to a civilian one, since both the
Films Section and the State Film Enterprise were dissolved on 3 July 1945 and
the DFY
Films Enterprise was established (its name was changed to the Films
Enterprise of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) on 29 November
of the same year). The government paid in the founding capital amounting to
1,000,000 dinars and set its tasks relating to the organisation of the Yugoslav film
industry.
In the period from 16 July 1944 to 17 June 1946, the shooting of the newsreel
(the name of which was changed to Film News (Filmske novosti) after the first
issue) was continued and 20 documentaries were made, among which the
following ones stand out: Belgrade (Beograd) directed by Nikola Popovic (1945),
Jasenovac (Jasenovac) by Gustav Gavrin (1945), and The Steps of Freedom
(Koraci slobode) (1945) and A New Land (Nova Zemlja) (1946) directed by Rados
Novakovic.
FILM PRODUCTION
FEATURE FILMS After the Second World War, feature films were produced in
Serbia and Montenegro until 1951 exclusively by Zvezda film, a federal
enterprise, and Avala Alm and Lovcen film, republic enterprises. In 1951, they
were joined by UFUS (Association of Film Artists of Serbia) and in 1964, also by
Belgrade Cinema Club (with its first filin, The Traitor (Izdajnik), which was
directed by Kokan Rakonjac). In the course of further decentralisation of the
Yugoslav film industry, dividing it into republic and provincia1 fiIm industries,
professional feature film production was started up in Vojvodina in 1972, by
Neoplanta film (with the film The Traces of a Dark Girl (Tragovi crne devojke)
directed by Zdravko Randic) and in Kosovo by Kosovo film (with the film How to
Die (Kako umreti) directed by Miodrag Stamenkovic).
Under the 1982 Film Industry Law and Law on the Independent Performance
of Artistic and Other Activities in the Field of Culture, it was made possible to set
up in Serbia permanent working communities (PWC or TRZ in the Serbian
original) foi the production of films. Among the first and most important ef the
latter was Art film of Belgrade, which was followed by others specialising in
various kinds of films.
In the late eighties, the film producers were also joined by many distributors
(Avala pro-film, Mumva film, Inex film, Zeta film, etc.), as well as by Beograd
film, the biggest cinema operating organisation. Some other organisations, such
as Decje novine pubiishing organisation, Association of Cinema Operators of
Serbia, etc., also acted as film producers from time to time.
After 1991, many permanent-working communities, as well as many classical
film enterprises, weie no longer able to carry on their business, because the film
market got shrunk" the number of cinemas decreased dramatically and the
sanctions made the acquisition of film material and equipment almost impossible.
As of 1991, the Radio and Television Organisation of Belgrade/Serbia (RTV
Beograd / Srbija) was one of the most important film producers or co-producers.
Another major co-producer was Avala film, the one time biggest producer in
Serbia, since it owns the filming equipment and other facilities and premises. A
financial contribution was being made by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of
Serbia. The initiative in the domestic feature film production was taken over
completely by private enterprises, among which the following stand out: MP
Agency, Cinema Design, Victoria Film and Monte Royal Pictures.
Serbia and Montenegro have a prevailing share in the film heritage of the
former SFR of Yugoslavia (Table I and Chart I). Of the 889 long feature films
made in the 1947-1990 period, 455 or 51.2% were made in Serbia and
Montenegro (426 or 47.9% in Serbia alone).
After 1990, the production of long feature films went on in Serbia only. In the
1991-1997 period, 43 of these films were produced in Serbia and only one in
Montenegro. In terms of genre, 40 of them were modern dramas or comedies,
one was a historic one (Migrations)(Seobe), 1994, directed by Aleksandar
Petrovic), one was a musical one (Sweet Dreams)(Slatko od snova), 1994,
directed by Vladimir 2ivkovic) and one was cartoon/puppet film (Amy the Infantry
Ant (Mrav pesadinac), 1993, by Slavko Tatic). All films were in colour, in the
mono-technique mostly, one being made by the Dolby stereo technique (Variant
A) and only two by the Dolby SR technique (Underground (Podzemlje), 1995,
directed by Emir Kusturica, and Balkan Rules (Balkanska pravila), 1997, directed
by Darko Bajic).
