333

COVERPAGE
KI
NDLYI
NSERTASI
NTHEPDFVERSI
ON.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 1|
Page
 SCHOOLOFHUMANI
TIESANDDEVELOPMENTSTUDI
ES

HURI111:HUMANRI
GHTS

AUNI
VERSI
TYCOMMONCORECOURSE

Edi
tedby

Fel
ici
aAr
udoYi
ekeandBaber
eKer
ataChacha
Nov
ember
,2013

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 2|
Page
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 3|
Page
 COPYRI
GHT

Publ
i
shedbyLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
yCounci
lwi
tht
hesuppor
toft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOf
fi
ceof
t
heHi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orHumanRi
ght
s

©Lai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
yCounci
l
,al
lri
ght
sreser
ved.Nopar
toft
hisManual
maybe
r
epr
oducedi
nanyf
orm orbyanymeanswi
thoutpr
iorper
missi
oni
nwr
it
ingf
rom t
he
publ
i
sher
s.
Nov
ember
,2013

I
SBN:9966-
1709-
2-7

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 4|
Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thesuccessf
ulpr
oduct
ionoft
hismanualwasmadepossi
blet
hrought
hecol
l
abor
ati
ve
ef
for
tofmanypeopl
eandi
nst
it
uti
ons.I
tiswi
thi
mmensegr
ati
tudet
hatsuchi
nput
sand
i
nsi
ght
sint
hewhol
epr
ocessar
eacknowl
edged.Ourdeepestgr
ati
tudei
sto Lai
ki
pia
Uni
ver
sit
yundert
hel
eader
shi
poft
heVi
ce-
Chancel
l
or,Pr
of.Fr
anci
sLel
o.Wehav
ebeen
amazi
ngl
yfor
tunat
etohav
eanadv
isorwhogav
eust
hef
reedom t
oexpl
oreonourownand
att
hesamet
imegi
veusgui
dancet
orecov
erwhenourst
epsf
alt
ered.Pr
of.Lel
otaughtus
how t
o quest
iont
hought
sandex
pressi
deas.Hi
spat
ienceandsuppor
thel
pedust
o
ov
ercomemanycr
isi
ssi
tuat
ionsandcompl
etet
hiswor
k.

Ourgr
eat
esti
ndebt
ednessgoest
otheent
ir
est
affoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOf
fi
ceoft
heHi
gh
Commi
ssi
onerHumanRi
ght
s,undert
hel
eader
shi
pofUchennaEmel
ony
e,t
heSeni
orRi
ght
s
Adv
isor
,whoensur
edt
hatwegotf
inanci
alsuppor
taswel
lasl
ogi
sti
calsuppor
tfort
he
ent
ir
epr
ocessofdev
elopi
ngt
heHumanr
ight
scour
seaswel
lasenabl
i
ngust
opubl
i
sht
his
Manual
.Thei
rdedi
cat
iont
othi
scour
sewasunr
ival
l
ed.Wepar
ti
cul
arl
ytakenot
eoft
he
i
mmensesuppor
tofMsCl
ari
ceOgangah,
MsAkademi
aNanj
alaandMsSel
i
naNy
ambok.

Wet
hankt
heFacul
tyofLawofUni
ver
sit
yofCapeTowni
nSout
hAf
ri
ca,whoar
rangedf
or
ani
ntensi
vet
rai
ningonHumanr
ight
sfort
het
echni
calt
eam f
rom Lai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.On
t
his,wet
hankPr
ofDanwoodChi
rwawhoi
stheHeadoft
heDepar
tmentofPubl
i
cLaw at
t
heUni
ver
sit
yofCapeTownf
orassembl
i
ngat
eam ofv
eryexper
iencedpr
ofessor
swho
gav
eust
henecessar
ygui
danceonbot
hthet
rai
ningonHumanr
ight
saswel
last
he
dev
elopmentoft
heHumanr
ight
scur
ri
cul
um.

Fi
nal
l
y,wewoul
dli
ket
het
hankt
heLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
yTechni
calTeam ont
heHumanr
ight
s
pr
ogr
ammef
ort
hei
rdi
l
igence,bot
hint
hedev
elopmentoft
hecur
ri
cul
um aswel
lasi
nthe
act
ualwr
it
ingofv
ari
ousuni
tsf
ort
hisManual
.Wi
thoutt
hei
rpat
ienceandhar
dwor
k,i
t
woul
dhav
ebeenv
erydi
ff
icul
ttopr
oducet
hisManual
.Lastandnotl
east
,webegf
ort
he
i
ndul
genceofal
lthosewhohav
ebeenwi
thusdur
ingt
hecour
seoft
hepr
epar
ati
onf
ort
his
Manual
andwhosenameshav
efai
l
edt
obement
ioned.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 5|
Page
Fel
ici
aAr
udoYi
ekeandBaber
eKer
ataChacha
Edi
tor
s

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 6|
Page
 LI
STOFCONTRI
BUTORS
DrBaber
eChachai
saSeni
orLect
ureri
nHi
stor
yandal
sot
heCoor
dinat
orofLi
nkages
andExt
ernal
Col
l
abor
ati
onsatLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.

DrVi
ckyKhasandi
-Tel
ewai
saSeni
orLect
ureri
nAppl
i
edLi
ngui
sti
cs.Att
het
imeof
wr
it
ing t
his manual
,she was t
he chai
rper
son oft
he Depar
tmentofLi
ter
aryand
Communi
cat
ionSt
udi
es(
LITCOMS)atLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.

MrMar
kLel
eruki
saLect
ureri
ntheDepar
tmentofPubl
i
cAf
fai
rsandEnv
ironment
al
St
udi
es(
PAES)andi
sal
sot
heDi
rect
orofMar
alal
CampusofLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.

MrKenMut
umai
saLawy
erandHumanr
ight
sPr
act
it
ioneraswel
lasDi
rect
or,Af
ri
ca
f
orDev
elopment
.Att
het
imeofwr
it
ingt
hismanual
,hewasont
hef
inal
i
sat
ionst
ageof
hi
sPhDwor
kandshoul
dhav
egr
aduat
edbynow.

DrWendoNabeai
saSeni
orLect
ureri
nAppl
i
edLi
ngui
sti
cs(
Kiswahi
l
i)andal
sot
he
Di
rect
orofNai
vashaCampusofLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.

MrApol
loOr
awoi
saLect
ureri
ntheDepar
tmentofPubl
i
cAf
fai
rsandEnv
ironment
al
St
udi
es(
PAES)
.Att
het
imeofwr
it
ingt
hismanual
,hewast
hechai
rmanoft
hePAES
depar
tmentwhi
chhousest
heHumanr
ight
spr
ogr
amme.

DrPet
erWawer
uisaSeni
orLect
ureri
nHi
stor
yandi
sal
sot
heDi
rect
orofNy
ahur
uru
CampusofLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
y.

Pr
ofessorFel
ici
aYi
ekei
sAssoci
atePr
ofessorofAppl
i
edLi
ngui
sti
csandal
sot
heDean,
SchoolofHumani
ti
es and Dev
elopmentSt
udi
es atLai
ki
pia Uni
ver
sit
y.She has
publ
i
shedwi
del
yint
hear
easofl
anguage,
discour
seanal
ysi
s,gender
,andet
hni
cit
y.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 7|
Page
 TABLEOFCONTENTS
Tit
le
page..
..
..
....
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
Copyri
ght ..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.3
Acknowl edgment s..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
.
..
4
Li
st of
Contri
but ors..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
5
Table of
Contents...
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.6
Curri
cul
um for Human
ri
ghts.
..
....
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.7

LessonOne
Intr
oducti
ont otheConceptofHuman
Rights.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.14
ApolloOkothOr awo

LessonTwo
Histori
cal Development of Human
Rights.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
25
PeterWawer uWagur a

LessonsThreeandFour
Unit
ed Nations Sy
stem
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.36
BabereKerataChacha

LessonFiv
e
Afri
canRegionalHumanRi
ght
sSy
stem:Pr
otect
ionandEnf
orcement
Mechanisms..
..
..
..
..
53
MarkLeler
uk

LessonsSixandSev en
KenyaHumanRi ghtsFramewor k
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
65
KenMut uma

LessonsEightandNi ne
ADiscussionofSelectRights1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
95
WendoNabea

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 8|
Page
LessonTen
ADi scussi
onofSel ectRights11
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.120
VickyKhasandi-Tel
ewa

LessonsEl evenandTwel ve
EnforcementMechani smsinKeny a
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
135
Fel
iciaArudoYi eke

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 9|
Page
 CURRI
CULUM FORHUMANRI
GHTS

COURSECODE: HURI111
COURSETI
TLE: HUMANRI
GHTS
CREDI
TFACTORS(
CFs)
: 3
PREREQUI
SITE(
S): NONE

1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Dev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esi
nAf
ri
caandot
herpar
tsoft
hewor
ldhav
eforl
ongexper
ienced
wi
despr
eadabuseofhumanr
ight
s.I
nKeny
a,t
he1961Lancast
erHouseConst
it
uti
on
wasmut
il
atedt
osui
tvest
edi
nter
est
sleadi
ngt
ocent
ral
i
sat
ionofpower
,lackofpubl
i
c
par
ti
cipat
ion,gaggi
ngoft
hepr
ess,si
ngl
epar
tydi
ctat
orshi
pandf
lagr
antabuseof
human r
ight
s such as i
ndi
scr
imi
nat
e det
ent
ion wi
thout t
ri
al,i
ncar
cer
ati
on of
gov
ernmentcr
it
ics.Consequent
ly,st
atei
nst
it
uti
ons,par
ti
cul
arl
ythosechar
gedwi
th
account
abi
l
ityand j
ust
ice such as t
he l
egi
slat
ure,j
udi
ciar
yand l
aw enf
orcement
agenci
eswer
erender
edi
nef
fect
ive.Ul
ti
mat
ely
,thi
sresul
tedi
nunbr
idl
edcor
rupt
ionand
i
mpuni
ty.Ther
e wer
e al
so negat
ive cul
tur
alpr
act
ices t
hatf
avour
ed pat
ri
archal
hegemonyanddi
sadv
ant
agedwomenandchi
l
dren.Al
lthesewer
eoccasi
onedbya
ci
ti
zenr
yignor
antofi
tsci
vi
cri
ght
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

Theendoft
heCol
dWar
,howev
er,si
gnal
l
edar
enewedi
nter
esti
nanewconst
it
uti
onal
or
der
.InKeny
a,f
ori
nst
ance,t
her
ewascl
amourf
ormul
tipar
typol
i
ticsandi
ncr
eased
spacef
orf
reedom andci
vi
lli
ber
ti
es.Gl
obal
l
y,manyCommuni
ty-
BasedOr
gani
zat
ions
(
CBOs)and Non-
Gov
ernment
alOr
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs)hav
ebeen usi
ng t
heHuman
Ri
ght
sfr
amewor
ktoadv
ocat
eforsoci
alchanget
oaddr
essv
iol
enceagai
nstwomen,
chi
l
dlabour
,inadequat
ehousi
ng,
inef
fect
iveheal
thcar
esy
stems,
unequaloppor
tuni
ti
es
t
o educat
ion and env
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion.Asa r
esul
t,t
hese or
gani
sat
ionsar
e
pr
ovi
dingHumanRi
ght
sEducat
iont
oempowert
hepoor
,ref
ugees,i
mmi
grant
s,t
he
mar
ginal
i
sedandLesbi
ans,Gay
s,Bi
sexualandTr
ansgender(
LGBT)
.Aspar
toft
he
humanr
ight
seducat
ionpr
ocess,
iti
simper
ati
vef
oruni
ver
sit
iest
oof
ferpr
ogr
ammeson
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 10|
Page
HumanRi
ght
s.Tor
eachal
lst
udent
s,Lai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
yis,t
her
efor
e,of
fer
ingHuman
Ri
ght
spr
ogr
ammeasacommoncor
ecour
sewhi
chencompassesphi
l
osophi
cal
,l
egal
,
andpol
i
tical
per
spect
ivesonhumanr
ight
s.

2.
0 JUSTI
FICATI
ON
Human Ri
ght
str
aini
ng has become an i
ntegr
alpar
tofqual
i
tybasi
c and t
ert
iar
y
educat
ionandi
sint
ernat
ional
l
yrecogni
zedasamet
hodf
orpr
omot
inghumanr
ight
sat
t
hegl
obal
,regi
onal
,nat
ionalandl
ocall
evel
s.Knowl
edgeofr
ight
sandf
reedomsi
s,
t
her
efor
e,consi
der
edaf
undament
alt
ool
toguar
ant
eer
espectf
ort
her
ight
sofal
l
.

Oneoft
hebestway
sofeducat
ingpeopl
eonci
vi
ll
iber
ti
esi
stoexposet
hem t
oacul
tur
e
ofhumanr
ight
swi
thi
nal
ear
ningenv
ironment
.Taki
ngcogni
sanceoft
hef
actt
hat
Uni
ver
sit
iesar
efount
ainsofknowl
edge,t
heyar
ebestsui
tedasav
enuesf
orv
alued
t
ransf
ormat
ionofsoci
ety
.Ther
eis,t
her
efor
e,needt
orev
iewt
heUni
ver
sit
yCur
ri
cul
um
i
nor
dert
oint
egr
atev
aluesandpr
inci
plesofhumanr
ight
sint
andem wi
tht
heKeny
an
Const
it
uti
on.Consequent
ly,Lai
ki
pia Uni
ver
sit
yhasdev
eloped a cour
se on Human
Ri
ght
seducat
ion.

I
tisexpect
edt
hatagr
aduat
eoft
heLai
ki
piaUni
ver
sit
yHumanr
ight
spr
ogr
ammei
sone
whowi
l
lbesoci
all
yresponsi
ve,exhi
bitf
air
nessandi
ntegr
it
y,andwi
l
lhav
erespectf
or
humanr
ight
stoot
her
saswel
lasasenseofdut
ytot
hewhol
ecommuni
ty.

3.
0 COURSECONTENT
I
ntr
oduct
iont
otheconceptofHumanr
ight
s;Def
ini
ti
on,char
act
eri
sti
cs,cat
egor
ies,
dut
ies,f
oundat
ionsandi
mpor
tance.Hi
stor
icaldev
elopmentofHumanr
ight
s;Ev
olut
ion
ofhuman r
ight
sini
nter
nat
ionall
aw and i
n Af
ri
ca.Uni
ted Nat
ions (
UN)Sy
stem;
Expl
anat
ionofi
tsst
ruct
ure,i
tswor
kingsi
nter
msoft
hedev
elopmentofnor
msaswel
l
as i
ts enf
orcementmechani
sms.Regi
onalHuman r
ight
s nor
ms and enf
orcement
mechani
sms.Keny
a’sHumanr
ight
sfr
amewor
k;TheKeny
anBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.Di
scussi
ons
ofsel
ectr
ight
s.Enf
orcementmechani
smsi
nKeny
a;r
oleofcour
ts,
rol
eofCommi
ssi
ons,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 11|
Page
r
oleofsecur
it
yagenci
esandcor
rect
ional
ser
vices.Emer
gingi
ssuesi
nHumanr
ight
s.

4.
0 PURPOSE
Thepur
poseoft
hecour
sei
stoi
ntr
oducet
hel
ear
nert
otheconceptofHumanr
ight
s,
howi
tev
olv
edgener
all
yandwi
thi
ntheKeny
ancont
extspeci
fi
cal
l
y.Thecour
seshoul
d
al
soi
ntr
oducet
hel
ear
nert
onor
mat
ivef
ramewor
kofHumanr
ight
satt
hei
nter
nat
ional
andr
egi
onalcont
ext
s.Fur
ther
,itshoul
denabl
ethel
ear
nert
ounder
standf
undament
al
cont
ext
sin sel
ectHuman r
ight
sissues and t
hemes,whatt
hey mean and t
he
i
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
ort
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

5.
0 LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
hecour
se,
thel
ear
ner
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1.Def
inekeyt
ermsandconcept
sinHumanr
ight
s;
2.Demonst
rat
eadeeperunder
standi
ngoft
hehi
stor
ical
evol
uti
onofHumanr
ight
s;
3.Demonst
rat
eadeeperunder
standi
ngoft
hei
rri
ght
sandhow t
oenf
orceand
def
endt
hem;
4.Exami
nemechani
smsonhowt
osol
veHumanr
ight
sdi
sput
es;
5.Exami
ne t
he ‘
Bil
lofRi
ght
s’i
nthe Const
it
uti
on ofKeny
a and out
li
ne t
he
f
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomsi
tguar
ant
eest
otheci
ti
zensofKeny
a.
6.Becomemor
einf
ormedci
ti
zenswhoar
eabl
etocont
ri
but
etosoci
etymor
e
meani
ngf
ull
y,hav
ingknownt
hei
rHumanr
ight
s.

6.
0 TEACHI
NG/
LEARNI
NGMETHODOLOGI
ES
Lect
ures,
tut
ori
als,
groupwor
kanddi
scussi
ons,
semi
narpr
esent
ati
ons,
assi
gnment
s,
casest
udi
es.

7.
0 I
NSTRUCTI
ONALMATERI
AL/
EQUI
PMENT
Text
books,mul
ti
-medi
aresour
ce,LCDpr
oject
orandscr
een,whi
teboar
d,DVDs,v
ideo
and audi
otechnol
ogi
es,handout
s,PowerPoi
nt,I
nter
netand web based mat
eri
als
comput
ers.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 12|
Page
8.
1METHODSOFEVALUATI
ON
8.
1 Thecour
seshal
lbeexami
nedatt
heendoft
hesemest
er.
8.
2 Cour
sewor
kassessmentshal
lconsi
stof
:
8.
2.1 Endofsemest
erwr
it
tenexami
nat
ionwhi
chshal
lconst
it
ute70% oft
he
t
otal
mar
ksi
nthecour
se.
8.
2.2 Cont
inuousassessmentshal
lconst
it
ute30%oft
het
otal
mar
ks.
8.
3 Mar
ksobt
ainedi
ntheexami
nat
ionshal
lbeconv
ert
edt
olet
tergr
adesandappear
i
ntr
anscr
ipt
sasf
oll
ows:
A 70%andabov
e Ver
ygood
B 60%-
69% Good
C 50%-
59% Av
erage
D 40%-
49% Pass
F 39%andbel
ow Fai
l
I I
ncompl
ete
K Cour
sei
npr
ogr
ess
CT Cr
edi
tTr
ansf
er
AU Audi
t
P Pass

9.
0COURSEOUTLI
NE
WEEK1 I
ntr
oduct
iont
otheconceptofHumanRi
ght
s:
-
Def
ini
ti
on;
-
Char
act
eri
sti
cs(
uni
ver
sal
i
ty,i
ndi
vi
sibi
l
ity
,inal
i
enabi
l
ity
,supr
emacy
,
i
nher
ence)
;
-
Cat
egor
i 1stgener
es( aton,2nd gener
i aton,3rd gener
i ati
on)ofHuman
Ri
ght
s;
-Dut
ies;
tor
espect
,pr
otect
,pr
omot
eandf
ulf
il
;
-Foundat
ions(
Whati
nfor
mshumanr
ight
s?)
;
-
Impor
tance;
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 13|
Page
 -
Limi
tat
ions.