Among the films made in this period, the following ones stand out: Tango
Argentino, 1992, by Goran Paskaljevic, 8'e are no Angels (Mi nismo andeli), 1992,
by Srdan Dragojevic, Tito and I (Tito i ja), 1992, by Goran Markovic, Better Than
Escape (Bolje od bekstva), 1993, by Miroslav Lekic, Between Heaven and Earth
(Ni na nebu ni na zemlji), 1994, by Milos Radivojevic, Premeditated Murder
(Ubistvo s predumisljajem), 1995, by Gorcin Sto-janovic, Underground
(Podzemlje), 1995, by Emir Kusturica, Somebody Else s America (Tuda Amerika),
1995, by Goran Paskaljevic, and Pretty Village, Pretty Flame (Lepa sela lepo
gore), 1996, by Srdan Dragojevic.
The Yugoslav films made after 1995 were well-rated at international film
festivals.
In marking the First Century of Film in Serbia, the Board of the Academy of
Film Art and Science (AFUN) made an appraisal of all domestic films made from
1945 to 1995 and selected the best ten. Based on the aesthetic criterion, AFUN
divided this period into three phases, including. phase of professional beginnings
(1947-1956), phase of maturing creativity (1957-1966) and phase of mature
creativity (1967-1995).
In the phase of professional beginnings (1947-1956), 30 films were made and
they varied &om strict realism at the beginning to a somewhat more flexible one
later on, their topics being associated with the war years (Slavica, 1947,
Vjekoslav Afric) or problems encountered in the development of a new society
(Life is Ours (Zivot je nas), 1947, Gustav Gavrin). Initially, the feature film was
used for ideological purposes, but soon enough, it also began to be regarded as
art, so that films without ideological connotations began to be
made (e.g., Soka, 1948, Rados Novakovic). This meant that doors were
opened to film authors having a critical attitude to the reality presented in films,
as in Faraway is the Sun (Daleko je sunce),1953, by Rados Novakovic or Great
and Small (Veliki i mali), 1956, by Vladimir Pogacic.
SHORT FEATURE FILMS Like the documentaries, also the short feature films
have a cultural mission only. With exception of the festival premieres and
occasional TV broadcasting, neither was this category of films shown in cinemas.
Many documentary film makers were looking for an opportunity to try themselves
out in this production before tackling the feature films. For example, this was the
case with Predrag Golubovic and his opus consisting of The Death of Countryman
Djurica (Smrt paora Djurice), Quiet (Tisine) and Biography of Joseph Schulz
(Biografija Jozefa Rulca). A particularly big contribution to international success of
this kind of production was made by the Faculty of Dramatic Arts, with the film
The Case of Foundryman Bogoljub Savkovic (Slucaj Bogoljuba Savkovica livca)
(1981), by Seljami Taraku. Preference was given subsequently to the omnibus
films made as of late by students of the Faculty of Dramatic Arts mostly.
Altogether eight omnibus films have been made in what is now the FR of
Yugoslavia from 1947 to 1997. About 50 short feature films have been made from
1991 to 1997 and in terms of the prizes won, three of them made in 1994 stand
out: Loss of Memory (Amnezija) by Dusan Petricic, Necro film (Nekro film) by
Dejan Zecevic and Threesome (Trojka) by Srdan Golubovic.
CARTOONS The production of cartoons aiter the Second World War was started
up by Ljubisa and Vera Jocic with their puppet film The Pioneer and Mark E (Pionir
i dvojka) and carried on by Nikola Majdak and the cartoonist Zoran Jovanovic,
who created a special expression of the "Belgrade cartoon school" gathered
around Dunav film. A style quite different from that of the "Zagreb cartoon
school" was developed. What prevailed were the short forms, jokes told in the
cartoon style. Later on, they
were joined by younger authors, such as Vera Vlajic, Rastko Ciric and Veljko
Bikic. With his Bikic Studio, the latter has been the biggest cartoons producer in
Yugoslavia since 1990. Besides the various kinds of cartoons, Bikic Studio also
makes cartoons and feature films combined. Bikic produced 29 cartoons by 1995
and won many prizes for them. Bikic also produces about 70 short commercial
clips a year.
NEWSREEL The shooting of newsreel stories towards the end of last century -
not only by foreign cameramen, but also by domestic film pioneers - speaks about
the newsreel making traditions in Yugoslavia. However, a permanent production
was started up towards the end of the Second World War, in 1945, when the
Newsreel No. 1 was produced using the materials shot by the Film Section of
Serbia. This production was continued by the DFY/FPRY Film Enterprise at first
(until 1946) and then by the Zvezda film federal enterprise. On 1 July 1950, this
production was taken over by the newly established Central Filmed News
Enterprise (Filmed News as of 1955). From 1948 onwards, the yearly output
amounted to 52 weekly newsreels and 12 monthly ones and eight Film Reviews.
Filmed News (now a federal public enterprise) has not been producing newsreels
since 1990. Instead of that, it is producing filmed documentation and films on
order and renting out film production facilities.
FILM SHOWING Before proper cinemas were opened in what is now the FR of
Yugoslavia, films were being shown in rented for the occasion restaurants and fire
brigade, sports, dance and other halls. The cinema network inherited in
Yugoslavia after the Second World War (consisting of about 400 units) was
unevenly distributed and fragmentised, i.e., most cinemas were one-man
businesses having only one or possibly two to three halls. After the Second World
war, when the attitude to the film industry changed, recognising it as a part of
national culture and arts, also the cinemas changed their purpose, because they
became places of an informative, cultural and, in the last place, entertaining
nature. However, despite these changes, the film showing sector was still
characterised by the lowest level of organisation.
Thanks to the implementation of the cinema network expansion programme
started up in the period of centralised administration and continued after 1951 in
somewhat different circumstances, the number of cinemas kept increasing until
1967, when it reached 1,765 in the then Yugoslavia as a whole. It has been
decreasing ever since.
The decrease in the number of cinemas was also paralleled by a decrease in
the number of cinema-goers, ratio of the domestic to foreign film audience and
per capita cinema-going rate (Table V and Chart III).
The number of cinemas and the number of shows and cinema-goers have
been increasing gradually since 1995 and this has been paralleled by many
changes dictating the future expansion of cinemas in Yugoslavia. In the first
place, there are the changes in the ownership structure. Namely, many halls of
the workers' and popular universities, cultural clubs, youth clubs and the like, in
which films used to be shown from time to time, have been rented and
remodelled by private distributors who by doing so, set up a parallel cinema
network of their own. At the end of 1997, there were 14 such cinemas in Belgrade
and one in Novi Sad. There were none in other towns. These changes were
essentially followed by the introduction of the stereo-Dolby sound and DVS
systems. Moreover, exclusively thanks to the initiative of private distributors,
multiplex cinemas (having several halls) are also being opened, like in the Labour
Union Club in Belgrade, which has three cinema halls at present.
FILM FESTIVALS
DOMESTIC FILM FESTIVALS The oldest national film festival was the
Yugoslav Feature Film Festival, which was established in Pula (in Croatia now) in
1954, as a review in which only the audience prize was awarded. As from the next
year, a professional jury awarded prizes for the total art contribution, as well as
for individual artistic accomplishments. Documentaries were also shown in Pula
until 1959, but as of the next year, they competed at the Yugoslav Documentary
and Short Film Festival in Belgrade, the chief purpose of which was to encourage
further expansion of the documentary film production. Practically the whole
Yugoslav annual production was shown at these two festivals, with prior selection
for official and informative programmes. The both festivals were managed by the
Yugoslav Film Festival. Later on, the Documentary Film Festival was taken over by
the City of Belgrade, Sava Centre and as of the nineties, Yugoslavia Film.