WEEK2 Hi
stor
ical
Dev
elopmentofHumanRi
ght
s:
-
Evol
uti
onofhumanr
ight
sini
nter
nat
ional
lawandi
nAf
ri
ca.
WEEK3&4 Uni
tedNat
ions(
UN)Sy
stem:
-
Expl
aint
hest
ruct
ure,how i
twor
ksi
nter
msoft
hedev
elopmentof
nor
msaswel
lasi
tsenf
orcementmechani
sms;
-
Char
ter
-basedmechani
sms,e.
g.t
heUNGener
alAssembl
y,Secur
it
y
Counci
landt
heHumanRi
ght
scounci
l
;
-
Treat
y-based mechani
sms; Nor
mat
ive f
ramewor
k of t
he
i
nter
nat
ional Bi
l
l of Ri
ght
s and moni
tor
ing mechani
sms and
pr
ocedur
es.e.
g.St
ater
epor
ti
ng,compl
aint
s,enqui
ri
es,speci
al
Rappor
teur
s.
WEEK5 Regi
onal
HumanRi
ght
sNor
msandMechani
sms:
-
Nor
mat
ivef
ramewor
k(Af
ri
canchar
ter
,Af
ri
canChi
l
dren’
sChar
ter
andWomen’
sPr
otocol
);
-
Enf
orcementMechani
sms.
WEEK6 CAT(
Onehour
)
WEEK6&7 Keny
a’sHumanRi
ght
sFr
amewor
k:
-
Ani
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’sLegalsy
stem (
sour
cesofl
aw,st
ruct
ure
oft
hecour
ts,
commonl
aw)
;
-
Ani
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’sconst
it
uti
onal
andpol
i
tical
hist
ory
;
-
An i
ntr
oduct
ion t
o Keny
a’s 2010 Const
it
uti
on (
fundament
al
pr
inci
ples,
goodgov
ernance,
par
ti
cipat
ion,
separ
ati
onofpower
s,and
r
uleofl
aw,
int
egr
it
y,et
c.
-
Ani
ntr
oduct
iont
otheKeny
anBi
l
lofRi
ght
s(cat
egor
iesofr
ight
s,
r
angeofr
ight
s,whoi
sboundbyhumanr
ight
s,whoi
sent
it
ledt
o
Human r
ight
s,et
c.)
,li
mit
ati
ons and der
ogat
ions (
the gener
al
l
i
mit
ati
oncl
ause)
.
WEEK8 Adi
scussi
onofsel
ectr
ight
s:
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 14|
Page
 -
Equal
i
tyandnon-
discr
imi
nat
ion;
-
Freedoms (
e.g.Access t
oinf
ormat
ion,f
ree medi
a,f
reedom of
associ
ati
on,
etc.
);
WEEK9 Adi
scussi
onofsel
ectr
ight
s:
-
Womenr
ight
s;
-
Chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s;
-
Minor
it
yri
ght
s.
WEEK10 Adi
scussi
onofsel
ectr
ight
s:
-
Pol
i
tical
right
s;
-
Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s;
-
Landr
ight
s;
-
Right
sofper
sonsl
i
vingwi
thDi
sabi
l
ity
.
WEEK11&12 Enf
orcementMechani
smsi
nKeny
a:
-
Rol
eofcour
ts;
-
Rol
eofSecur
it
yAgenci
esandcor
rect
ional
Ser
vices;
-
Rol
e of Commi
ssi
ons (
e.g. Keny
a Nat
ional Human Ri
ght
s
Commi
ssi
on,Et
hics and Ant
i-
cor
rupt
ion,Gender and Equal
i
ty
Commi
ssi
on,
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice)
,et
c
WEEK13 -CAT2(
Ter
m Paper
)
-St
udentPr
esent
ati
onsofCaseSt
udi
esandEmer
gingI
ssues.
WEEK14&15 EndofSemest
erExami
nat
ions

10.
0 RECOMMENDEDTEXTS
Al
ston, 2012)I
P.( nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
s.Oxf
ord:
Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Baughan, 2007)HumanRi
B.( ght
sinAf
ri
ca.Br
oomal
l
:MasonCr
estPubl
i
sher
s.
Col
e, 2011)Educat
M.( ion,
Equal
i
tyandHumanRi
ght
s.London:Tayl
orandFr
anci
s.
Const
it
uti
onofKenya1963(
Repeal
ed)
.Av
ail
abl
eatwww.
keny
alaw.
org
Const
it
uti
onofKenya2010.Avai
l
abl
eatwww.
keny
alaw.
org
Donder
s,Y.andVol
odi 2007)HumanRi
n,V.( ght
sinEducat
ion,Sci
enceandCul
tur
e.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 15|
Page
 Al
der
shot
:Ashgat
ePubl
i
shi
ngGr
oup.
Donnel
y, 2012)I
J.( nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
s.Boul
derCO:
ThePer
seusBooksGr
oup.
Goodhar
t 2012)HumanRi
,M.( ght
s:Pol
i
ticsandPr
act
ice.Oxf
ord:Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
y
Pr
ess.
Hey
ns,C.(
2001)TheAf
ri
canRegi
onalHumanRi
ght
sSy
stem:I
nNeedofRef
orms?I
n
Af
ri
canHumanRi
ght
sLawJour
nal
.
Hunt
, 2008)I
L.( nvent
ingHumanRi
ght
s:AHi
stor
y.NewYor
k:WW Nor
ton..
I
shay 2008)TheHi
,M.R.( stor
yofHumanRi
ght
s.Ber
ker
ley
:Uni
ver
sit
yofCal
i
for
nia
Pr
ess.
Lund,C.andBooneC(
2013)I
ntr
oduct
ion:Landpol
i
ticsi
nAf
ri
ca-
const
it
uti
ngaut
hor
it
y
ov
ert
err
it
ory
,pr
oper
t sons.Af
yandPer ri
ca,Vol83/
speci
alI
ssue01,Febr
uar
y
2013,
pp1-
13.Av
ail
abl
eatht
tp:
//j
our
nal
s.cambr
idge.
org/
AFR
Mr
ashui 2011)Keny
,J.L.( aPr
omul
gat
esaNew Const
it
uti
on.Ar
myWarCol
lCar
li
sle
Bar
racks,
Pennsy
lvani
a.
Mur
ray
, 2004)HumanRi
R.( ght
sinAf
ri
ca.Cambr
idge:
Cambr
idgeUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Mwal
i 1989)TheKeny
mu,C.( aLegalSyst
em:AnOver
view.Washi
ngt
onDC:Li
brar
yof
Congr
ess
Ngondi
-Hought 2005)TheSt
onC ( ateofHumanRi
ght
sinKenya:A basel
i
nesur
vey
r
epor
t.Nai
robi
:Keny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onofHumanRi
ght
s&Mi
nist
ryofj
ust
ice
andConst
it
uti
onal
Aff
air
s.
Osl
er,
A.andSt
arkey
, 2010)Teacher
H.( sandHumanRi
ght
sEducat
ion.St
oke-
onTr
ent
.
I
nst
it
uteofEducat
ionPr
ess.
Shest
ack,J.(
1998)ThePhi
l
osophi
calFoundat
ionsofHumanRi s.HumanRi
ght ght
s
Quar
ter
ly20.201-
234.TheJohnHopki
nsUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess
Thuku,M.(
2011)‘
The Keny
an Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s(2010)
:Consol
i
dat
ing t
he Gai
nsand
anal
ysi
ng t
he Domest
icat
ion of I
nter
nat
ionalHuman Ri
ght
sInst
rument
s’.
Wor
kingPaper(
Apr
il2011)
.
Wal
dr 2010)HumanRi
on,F.andRuane,B.( ght
sEducat
ion:Ref
lect
ionsonTheor
yand
Pr
act
ice.Dubl
i
n:TheLi
ff
eyPr
ess.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 16|
Page
10.
0 TEXTBOOKSANDJOURNALSFORFURTHERREADI
NG
Af
ri
canHumanRi
ght
sLawJour
nal
.Cent
ref
orHumanRi
ght
s:Uni
ver
sit
yofPr
etor
ia
2011)TheUNHumanRi
Egan,S.( ght
sTr
eat
ySyst
em.London:Bl
oomsbur
yPubl
i
shi
ng
PLC.
Fassbender
, 2011)Secur
B.( ingHumanRi
ght
s?Achi
evement
sandChal
l
engesoft
heUN
Secur
it
yCounci
l
.Oxf
ord:
Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Fl
eck,
(2009)TheHandbookofHumani
tar
ianLaw.Oxf
ord:
Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Hol
l
and,T.and Mar
ti 2013)HumanRi
n,J.P.( ght
sEducat
ionandPeacebui
l
ding.
London:
Tay
lorandFr
anci
s.
Jour
nalofHumanRi
ght
sPr
act
ice.Oxf
ord:
Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Kel
l
er,H.and Ul
fst
ei 2012) UN Human Ri
n,G.( ght
s Tr
eat
y Bodi
es.Cambr
idge:
Cambr
idgeUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Pol
i
ti,M.andNesi 2001)TheRomeSt
,G.( atut
eandt
heI
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
t.
Al
der
shot
:Ashgat
ePubl
i
shi
ngGr
oup.
Rehman, 2009)I
J.( nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sLaw.Har
low:
Pear
sonEducat
ionLi
mit
ed.
Shel
t 2000)I
on,D.( nter
nat
ionalCr
imes,PeaceandHumanRi
ght
s:TheRol
eoft
he
I
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
t.NewYor
k:Br
il
lTr
ansnat
ional
Publ
i
sher
s.
TheI
nter
nat
ionalJour
nalofHumanRi
ght
s.Tayl
orandFr
anci
sOnl
i
ne.
Var
dir 2011)TheUN andHumanRi
ame,G.( ght
s.Cambr
idge:Cambr
idgeUni
ver
sit
y
Pr
ess.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 17|
Page
 LESSONONE

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHECONCEPTOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Apol
loOkot
hOr
awo

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Def
ineHumanr
ight
s;
2)Expl
aint
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofHumanr
ight
s;
3)Cat
egor
isedi
ff
erentt
ypesofHumanr
ight
s;
4)Exami
nedut
iesandobl
i
gat
ionspl
acedont
heSt
atesoast
oreal
i
seHuman
r
ight
s;
5)Di
scusst
hei
mpor
tanceofHumanr
ight
s;and
6)Di
scusst
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofHumanr
ight
s.

LessonOut
li
ne
I
. Def
ini
ti
on
I
I. Char
act
eri
sti
csofHumanRi
ght
s
I
II
. Cat
egor
iesofHumanRi
ght
s
1)Ci
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s
2)Soci
alandEconomi
candCul
tur
alRi
ght
s
3)Sol
i
dar
it
yRi
ght
s
I
V St
ateObl
i
gat
ions(
Dut
ies)
1)TheObl
i
gat
iont
oRespect
2)TheObl
i
gat
iont
oPr
otect
3)TheObl
i
gat
iont
oFul
fi
l
V Foundat
ionsofHumanRi
ght
s

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 18|
Page
 1)Rel
i
gion
2)Nat
ural
Law
3)Posi
ti
vi
sm:
TheAut
hor
it
yoft
heSt
ate
4)Mar
xism:
ManasSpeci
eBei
ng
5)TheSoci
ologi
cal
Appr
oach:
ProcessandI
nter
est
s
6)Ri
ght
sbasedont
heVal
ueofUt
il
it
y
VI I
mpor
tanceofHumanRi
ght
s
VI
I Li
mit
ati
onsofHumanRi
ght
s

I DEFI
NITI
ON
Humanr
ight
sar
edef
inedasbasi
cri
ght
sandf
reedomst
hatal
lpeopl
ear
eent
it
ledt
o
r
egar
dlessofr
ace,col
our
,sex,l
anguage,r
eli
gion,pol
i
ticalorot
heropi
nion,nat
ionalor
soci
alor
igi
n,pr
oper
ty,
bir
thorot
herst
atus.

Humanr
ight
sar
ether
efor
ecommonl
yunder
stoodasbei
ngt
hoser
ight
swhi
char
e
possessed byal
lhuman bei
ngs si
mpl
ybecause t
heyar
e human bei
ngs. Ot
her
i
mpor
tantdef
ini
ti
onsi
ncl
ude:
1.Thosewhi
char
efai
randj
ustf
orpeopl
etohav
e,orbeabl
etodoi
nor
dert
oli
vei
n
di
gni
tyanddev
elopt
hei
rpot
ent
ial
ashumanbei
ngs.
2.Thosebasi
cst
andar
dswi
thoutwhi
chpeopl
ecannotl
i
vei
ndi
gni
ty.Theyar
e
nat
uralandGod-
giv
en.Thi
smeanst
heydonotneedt
obeear
ned;eachper
son
hast
hem f
rom bi
rt
h.
3.Thoseent
it
lement
sthataper
sonhasbyv
irt
ueofbei
nghuman.
4.Humanr
ight
sar
ethesum ofi
ndi
vi
dualandcol
l
ect
iver
ight
slai
ddowni
nSt
ate
Const
it
uti
onsandI
nter
nat
ional
laws.

Not
e:
Humanr
ight
sar
easetofi
ndi
vi
dualandcol
l
ect
iver
ight
sthathav
ebeenf
ormal
l
y
pr
omot
ed and pr
otect
ed t
hrough I
nter
nat
ionaland domest
icl
aws si
nce t
he 1948
Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)
.Humanr
ight
sar
ether
efor
elegal
l
y
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 19|
Page
guar
ant
eedbyhumanr
ight
slaw,pr
otect
ingi
ndi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupsagai
nstact
ions
whi
chi
nter
fer
ewi
thf
undament
alf
reedomsandhumandi
gni
ty.Theyar
eexpr
essedi
n
t
reat
ies,
cust
omar
yint
ernat
ional
laws,
andbodi
esofpr
inci
plesandot
hersour
cesofl
aw.
Humanr
ight
slawpl
acesanobl
i
gat
ionont
heSt
atet
oacti
napar
ti
cul
arwayandal
so
pr
ohi
bit
stheSt
atef
rom engagi
ngi
nspeci
fi
edact
ivi
ti
es.

I
nsummar
y,Humanr
ight
sar
ebasi
cst
andar
dswi
thoutwhi
chaper
soncannotl
i
vei
n
di
gni
ty.Theyar
eent
it
lement
sduet
opeopl
ebyv
irt
ueofbei
nghumanbei
ngs.I
tis
equal
l
yimpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
heonl
yqual
i
ficat
ionneededf
oronet
ohav
eHuman
r
ight
sist
obeahumanbei
ng.

11 CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Char
act
eri
sti
csofHumanr
ight
sincl
ude:
1)Humanr
ight
sar
enat
ural
.Thi
smeanst
hatt
heyar
eGod-
giv
en.Theyar
enot
gi
vent
ousbyt
hegov
ernmentoranyot
herear
thl
yent
it
y
2)Humanr
ight
sar
einher
ent
.Thi
smeanst
heyar
ewi
thi
nus.Wear
ebor
nwi
th
t
hem.Wecannotbuy
,inher
itorear
nthem.
3)Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sal
.Theyar
ebasedonev
eryhumanbei
ngsdi
gni
ty,
i
rr
espect
ive ofr
ace,col
our
,sex,et
hni
c orsoci
alor
igi
n,r
eli
gion,l
anguage,
nat
ional
i
ty,age,sexualor
ient
ati
on,di
sabi
l
ity or any ot
her di
sti
ngui
shi
ng
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Thi
smeanst
heyappl
yequal
l
yand i
ndi
scr
imi
nat
elyt
o ev
ery
per
sonandar
ethesamef
orev
ery
oneev
ery
wher
ethewor
ldov
er.
4)Humanr
ight
sar
einal
ienabl
e.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
heycannotbet
akenawayf
rom
usunl
essundercl
ear
lydef
inedl
egal
cir
cumst
ances;
fori
nst
ance,
aper
son’
sri
ght
t
oli
ber
tymayber
est
ri
ctedi
fheorshei
sfoundgui
l
tyofcr
imebyacour
tofl
aw.
5)Humanr
ight
sar
eindi
vi
sibl
eandi
nter
-dependent
.EachHumanr
ightent
ail
sand
dependsonot
herhumanr
ight
sandar
emut
ual
l
yrei
nfor
cing.Thei
mpl
i
cat
ioni
s
t
hatt
her
eisnodi
vi
siont
hatdef
inescer
tai
nri
ght
sasmor
eimpor
tantt
hanot
her
s.
Vi
olat
ingonesetofr
ight
swoul
dther
efor
eaf
fectt
heexer
ciseofot
herhuman
r
ight
s.Fori
nst
ance,t
her
ightt
oli
fepr
esupposer
espectf
ort
her
ightt
ofoodand
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 20|
Page
 t
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
ving;t
her
ightt
obeel
ect
edt
opubl
i
cof
fi
cei
mpl
i
es
accesst
obasi
ceducat
ion.Si
mil
arl
y,t
hosei
nter
est
edi
ncombat
ingt
ort
ureneed
t
o exami
ne possi
ble under
lyi
ng soci
o-economi
c,cul
tur
aland or
gani
zat
ional
r
easonsf
ort
hepr
act
iceoft
ort
ure.

I
II CATEGORI
ESOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Thecol
l
ect
ionofHumanr
ight
spr
otect
edbyi
nter
nat
ionall
awdr
awsonal
ongt
radi
ti
on
ofr
ight
sfr
om phi
l
osophy
,hi
stor
yandpol
i
tical
theor
ies.
Thesecat
egor
iesofHumanr
ight
sar
e:
1.Ci
vi
landpol
i
tical
right
s
2.Economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s
3.Sol
i
dar
it
yri
ght
s

1 Ci
vi
landPol
it
icalRi
ght
s
Theser
ight
suphol
dthesanct
it
yoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualbef
oret
hel
aw andguar
ant
eet
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
sabi
l
ityt
opar
ti
cipat
efr
eel
y,i
nci
vi
l,
economi
candpol
i
tical
soci
ety
a)Ci
vi
lri
ght
s:t
heyi
ncl
udesuchr
ight
sast
her
ightt
oli
fe;f
reedom f
rom sl
aver
y;
l
i
ber
tyandper
sonalsecur
it
y;t
her
ightt
omar
ryandf
orm af
ami
l
y;f
reedom f
rom
ser
vit
udeandf
orcedl
abour
;ther
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw;t
her
ightof
pr
otect
ionf
rom ar
bit
rar
yar
rest
;ther
ightt
oaf
airt
ri
al;
freedom ofmov
ement
;and,
t
her
ightt
orel
i
giousf
reedom andwor
shi
p.
Whenpr
otect
ed,ci
vi
lri
ght
sguar
ant
eeone’
s‘per
sonhood’andf
reedom f
rom
st
ate-
sanct
ionedi
nter
fer
enceorv
iol
ence.
b)Pol
it
icalr
ight
s:t
heyi
ncl
udesuchr
ight
sast
her
ightt
ospeechandexpr
essi
on;
t
he r
ight
sto assembl
yand associ
ati
on;and t
he r
ightt
ovot
e and pol
i
tical
par
ti
cipat
ion.
Pol
i
ticalr
ight
sguar
ant
eei
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
sinv
olv
ementi
npubl
i
caf
fai
rsandt
he
af
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate.

Not
e:
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 21|
Page
 Ci
vi
landPol
i
ticalr
ight
shav
ebeenconsi
der
edf
undament
alhumanr
ight
sforwhi
ch
al
lnat
ion-
stat
eshav
eadut
yandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
ouphol
d.
Theyhav sobeenseenas‘
eal negat
ive’r
ight
ssi
ncet
heymer
elyr
equi
ret
heabsence
oft
hei
rvi
olat
ioni
nor
dert
obeuphel
d.Theyar
eequal
l
yref
err
edt
ofi
rstgener
ati
on
r
ight
s.

2 Soci
alandEconomi
candCul
tur
alRi
ght
s
a)Soci
alandeconomi
cri
ght
s:t
hesei
ncl
udesuchr
ight
sast
her
ightt
oaf
ami
l
y
(
prot
ect
ionoft
hef
ami
l
y);
ther
ightt
oeducat
ion;
ther
ightt
oheal
thandwel
l
-bei
ng;
t
her
ightt
owor
kandf
airr
emuner
ati
on;t
her
ightt
ofor
mtr
adeuni
onsandf
ree
associ
ati
ons;t
her
ightt
olei
sur
eti
meandr
ightt
osecur
it
y. Whenpr
otect
ed,
t
heser
ight
shel
ptopr
omot
eaf
lour
ishi
ngsoci
o-economi
cdev
elopmentandsel
f-
est
eem oft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
b)Cul
tur
alr
ight
s:t
hesei
ncl
udesuchr
ight
sast
her
ightt
obenef
itofcul
tur
e;t
he
r
ightt
oindi
genousl
and;r
it
ual
sandshar
edcul
tur
alpr
act
ices;andt
her
ightt
o
speakone’
sownl
anguage,
‘mot
hert
ongue’
educat
ion.Cul
tur
alr
ight
sar
emeant
t
omai
ntai
nandpr
omot
esub-
nat
ionalcul
tur
alaf
fi
li
ati
onsandcol
l
ect
ivei
dent
it
ies
and pr
otect mi
nor
it
y communi
ti
es agai
nst t
he i
ncur
sions of nat
ional
assi
mil
ati
onsandnat
ion-
bui
l
dingpr
oject
s.

Not
e:
Soci
al,economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
sar
eof
tenseenasaspi
rat
ionalandpr
ogr
ammat
ic
setofr
ight
sthatnat
ionalgov
ernment
soughtt
ost
ri
vet
oachi
evet
hroughpr
ogr
essi
ve
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.Theyar
ether
efor
e,l
essf
undament
alt
hanci
vi
landpol
i
ticalr
ight
sand
eseenasposi
ar ti
ver
ight
swhoser
eal
i
zat
iondependsheav
il
yont
hef
iscalcapaci
tyof
t
hest
ate.Theyar
eal
sor
efer
redt
oassecondgener
ati
onr
ight
s.

3 Sol
idar
it
yRi
ght
s
Sol
idar
it
yri
ght
sincl
ude r
ight
sto publ
i
c goods such as dev
elopmentand t
he
env
ironment
.Theyseekt
oguar
ant
eet
hatal
lindi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupshav
ether
ightt
o
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 22|
Page
shar
eint
hebenef
it
soft
heear
th’
sresour
cesaswel
last
hosegoodsandpr
oduct
sthat
ar
emadet
hroughpr
ocessesofeconomi
cgr
owt
h,expansi
onandi
nnov
ati
on.

Not
e:
Mostsol
i
dar
it
yri
ght
sar
etr
ansnat
ional
int
hatt
heymakecl
aimsagai
nstweal
thynat
ions
t
odi
str
ibut
eweal
tht
opoornat
ions,
cancelorr
educei
nter
nat
ionaldebtobl
i
gat
ions,
pay
compensat
ionf
orpastv
ict
imsi
mper
ialandcol
oni
aladv
ent
ures(
i.
e.,
MauMau)
,reduce
env
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,
andhel
ppr
omot
epol
i
ciesf
orsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

I
V STATEOBLI
GATI
ONS(
DUTI
ES)
St
ate Obl
igat
ions ar
ise f
rom Human Ri
ght
s.Bybecomi
ng par
ti
es t
oInt
ernat
ional
Humanr
ight
str
eat
ies,
Stat
esi
ncurt
hreebr
oadobl
i
gat
ions:
1)Thedut
ytor
espect
;
2)Thedut
ytopr
otect
;and
3)Thedut
ytof
ulf
il
Whi
l
ethebal
ancebet
weent
heseobl
i
gat
ionsordut
iesmayv
aryaccor
dingt
other
ight
s
i
nvol
ved,t
heyappl
yinpr
inci
plet
oal
lci
vi
landpol
i
ticalr
ight
saswel
lasal
leconomi
c,
soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s.Mor
eov
er,St
ateshav
eadut
ytopr
ovi
dear
emedyatt
he
domest
icl
evel
forHumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.
1.TheObl
igat
iont
oRespect
Thi
smeanst
hatt
hest
atei
sobl
i
gedt
oref
rai
nfr
om unduei
nter
fer
encewi
thi
ts
ci
ti
zens.I
tent
ail
sthepr
ohi
bit
ion ofcer
tai
n act
sbygov
ernment
sthatmay
under
mine t
he enj
oymentofr
ight
;fori
nst
ance,wi
thr
egar
dtot
he r
ightt
o
educat
ion,t
he gov
ernmentmustr
espectt
he l
i
ber
tyofpar
ent
sto est
abl
i
sh
pr
ivat
eschool
sandt
oensur
ether
eli
giousandmor
aleducat
ionoft
hei
rchi
l
dren
i
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rownconv
ict
ions.

2.TheObl
igat
iont
oPr
otect
Thi
srequi
resSt
atest
opr
otecti
ndi
vi
dual
sagai
nstabusesbynon-
stat
eact
ors
(
e.g.
,or
gani
zedcr
ime,i
nter
nat
ionalt
err
ori
sm,guer
ri
ll
aandpar
ami
l
itar
yfor
ces,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 23|
Page
 et
c).Forexampl
e,t
her
ightofchi
l
drent
oeducat
ionmustbepr
otect
edbyt
he
st
atef
rom i
nter
fer
encebyt
hir
dpar
ti
es,whi
chi
ncl
udepar
ent
sandt
hef
ami
l
y,
t
eacher
sandt
heschool
,rel
i
gions,
sect
s,cl
ansandbusi
nessf
ir
ms.

3.TheObl
igat
iont
oFul
fi
l
Undert
hisobl
i
gat
ion,St
atesar
erequi
redt
otakeposi
ti
veact
iont
oensur
ethat
Humanr
ight
scanbeexer
cised.I
nrespectoft
her
ightt
oeducat
ion,
fori
nst
ance,
St
atesmustpr
ovi
deway
sandmeansf
orf
reeandcompul
sor
ypr
imar
yeducat
ion
f
oral
l
,fr
eesecondar
yeducat
ion,hi
ghereducat
ion,v
ocat
ionalt
rai
ning,adul
t
educat
ion,
andt
heel
i
minat
ionofi
l
li
ter
acy
.

Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
plesappl
yasobl
i
gat
ionsbyt
heSt
ate;

ThePr
inci
pleofPr
ogr
essi
veReal
izat
ion
Thi
sappl
i
est
otheposi
ti
vest
ateobl
i
gat
ionst
oful
fi
landt
opr
otect
.Ther
ightt
oheal
th,
f
ori
nst
ance,doesnotguar
ant
eet
her
ightofev
ery
onet
obeheal
thy
.Howev
er,i
tdoes
obl
i
geSt
ates,i
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rrespect
iveeconomi
ccapabi
l
iti
es,soci
aland
cul
tur
alt
radi
ti
onsaswel
lasobser
vingi
nter
nat
ionalmi
nimum st
andar
ds,t
oest
abl
i
sh
andmai
ntai
napubl
i
cheal
thsy
stem t
hatcani
npr
inci
pleguar
ant
eeaccesst
ocer
tai
n
basi
cheal
thser
vicesf
oral
l
.

Obl
igat
iont
oPr
ovi
deDomest
icRemedi
es
Ev
eryper
sonwhocl
aimst
hathi
sorherr
ight
shav
enotbeenr
espect
edmustbeabl
eto
seekanef
fect
iver
emedybef
oreacompet
entdomest
icbody
,whi
chi
svest
edwi
tht
he
powert
opr
ovi
der
edr
essandt
ohav
eit
sdeci
sionsenf
orced.

TheRi
ghtt
oRepar
ati
ons
Ther
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedyi
mpl
i
est
hatt
hev
ict
im ofahumanr
ight
svi
olat
ioni
s
ent
it
ledt
orepar
ati
onsf
ort
hehar
m suf
fer
ed.TheSt
ate’
sobl
i
gat
ionsent
ailbr
ingi
ngt
o
j
ust
icet
hoser
esponsi
blef
ort
hev
iol
ati
on,
incl
udi
ngpubl
i
cof
fi
cial
sorst
ateagent
s.The
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 24|
Page
St
ateal
so hast
hedut
yto puti
n pl
ace,measur
est
o pr
eventr
ecur
renceofsuch
mi
sdeeds.

V FOUNDATI
ONSOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Whi
l
ethet
erm‘
HumanRi
ght
s’,i
sar
elat
ivel
y‘r
ecent
,phenomenon,peopl
ehav
ebeen
st
ruggl
i
ngf
orf
reedom,di
gni
ty,equal
i
tyandsoci
alj
ust
icef
orcent
uri
esi
nthewor
ld.
Gl
obal
l
y,whati
snowcal
l
ed‘
Humanr
ight
s’f
indsi
tsf
oundat
ionsi
nthest
ruggl
etoasser
t
t
hesecor
eval
uesofhumanexi
stence.I
nfact
,al
lsoci
eti
es,whet
heri
nor
alorwr
it
ten
t
radi
ti
on,hav
ehadsy
stemsofpr
opr
iet
yandj
ust
iceaswel
lasway
soft
endi
ngt
othe
heal
thandwel
far
eoft
hei
rmember
s.Forexampl
e,mostsoci
eti
eshav
ehadt
radi
ti
ons
si
mil
art
othe‘
gol
denr
ule’
of‘
Dount
oot
her
sasy
ouhav
ethem dount
oyou’
.

Si
ncet
heSecondWor
ldWar
,Humanr
ight
shav
eacqui
redi
mpor
tancei
nthepol
i
tical
ar
ena.Thi
swasasar
esul
tofmassi
veabusesofhumandi
gni
tydur
ingt
hewarandt
he
needt
opr
eventsuchhor
ror
sint
hef
utur
ewasf
elt
.Thussi
nce1948,
Humanr
ight
sand
f
undament
alf
reedomshav
eindeedcodi
fi
edbeeni
nhundr
edsofuni
ver
salandr
egi
onal
bi
ndi
ngandnon-
bindi
ngi
nst
rument
s,t
ouchi
ngal
mostev
eryaspectofhumanl
i
feand
cov
eri
ngabr
oadr
angeofci
vi
l,
pol
i
tical
,economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
s.

Sour
cesofHumanRi
ght
s
1 Rel
igi
on
Theol
ogypr
esent
sthebasi
sforahumanr
ight
stheor
yst
emmi
ngf
rom al
awhi
ghert
han
t
hatoft
hest
ateandwhosesour
cei
stheSupr
emeBei
ng.I
nrel
i
giouscont
ext
,ther
efor
e,
ev
eryhumanbei
ngi
sconsi
der
edsacr
ed.Accept
ingauni
ver
salcommonf
athergi
ves
r
iset
oacommonhumani
tyandf
rom t
hisf
lowauni
ver
sal
i
tyofcer
tai
nri
ght
s.Because
r
ight
sst
em f
rom adi
vi
nesour
ce,
theyar
einal
i
enabl
ebymor
tal
aut
hor
it
y.

2 Nat
uralLaw
Thepr
oponent
sofnat
urall
aw bel
i
evedt
hati
tembeddedel
ement
arypr
inci
plesof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 25|
Page
j
ust
icewhi
chaccor
dingt
onat
urewer
eunal
ter
abl
eandet
ernal
.Nat
uralLawt
heor
yled
t
oNat
uralRi
ght
stheor
y,whi
chi
sthet
heor
ymostcl
osel
yassoci
atedwi
thmoder
n
Humanr
ight
s.Accor
dingt
oNat
uralRi
ght
stheor
y,humanbei
ngsexi
stedi
nast
ateof
nat
urewher
emanandwomanwer
einast
ateoff
reedom,andwer
eabl
etodet
ermi
ne
t
hei
ract
ion,
andal
soi
nast
ateequal
i
ty.

3 Posi
ti
vi
sm:TheAut
hor
it
yoft
heSt
ate
Thepr
oponent
soft
hisschooloft
houghtassumedt
hatal
laut
hor
it
yst
emsf
rom what
t
heSt
ateandof
fi
cial
shav
epr
escr
ibed.Tot
hem,
thesour
ceofhumanr
ight
sisf
oundi
n
enact
ment
sofasy
stem ofl
aw wi
thsanct
ionsat
tached.Posi
ti
vel
aw encour
agest
he
bel
i
eft
hatt
he l
aw mustbe obey
ed and emphasi
zes t
he supr
emacyofnat
ional
sov
erei
gnt
yov
ert
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

4 Mar
xism:ManasSpeci
eBei
ng
I
nMar
xism,
thev
iewofmenandwomeni
snotoneoft
heaut
onomousi
ndi
vi
dual
swi
th
r
ight
sdev
elopedf
rom ei
therdi
vi
neori
nher
entnat
ure,
butofmenandwomenas‘
speci
e
bei
ng’
.Thecr
eat
ionofa‘
speci
ebei
ng’i
sat
ypeofpat
ernal
i
sm t
hatnotonl
yignor
es
pat
ernal
i
sm,butnegat
es i
ndi
vi
dual
i
ty.Mar
xism sees a per
son’
s essence as t
he
pot
ent
ialt
ouseone’
sabi
l
iti
est
othef
ull
estandt
osat
isf
yone’
sneeds.I
nacapi
tal
i
st
soci
ety
,pr
oduct
ioni
scont
rol
l
edbyaf
ew.Consequent
ly,suchasoci
etycannotsat
isf
y
t
hosei
ndi
vi
dual
needs.Mar
xism seest
heSt
ateasasoci
alcol
l
ect
ivel
yandi
sthev
ehi
cle
f
ort
het
ransf
ormat
ionofsoci
ety
.Thusaccor
dingt
oMar
xism,t
heonl
yri
ght
sar
ethose
gr
ant
edbyt
hest
ate.

5 TheSoci
ologi
calAppr
oach:Pr
ocessandI
nter
est
s
I
nahumanr
ight
scont
ext
,thi
sappr
oachi
susef
ulbecausei
tident
if
iest
hecomponent
s
ofahumanr
ight
ssy
stem i
nthecont
extoft
hesoci
alpr
ocess,andl
aysemphasi
son
obt
aini
ngaj
ustequi
l
ibr
ium ofi
nter
est
samongpr
evai
l
ingmor
alsent
iment
sandt
he
soci
alandeconomi
ccondi
ti
onsoft
imeandpl
ace.Ther
eal
i
tiesoft
hesoci
alpr
ocess
f
ocusonr
ight
sint
ermsofwhatconcer
nspeopl
eandwhatt
heywant
.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 26|
Page
6 Ri
ght
sbasedont
heVal
ueofUt
il
it
y
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm i
samaxi
mizi
ngandcol
l
ect
ivi
zi
ngpr
inci
plet
hatr
equi
resgov
ernment
sto
maxi
mizet
het
otalnetofhappi
nessofal
lthei
rsubj
ect
s.I
tjudgest
her
ight
nessof
act
ions af
fect
ing out
comes i
nter
ms ofsecur
ing t
he gr
eat
esthappi
ness t
o al
l
concer
ned.Accor
dingt
othekeypr
oponent
sofcl
assi
calut
il
it
ari
ani
sm,ev
eryhuman
deci
si
onwasmot
ivat
edbysomecal
cul
ati
onofpl
easur
eandpai
n.Subsequent
ly,
ever
y
pol
i
ticaldeci
si
onshoul
dbemadeont
hesamecal
cul
ati
on;t
hati
stomaxi
mizet
henet
pr
oduct
ionofpl
easur
eov
erpai
n.

VI I
MPORTANCEOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Thei
mpor
tanceofHumanr
ight
scanbeexpl
ainedwi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
hef
actt
hat
r
ecogni
ti
onofi
nher
entdi
gni
tyaswel
lasequalandi
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght
sofal
lmember
sof
t
hehumanf
ami
l
yist
hef
oundat
ionoff
reedom,j
ust
iceandpeacei
nthewor
ld.The
f
oll
owi
ngr
easonst
her
efor
eexpl
ainwhyhumanr
ight
sar
eimpor
tantandshoul
dbe
st
udi
ed;
i
) Humanr
ight
srest
ri
ctst
atedomest
icbehav
iour
,for
mingpar
amet
erswi
thi
n
whi
chSt
atesoper
ate;
i.
e.,
theyr
est
ri
ct/
cont
rol
stat
ebehav
iourov
eri
tsci
ti
zens,
i
i
) Humanr
ight
sfor
mthef
oundat
ionofmeani
ngf
uldemocr
acy
. A democr
ati
c
gov
ernmenti
sonet
hatensur
esr
espectf
orhumanr
ight
s,
i
i
i) Humanr
ight
sar
erel
atedcl
osel
ytohumanneeds,t
hust
hepr
ovi
sionofHuman
r
ight
sensur
espr
ovi
sionofbasi
cneeds,
and
i
v) Respect f
or Human r
ight
s ensur
es peacef
ulco-
exi
stence among soci
o-
economi
candpol
i
ticaldi
ver
sit
ies,whi
l
evi
olat
ionorabuseofhumanr
ight
s
cr
eat
essoci
o-economi
candpol
i
tical
dishar
mony
.

Humanr
ight
sther
efor
ecov
eral
laspect
sofl
i
feandt
hei
rexi
stenceenabl
esmenand
woment
oshapeanddet
ermi
net
hei
rli
vesi
nli
ber
ty,equal
i
tyandr
espectf
orhuman
di
gni
ty.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 27|
Page
VI
I LI
MITATI
ONSOFHUMANRI
GHTS
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
opoi
ntoutt
hati
ntheenj
oymentofHumanr
ight
s,onemustr
espectt
he
r
ight
sofot
herpeopl
e.Thi
sisi
l
lust
rat
edbyt
hepr
inci
plet
hatsay
sthat‘
yourr
ightends
wher
emi
nebegi
ns’
.Fori
nst
ance,
whi
l
ewehav
efr
eedom ofspeech,
thi
sendswhenone
begi
nst
odef
ameot
her
sorsoi
lthei
rreput
ati
on.AsOl
i
verWendel
lnot
es,‘
ther
ightt
o
swi
ngmyf
istendswher
etheot
herman’
snosebegi
ns’
.

Ther
ear
eoccasi
onswhent
heSt
atecanl
i
mitt
heenj
oymentofHumanr
ight
s.I
napubl
i
c
emer
gencyt
hatt
hreat
enst
hel
i
feofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,t
heSt
atemay
,fori
nst
ance,beal
l
owed
t
oder
ogat
e(i
.e.suspendordepar
tfr
om)humanr
ight
s.Emer
genci
essuchasear
th
quakes,f
loods,war
,inv
asi
onandi
nsur
gencyorepi
demi
cofcommuni
cabl
edi
seases
canf
orcet
heSt
atet
oacti
nawayt
hatHumanr
ight
sar
esuspended,ev
ent
houghona
t
empor
arybasi
s.Howev
er,f
undament
alHumanr
ight
s,suchast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
he
pr
ohi
bit
ionont
ort
ureandsl
aver
y,cannei
therbeder
ogat
ednorl
i
mit
ed.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)Whatar
eHumanr
ight
s?
2)Expl
aint
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofHumanr
ight
s
3)Exami
nedi
ff
erentcat
egor
iesofHumanr
ight
s
4)Expl
aint
hesour
cesofHumanr
ight
s
5)Di
scusst
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofHumanr
ight
s?

FURTHERREADI
NG
Hunt
, 2007)I
L.( nvent
ingHumanRi
ght
s:AHi
stor
y.NewYor
k:W.W.Nor
ton.
I
shay 2008)TheHi
,M.( stor
yofHumanRi
ght
s:Fr
om Anci
entTi
mest
otheGl
obal
i
zed
Er
a.Ber
kel
ey,
Uni
ver
sit
yofCal
i
for
niaPr
ess.
Lowe, 2005)Mast
N.( eri
ngWor
ldHi
stor
y.NewYor
k:Pal
grav
eMacmi
l
lan.
Mi
nist
ry ofEducat
ion,Sci
ence and Technol
ogy (
2002)‘
Human Ri
ght
s’.I
n Ci
vi
c
Educat
ionf
orSchool
sandCol
l
eges:ASour
ceBook.Kenya:Dar
ajaI
nit
iat
iveFor
um
Shest
ack,J.(
1998)ThePhi
l
osophi
calFoundat
ionsofHumanRi s.HumanRi
ght ght
s
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 28|
Page
 Quar
ter
ly20.201-
234.TheJohnHopki
nsUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess
Uni
tedNat
i 2005)HumanRi
ons( ght
s:Handbookf
orPar
li
ament
ari
ansNo8.Pr
int
edat
Uni
tedNat
ions,
Genev
a

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 29|
Page
 LESSONTWO

HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Pet
erWawer
uWagur
a

LESSONOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Pr
ovi
despeci
fi
cexampl
esdr
awnf
rom t
hewor
ldmaj
orr
eli
gionsont
hecent
ral
i
ty
ofmani
nthedi
vi
nepl
an;
2)St
atet
heHumanr
ight
sgai
neddur
ingt
heer
aofenl
i
ght
enment
;
3)I
dent
if
ythemaj
orl
i
mit
ati
onsofHumanr
ight
sgai
nsdur
ingt
heer
aof
enl
i
ght
enment
;
4)St
atet
hecont
ri
but
ionofsoci
ali
stst
oHumanr
ight
s;
5)Di
scusst
heachi
evement
sandf
ail
uresoft
heLeagueofNat
ionsi
nrespectt
o
Humanr
ight
s;and
6)Di
scusst
hemaj
orhumanr
ight
sabusesexper
iencedur
ingt
heSecondWor
ld
War
.

LessonOut
li
ne
I
. Hi
stor
yofHumanr
ight
s
1)Uni
ver
sal
i
sm i
nwor
ldr
eli
gions
2)Cul
tur
alandpol
i
tical
tradi
ti
ons
3)Pr
e-col
oni
alAf
ri
ca
I
I. Humanr
ight
sint
heer
aofenl
i
ght
enment
1)Humanr
ight
sandt
heUni
tedSt
atesdecl
arat
ionofi
ndependence,
1776
2)Decl
arat
ionoft
her
ight
sofmanandofci
ti
zen,
1789
3)Li
mit
ati
onsofdecl
aredr
ight
sint
heei
ght
eent
hcent
ury

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 30|
Page
 4)Womenr
ight
sasHumanr
ight
s
5)Soci
ali
sm andHumanr
ight
s
I
II
. TheWor
ldWar
sandHumanr
ight
s
1)Fi
rstWor
ldWar
2)SecondWor
ldWar

I HI
STORYOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Manyoft
hebasi
cideast
hati
nfor
m Humanr
ight
swer
edev
elopedi
ntheaf
ter
mat
hof
t
heSecondWor
ldWarandt
heat
roci
tesoft
i heHol
ocaust
.Thi
scul
minat
edi
nthe
adopt
i heUni
onoft ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)i
nPar
isbyt
heUni
ted
Nat
ionsGener
alAssembl
yin1948.TheHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on,t
askedwi
tht
he
dr
aft
ingoft
heUDHR,
wasf
acedwi
tht
hequest
ionoft
heuni
ver
sal
i
sm ofhumanr
ight
s.
Ar
ehumanr
ight
suni
ver
sal
?Hasman,hi
stor
ical
l
y,enj
oyedandpr
otect
edhumanr
ight
s
andf
undament
alf
reedoms?