- Screenplay Festival in Vrnjacka Banja (staged since 1976) where three prizes
are awarded for the best screenplay, regardless of whether it is original or made
according to works of literature;
- Yugoslav Film Festival in Herceg Novi (from 1987 to 1991, it was the Festival of
Film Direction at which the Golden, Silver and Bronze Mimosas were awarded). In
1992, it became the national film festival instead of the Pula one formerly and the
chief prize awarded at it is the Golden Mimosa in all film categories;
- Yugoslav Film Festival - Novi Sad Arena staged in Novi Sad since 1992, where
films are appraised as a whole and three prizes are awarded (Golden, Silver and
Bronze Arenas);
After 1990, the Yugoslav film industry was also awarded one of the Felix prizes for
the supporting female role, which went to Marta Keler for her role in the film
Virgina (Virdiina), 1991, by Srdan Karanovic. From 1993 to 1995, the Yugoslav
film industry was unable to participate in international film festivals because of
sanctions which also applied to cultural activities. However, following the lifting of
sanctions and the Golden Palm awarded to the film Underground in Cannes
(1995), invitations are being sent to producers or authors directly. Prizes and
acknowledgements were also won by the following Yugoslav films in this period:
Somebody Else's America (Cannes 1995, Valladolid 1995), Premeditated Murder
(Berlin 1996, Valencia 1996, Goteburg 1996, etc.), Pretty Village, Pretty Flame
(Sao Paolo 1996, Stockholm 1996, Angers 1997, etc.) and the documentary I
don't Know 8%ere, @%en or How (San Francisco 1995, New York 1996,
Columbus 1997, etc.).
FILM AUTHORS
Besides the films made, one of the greatest assets of the Yugoslav film industry
are the film authors, including directors, cameramen and actors in the first place.
In the first post-war period, Vjekoslav Afric, Nikola Popovic, Rados Novakovic and
Vladimir Pogacic stood out among directors, Mihajlo Ivanjikov and Mihajlo Al.
Popovic among cameramen and Milivoje Zivanovic, Ljubisa Jovanovic and others
among actors who were recruited from the theatre. A different kind of films began
to be made in the sixties by directors such as Aleksandar Petrovic, Zivojin
Pavlovic, Purisa Bordevic, Dusan Makavejev, Kokan Rakonjac and Zelimir Zilnik,
cameramen Aleksandar Petkovic, Milorad Jaksic and Branko Ivatovic and actors
(who were later to become Yugoslav film stars) Milena Dravic, Velimir-Bata
Zivojinovic, Ljubisa Samardzic, Stole Arandelovic, Pavle
Vujisic and many others. Three gifted directors reached their professional
maturity in Montenegro: Velja Stojanovic, Milo Bukanovic and Zdravko
Velimirovic. The late seventies were marked by directors from the so-called
"Czech school", Goran Markovic, Srdan Karanovic and Goran Paskaljevic and
cameraman Predrag Popovic. Zivko Nikolic and Predrag Golubovic worked for
Serbian and Montenegrin film industries parallely. They also led a new generation
of graduates from the Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts, including: Slobodan
Sijan, Milos Radivojevic, Zdravko Sotra, Miroslav Lekic, Srdjan Dragojevic and
Dragan Kresoja (all directors), cameramen Radoslav Vladic and Milos Spasojevic
and a whole pleiad of talented young actors who had already established
themselves, as was the case with Lazar Ristovski, Branislav Lecic, Svetozar
Cvetkovic and Zoran Cvijanovic and the younger ones, such as. Mirjana Jokovic,
Srdan Todorovic, Nikola Kojo, Dragan Bjelogrlic, Branka Katic, Sergej Trifunovic
and others.