When t
he Gener
alAssembl
yoft
he Uni
ted Nat
ions f
inal
l
yadopt
ed t
he Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)on10December1948,
onecoul
dhar
dlyant
ici
pat
e
t
hatahi
stor
icalpr
ocessofgener
ali
zat
ionoft
hei
nter
nat
ionalpr
otect
ionofhuman
r
ight
swasbei
ngl
aunchedonat
rul
yuni
ver
sal
scal
e.

Oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantcont
ri
but
ionsmadebyt
hedr
aft
ersofUDHRwast
ocont
est
t
henot
iont
hatuni
ver
salhumanr
ight
swasapur
elywest
erni
nvent
iont
raceabl
etot
he
ei
ght
eent
hcent
ury
.Theyobser
vedt
hat‘
uni
ver
salnot
ionsoft
hecommongood’
,upon
whi
chhumanr
ight
sar
ebased,
aret
raceabl
etowor
ldgr
eatr
eli
gionsandcul
tur
es.Fr
om
t
heout
set
,weneedt
opoi
ntoutt heUni
hatt ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
swasan
i
mpor
tantsummar
y of‘
secul
arand r
eli
gious not
ions ofr
ight
sthathad ev
olv
ed
t
hroughout t
he cent
uri
es’
. A cl
ose exami
nat
ion of our secul
ar and moder
n
under
standi
ngofhumanr
ight
shasgr
eat
lybeeni
nfor
medbyr
eli
gioushumani
sm and
anci
entt
radi
ti
ons.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 31|
Page
Al
lgr
eatwor
ldr
eli
gionspl
acemanatt
hecent
rest
ageoft
hedi
vi
nepl
an.Theyper
cei
ve
humani
tyast
hemosti
mpor
tantcr
eat
urei
ntheuni
ver
se.TheBi
ble,
fori
nst
ance,
tel
l
sus
t
hatmanwascr
eat
edi
nthei
mageofGodwhi
l
etheKor
anpoi
ntsout
,‘sur
elywehav
e
accor
deddi
gni
tyt
othesonsofman’
.TheHi
nduHol
ywr
it
,theBhagav
ad–Gi
ta,
elev
ates
mant
hus‘
Whoseeshi
sLor
d/Wi
thi
nev
erycr
eat
ure/
Deat
hlessl
ydwel
l
ing/
Ami
dstt
he
mor
tal
:thatmanseest
rul
y….
’
.Al
lthesest
atement
spl
acemanatt
hecent
reofadi
vi
ne
pl
anwhi
ch‘
giv
eshumanbei
ngsahi
gherv
alueofwor
th’
.Consequent
ly,r
eli
gioust
ext
s
br
ingi
nanel
ementofuni
ver
sal
i
sm t
hatcaneasi
l
yappl
ytoal
lhumanbei
ngs.

1 Uni
ver
sal
ism i
nWor
ldRel
igi
ons
Thet
erm‘
humanr
ight
s’,
isnothowev
erf
oundi
ntheser
ever
edt
ext
s.Whati
sst
atedar
e
t
hedut
iesandobl
i
gat
ionswhi
ch,i
nspeci
fi
cinst
ances,canbephr
asedasRi
ght
s.For
i ance,t
nst houshal
lnotki
l
lguar
ant
eest
her
ightt
oli
f et
e,whi
l houshal
lnotst
ealt
he
r
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty.I
tisont
hisaccountsomewr
it
erspoi
ntoutt
hat‘
Judai
sm gav
e
t
hewor
ldt
heconceptofhumanr
ight
s’.TheOl
dTest
amenthasal
sospeci
fi
car
east
hat
cl
ear
lybr
ingoutt
henot
ionofuni
ver
sal
i
sm,pl
aci
ngt
her
ight
sofJewsandgent
il
eson
an equalf
oot
ing.As God upl
i
fted t
he chi
l
dren ofI
srael
,so di
d He do f
orot
her
nat
ional
i
ties:

‘
Arey
ounotasmuchmi
neast
hechi
l
drenofEt
hiopi
ans,
Ochi
l
drenofI
srael
?
Say
stheLor
d.Hav
eInotbr
oughtupI
sraeloutoft
heLandofEgy
pt,
andt
he
Phi
l
ist
inesf
rom Kaf
torandt
heSy
riansf
rom Ki
r?’
(Amos9:
7).

Thi
saspectoft
heJewi
sht
radi
ti
onhel
pst
ocount
ert
hecl
aimt
hatt
heyar
ethe‘
chosen
r
ace’
andr
einf
orcest
hear
gumentbysomeoft
hei
rrel
i
giousl
eader
sthat‘
I
sraelwasnot
el
ect
edf
orhonour
,orf
orpar
ti
cul
arpr
ivi
l
ege,
butf
orser
vice’
.

Weshoul
d,howev
er,notf
orgett
hatt
heJewi
shl
aw wasgr
eat
lyi
nfl
uencedbyt
he
Baby
loni
ancodewhi
chwasi
ssuedbyHammur
abiwhor
uledMesopot
ami
abet
ween
1792and1750BC.Thecodenar
rat
est
hemor
alpr
inci
plesofapeopl
e;sanct
ioni
ng
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 32|
Page
puni
shment
sfort
hosewhot
ransgr
esst
hel
aw;di
scussi
nghow oneshoul
dmar
ry,
di
vor
ceandwor
kthel
and;pr
oposi
ngl
awst
oregul
atewagesofagr
icul
tur
all
abour
ers
and cr
aft
smen;and est
abl
i
shi
ng dut
iesand f
eesf
ordoct
ors,v
eter
inar
ysur
geons,
bui
l
der
sandsai
l
ors.

Buddhi
sm andHi
ndui
sm al
socont
ainsomeaspect
sofuni
ver
sal
i
sm.Hi
ndui
sm of
fer
s
v
italspi
ri
tualai
msandv
aluesf
orhumani
ty.Thet
wor
eli
gionspr
ovi
deacodet
hat
speci
fi
esi
mpor
tantf
undament
alf
reedomswhi
chi
ncl
udef
reedom f
rom v
iol
ence,want
,
expl
oit
ati
on and di
sease and ear
lydeat
h.Besi
de t
hese f
reedoms,t
he t
wo f
ait
hs
pr
opoundacor
respondi
ngf
ivev
irt
uesorcont
rol
s,namel
y;absencef
rom i
ntol
erance,
compassi
on,
knowl
edge,
freedom ofconsci
enceandf
reedom f
rom f
ear
,fr
ust
rat
ionand
despai
r.

2 Cul
tur
alandPol
it
ical
Tradi
ti
ons
TheChi
nesecul
tur
alt
radi
ti
on,
int
hewor
dsofChung-
ShuLo,
aChi
nesephi
l
osopherand
UNESCO consul
tant
,‘emphasi
zedt
hesy
mpat
het
icat
ti
tuder
egar
dingal
lone’
sfel
l
ow
menashav
ingt
hesamedesi
res,andt
her
efor
ethesamer
ight
s,asonewoul
dli
ket
o
enj
oyonesel
f’
.Oneoft
hel
eadi
ngChi
nesewi
semen,Conf
uci
us(
ca.
551–479B.
C.E.
),
espousedet
hicalposi
ti
onst
hatar
eint
andem wi
thaspect
sofHumanr
ight
stoday
.He
bel
i
eved t
hatal
lindi
vi
dual
s,i
ncl
udi
ng commoner
s,possessed r
ati
onal
,aest
het
ic,
pol
i
tical
,soci
al,hi
stor
icalandt
ranscendent
alqual
i
tiest
hatcoul
dbeenhancedt
hrough
qual
i
tyeducat
ion.Conf
uci
uswasaf
ir
m bel
i
everi
ntheupl
i
fti
ngqual
i
tyofeducat
ionand
sel
f-
act
ual
i
zat
ion.

TheGr
eeksandRomanal
sohadamaj
ori
nfl
uencei
nthemoder
nunder
standi
ngof
humanr
ight
s.I
ndeed,soi
mpor
tanti
sthei
rcont
ri
but
iont
hatt
heyar
esai
dto‘
hav
e
cr
ossedapar
ti
cul
art
hreshol
dint
hedev
elopmentofhumanr
ight
s’.TheSt
oics,f
or
i
nst
ance,
coi
nedt
het
erm cosmopol
i
tewhi
cht
ransl
atest
o‘ci
ti
zenoft
hewor
ld’
.Equal
l
y,
ZenoofCi
ti
um (
335–219B.
C.E.
)st
atedt
hatawel
ladmi
redRepubl
i
cisf
oundedont
he
pr
inci
plet
hathumanbei
ngsshoul
dnotbesepar
atedwi
thi
nci
ti
esandnat
ionsunder
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 33|
Page
l
aws par
ti
cul
art
othemsel
ves,because al
lhuman bei
ngs ar
e compat
ri
ots…,and
becauset
her
eisonl
yonel
i
feandoneor
deri
nthi
ngs’
.

3 Pr
e-Col
oni
alAf
ri
ca
I
nasi
mil
arf
ashi
ont
oot
herpr
e-i
ndust
ri
alsoci
eti
es,pr
e-col
oni
alAf
ri
caspel
l
edout
i
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
sint
hef
orm ofdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesf
ort
hei
rmember
swhi
chwer
e
pr
emi
sedont
hev
aluest
hatt
hesesoci
eti
eshel
ddear
.Equal
l
y,t
hepr
ivi
l
egesenj
oyedby
member
s ofpar
ti
cul
arcommuni
ti
es wer
e dependenton whet
hert
he soci
etywas
cent
ral
i
sed ordecent
ral
i
sed.Howev
er,one can di
scer
n some v
aluesorpr
inci
ples
commont
omanypr
e-col
oni
alAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es.Thesei
ncl
udeconsensusl
eader
shi
p,
v
aluef
orwi
sdom,i
ntegr
it
yandmat
uri
ty,openf
orumst
hatl
edt
otr
anspar
encyand
account
abi
l
ity
,just
iceandf
air
nessandr
espectandpr
otect
ionf
orwomen,chi
l
drenand
t
he aged especi
all
yint
imes ofi
nter
-et
hni
c conf
li
cts.Howev
er,i
n manyoft
hese
soci
eti
es,
mal
esdomi
nat
edt
hesoci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
real
ms.

I
I HUMANRI
GHTSI
NTHEERAOFENLI
GHTENMENT
Theper
iodofEnl
i
ght
enmentcov
ersbot
hthesev
ent
eent
htoei
ght
eent
hcent
uri
es.I
twas
an er
ain whi
ch r
evol
uti
onar
ychangesbr
oughtaboutbyasect
ion ofenl
i
ght
ened
r
efor
mer
s,chal
l
engedr
eli
giousbasedmor
ali
ty.Thi
ssecul
aruni
ver
sal
i
sm shookt
he
pol
i
ticalandi
ntel
l
ect
ualf
oundat
ionsoft
heRomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch.Enl
i
ght
enmenti
s
cr
edi
tedwi
thr
eli
giousf
reedom,
freedom ofopi
nion,
ther
iseofnat
ion-
stat
ewhi
chcoul
d
guar
ant
eenat
ural
right
s,r
ightt
opr
ivat
epr
oper
tyandr
ightt
oli
fe.

TheEnl
i
ght
enmenter
asawf
ouri
mpor
tantmi
l
est
onesi
nthehi
stor
yofhumanr
ight
s;t
he
Ref
ormat
ion,t
heEngl
i
sh,Amer
icanandt
heFr
enchRevol
uti
ons.UnderRef
ormat
ion,
peopl
erej
ect
ed r
eli
giousdomi
nat
ionef
fect
ed t
hrought
hedogmasoft
heCat
hol
i
c
Chur
ch.Ther
efor
mer
sinsi
stedoni
ndi
vi
dualr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
nmat
ter
sofsal
vat
ion.We
shoul
d not
ethatdur
ing t
his per
iod,mat
ter
s wer
e gr
eat
ly hel
ped by t
he r
ise of
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
i
sm t
hatr
esul
tedi
nsci
ent
if
icdi
scov
eri
est
hatenhancedt
hebel
i
efi
nthe
v
alueofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandcapaci
tyt
oreason.Asanaut
horasser
ts,‘
thedr
ivebehi
ndt
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 34|
Page
sci
ent
if
icr
evol
uti
onmi
ghthav
ebeent
hedi
vi
nei
nspi
rat
ionofGod,buti
twasGal
i
leo,
Descar
tesandNewt
on,r
athert
hanGod,whowasst
ir
ri
ngt
hei
magi
nat
ionsoft
hei
r
cont
empor
ari
es’
.

TheEngl
i
shRev
olut
ion(
1642t
o1648)asser
teduni
ver
salr
ight
sagai
nstKi
ngChar
lesI
whoi
nsi
stedonr
uli
ngt
hrought
hesocal
l
eddi
vi
ner
ight
sofki
ngsatt
heexpenseoft
he
Engl
i
shPar
li
ament(
theHouseoft
heCommons)
.Ther
evol
uti
onar
ieschal
l
engedt
he
r
oyalaut
hor
it
ymi
l
itar
il
yleadi
ng t
othe def
eatand execut
ion oft
he ki
ng and t
he
est
abl
i
shmentofaRepubl
i
cinEngl
and.Thepeopl
ewer
edemandi
ng r
ightt
oli
fe,
pr
oper
tyandr
eli
giousf
reedom.Theendr
esul
toft
hisr
evol
uti
onwast
hedecl
arat
ion
t
hatpar
li
amentwassupr
emeandt
hegr
ant
ingofpol
i
ticalr
ight
stot
hepr
oper
ti
edcl
ass.
Howev
er heDecl
,t arat
ionoft
heEngl
i
shBi
l
lofRi
ght
sin1689wasat
ri
umphf
orhuman
r
ight
sinEngl
and.Thedocumentespeci
all
ycal
l
edf
ort
heendofj
udi
cialt
ort
uredi
rect
ed
att
hoseconv
ict
edofcr
imes,demandedf
ort
her
ight
sofci
ti
zenst
opet
it
iont
heki
ng
andal
sot
ofr
eeandf
airel
ect
ionsofmember
sofpar
li
ament
.

1 HumanRi
ght
sandt
heUni
tedSt
atesDecl
arat
ionofI
ndependence,
1776
TheAmer
icanWarofI
ndependenceagai
nstt
heBr
it
ishcol
oni
ser
sledt
otheAmer
icans
emul
ati
ngt
heEngl
i
shBi
l
lofRi
ght
sandcomi
ngupwi
thoneoft
hemostexpl
i
cit
document
sonhumanr
ight heUni
s;t tedSt
atesDecl
arat
ionofI
ndependencei
n1776.I
n
t
hisdocument
,theAmer
icans,
justl
i
keot
hernat
ionswoul
ddoi
nthet
went
iet
hcent
ury
,
wer
easser
ti
ngt
hei
rri
ghtt
osel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionandv
iewedt
hei
rland,v
isavi
sEngl
and,
asa‘
separ
ateandequal
stat
iont
owhi
cht
hel
awsofnat
ure…ent
it
let
hem’
.Thei
rbel
i
efi
n
t
hei
rabi
l
ityt
odet
ermi
net
hei
rdest
inyasapeopl
ewassucht
hatt
heycameupwi
thone
oft
hemosti
mpor
tantst
atement
sint
hehi
stor
yofhumanr
ight
s.Theydecl
ared:

Wehol
dtheset
rut
hst
obesel
f-
evi
dent
,thatal
lmenar
ecr
eat
edequal
[not
ethe
uni
ver
sal
i
tyofal
lmen]
;thatt
heyar
eendowedbyt
heCr
eat
orwi
th…i
nal
i
enabl
e
r
ight
s;t
hatamongt
hesear
eli
fe,l
i
ber
ty,andt
hepur
sui
tofhappi
ness.Thatt
o
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 35|
Page
 secur
etheser
ight
s,gov
ernment
sar
einst
it
utedamongmen,der
ivi
ngt
hei
rjust
power
sfr
om t
he consentoft
he gov
erned;t
hat
,whenev
erany f
orm of
gov
ernmentbecomesdest
ruct
iveoft
heseends,
iti
sther
ightofpeopl
etoal
ter
orabol
i
shi
t,andt
oinst
it
uteanewgov
ernment
….

Soi
mpor
tantwast
heasser
ti
onoft
hei
nal
i
enabi
l
ityandspeci
fi
cat
ionsoft
her
ight
sthat
i
tsaut
hor
,ThomasJef
fer
son,‘
tur
nedat
ypi
calei
ght
eent
hcent
urydocumentabout
pol
i
tical
gri
evancesi
ntoal
ast
ingpr
ocl
amat
ionofhumanr
ight
s’.Ot
heri
mpor
tanthuman
r
ight
sthatt
heAmer
icanswant
edguar
ant
eedwer
ether
ightt
omanhoodsuf
frage,
right
t
oownpr
oper
ty(
whi
chwasaqual
i
ficat
iont
ovot
e)and,ast
hedecl
arat
ioni
ndi
cat
es,a
r
ightt
oov
ert
hrowunj
ustgov
ernment
s.

2 Decl
arat
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofManandofCi
ti
zen,
1789
TheFr
enchRev
olut
ionbr
okeouti
n1789andwasi
nspi
redbyt
heAmer
icanWarof
I
ndependencei
nwhi
chFr
enchsol
dier
shadpar
ti
cipat
edont
heAmer
icansi
de.The
i
mpor
tance of t
he Rev
olut
ion t
o human r
ight
sli
es i
nthe documentt
hatt
he
r
evol
uti
onar
iesdr
aft
edent
it
l heDecl
edt arat
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofManandoft
heCi
ti
zen
whi
ch pr
ocl
aimed t
hat‘
Men ar
e bor
n and r
emai
nfr
ee and equali
nri
ght
s’.The
decl
arat
ionhasbeendescr
ibedas‘
oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tanthumanr
ight
sdocument
s
oft
he ei
ght
eent
h cent
ury
’.I
tdecl
ared t
he r
ule ofuni
ver
sall
aw,equali
ndi
vi
dual
ci
ti
zenshi
p(t
her
ebyendi
ngsoci
alcl
asses)andcol
l
ect
ivesov
erei
gnt
yofal
lpeopl
e.The
r
all
yi
ngcal
loft
heFr
enchr
evol
uti
onar
ieswas‘
Li
ber
ty,Equal
i
tyandFr
ater
nit
y’.These
wer
evi
rt
uest
heyhopedwoul
dfi
ndaccept
ancet
hroughoutt
hewor
ld.

3 Li
mit
ati
onsofDecl
aredRi
ght
sint
heEi
ght
eent
hCent
ury
Dur
ingt
hisper
iodofunmi
stakabl
eadv
ancesi
nhumanr
ight
s,t
her
ewer
eanumberof
v
erygr
eyar
easorl
i
mit
ati
onswecanpi
npoi
nti
ntheEngl
i
sh,Amer
icanandFr
ench
l
i
ber
aldecl
arat
ions.
a)I
nthef
ir
stpl
ace,‘
manhoodsuf
frage’appl
i
edonl
ytot
hepr
oper
ti
edcl
assand
poormenwer
eignor
ed.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 36|
Page
 b)Secondl
y,al
lwomenwer
enowher
econsi
der
edi
nthi
s‘l
i
ber
alagenda’
andl
i
ket
he
poormal
es,
theyhadnei
thert
hev
oti
ngnorpol
i
tical
right
s.
c)Thi
rdl
y,t
hesewel
lknowndocument
slef
tsl
aver
y,especi
all
yint
heUS,
tocont
inue
unabat
ed;
itt
ookabr
utal
civ
ilwart
oendi
t.
d)Four
thl
y,t
her
ight
sofi
ndi
genouspeopl
essuchast
heNat
iveAmer
icansi
ntheUS
andi
ntheEur
opeancol
oni
eswer
etr
ampl
eduponorv
iol
ated.
e)Fi
ft
hly
,homosexual
i
tywasev
ery
wher
evi
ewedasacr
imi
nal
act
,and
f
) Fi
nal
l
y,Jewscont
inuedt
osuf
ferdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nmanypar
tsofEur
ope.

4 WomenRi
ght
sasHumanRi
ght
s
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethati
nal
lthesel
oft
ydecl
arat
ionsofr
ight
s,womenwer
etakenf
or
gr
ant
ed.Theywer
e‘subj
ugat
edt
otheaut
hor
it
yoft
hei
rhusbands’
.Bot
htheAmer
ican
andFr
enchconst
it
uti
onsexcl
udedwomenf
rom pol
i
ticalpar
ti
cipat
ionandev
enwhen
pl
easwer
esentt
othenew r
uler
stogi
veat
houghtt
owomenpl
i
ght
,manyl
i
keJohn
Adams,knew ‘
bet
tert
hant
orepealourmascul
i
nesy
stems’
.Weneed,howev
er,t
o
r
ecogni
zei
nit
iat
ivesbywomendur
ingt
heei
ght
eent
hcent
uryt
omaket
hev
oiceof
womenhear
d.OnesuchwomanwasOl
ympedeGougef
rom Fr
ancewhowr
otet
he
Decl
arat
ionofRi
ght
sofWomenwhi
chdemandedf
ort
he‘
respectf
orwomennat
ural
r
ight
sasequalt
other
ight
sofmal
eci
ti
zens’
.Sheespeci
all
ycal
l
edf
ort
hepr
otect
ionof
‘
womenf
rom pl
i
ght
sspeci
fi
ctot
hei
rgender
’.Thespeci
fi
cri
ght
sshehadi
nmi
nd
i
ncl
udedt
her
ightt
o hav
eone’
schi
l
drenr
ecogni
zedbyt
hei
rfat
her
sandr
ightf
or
unmar
ri
edwoment
obepr
ovi
dedf
orbyt
hest
ate.Thr
oughdi
scussi
onsbyt
heFr
ench
Deput
iesdur
ingt
hisr
evol
uti
onar
yper
iod,gi
rl
swer
eal
l
owedt
oinher
itpr
oper
tyj
ustl
i
ke
t
hei
rbr
other
s,and wi
veswon t
her
ightt
o di
vor
ceon t
hesamegr
oundsast
hei
r
husbands.TheEngl
i
shf
oll
owedcl
osel
yin1792whenMar
yWol
l
stonecr
aftcameup
wi
thVi
ndi
cat
ionsoft
heRi
ght
sofWomanwhi
chdemandedf
orwomeneducat
ionand
soci
alandpol
i
tical
equal
i
ty.

5 Soci
ali
sm andHumanRi
ght
s
Soci
ali
sm wast
hemosti
mpor
tantpol
i
ticaldoct
ri
nei
nEur
opei
ntheni
net
eent
hcent
ury
.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 37|
Page
Thepr
oponent
sofsoci
ali
sti
deascal
l
edf
oramat
eri
ali
stunder
standi
ngofhumanr
ight
s
whi
ch was sensi
ti
vet
o‘economi
cfor
ces,hi
stor
icalchange and conf
li
cti
ng cl
ass
i
nter
est
s’.Thei
rcont
ri
but
iont
othehi
stor
yofhumanr
ight
sincl
udedemandf
oruni
ver
sal
suf
fraget
hathadnot
hingt
odowi
thowner
shi
pofpr
oper
ty,economi
cwel
far
e,l
abour
r
ight
s,r
ight
stoeducat
ion,f
reedom f
rom sl
aver
yandwomenr
ight
s.Theypr
oposeda
secul
ar‘
hi
stor
icalmat
eri
ali
st’appr
oacht
ohumanr
ight
sandpoi
ntedoutt
hei
nequal
i
ty
r
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hei
deaofpr
oper
tyr
ight
s.Theydi
dnotbel
i
eve,l
i
ket
heEnl
i
ght
enment
v
isi
onar
ies,t
hatf
ree mar
ketand t
rade woul
d enhance t
he r
ight
s ofman.Thei
r
per
spect
iveonhumanr
ight
swaswi
dert
hant
hatoft
heei
ght
eent
hcent
uryr
efor
mer
s
and l
edt
othegr
ant
ing ofpar
ti
alr
ight
sto sl
aves,women,homosexual
s,chi
l
dren,
nat
ional
minor
it
iesandt
hecol
oni
zed.

I
II THEWORLDWARSANDHUMANRI
GHTS
I
nthi
ssect
ion,
wear
egoi
ngt
oex
ami
nebot
htheFi
rstWor
ldWarandt
heSecondWor
ld
Warandhowt
heyi
nfl
uencedt
hewor
ldi
nthi
nki
ngaboutt
hepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ion
ofhumanr
ight
s.

1 Fi
rstWor
ldWar
Thet
went
iet
hcent
uryi
sper
hapst
hemostbr
utaler
ainhumanhi
stor
y.TheFi
rstWor
ld
Warbr
okeouti
n1914andendedi
n1918.I
tsi
mpacti
nhumant
ollanddest
ruct
ionof
pr
oper
tywasext
raor
dinar
yandwi
der
angi
ng.Thi
s,asanaut
hornot
es,shoul
dbe
under
standabl
e,gi
vent
hati
twast
hef
ir
st‘
tot
alwar
’inhi
stor
y.I
tdi
dnotonl
yinv
olv
e
sol
dier
sbutwhol
epopul
ati
ons,
andhasbeendescr
ibedas‘
thef
ir
stbi
gconf
li
ctbet
ween
moder
n,i
ndust
ri
ali
zednat
ions’
.

Thenumberofpeopl
ewhoper
ishedi
nthi
swarwasst
agger
ingandper
hapswi
l
lnev
er
beaccur
atel
yknown.Suf
fi
cei
ttosayt
hatappr
oxi
mat
ely14mi
l
li
onpeopl
e,mai
nly
sol
dier
s,per
ishedi
nthi
scar
nage.Thewart
ookt
hel
i
feofawhol
egener
ati
on;Fr
ance
al
onel
ost20per
centofmenofmi
l
itar
yage.Theseast
ronomi
calnumber
sofdeat
hs
j
olt
edt
hewor
ldi
ntol
ooki
ngf
ormechani
smsf
orensur
inggl
obalpeace.Thev
ict
orsi
n
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 38|
Page
t
hiswarf
or heLeagueofNat
medt ionswi
thi
tsheadquar
ter
sinGenev
a,Swi
tzer
land.
Theai
m oft
heLeaguewast
wof
old;(
1)t
omai
ntai
npeacet
hroughcol
l
ect
ivesecur
it
y
wher
eal
lwor
ldst
ateswoul
djoi
nhandsagai
nstanyaggr
essor
,and(
2)t
oencour
age
i
nter
nat
ionalco-
oper
ati
oni
nor
dert
osol
vesoci
alandeconomi
cpr
obl
ems.Besi
des,i
t
wast
oov
erseedi
sar
mament
,ar
bit
rat
edi
sput
esbet
weennat
ions,andguar
ant
eer
ight
s
ofnat
ional
minor
it
ies,
womenandchi
l
dren.

TheLeagueofNat
ionshoweverachi
evedl
i
ttl
eandwasbesetwi
thpr
obl
emsr
ightf
rom
t
hebegi
nni
ng.TheUSCongr
essf
ail
edt
orat
if
yAmer
icanpar
ti
cipat
ion.Secondl
y,i
t
appear
edexcl
usi
onar
ybyi
nit
ial
l
ydeny
ingmember
shi
ptoGer
manyandSov
ietUni
on.
I
mpor
tant
lyf
orAf
ri
ca and t
he r
estoft
he col
oni
zed peopl
e,t
he League f
ail
ed t
o
guar
ant
eet
her
ightt
osel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionhencei
tappear
edt
osi
dewi
tht
hecol
oni
al
power
s.Despi
teal
ltheseshor
tcomi
ngs,
oneoft
hemostci
tedsuccessesoft
heLeague
ofNat
ionswast
hef
ormat
ionandoper
ati
onofi
tsaf
fi
li
atei
nst
it
uti heI
on;t nter
nat
ional
LabourOr
gani
zat
ion(
ILO.TheI
LOcal
l
edf
ort
hef
ixi
ngofamaxi
mum wor
kingdayand
week,
speci
fyi
ngadequat
emi
nimum wages,
thei
ntr
oduct
ionofsi
ckness,
disease,
inj
ury
,
and unempl
oymentbenef
it
s and,f
inal
l
y,t
he i
ntr
oduct
ion ofol
d age pensi
ons.
Unf
ort
unat
ely
,theLeagueofNat
ionsf
ail
edt
ost
em t
het
ideofFasci
sm i
nIt
alyand
Nazi
sm i
nGer
manywhi
chwer
eresponsi
blef
ort
heout
breakoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
.

2 SecondWor
ldWar
TheSecondWor
ldWarbr
okeouti
n1939andendedi
n1945.I
twascausedbyGer
many
ov
eri
tsf
rust
rat
ionsr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
her
epar
ati
onsi
mposedbyt
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
les
of1919f
orbei
ngr
esponsi
blef
ort
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
.Equal
l
y,t
hewarwasf
uel
l
edbyt
he
har
dshi
pscausedbyt
heGr
eatDepr
essi
ont
hatbegani
n1929.Thei
mpactoft
he
SecondWor
ldWaronhumani
tywassosev
eret
hati
thadnocompar
isonwi
tht
heFi
rst
Wor
ldWar
.‘Wor
ldWarI
I’
,wr
it
esLy
nnHunt
,‘setanew benchmar
kofbar
bar
it
ywi
th
al
mosti
ncompr
ehensi
ble60mi
l
li
ondeat
hs’
.Tocompoundt
hepr
obl
em,
themaj
ori
tyof
t
hedeadwer
eci
vi
li
ans.I
nhi
scr
azet
opur
if
ythebl
oodoft
heGer
mans,andal
sodeal
wi
th‘
enemi
es f
rom wi
thi
n’
,Adol
fHi
tl
ersi
ngl
ed outt
he Jews and Gy
psi
es f
or
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 39|
Page
ext
ermi
nat
ion.Byt
heendoft
hewari
n1945,si
xmi
l
li
onJewshadbeenki
l
ledand
mi
l
li
onsofr
efugees,whosel
i
veshadbeenshat
ter
ed, neededt
obeset
tl
ed.Besi
des,
ot
herv
ict
imsoft
hewarwer
efor
cedt
oreset
tl
eel
sewher
eforet
hni
creasons.For
i
nst
ance,
Czechosl
ovaki
aexpel
l
edov
er2.
5mi
l
li
onGer
mansi
n1946.

Al
lpower
sinv
olv
edi
nthewart
arget
edci
vi
li
ans.Howev
er,
whent
hewarcamet
oacl
ose,
t
hewor
ldwasst
upef
iedbyt
her
evel
ati
onsofwhathadhappenedi
ntheNazideat
h
campsov
erant
i-
Semi
ti
sm.Thewarv
iol
atedal
lhumanr
ight
s.Cr
imesagai
nsthumani
ty,
especi
all
ythehol
ocaust
,shockedev
ent
hecombat
ant
s.I
tist
hescal
eoft
heat
roci
ti
es
commi
tt
eddur
ingt
hiswart
hatf
orcedt
hewor
ldpower
stor
epl he Leagueof
acet
Nat
ionswi
thamor
efocusedi
nst
it
uti
oni
nt heUni
henameoft tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ion
att
heSanFr
anci
scoconf
erenceofApr
il12,
1945.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)Ci
ti
ng speci
fi
cexampl
es,exami
ne t
he cont
ri
but
ion ofanyone maj
orwor
ld
r
eli
giont
otheev
olut
ionofhumanr
ight
s.
2)Di
scuss t
he maj
orhuman r
ight
s gai
ns accr
uing f
rom Ref
ormat
ion and t
he
Engl
i
sh,
Amer
icanandFr
enchr
evol
uti
ons.
3)Whatwer
ethemaj
orl
i
mit
ati
onsofhumanr
ightgai
nsdur
ingt
heEnl
i
ght
enment
Per
iod?
4)Assesst
hecont
ri
but
ionoft
hesoci
ali
stst
othehumanr
ight
smov
ement
.
5)Exami
net
heachi
evement
sandf
ail
uresoft
he LeagueofNat
ionsi
nregar
dto
humanr
ight
s
6)The Second Wor
ld War‘
seta new benchmar
k ofbar
bar
it
y’.Di
scuss t
his
st
atementi
nrespectt
ospeci
fi
chumanr
ight
sabusesdur
ingt
hiswar
.

FURTHERREADI
NG
Hunt
,L.(
2007)I
nvent
ingHumanRi
ght
s:AHi
stor
y.NewYor
k:W.W.Nor
ton.
I
shay 2008)TheHi
,M.( stor
yofHumanRi
ght
s:Fr
om Anci
entTi
mest
otheGl
obal
i
zed

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 40|
Page
 Er
a.Ber
kel
ey,
Uni
ver
sit
yofCal
i
for
niaPr
ess.
Lowe, 2005)Mast
N.( eri
ngWor
ldHi
stor
y.NewYor
k:Pal
grav
eMacmi
l
lan.
MacKay
,J.P.
,Hi
l
l,B.D.&Buckl
er,J.(
1992)A Hi
stor
yofWor
ldSoci
eti
es.Bost
on:
Hought
onMi
ff
li
n.
Shest
ack,J.(
1998)ThePhi
l
osophi
calFoundat
ionsofHumanRi s.HumanRi
ght ght
s
Quar
ter
ly20.201-
234.TheJohnHopki
nsUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 41|
Page
 LESSONSTHREEANDFOUR

UNI
TEDNATI
ONSSYSTEM
Baber
eKer
ataChacha

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
heset
wol
essons,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1) Expl
aint
heor
igi
nsoft
heUni
tedNat
ions;
2) Demonst
rat
eunder
standi
ngoft
hest
ruct
ureoft
heUni
tedNat
ionssy
stem;
3) Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionsoft
heUni
tedNat
ions;
and
4) Exami
net
her
oleoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsi
nthepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionof
Humanr
ight
sgl
obal
l
y.

LessonOut
li
ne
I I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
I TheSt
ruct
ureoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
1)TheGener
alAssembl
y
2)TheSecur
it
yCounci
l
3)TheSecr
etar
iat
4)TheI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
ice
5)TheEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
l
6)TheTr
ust
eeshi
pCounci
l
I
II TheFunct
ionsoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
I
V TheUni
tedNat
ionsandt
hePr
omot
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
1)Uni
tedNat
ionsCommi
ssi
onsdeal
i
ngwi
thhumanr
ight
s
V TheUni
tedNat
ionsAppr
oacht
oPr
omot
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
1)Est
abl
i
shmentofI
nter
nat
ional
Standar
ds

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 42|
Page
 2)Pr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
3)UNHumanRi
ght
sAdv
isor
ySer
vicesandTechni
cal
Assi
stance
VI TheHi
ghCommi
ssi
onandGoodOf
fi
cesoft
heSecr
etar
y-Gener
al
VI
I Summar
yofAchi
evement
sandLi
mit
ati
ons
VI
II Concl
usi
on

I I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
nourpr
evi
ousl
essons,weexami
nedt
hehi
stor
yanddev
elopmentofhumanr
ight
s
f
rom t
heear
li
estt
imest
otheCol
dWar
.Wesaw how t
hef
ail
uresoft
heLeagueof
Nat
ionspr
ompt
edt
hef
ormat
ionoft
heUN.I
nthesenextt
wol
essons,
weshal
ldwel
lon
t
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionsoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsi
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
otect
ionofhuman
r
ight
s.

TheUni
tedNat
ions(
UN)i
sani
nter
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionofnat
ion-
stat
est
hat
acceptt
heobl
i
gat
ionsoft
heUNChar
ter
.TheUni
tedNat
ionswasof
fi
cial
l
ylaunchedi
n
Oct
ober1945f
oll
owi
ngt
heconcl
usi
onoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
.Itwasf
ormedt
o
r
epl
acet
hedi
sgr
acedLeagueofNat
ions,whi
chhadf
ail
edt
osav
ethewor
ldf
rom
anot
herdest
ruct
ivewor
ldwar
.Di
ctat
orsl
i
keMussol
i
niandHi
tl
erf
ragr
ant
lyv
iol
atedt
he
cov
enant
soft
heLeagueofNat
ions. TheUni
tedNat
ionswast
her
efor
ecr
aft
edt
o
addr
esst
heweaknessesoft
heLeagueofNat
ionsandensur
ethatgl
obalpeaceand
secur
it
ywer
eguar
ant
eed.

TheUN char
terwasdr
awnupi
nSanFr
anci
scoi
n1945f
oll
owi
ngdi
scussi
onsand
r
esol
uti
ons oft
he Dumbar
ton Oaks Conf
erence i
n 1944 i
nthe USA.I
n al
lthe
conf
erencesl
eadi
ngt
othef
ormat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ions,t
hebi
gpower
swer
equi
te
cat
egor
icalaboutt
hei
mpor
tantr
olet
heyhadpl
ayedi
nendi
ngt
heSecondWor
ldWar
.
Thebi
gpower
s,whi
chi
ncl
udedt
heUSA,Br
it
ain,t
heUSSR,Chi
naandFr
ance,hadt
o
hav
evet
opower
sonal
ldeci
sionsmadebyt
heor
gani
zat
ionandi
tsr
espect
iveor
gans.

Theheadquar
ter
soft
heUNsi
nce1952hav
ebeenNewYor
k.TheUNi
scent
ral
togl
obal
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 43|
Page
ef
for
tst
osol
vepr
obl
emst
hatchal
l
engehumani
ty.Cooper
ati
ngi
nthi
sef
for
tar
emor
e
t
han30af
fi
li
atedor
gani
zat
ions,knownt
oget
herast
heUNsy
stem.Dayi
nanddayout
,
t
heUNandi
tsf
ami
l
yofor
gani
zat
ionswor
ktopr
omot
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
1.Respectf
orhumanr
ight
s;
2.Pr
omot
inggenderequal
i
tyandt
headv
ancementofwomen;
3.Pr
otect
ingt
heenv
ironment
;
4.Fi
ght
ingdi
seaseandr
educi
ngpov
ert
y;
5.Def
inet
hest
andar
dsf
orsaf
eandef
fi
cientai
rtr
avel
;
6.Hel
pimpr
ovet
elecommuni
cat
ionsandenhanceconsumerpr
otect
ion;
7.Leadt
hei
nter
nat
ional
campai
gnsagai
nstdr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ngandt
err
ori
sm;
8.Assi
str
efugeest
osetuppr
ogr
ammest
ocl
earl
andmi
nes;
9.Hel
pexpandf
oodpr
oduct
ionandl
eadt
hef
ightagai
nstAI
DS.

I
nSept
ember2000,
MemberSt
ates,
repr
esent
edatt
hehi
ghestl
evel
,whi
chi
ncl
uded147
HeadsofSt
ateandGov
ernmentexpr
essedt
hei
rcol
l
ect
ivev
isi
oni
ntheMi
l
lenni
um
Decl
arat
ion.Theysetoutmeasur
abl
e goal
sin ev
eryar
ea ofUN endeav
our
;the
Mi
l
lenni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
s.I
n Sept
ember2008,wor
ldl
eader
srenewed t
hei
r
commi
tment
sto achi
evi
ng t
hose Goal
sby2015 and setoutconcr
ete pl
ansand
pr
act
ical
stepsf
oract
ion.

I
I THESTRUCTUREOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONS
TheUN i
scomposed ofal
lmember
soft
heUN.Each memberst
atesendsf
ive
r
epr
esent
ati
vest
hougheachmemberst
atei
sent
it
ledt
oonev
oteonl
y.Theassembl
y
hol
dsasessi
onev
eryy
eart
houghspeci
alsessi
onsmaybehel
datt
her
equestoft
he
Secur
it
yCounci
loramaj
ori
tyoft
hemember
s.Ther
egul
arsessi
onoft
heassembl
yis
usual
l
y conv
ened on t
he t
hir
d Tuesday ofSept
ember
.The st
ruct
ure oft
he UN
compr
isest
hef
oll
owi
ng:TheGener
alAssembl
y;TheSecur
it
yCounci
l
;TheSecr
etar
iat
;
TheI
nter
nat
ionalCour
tofJust
ice;TheTr
ust
eeshi
pCounci
l
;andTheEconomi
cand
Soci
alCounci
l
.Thi
siswhatwear
edi
scussi
ngi
nthesect
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 44|
Page
1) TheGener
alAssembl
y
TheGener
alAssembl
yist
heUN par
li
ament
.Iti
sthepar
li
ament
ary
,budget
aryand
deci
si
on-
maki
ngor
gan.TheAssembl
yhol
dsi
tsr
egul
arsessi
onsf
rom mi
d-Sept
ember
t
omi
d-December
.Speci
aloremer
gencysessi
onsar
ehowev
erhel
dwhennecessar
y.
TheAssembl
yhast
her
ightt
odi
scussandmaker
ecommendat
ionsonal
lmat
ter
s
wi
thi
nthescopeoft
heUN Char
ter
.Ithasnopowert
ocompelact
ionbyanyst
ate,
t
houghi
tsr
ecommendat
ionscar
ryt
hewei
ghtofwor
ldopi
nion.TheAssembl
yset
s
pol
i
ciesanddet
ermi
nespr
ogr
ammesf
ort
heUNSecr
etar
iat
,di
rect
sdev
elopment
,and
appr
ovest
heUNbudget
,incl
udi
ngpeacekeepi
ngoper
ati
ons.