Although mostly directors acted as screen writers in the Yugoslav film
industry, a contribution was made to this also by many writers and journalists,
such as. Oskar Davico, Branko Copic, Borislav Mihajlovic-Mihiz, Borislav Pekic,
Miroslav Antic, Branimir Rcepanovic, Ferenc Deak and others. Among the film
playwriters, the greatest contribution was made by Ratkc Burovic, Gordan Mihic,
Arsen Diklic, Dusan Kovacevic, Nebojsa Pajkic, Ljubisa Kozomora, Zika Lazic,
Sinisa Pavic and others. Great credit is deserved also by: film editors, such as
Olga Skrigin, Katarina Stojanovic, Jelena i Vojislav Bjenjas, Branka Ceperac,
Vuksan Lukovac, Mirjana Mitrovic, Lana Vukobratovic, Jelica Bokic, Petar Markovic
and others; scenographers, such as Miomir Denic, Vlastimir Gavrik, Veljko
Despotovic, Dragoljub Ivkov, Milenko Jeremic, Vladislav Lasic, Miljan Kljakovic
Kreka and others, costume designers, such as Mirjana Ostojic, Zagorka
Stojanovic, Mira Cohadzic, Boris Caksiran, Biljana i Ljiljana Dragovic, Emilija
Kovacevic and others; film music composers, such as Vojislav Voki Kostic, Zoran
Hristic, Mladen and Predrag Vranesevic, Lazar Ristovski, Zoran Simjanovic, Dusko
Kaurovic, Ksenija Zecevic and others, and producers, such as Ratko Drazevic,
Aleksije Obradovic, Milan Zmukic, Dusan Perkovic, Nikola Popovic, Petar Sobajic,
Aleksandar Stojanovic, Borde Milojevic, Milan Cvetkovic and others.
As for the documentary film production, a big group was formed around the
so-called "Belgrade school", which deserves credit for the success of Yugoslav
documentaries not only in the country, but abroad too. The accomplishments of
directors Krsto Skanata, Stjepan Zaninovic, Milenko Strbac, Niksa Jovicevic and
Aleksandar Ilic marked a whole epoch. Later on, they were also joined by other
directors, such as Branko Milosevic, Momir Matovic and even younger ones, such
as Zelimir Gvardiol, Milan Knezevic and others.
The most successful cartoon-makers in Belgrade in the late seventies were
Nikola Majdak, Zoran Jovanovic, Vera Vlajic, Dusan Sevo, Rastko Ciric, Veljko
Bikic, Dragutin Gane Milanovic, Rajko Radovic and others.
TRAINING Initially, the film industry was taking over staff from some related
industries and show business, and for a long time, the training boiled down to
practising and assisting. Between the two world wars, at
tempts were being made at setting up film schools, but that never turned into
a system of training for film-making.
What was particularly lacking were technical/artistic workers, so that it was
proceeded with sending students to Moscow and Prague for training. Thanks to
the efforts made by the Film Industry Committee of the FPRY Government, the
High School for Film Actors and Directors was established in 1947 in Belgrade and
technical film schools in Belgrade and Zagreb, which had the status of secondary
vocational schools for work in the film industry.
In the 1950/51 academic year, the High School for Film Actors and Directors
and the Theatre Academy merged and became the Academy of Theatre Arts. The
first generation of actors and directors trained in it was to become the first
generation of its professors subsequently. In 1960, this academy's name was
changed to the Academy of Theatre, Film, Radio and Television, in which the
students of direction were able to opt for one of these four media only after
completing the second year. The first generation of organisers and playwrights
enrolled in 1961 and the students of film editing and camera somewhat later on.
The first students of sound recording and processing enrolled in the 1997198
academic year. In 1974, this Academy became the Faculty of Dramatic Arts
(theatre, film, radio and television). This establishment is one of the oldest
members of CILECT, an international association of higher film and television
schools. The Academy and the subsequent Faculty of Theatre Arts had many
teachers and students, who made a great contribution to the Yugoslav film
industry: Vjekoslav Afric, Rados Novakovic, Aleksandar Petrovic, Ljubomir
Radicevic, Dejan Kosanovic, Marko Babac, Vladeta Lukic and others. The courses
last four years and graduates can opt for master's and doctoral courses.
The decentralisation of the Yugoslav film industry was reflected on training, so
that the Drama Department was established within the Novi Sad Art Academy for
drama (in the Serbian and Albanian languages) and (multimedia) direction
students.
The opening of private film/television schools began in Belgrade in 1995, so
that the first generations of students are attending the BK Academy, a film school
attached to Dunav film.