Vot
ingoni
mpor
tanti
ssuesr
equi
resat
wo-
thi
rdmaj
ori
tyoft
hemember
spr
esentt
o
passt
her
esol
uti
on,whi
l
eor
dinar
yissuesr
equi
reasi
mpl
emaj
ori
tyv
ote.Thei
mpor
tant
quest
ionsar
edef
inedbyt
hechar
terasr
ecommendat
ionsconcer
ningmai
ntenanceof
i
nter
nat
ionalpeace and secur
it
y;el
ect
ion ofmember
s oft
he counci
l
;admi
ssi
on,
suspensi
onandexpul
si
onofmember
s;quest
ionsr
elat
ingt
otr
ust
eeshi
p;andbudget
ary
mat
ter
s.Theassembl
ymaydi
scussanymat
ter
swi
thi
nthechar
terbuti
tcannotmake
r
ecommendat
ionsonani
ssueaf
fect
ingpeaceandsecur
it
ywhi
chi
sbei
ngdeal
twi
thby
t
heSecur
it
yCounci
lunl
esst
heCounci
lsor
equest
s.

Theassembl
ymakesr
ecommendat
ionst
opr
omot
eint
ernat
ionalcooper
ati
oni
nthe
pol
i
ticalf
iel
dandencour
agesdev
elopmentoft
hei
nter
nat
ionall
aw.I
tadmi
tsnew
member
son t
her
ecommendat
ion oft
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
.Ital
so el
ect
sthenon-
per
manentmember
soft
heSecur
it
yCounci
laswel
lasTr
ust
eeshi
pCounci
l
.Wi
tht
he
adv
iceoft
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
,itel
ect
sthej
udgesoft
heI
nter
nat
ionalCour
tofJust
ice
andappoi
ntst
heUNSecr
etar
y-Gener
al.

Theassembl
ycont
rol
sthef
inancesoft
heUN.I
tconsi
der
sandappr
ovest
hebudget
andappor
ti
onst
heexpensesamongt
hememberst
ates.

Muchoft
heAssembl
y’
swor
kisdonet
hroughcommi
tt
eescov
eri
ngawi
der
angeof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 45|
Page
i
ssuesandi
scar
ri
edoni
ntheof
fi
ciall
anguagesoft
heOr
gani
zat
ion;Engl
i
sh,Fr
ench,
Russi
an,Spani
shandChi
nese.Someoft
hei
mpor
t manentand adhoc
antUN per
commi
tt
eesonpeaceandsecur
it
yar
e:
a)Thef
our
teen-
memberpeaceobser
vat
ioncommi
ssi
onconst
it
utedi
n1950.Thi
s
i
sempower
edt
oobser
veandr
epor
ttot
heAssembl
yonanyt
hreat
stopeaceand
secur
it
y.
b)UNConci
l
iat
ionCommi
ssi
onf
orPal
est
ine.I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1948t
opr
ovi
de
af
ramewor
ktor
econci
l
iat
iont
othepar
ti
esi
nvol
ved.
c)UNRel
i
efandWor
ksest
abl
i
shmenti
nDecember1949t
oadmi
nist
err
eli
efand
r
ehabi
l
itat
ionpr
oject
sinPal
est
ine.
d)UNCommi
ssi
onf
ort
heUni
fi
cat
ionandRehabi
l
itat
ionofKor
ea(
UNCURK)
.Itwas
est
abl
i
shed i
n 1950 t
o obser
ve and r
epor
t on pol
i
ticaland economi
c
dev
elopmenti
nwarr
avagedKor
ea.
e)Col
l
ect
iveMeasur
esCommi
tt
ee,
est
abl
i
shedi
nNov
ember1950t
ocomeupwi
th
t
heappr
opr
iat
ecol
l
ect
ivemeasur
eformai
ntai
ningpeaceandsecur
it
y.
f
) Commi
tt
eeonpeacef
ulusesofAt
omi
cEner
gy.I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1954t
o
or
gani
zet
he1955Genev
aConf
erenceandot
hersubsequentconf
erences.

2) TheSecur
it
yCounci
l
TheSecur
it
yCounci
list
het
opexecut
iveor
ganoft
heUni
tedNat
ions.I
nit
ial
l
y,t
he
Counci
lcompr
isedel
evenmember
s;f
iveper
manentandsi
xnon-
per
manentmember
s.
I
n1965,ar
evi
ew oft
hechar
teri
ncr
easedmember
shi
ptof
if
teen.Thenon-
per
manent
member
swer
eincr
easedf
rom si
xtot
en.Thef
iveper
manentmember
sar
ecount
ri
es
whi
chwer
etheSecondWor
ldWarv
ict
ors.Theyar
etheUSA,t
heUSSR,Br
it
ain,Chi
na,
andFr
ance.Thet
ennon-
per
manentmember
sar
eel
ect
edbyt
heGener
alAssembl
yfor
t
wo-
yeart
erms.Thesemember
sar
eel
ect
edbyt
heGener
alAssembl
ybasedont
he
geogr
aphi
caldi
str
ibut
ionand t
hei
rcont
ri
but
iont
othepr
eser
vat
ionofi
nter
nat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y.Thenon-
per
manentmember
sser
vef
ort
woy
ear
sandar
enot
el
i
gibl
eforr
enewal
.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 46|
Page
TheSecur
it
yCounci
ldeal
swi
thi
ssuesofpeaceandsecur
it
y.Memberst
atesar
e
obl
i
gat
edt
ocar
ryouti
tsdeci
sions.Al
lmaj
ordeci
sionsr
equi
reni
nev
otes;nodeci
sion
canbeappr
ovedi
faper
manentmemberv
otesagai
nsti
t(or‘
vet
oesi
t’
).I
ncaseswher
e
per
manentmember
sinv
oket
hepower
soft
hev
eto,t
he1950r
esol
uti
onofuni
ti
ngf
or
peacei
sinv
oked.Accor
dingt
othi
sresol
uti
on,
themat
tert
hathasbeenv
etoedmustbe
r
efer
redt
otheGener
alAssembl
ywi
thi
n24hour
s.

TheSecur
it
yCounci
l
’susualmet
hodsofmai
ntai
ningpeaceandsecur
it
yar
epr
omot
ing
set
tl
ementt
hrough medi
ati
on and/
orar
bit
rat
ion;depl
oyi
ng peacekeepi
ng f
orces;
secur
ingcease-
fi
res;i
mposi
ngeconomi
csanct
ions;andor
der
ingcol
l
ect
ivemi
l
itar
y
act
ion.

Thepr
imar
yresponsi
bil
i
tyoft
heSecur
it
yCounci
list
hemai
ntenanceofi
nter
nat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y.Anysi
tuat
iont
hatt
hreat
ensori
sli
kel
ytobr
eachi
nter
nat
ional
peace
i
sinv
est
igat
edandappr
opr
iat
emeasur
esr
ecommended.I
fther
ear
edi
sput
eswi
thl
egal
i
mpl
i
cat
ions,
theymayber
efer
redt
otheI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
iceatt
heHague.

Ar
ti
cle42oft
heUNChar
terempower
sthecounci
ltoor
gani
zeanar
medf
orceundert
he
commandoft
heUNt
orest
orei
nter
nat
ionalpeaceandsecur
it
yincaseswher
eopt
ions
ofdi
plomacy
,medi
ati
onandconci
l
iat
ionhav
epr
ovedi
nadequat
e.Ther
aisi
ngofsucha
f
orcemayev
eni
nvol
vemi
l
itar
yact
ionorpeaceenf
orcement
.Si
ncet
heUN doesnot
hav
eit
sownst
andi
ngf
orce,
insuchcasesi
tdependsont
hepr
e-ar
rangedagr
eementon
memberst
atesonwhi
cht
heyav
ailspeci
fi
eduni
tsoft
hei
rownar
medf
orcest
otheUN
f
ordepl
oyment
.

3) TheSecr
etar
iat
TheSecr
etar
iati
stheadmi
nist
rat
iveuni
toft
heUN.I
thasast
affofov
er50,
000
empl
oyees.I
tist
heexecut
iveor
ganoft
heUN,
responsi
blef
orday
-to-
dayadmi
nist
rat
ion
oft
heor
gani
zat
ion.TheSecr
etar
yGener
ali
stheheadoft
hisuni
tandi
sappoi
ntedona
f
ive-
yeart
erm ont
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
.He/
shemustf
ormt
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 47|
Page
f
iveper
manentmember
soft
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
.Thi
smeasur
eensur
esi
mpar
ti
ali
tyi
n
t
hei
nter
nat
ionalsy
stem.TheSecr
etar
yGener
ali
sthespokesmanf
ort
heUN andi
s
al
way
satt
hef
oref
rontofi
nter
nat
ional
aff
air
spr
ovi
dingdi
rect
ion.

4) TheI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
ice
Thi
sCour
tisbasedatTheHaguei
ntheNet
her
lands.I
thasf
if
teenj
udges.I
tsmai
n
f
unct
ioni
stoadj
udi
cat
eint
ernat
ionall
egaldi
sput
esbet
weenst
ates.Thecour
thandl
es
boundar
ydi
sput
essuchast
hef
ront
ierdi
sput
ebet
weenHol
l
andandBel
gium,Et
hiopi
a
andEr
it
rea.I
n1970-
71i
tar
bit
rat
edt
hecaseofapar
thei
dinSout
hAf
ri
ca.TheCour
t
consi
stsoff
if
teenj
udgesel
ect
edbyt
heGener
alAssembl
yandt
heSecur
it
yCounci
lfor
ani
ne-
yeart
erm.

I
nJul
y1998,
160nat
ionsdeci
dedt
oest
abl
i
shaper
manentI
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
t
(
ICC)t
opr
osecut
eindi
vi
dual
sfort
hemostser
iousof
fencesofgl
obalconcer
n,suchas
genoci
de,
warcr
imes,
andcr
imesagai
nsthumani
ty.Thi
sCour
tal
sobasedi
sal
sobased
att
heHague.Fori
nst
ance,massv
iol
ati
onsagai
nsthumani
tyi
nthef
ormerYugosl
avi
a
andi
nRwandal
edt
heUN Secur
it
yCounci
ltoest
abl
i
sht
woi
nter
nat
ionalt
ri
bunal
sto
pr
osecut
eper
sonsr
esponsi
blef
orsuchv
iol
ati
ons.Thecour
thaspr
osecut
edi
ndi
vi
dual
s
t
hathav
ebeenaccusedofi
nvol
vementi
nthegenoci
deandcr
imeagai
nsthumani
tyi
n
Rwanda,
thef
ormer
-Yugosl
avi
a,Li
ber
ia,
andDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo.

5) TheEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
l
Themai
nfunct
ionoft
hisCounci
list
opr
omot
eeconomi
cdev
elopment
;humanr
ight
s;
sci
ent
if
ic and t
echnol
ogi
calcooper
ati
on and adv
ancement
;cr
ime pr
event
ion;and
t
echni
calco-
ordi
nat
iont
oimpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofhumanl
i
fewor
ldwi
de.I
thol
dsatl
east
onesubst
ant
ialsessi
oneachy
ear
.Someofi
tsmaj
orspeci
ali
zedagenci
esar
ethe
Uni
tedNat
ionsEducat
ionalSci
ent
if
icandCul
tur
alOr
gani
zat
ion(
UNESCO)
,theUni
ted
Nat
ions I
nter
nat
ional Chi
l
dren’
s Educat
ional Fund (
UNI
CEF)
,the Wor
ld Heal
th
Or
gani
zat
ion (
WHO)
,Food and Agr
icul
tur
e Or
gani
zat
ion (
FAO)
,the Uni
ted Nat
ions
Env
ironment
alPr
ogr
amme(
UNEP)
,andt
heUni
tedNat
ionsHi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
or
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 48|
Page
Ref
ugees(
UNHCR)
.

6) TheTr
ust
eeshi
pCounci
l
Thi
sCounci
lwasest
abl
i
shedt
oov
erseet
headmi
nist
rat
ionofTr
ustTer
ri
tor
ies(
suchas
Pal
est
ine,New Gui
nea,Tangany
ika,Sout
h-westAf
ri
ca,Togo,Rwanda-
Bur
undi
,and
Camer
oon)as t
hey pr
ogr
essed t
owar
d sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion.Tr
ustTer
ri
tor
ies wer
e
t
err
it
ori
est
hatwer
etakenov
erf
rom Ger
manyandot
herdef
eat
edpower
saf
tert
het
wo
Wor
ldWar
s.Undert
heLeagueofNat
ions,sucht
err
it
ori
eswer
eref
err
edt
oasMandat
e
t
err
it
ori
es.Thesewer
eter
ri
tor
iest
hathadbeent
akenov
erbyt
hev
ict
ori
ouspower
s
af
tert
het
woWor
ldWar
s.Al
lTr
ustt
err
it
ori
eshav
enowat
tai
nedsel
f-
gov
ernment
,ei
ther
assepar
atest
atesorbyj
oini
ngnei
ghbour
ingi
ndependentcount
ri
es.TheTr
ust
eeshi
p
sy
stem endedi
n1994af
tert
hel
astMandat
eter
ri
tor
yat
tai
nedi
ndependence.

I
II THEFUNCTI
ONSOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONS
The r
easons whi
ch necessi
tat
ed t
he f
ormat
ion oft
he UN ar
e cont
ained i
nthe
or
gani
zat
ion’
schar
ter
.Ther
easonsi
ncl
ude;t
heneedt
osav
esucceedi
nggener
ati
ons
f
rom t
hescour
geofwar
,tor
eaf
fi
rmf
ait
hinf
undament
alhumanr
ight
s,t
oest
abl
i
sh
condi
ti
onsunderwhi
chj
ust
iceandr
espectf
orobl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom t
reat
iesand
ot
hersour
cesofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw canbemai
ntai
ned,andt
opr
omot
esoci
alpr
ogr
ess
andbet
terst
andar
dsofl
i
fe.

TheUNt
her
efor
ehasf
ourmai
npur
poses.Fi
rst
,ist
omai
ntai
nint
ernat
ionalpeaceand
secur
it
y.Second,
ist
odev
elopf
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onsamongnat
ionsoft
hewor
ld.Thi
rd,
ist
o
achi
evei
nter
nat
ionalcooper
ati
oni
nsol
vi
ngi
nter
nat
ionaleconomi
c,soci
al,cul
tur
aland
humani
tar
ianpr
obl
ems.Fi
nal
l
y,i
stohar
moni
zet
heact
ionsofnat
ionsi
ntr
yingt
oat
tai
n
t
heseends.Toachi
evet
hese,
thechar
terespousedt
hef
oll
owi
ngsev
enpr
inci
ples:
a)Sov
erei
gnequal
i
tyofal
li
tsmember
s;
b)Themember
sar
etof
ulf
ili
ngoodf
ait
htheobl
i
gat
ionst
heyhav
eassumed
undert
hechar
ter
;
c)Peacef
ulset
tl
ementofi
nter
nat
ional
disput
es;
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 49|
Page
 d)Adopt
ionofnon-
aggr
essi
vepol
i
ciesi
nint
ernat
ional
rel
ati
ons;
e)Pr
omot
ionandsuppor
toft
heor
gani
zat
ionpr
event
iveenf
orcementact
ivi
ti
es;
f
) Ensur
ingt
headher
encebynon-
memberst
atespr
inci
plesofmai
ntenanceof
i
nter
nat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y;and
g)Non-
int
erv
ent
ioni
ndomest
icaf
fai
rsofmemberst
ates.

I
V THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSANDTHEPROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Thepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
shasbeenamaj
orpr
eoccupat
ionf
ort
he
Uni
tedNat
ionssi
nce1945,whent
heOr
gani
zat
ion'
sfoundi
ngnat
ionsr
esol
vedt
hatt
he
hor
ror
sofTheSecondWor
ldWarshoul
dnev
erbeal
l
owedt
orecur
.Respectf
orhuman
r
ight
sandhumandi
gni
ty‘
i
sthef
oundat
ionoff
reedom,j
ust
iceandpeacei
nthewor
ld’
,
t
heGener
alAssembl
ydecl
aredt
hreey
ear
slat
eri
ntheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHuman
Ri
ght
s.Overt
hey
ear
s,awhol
enet
wor
kofhumanr
ight
sinst
rument
sandmechani
sms
hasbeendev
elopedt
oensur
ethepr
imacyofhumanr
ight
sandt
oconf
ronthuman
r
ight
svi
olat
ions wher
ever t
hey occur
.For f
urt
her det
ail
ed di
scussi
ons on t
he
decl
arat
ionofHumanr
ight
sseel
essont
wot
hatwehav
eal
readycov
ered.

1) Uni
tedNat
ionsCommi
ssi
onsdeal
ingwi
thhumanr
ight
s
TheCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sist
hemai
npol
i
cy-
maki
ngbodydeal
i
ngwi
thhuman
r
ight
sissues.Composed of53 memberGov
ernment
s,i
tpr
epar
esst
udi
es,makes
r
ecommendat
ionsanddr
aft
sint
ernat
ionalhumanr
ight
sconv
ent
ionsanddecl
arat
ions.
I
tal
soi
nvest
igat
esal
l
egat
ionsofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsandhandl
escommuni
cat
ions
r
elat
ingt
othem.TheCommi
ssi
onhasest
abl
i
shedanumberofsubsi
diar
ybodi
es,
i
ncl
udi
ng t
he Sub-
Commi
ssi
on on Pr
event
ion ofDi
scr
imi
nat
ion and Pr
otect
ion of
Mi
nor
it
ies.

TheSub-
Commi
ssi
ononPr
event
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionandPr
otect
ionofMi
nor
it
ies
under
takesst
udi
esandmakesr
ecommendat
ionst
otheCommi
ssi
onconcer
ningt
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 50|
Page
pr
event
ion of di
scr
imi
nat
ion agai
nst r
aci
al,r
eli
gious and l
i
ngui
sti
c mi
nor
it
ies.
Composedof26exper
ts,t
heSub-
Commi
ssi
onmeet
seachy
earf
orf
ourweeks.I
thas
setupwor
kinggr
oupsandest
abl
i
shedSpeci
alRappor
teur
stoassi
sti
twi
thcer
tai
n
t
asks.

The Commi
ssi
on on t
he St
atusofWomen,composed of32 member
s,pr
epar
es
r
ecommendat
ionsandr
epor
tst
otheEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
lont
hepr
omot
ionof
women'
sri
ght
sin pol
i
tical
,economi
c,soci
aland educat
ionalf
iel
ds.I
t makes
r
ecommendat
ionst
otheCounci
lonpr
obl
emsr
equi
ri
ngat
tent
ioni
nthef
iel
dofwomen'
s
r
ight
s.

TheCommi
ssi
ononCr
imePr
event
ionandCr
imi
nalJust
ice,
composedof40member
s,
i
sthemai
nUni
tedNat
ionspol
i
cy-
maki
ngbodyoncr
imi
nalj
ust
ice.I
tdev
elopsand
moni
tor
stheUni
tedNat
ionspr
ogr
ammeoncr
imepr
event
ion.

V THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSAPPROACHTOPROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS
Toenhancer
espectf
orf
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandt
ofur
therpr
ogr
esst
owar
dst
hei
r
r
eal
i
zat
ion,t
heUni
tedNat
ionsadopt
edat
hree-
prongedappr
oach:(
a)est
abl
i
shmentof
i
nter
nat
ionalst
andar
ds,
(b)pr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
s,and(
c)Uni
tedNat
ionst
echni
cal
assi
stance.

1) Est
abl
ishmentofI
nter
nat
ional
Standar
ds
I
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sst
andar
dswer
edev
elopedt
opr
otectpeopl
e'
shumanr
ight
s
agai
nstv
iol
ati
onsbyi
ndi
vi
dual
s,gr
oupsornat
ions.Thef
oll
owi
ngdecl
arat
ionsadopt
ed
byt
hei
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyar
enotl
egal
l
ybi
ndi heUni
ng:t ver
salDecl
arat
ionof
Human Ri
ght
s(1948)
,theDecl
arat
ion on t
he Ri
ght t
o Devel
opment(
1986) and
heDecl
t arat
ionont
hePr
otect
ionofAl
lPer
sonsf
rom Enf
orcedDi
sappear
ance(
1992)
.
Manycount
ri
eshav
eincor
por
atedt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hesedecl
arat
ionsi
ntot
hei
rlaws
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 51|
Page
andconst
it
uti
ons.I
nter
nat
ional
cov
enant
sandconv
ent
ionshav
ethef
orceofl
awf
ort
he
St
atest
hatr
ati
fyt
hem.

TheI
nter
nat
ional Covenant on Economi
c, Soci
al and Cul
tur
al Ri
ght
sand
heI
t nter
nat
ionalCovenantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
sar
elegal
l
ybi
ndi
nghumanr
ight
s
agr
eement
s.Bot
hwer
eadopt
edi
n1966andent
eredi
ntof
orce10y
ear
slat
er,maki
ng
manyoft
hepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sef
fect
ivel
ybi
ndi
ng.
Conv
ent
ionsi
ncl heConv
udet ent
ionont
hePr
event
ionandPuni
shmentoft
heCr
imeof
Genoci
de(
ent
eredi
ntof
orcei
n1951)
;theI
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionof
Al
lFor
msofRaci
alDi
scr
imi
nat
ion(
ent
eredi
ntof
orcei
n1969)
;theConv
ent
ionont
he
El
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWomen(
ent
eredi
ntof
orcei
n1981)
;
heConv
t ent
ionagai
nstTor
tur
eandOt
herCr
uel
,InhumanorDegr
adi
ngTr
eat
mentor
Puni
shment(
ent
ered i
ntof
orce i
n 1987)
;theConv
ent
ion on t
he Ri
ght
s of t
he
Chi
l
d(ent
eredi
ntof
orcei
n1990) heI
;andt nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionont
hePr
otect
ionof
t
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grantWor
ker
sandMember
soft
hei
rFami
l
ies(
adopt
edi
n1990,but
noty
eti
nfor
ce)
.

2) Pr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
Conv
ent
i sms(
onalmechani treat
ybodi
es)
,andext
ra-
conv
ent
ionalmechani Uni
sms( ted
Nat
ionsSpeci
alRappor
teur
s,r
epr
esent
ati
ves,exper
tsandwor
kinggr
oups)havebeen
setupi
nor
dert
omoni
torcompl
i
ancewi
tht
hev
ari
ousi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
s
i
nst
rument
sandt
oinv
est
igat
eal
l
egedhumanr
ight
sabuses.

Undert
heconv
ent
ionalmechani
sms,
thef
oll
owi
ngt
reat
ybodi
es,
composedofexper
ts
ser
vingi
nthei
rper
sonalcapaci
ty,wer
eest
abl
i
shedt
omoni
torcompl
i
ancewi
thUni
ted
Nat
ionshumanr
ight
sinst
rument
s;
 t
heCommi
tt
eeont
heEl
i
minat
ionofRaci
alDi
scr
imi
nat
ion(
CERD)
 t
heCommi
tt
eeont
heEl
i
minat
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWomen(
CEDAW)
 t
heCommi
tt
eeont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d(CRC)

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 52|
Page
  t
heCommi
tt
eeagai
nstTor
tur
e(CAT)
 t
heHumanRi
ght
sCommi
tt
ee(
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s),
and
 t
heCommi
tt
eeonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(Cov
enantonEconomi
c,
Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s).

I
tshoul
d be not
ed t
hatt
hese Commi
tt
ees ar
e est
abl
i
shed undert
he r
espect
ive
i
nst
rument
s,wi
thmember
sel
ect
edbyt
heSt
atespar
ti
es,wi
tht
heexcept
ionoft
he
Commi
tt
eeonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s,whosemember
shi
pisel
ect
edby
ECOSOC.

Tomoni
tort
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
reat
yobl
i
gat
ionsatt
henat
ionall
evel
,thet
reat
y
bodi
esexami
ner
epor
tsofSt
atespar
ti
es.Eachy
ear
,theyengagei
ndi
aloguewi
th
appr
oxi
mat
ely 100 nat
ional Gov
ernment
s and i
ssue concl
udi
ng obser
vat
ions,
comment
ing on t
he si
tuat
ions of t
he count
ri
es and of
fer
ing suggest
ions and
r
ecommendat
ionsf
ori
mpr
ovement
.Inaddi
ti
on,
theCommi
tt
eesar
eent
it
ledt
ohearand
consi
dercer
tai
nindi
vi
dual
communi
cat
ions.

Undert
he ext
ra-
conv
ent
ionalmechani
sms,a numberofpr
ocedur
es hav
e been
est
abl
i
shedt
omoni
torcompl
i
ancewi
thhumanr
ight
snor
ms.Themat
icpr
ocedur
es
i
ncl
udet
heRepr
esent
ati
veoft
heSecr
etar
y-Gener
aloni
nter
nal
l
ydi
spl
acedper
sons;
wor
kinggr
oupsonenf
orcedori
nvol
unt
arydi
sappear
ancesandonar
bit
rar
ydet
ent
ion;
andspeci
alr
appor
teur
sdeal
i
ngwi
thext
raj
udi
ci
al,summar
yorar
bit
rar
yexecut
ions;
t
ort
ure;t
hei
ndependenceandi
mpar
ti
ali
tyoft
hej
udi
ciar
y;j
uror
sandassessor
sandt
he
i
ndependenceofl
awy
ers;r
eli
giousi
ntol
erance;t
heuseofmer
cenar
ies;f
reedom of
opi
nion and expr
essi
on;r
aci
sm,r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion and xenophobi
a;t
he sal
e of
chi
l
dren,chi
l
d pr
ost
it
uti
on and chi
l
d por
nogr
aphy
;and t
he el
i
minat
ion ofv
iol
ence
agai
nstwomen.

I
naddi
ti
on,
ther
eexi
stsapr
ocedur
e,est
abl
i
shedbyt
heEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
lin

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 53|
Page
1970(
theso-
cal
l
ed1503Pr
ocedur
e),
fordeal
i
ngwi
thcommuni
cat
ionsr
elat
ingt
ogr
oss
andat
test
edv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
s.I
fconsi
der
edadmi
ssabl
e,communi
cat
ionsar
e
r
evi
ewedbyaWor
kingGr
oupoft
heSub-
Commi
ssi
ononPr
event
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ion
andPr
otect
ionofMi
nor
it
ies,whi
chdeci
deswhet
hert
otr
ansf
ert
hecommuni
cat
iont
o
t
heWor
kingGr
oupoft
heCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
s.Communi
cat
ionsr
emai
n
conf
ident
ialunt
ilsucht
imeast
heCommi
ssi
onmaydeci
det
omaker
ecommendat
ions
t
otheEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
l
.

Di
aloguebet
weenSt
atesandUni
tedNat
ionsbodi
eshasl
edt
oconcr
eter
esul
ts,
suchas
t
hesuspensi
onofexecut
ions,
rel
easeofdet
aineesandmedi
calt
reat
mentf
orpr
isoner
s,
aswel
laschangesi
nthedomest
icl
egalsy
stem ofSt
atespar
ti
est
ohumanr
ight
s
i
nst
rument
s.

3) UNHumanRi
ght
sAdv
isor
ySer
vicesandTechni
calAssi
stance
TheUni
tedNat
ionsadv
isor
yser
vicespr
ogr
ammebegani
n1955onasmal
lscal
e,
pr
ovi
dingi
nst
it
uti
on-
bui
l
dingassi
stanceandot
herser
vicest
oMemberSt
atesatt
hei
r
r
equest
.In1987,t
heSecr
etar
y-Gener
alest
abl
i
shedt
heVol
unt
aryFundf
orAdv
isor
y
Ser
vicesandTechni
cal
Assi
stancei
nthef
iel
dofHumanRi
ght
s.

Ov
ert
hel
astf
ew y
ear
s,t
heUni
tedNat
ionsCent
ref
orHumanRi
ght
sandEl
ect
oral
Assi
stance Di
vi
sion has r
ecei
ved i
ncr
easi
ng number
s ofr
equest
sfort
echni
cal
assi
stance,
whi
chi
susual
l
yof
fer
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngar
eas:
1.Ref
ormi
ngnat
ionall
aws:I
ncor
por
ati
onofi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
snor
msi
nto
nat
ional
lawsandconst
it
uti
onsi
sakeyel
ementi
nthepr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
s.
Assi
stancei
ndr
aft
ingnew const
it
uti
onsandl
awsi
nli
newi
thhumanr
ight
s
conv
ent
ionshasbeenpr
ovi
dedt
o,i
nteral
i
a,Bul
gar
ia,
Mal
awi
andMongol
i
a.
2.Suppor
ti
ng democr
ati
zat
ion and adv
isi
ng on el
ect
oralpr
ocedur
es:Si
nce
democr
ati
zat
ionhasbeenapr
ior
it
yissuef
oradv
isor
yser
vices,assi
stancehas
beenpr
ovi
dedt
osev
eralnat
ionsonhol
dingel
ect
ionsandset
ti
ngupnat
ional
human r
ight
sinst
it
uti
ons.The Cent
ref
orHuman Ri
ght
s adv
ised sev
eral
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 54|
Page
 count
ri
es,i
ncl
udi
ngRomani
aandLesot
ho,ont
hel
egalandt
echni
calaspect
sof
democr
ati
cel
ect
ions.
3.Assi
sti
ng i
nthe dr
aft
ing of nat
ionall
aws and pr
epar
ati
on of nat
ional
r
epor
ts:Regi
onalandsub-
regi
onalt
rai
ningcour
seshav
ebeenhel
dinAf
ri
ca,
Lat
inAmer
icaandAsi
aandt
hePaci
fi
c.
4.St
rengt
heni
ngnat
ionalandr
egi
onali
nst
it
uti
ons:Assi
stancehasbeenpr
ovi
ded
t
oinst
it
uti
onsi
nvar
iouscount
ri
est
ost
rengt
henhumanr
ight
spr
otect
ionand
pr
omot
ionact
ivi
ti
es.
5.Tr
aini
ng cr
imi
nal j
ust
ice per
sonnel
;judges, l
awy
ers, pr
osecut
ors and
pol
i
ce:Tr
aini
ng i
nthe f
iel
d ofhuman r
ight
sincl
udes semi
nar
s,cour
ses,
wor
kshops, f
ell
owshi
ps, schol
arshi
ps, t
he pr
ovi
sion of i
nfor
mat
ion and
document
ati
on.

VI THEHI
GHCOMMI
SSI
ONANDGOODOFFI
CESOFTHESECRETARY-
GENERAL
TheUNSecr
etar
yGener
aluseswhati
ster
medhi
s‘goodof
fi
ces’
(gener
all
ymeani
nghi
s
pr
est
igeandt
hewei
ghtoft
hewor
ldcommuni
tyher
epr
esent
s)whenhemeet
swi
th
wor
ldl
eader
s,ei
therpubl
i
clyorpr
ivat
ely
,inanef
for
ttopr
eventi
nter
nat
ionaldi
sput
es
f
rom dev
elopi
ng,escal
ati
ng,orspr
eadi
ng.Forexampl
e,i
n1998,Kof
iAnnannegot
iat
ed
aset
tl
ementoft
hedi
sput
ebet
weenI
raqandt
heU.
S.ov
erar
msi
nspect
ionsi
nIr
aq.He
usedt
hepr
est
igeofhi
sof
fi
ceandt
het
hreatofUN Secur
it
yCounci
lact
ioni
fno
agr
eementwas r
eached t
ofor
ce Saddam Hussei
nto al
l
ow cont
inuat
ion ofUN
i
nspect
ions.Ear
li
erexampl
esi
ncl
udeUThant
'
sassi
stancedur
ingt
heCubanMi
ssi
l
e
Cr
isi
s,and Jav
ierPer
ez de Cuel
l
ar'
s medi
ati
on oft
he Sov
ietwi
thdr
awalf
rom
Af
ghani
stan.

TheSecr
etar
y-Gener
almayal
soassi
gnseni
orst
affmember
stoactashi
sspeci
al
r
epr
esent
ati
ve,
per
for
mingt
hesamef
unct
ions.Forexampl
e,Br
ianUr
quhar
trepr
esent
ed
t
heSecr
etar
yGener
al’
sof
fi
cef
ormanyy
ear
s,pr
ovi
ng‘
goodof
fi
ces’i
ntheCongo,t
he
Mi
ddl
eEast
,Cy
prus,
andNami
bia.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 55|
Page
I
nhi
sbookonUNpeacemaki
ngef
for
ts,
Gar
ethEv
ansobser
vedt
hatmostoft
heef
for
ts
atpr
ovi
dingpr
event
ivedi
plomacyt
hrought
heSecr
etar
yGener
al’
sgoodof
fi
ceswer
ead-
hocr
esponsest
ocr
ises.Thechoi
ceofper
sonnel
,henot
ed,hasbeenv
eryl
i
mit
ed,and
f
requent
lyt
hepeopl
einv
olv
edl
ackedt
henecessar
yresour
cest
obackt
hem up.They
had t
orel
ymai
nlyon t
hei
rown pr
est
igeand t
hewei
ghtofpubl
i
copi
nion t
o be
successf
uli
nthei
rmi
ssi
ons.

WhenBout
rosBout
ros-
Ghal
ibecameSecr
etar
yGener
al,het
ri
edt
osetupamor
epr
o-
act
ivesy
stem f
orpr
event
ivedi
plomacywhi
chhedescr
ibedi
nadocumentent
it
led‘
An
Agendaf
orPeace’
.Thi
spl
anwaswel
lrecei
ved,y
etl
ackofr
esour
ceshaspr
event
edi
ts
f
ulli
mpl
ement
ati
on.Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
heSecr
etar
yGener
ali
swel
l
-respect
edandt
rust
ed
bymostwor
ldl
eader
s,andhi
smedi
ati
onorconf
li
ctpr
event
ionef
for
tsar
eusual
l
ytaken
ser
iousl
y.TheSecr
etar
y-Gener
alt
her
efor
e,canusehi
s‘goodof
fi
ces’conf
ident
ial
l
yto
r
aisehumanr
ight
sconcer
nswi
thMemberSt
ates,i
ncl
udi
ngi
ssuessuchast
her
elease
ofpr
isoner
sandcommut
ati
onofdeat
hsent
ences.Resul
tsofsuchcommuni
cat
ionsar
e
r
epor
tedt
otheSecur
it
yCounci
l
.

Al
thought
hei
deaofcr
eat
ingapostofHi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orHumanRi
ght
sdat
es
backt
othe1960s,t
heGener
alAssembl
yest
abl
i
shedt
hepostofHi
ghCommi
ssi
oner
onl
yinDecember1993.TheHi
ghCommi
ssi
onercar
ri
esoutt
he‘
goodof
fi
ces’f
unct
ion
i
nthef
iel
dofhumanr
ight
sonbehal
foft
heSecr
etar
y-Gener
alandi
sther
efor
enowt
he
Uni
tedNat
ionsof
fi
ci
alwi
thpr
inci
palr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
orhumanr
ight
sact
ivi
ti
es.TheHi
gh
Commi
ssi
oneri
sresponsi
blef
orpr
omot
ingandpr
otect
inghumanr
ight
sforal
land
mai
ntai
ns a cont
inui
ng di
alogue wi
th MemberSt
ates.The f
unct
ions oft
he Hi
gh
Commi
ssi
onermaybesummar
izedasf
oll
ows;
 Cr
isi
smanagement
 Pr
event
ionandear
lywar
ning
 Assi
stancet
oSt
atesi
nper
iodsoft
ransi
ti
on
 Pr
omot
ionofsubst
ant
iver
ight
s
 Coor
dinat
ionandr
ati
onal
i
zat
ionoft
hehumanr
ight
spr
ogr
amme
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 56|
Page
TheCent
ref
orHumanRi
ght
sinGenev
a,whi
chi
spar
toft
heUni
tedNat
ionsSecr
etar
iat
,
i
nthi
sconnect
ioni
mpl
ement
sthepol
i
ciespr
oposedbyt
heHi
ghCommi
ssi
oner
.

VI
I SUMMARYOFACHI
EVEMENTSANDLI
MITATI
ONS
Thecr
eat
ionoft
heposi
ti
onofHi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orHumanRi
ght
sin1993has
enabl
edani
ndependent
,aut
hor
it
ati
vev
oicet
ospeakoutf
orhumanr
ight
swor
ldwi
de.
The Of
fi
ce oft
he Hi
gh Commi
ssi
onerr
espondst
o cr
ises,suppor
tshuman r
ight
s
def
ender
s,andbr
ingshumanr
ight
scl
osert
opeopl
e.Thr
oughadv
ocacy
,moni
tor
ingand
t
rai
ning act
ivi
ti
es,i
t cont
ri
but
es t
olegi
slat
ive and pol
i
cy r
efor
ms t
oincr
ease
account
abi
l
ityf
orhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsandadv
ancehumanr
ight
s.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e20oft
hemosti
mpor
tantachi
evement
saccompl
i
shedsi
nce1993:
1)Economi
c,soci
al,cul
tur
al,ci
vi
l,andpol
i
ticalr
ight
sandt
her
ightt
odev
elopment
ar
erecogni
zedasuni
ver
sal
,indi
vi
sibl
e,andmut
ual
l
yrei
nfor
cingr
ight
sofal
l
humanbei
ngs,
wit
houtdi
sti
nct
ion.
2)Humanr
ight
shav
ebecomecent
ralt
othegl
obalconv
ersat
ionr
egar
dingpeace,
secur
it
yanddev
elopment
.
3)New humanr
ight
sst
andar
dshav
ebui
l
tont
he1948Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionof
HumanRi
ght
sandt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
str
eat
iesi
s
si
gni
fi
cant
lyi
mpr
oved.
4)Addi
ti
onalexpl
i
citpr
otect
ionsi
nint
ernat
ionall
aw now exi
stcov
eri
ng,among
ot
her
s,chi
l
dren,
women,
vict
imsoft
ort
ure,
per
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es,
andr
egi
onal
i
nst
it
uti
ons.Wher
ether
e ar
e al
l
egat
ions ofbr
eaches,i
ndi
vi
dual
s can br
ing
compl
aint
stot
hei
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
str
eat
ybodi
es.
5)Women’
s r
ight
s ar
e now acknowl
edged as f
undament
al human r
ight
s.
Di
scr
imi
nat
ionandact
sofv
iol
enceagai
nstwomenar
eatt
hef
oref
rontoft
he
humanr
ight
sdi
scour
se.
6)Ther
eisgl
obalconsensust
hatser
iousv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
smustnotgo
unpuni
shed.Vi
cti
mshav
ether
ightt
ocl
aimj
ust
ice,
incl
udi
ngwi
thi
npr
ocessest
o
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 57|
Page
 r
est
oret
her
uleofl
awf
oll
owi
ngconf
li
cts.TheI
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
tbr
ings
per
pet
rat
orsofwarcr
imesandcr
imesagai
nsthumani
tyt
ojust
ice.
7)Ther
ehasbeenapar
adi
gm shi
fti
nther
ecogni
ti
onoft
hehumanr
ight
sofpeopl
e
wi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es,
especi
all
yandcr
uci
all
y,t
hei
rri
ghtt
oef
fect
ivepar
ti
cipat
ioni
nal
l
spher
esofl
i
feonanequal
basi
swi
thot
her
s.
8)Ther
eisnow ani
nter
nat
ionalf
ramewor
kthatr
ecogni
zest
hechal
l
engesf
aci
ng
mi
grant
s and t
hei
rfami
l
ies whi
ch guar
ant
ees t
hei
rri
ght
s and t
hose of
undocument
edmi
grant
s.
9)Ther
ight
sofl
esbi
ans,gay
s,bi
sexual
sandt
ransgenderi
ndi
vi
dual
shav
ebeen
pl
acedont
hei
nter
nat
ional
agenda.
10)
Thechal
l
engesf
aci
ngi
ndi
genouspeopl
esandmi
nor
it
iesar
eincr
easi
ngl
ybei
ng
i
dent
if
ied and addr
essed by t
he i
nter
nat
ionalhuman r
ight
s mechani
sms,
especi
all
ywi
thr
espectt
othei
rri
ghtt
onon-
discr
imi
nat
ion.
11)
TheHumanRi
ght
sCounci
l
,setupi
n2006,hasaddr
essedv
italandsensi
ti
ve
i
ssuesandi
tsUni
ver
salPer
iodi
cRev
iew,est
abl
i
shedi
nthesamey
ear
,has
al
l
owed count
ri
es t
o assess each ot
her
’s human r
ight
srecor
ds,make
r
ecommendat
ionsandpr
ovi
deassi
stancef
ori
mpr
ovement
.
12)
Independenthumanr
ight
sexper
tsandbodi
esmoni
torandi
nvest
igat
efr
om a
t
hemat
icorcount
ry-
speci
fi
cper
spect
ive.Theycov
eral
lri
ght
sinal
lregi
ons,
pr
oduci
nghar
d-hi
tt
ingpubl
i
crepor
tst
hati
ncr
easeaccount
abi
l
ityandhel
pfi
ght
i
mpuni
ty.
13)
Stat
esandt
heUni
tedNat
ionsr
ecogni
zet
hepi
vot
alr
oleofci
vi
lsoci
etyi
nthe
adv
ancementofhumanr
ight
s.Ci
vi
lsoci
etyhasbeenatt
hef
oref
rontofhuman
r
ight
spr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ion,pi
npoi
nti
ngpr
obl
emsandpr
oposi
ngi
nnov
ati
ve
sol
uti
ons,
pushi
ngf
ornewst
andar
ds,
cont
ri
but
ingt
opubl
i
cpol
i
cies,
giv
ingv
oice
t
othepower
less,bui
l
dingwor
ldwi
deawar
enessaboutr
ight
sandf
reedomsand
hel
pingt
obui
l
dsust
ainabl
echangeont
hegr
ound.
14)
Ther
eishei
ght
enedawar
enessandgr
owi
ngdemandbypeopl
ewor
ldwi
def
or
gr
eat
ert
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
ityf
rom gov
ernmentandf
ort
her
ightt
o
par
ti
cipat
eful
l
yinpubl
i
cli
fe.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 58|
Page
 15)
Nat
ionalhuman r
ight
sinst
it
uti
ons hav
e become mor
eindependent and
aut
hor
it
ati
veandhav
eapower
fuli
nfl
uenceongov
ernance.Ov
erat
hir
dofal
l
count
ri
eshav
eest
abl
i
shedoneormor
esuchi
nst
it
uti
ons.
16)
The Uni
ted Nat
ions Fund f
orVi
cti
ms ofTor
tur
e has assi
sted hundr
eds of
t
housandsofv
ict
imsoft
ort
uret
orebui
l
dthei
rli
ves.Li
kewi
se,
theUni
tedNat
ions
Vol
unt
aryTr
ustFundonCont
empor
aryFor
msofSl
aver
y,wi
thi
tsuni
quev
ict
im-
or
ient
ed appr
oach,has pr
ovi
ded humani
tar
ian,l
egal
,and f
inanci
alai
dto
i
ndi
vi
dual
swhosehuman r
ight
shav
ebeen v
iol
ated t
hrough mor
ethan 500
pr
oject
s.
17)
Vict
imsoft
raf
fi
cki
ngar
enow r
egar
dedasent
it
ledt
othef
ullr
angeofhuman
r
ight
sandar
enol
ongerper
cei
vedt
obecr
imi
nal
s.
18)
Agr
owi
ngconsensusi
semer
gingt
hatbusi
nessent
erpr
iseshav
ehumanr
ight
s
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties.
19)
Ther
ear
enowgui
del
i
nesf
orSt
ateswhi
chsuppor
tfr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onwhi
l
e
def
ini
ngwher
espeechconst
it
utesadi
recti
nci
tementt
ohat
redorv
iol
ence.20.
Thebodyofi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
slaw cont
inuest
oev
olv
eandexpand,t
o
addr
essemer
ginghumanr
ight
sissuessuchast
her
ight
sofol
derper
sons,t
he
r
ightt
othet
rut
h,acl
eanenv
ironment
,wat
erandsani
tat
ion,
andf
ood.
Sour
ce:
ht
tp:
//www.
ohchr
.or
g/EN/
NewsEv
ent
s/OHCHR20_
Backup/
Pages/
Achi
evement
s.asp

VI
II CONCLUSI
ON
Thepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
sgl
obal
l
yhasbeenamaj
orf
unct
ionand
pr
eoccupat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ionssi
nce1945,whent
heOr
gani
zat
ion’
sfoundi
ng
nat
ionsr
esol
vedt
hatt
heser
iousconsequencesoft
heSecondWor
ldWarshoul
dnev
er
beal
l
owedt
orecur
.Respectf
orhumanr
ight
sandhumandi
gni
tyhassi
ncebeen
descr
ibedast
hef
oundat
ionoff
reedom,j
ust
iceandpeacei
nthewor
ld.Ov
ert
hey
ear
s,
awhol
enet
wor
kofhumanr
ight
sinst
rument
sandmechani
smshasbeendev
elopedt
o
ensur
ethepr
imacyofhumanr
ight
sandt
oconf
ronthumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionswher
ever
t
heyoccur
.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 59|
Page
STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1.How di
dthef
ounder
soft
heUNensur
ethati
twasdi
ff
erentf
rom t
heLeagueof
Nat
ions?
2.Out
li
net
hest
ruct
ureoft
heUNandexpl
ainhoweachpar
toft
hest
ruct
urewor
ks
3.Di
scusst
hemaj
orf
unct
ionsoft
heUN.
4.Di
scusst
hedi
ff
erentway
sinwhi
cht
heUNhaspr
omot
edandpr
otect
edhuman
r
ight
sgl
obal
l
y

FURTHERREADI
NG
1.Ref
erencemat
eri
alsoft
heUNandi
tsf
unds,
progr
ammesandagenci
es
2.UNdocument
sandpubl
i
cat
ionssuchas:
a.Char
teroft
heUni
tedNat
ions
b.Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
c.UNy
ear
books
d.TheUNToday
e.Books,
per
iodi
cal
s,mapsandpost
ers

LESSONFI
VE

AFRI
CANREGI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSSYSTEM:PROTECTI
ON
ANDENFORCEMENTMECHANI
SMS
Mar
kLel
eruk

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Toexpl
aint
heneedf
orhumanr
ight
ssy
stem i
nAf
ri
ca;
2)Di
scusst
hedi
ff
erenti
nst
rument
sforpr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
sinAf
ri
ca;
and

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 60|
Page
 3)Exami
nemechani
sm av
ail
abl
eforenf
orcementofhumanr
ight
sinAf
ri
ca.

LessonOut
li
ne
I I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
I WhyHumanRi
ght
sinAf
ri
ca
I
II HumanRi
ght
sInst
rument
s
1)Af
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
s(1981/
1986)
a)Ri
ght
sanddut
ies
b)Measur
esofsaf
eguar
d
c)St
rengt
hs
d)Weaknesses
2) Af
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
d(1990/
1999)
a)Ri
ght
sanddut
ies
3) Addi
ti
onal
Prot
ocol
tot
heAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
sont
he
Ri
ght
sofWomeni
nAf
ri
ca(
2003/
2005)
1V Enf
orcementMechani
sms
1)Af
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’
right
s
2)Af
ri
canCour
tonHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
s
3)Af
ri
canCommi
tt
eeont
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
d
4)Af
ri
canCour
tofJust
iceandHumanRi
ght
s
5)Resol
uti
ons,
Speci
alRappor
teur
s,St
ates’
Repor
tsandSi
teVi
sit
s

I I
NTRODUCTI
ON
‘
Whi
l
ethet
erm‘
HumanRi
ght
s’i
sofr
elat
iver
ecentcur
rencyont
hecont
inent
,peopl
e
hav
ebeenst
ruggl
i
ngf
orf
reedom,di
gni
ty,equal
i
ty,andsoci
alj
ust
icef
orcent
uri
esi
n
Af
ri
ca.I
nAf
ri
ca,asi
sthecaseel
sewher
e,t
hatwhi
chi
snowcal
l
edhumanr
ight
sfi
nds
i
tsf
oundat
ionsi
nthest
ruggl
etoasser
tthesecor
eval
uesofhumanexi
stence’(
Hey
ns,
2004:
679)
.

Today
,thet
erm ‘
Humanr
ight
s’i
susedwi
del
yint
heAf
ri
cancont
ext
.Thewr
it
ten
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 61|
Page
const
it
uti
onsofev
erycount
ryi
nAf
ri
car
ecogni
set
heconcept
;theI
nter
gov
ernment
al
Or
gani
sat
ionofAf
ri
canSt
ates,
theAf
ri
canUni
onr
egar
dst
her
eal
i
zat
ionofhumanr
ight
s
asoneofi
tsobj
ect
ivesandpr
inci
ples;t
her
ecor
dofr
ati
fi
cat
ionoft
hehumanr
ight
s
t
reat
iesoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsbyAf
ri
cancount
ri
esi
satparwi
thpar
ti
esar
oundt
he
wor
ld.Ther
eiswi
deaccept
ancet
hatt
hef
utur
eofAf
ri
cawi
l
lhav
etobebasedont
hat
whi
chi
sint
ernat
ional
l
yknownasHumanr
ight
s(Hey
ns,
2004:
680)
.

Justl
i
ket
her
egi
onalhumanr
ight
ssy
stemsi
nEur
opeandAmer
ica,
theAf
ri
canr
egi
onal
humanr
ight
ssy
stem pl
aysamaj
orr
olei
npr
otect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dualandgr
oupr
ight
s.The
f
ir
str
egi
onalbodycommonl
yknownas‘
TheOr
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)
’’was
f
ormedi
n1963,
andl
atert
ransf
ormedi
nto‘
TheAf
ri
canUni
on(
AU)
’in2002.

Humanr
ight
sagendaadopt
edandr
ati
fi
edbyal
lAf
ri
canmemberSt
atesar
efeat
uredi
n
t
het
hreemai
ninst
rument
snamel
y:TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’r
ight
s,
Af
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
dandt
heAddi
ti
onalPr
otocolon
t
heRi
ght
sofWomeni
nAf
ri
ca.

Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onofhumanr
ight
sinst
rument
sisl
eftt
oindi
vi
dualst
ates.Howev
er,
a
commi
ssi
onwascr
eat
edwi
thav
iew t
odi
schar
geasuper
visor
yrol
eandadv
iset
he
Heads ofSt
atei
n mat
ter
s per
tai
ning t
o abuse and v
iol
ati
on ofhuman r
ight
s.
Subsequent
ly,t
her
ewasest
abl
i
shedanAf
ri
canHumanRi
ght
sCour
ttoenf
orcehuman
r
ight
sandpr
omot
ejust
icet
othehi
ghestpossi
blest
andar
ds.

I
I WHYHUMANRI
GHTSI
NAFRI
CA
Af
ri
cahassuf
fer
edal
otofhumanr
ight
sabusesev
enaf
teri
ndependence.Ther
ewer
e
despot
icl
eader
sli
keI
ddiAmi
nDadai
nUgandaandJeanBokassaofCent
ralAf
ri
can
Republ
i
c,amongot
her
sthatper
pet
uat
edal
mosti
ndescr
ibabl
ehumanr
ight
sabuses
agai
nstper
cei
vedopponent
s.Anot
herexampl
ewor
thnot
ingi
stheFi
rstSudaneseCi
vi
l
Warwhi
chl
ast
edf
rom 1955t
o1972.Al
soknownast
heAny
any
aRebel
l
ionorAny
any
a
I
,itwasaconf
li
ctbet
weent
het
hennor
ther
npar
tofSudanandt
hesout
her
nSudan
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 62|
Page
r
egi
on t
hatdemanded r
epr
esent
ati
on and mor
eregi
onalaut
onomy
.Hal
fa mi
l
li
on
peopl
edi
edov
ert
he17y
ear
sofwar
.Howev
er,t
heagr
eementt
hatendedt
heWari
n
1972f
ail
edt
ocompl
etel
ydi
spel
thet
ensi
onst
hathador
igi
nal
l
ycausedi
t,l
eadi
ngt
oar
e
-
igni
ti
onoft
henor
th-
sout
hconf
li
ctdur
ingt
hesecondSudaneseci
vi
lwar
,whi
chl
ast
ed
f
rom 1983t
o2005.

Vi
olat
ionofhumanr
ight
sinAf
ri
cai
slar
gel
ymani
fest
edt
hroughi
nter
-et
hni
c,i
nter
-
gr
oupsandi
nter
/i
ntr
a-st
atesr
elat
ionshi
ps.TheRwandagenoci
def
orexampl
ehasa
hi
stor
icalf
oundat
iondat
ingbackt d18th Cent
omi ury
.TheKi
ngdom ofRwanda,whi
ch
wasdomi
nat
edbyTut
siki
ngsconquer
edot
her
smi
l
itar
il
y,cent
ral
i
sedpower
,andl
ater
enact
edant
i-
Hut
upol
i
cies.Ger
manycol
oni
zedRwandai
n1884,f
oll
owedbyBel
gium,
whi
chi
nvadedi
tin1916dur
ingWor
ldWarI
.Bot
hEur
opeannat
ionsr
uledt
hrought
he
ki
ngs and per
pet
uat
ed pr
o-Tut
sipol
i
cy.The Hut
u popul
ati
on r
evol
ted i
n 1959,
massacr
ingal
argenumberofTut
siandul
ti
mat
elyest
abl
i
shi
ngani
ndependentHut
u-
domi
nat
edSt
atei
n1962.TheTut
si-
ledRwandanPat
ri
oti
cFr
ont(
RPF)l
aunchedaci
vi
l
wari
n1990,whi
chwasf
oll
owedbyt
he1994genoci
de,i
nwhi
chHut
uext
remi
stski
l
led
an est
imat
ed 500,
000 t
o 1 mi
l
li
on Tut
siand moder
ateHut
u.TheRPF ended t
he
genoci
dewi
thami
l
itar
yvi
ctor
y.

Anot
herexampl
eist
heMozambi
canCi
vi
lWarwhi
chbegani
n1977,
twoy
ear
saf
tert
he
endoft
hewarofi
ndependence.I
twassi
mil
art
otheAngol
anCi
vi
lWarasbot
hwer
e
pr
oxywar
soft
heCol
dWart
hatst
art
edsoonaf
tert
hecount
ri
esgai
nedi
ndependence
f
rom Por
tugal
.Ther
uli
ngpar
ty,
Frontf
orLi
ber
ati
onofMozambi
que(
FRELI
MO)
,andt
he
Nat
ionalAr
medFor
cesofMozambi
que,wer
evi
olent
lyopposedbyt
heMozambi
que
Resi
stanceMov
ement(
RENAMO)whi
chr
ecei
vedf
undi
ngf
rom Sout
hAf
ri
ca.Aboutone
mi
l
li
onpeopl
edi
edi
nfi
ght
ingandf
rom st
arv
ati
on,f
ivemi
l
li
onci
vi
li
answer
edi
spl
aced,
andmanywer
emadeamput
eesbyl
andmi
nes;al
egacyf
rom t
hewart
hatcont
inuest
o
pl
agueMozambi
que.Fi
ght
ingendedi
n1992andt
hecount
ry'
sfi
rstmul
ti
-par
tyel
ect
ions
wer
ehel
din1994.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 63|
Page
Theepi
tomeofhumanr
ight
sabusesi
nAf
ri
cacanbeexpl
ainedbet
tert
hroughapar
thei
d
sy
stem i
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.Fundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomsofmai
nlyBl
ackpeopl
ewer
e
v
iol
atedbyt
hedi
scr
imi
nat
ivepol
i
ciesofapar
thei
d.Pol
i
cebr
utal
i
tycommonl
yvi
olat
ed
t
her
ightt
oli
feandf
reedom ofmov
ement
,associ
ati
on,educat
ionandgener
all
yal
l
r
ight
swer
einf
ri
ngedupon.Nel
sonMandel
awasunf
air
lyi
mpr
isonedf
or27y
ear
sfor
f
ight
ingf
orsomeoft
heser
ight
s.

I
II HUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS
Humanr
ight
sagendaadopt
edandr
ati
fi
edbyal
lAf
ri
canmemberSt
atesar
efeat
uredi
n
t
het
hreemai
ninst
rument
snamel
y:TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’r
ight
s,
Af
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
dandt
heAddi
ti
onalPr
otocolon
t
heRi
ght
sofWomeni
nAf
ri
ca.Thi
siswhati
sdi
scussedi
nthenextsect
ion.

1) Af
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
s(1981/
1986)
Thecent
raldocumentoft
heAf
ri
canRegi
onalsy
stem,t
heAf
ri
canChar
teronHuman
andPeopl
e’
sri
ght
s(t
heAf
ri
canChar
ter
)wasopenedf
orsi
gnat
urei
n1981andent
ered
i
ntof
orcei
n1986.I
thasbeenr
ati
fi
edbyal
lfi
ft
y-t
hreememberst
atesoft
heAf
ri
can
Uni
on.Al
soknownas‘
Banj
ulChar
ter
’,i
twasf
ir
stdr
aft
edi
nBanj
ul,t
heGambi
ain1981
andadopt
edt
hesamey
eari
nKeny
abyOr
gani
sat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
on(
OAU)
.Owi
ngt
o
gr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
sinAf
ri
caatt
hatpar
ti
cul
art
ime,t
heChar
terbor
rows
nor
msl
argel
yfr
om i
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
sinst
rument
swi
thuni
quer
efl
ect
ionon
Af
ri
canv
aluesofr
espect
,soci
alj
ust
iceandcul
tur
alpr
act
ices.Thesuper
visor
ybodyof
t
heAf
ri
canChar
teri
stheAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
onconst
it
utedi
n1987.

TheChar
teri
ssubdi
vi
ded i
nto 2 mai
npar
tscov
eri
ng pr
otect
iveand saf
eguar
ding
measur
esasf
oll
ows:
Par
ti:
Right
sanddut
ieswhi
chconsi
stsof2chapt
ersf
rom Ar
ti
cle1t
oAr
ti
cle29:
Par
tii
:Measur
esofsaf
eguar
dwi
th4Chapt
ersf
rom Ar
ti
cle30t
oAr
ti
cle68.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 64|
Page
a) Ri
ght
sanddut
ies
Ar
ti
cle1set
sthespi
ri
tandcommi
tmentofmember
sst
ates;
‘Thememberst
atesoft
he
Or
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
typar
ti
est
othepr
esentChar
tershal
lrecogni
zet
her
ight
s,
dut
iesandf
reedomsi
nthi
sChar
terandshal
lunder
taket
oadoptl
egi
slat
iveorot
her
measur
est
ogi
veef
fectt
othem’
.

Ar
ti
cles2t
o7out
li
nest
her
ight
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandent
it
lement
sir
respect
iveofr
ace,
sex,
l
anguage,
ethni
cgr
oup,
rel
i
gion,
pol
i
ticaloranyot
heropi
nion,
nat
ionalandsoci
alor
igi
n,
f
ort
une,bi
rt
horot
herst
atus.Suchent
it
lement
sincl
udeandnotl
i
mit
edt
o:equal
i
ty
bef
oret
hel
aw andequalpr
otect
ion,r
espectf
orl
i
feanddi
gni
ty,r
ightt
oli
ber
tyand
f
reedom (
exceptf
orr
easonsl
aiddownbyl
aw)
,ri
ghtt
ofai
rtr
ialandduehear
ing.(
Cf.
Ar
ti
cles1-
26)
.

Thesecondpar
tofChapt
er1out
li
nest
hedut
yofev
eryi
ndi
vi
duali
nobser
vingand
r
espect
ingt
her
ight
sofot
her
sincl
udi
nghi
sfami
l
yandsoci
ety
,legal
l
yrecogni
zed
communi
ti
esaswel
last
hei
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
ty.Suchdut
iesi
ncl
udeandl
i
mit
edt
o
t
hef
oll
owi
ng:pr
omot
ingmut
ualr
espectandt
oler
ance,f
ost
ercohesi
onandr
espectof
f
ami
l
y,t
o ser
ve hi
s nat
ionalcommuni
ty,st
rengt
hen nat
ionalsol
i
dar
it
y,obser
ve
pat
ri
oti
sm andpayt
axes,pr
omot
ionofmor
alwel
l
-bei
ngofsoci
etyandachi
evementof
Af
ri
canUni
ty.(
Cf.Ar
ti
cl
es27-
29)

b) Measur
esofsaf
eguar
d
Thi
sist
hesecondpar
toft
heAf
ri
canChar
teronhumanandpeopl
es’r
ight
s.I
thas39
Ar
ti
clesal
lrel
ati
ngt
otheAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s:t
he
mandat
eoft
hecommi
ssi
on,
procedur
esandappl
i
cabl
epr
inci
ples.Thi
spar
tfal
l
sunder
enf
orcementmechani
sm asdi
scussedi
nthel
astpar
toft
hisl
esson.

c) St
rengt
hs
 Auni
quef
eat
ureoft
heChar
teri
sthei
ncl
usi
onofsoci
o-economi
cri
ght
sina
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 65|
Page
 r
egi
onalhumanr
ight
str
eat
y,al
ongsi
deci
vi
landpol
i
ticalr
ight
s.Thi
sincl
usi
oni
s
si
gni
fi
canti
nthati
temphasi
zes t
he i
ndi
vi
sibi
l
ityofhuman r
ight
s and t
he
i
mpor
tanceofdev
elopment
ali
ssues,whi
char
eobv
iousl
yimpor
tantmat
ter
sin
t
heAf
ri
cancont
ext
.Howev
er,i
tissur
pri
singt
hatt
hesear
enotmadesubj
ectt
o
t
heusuali
nter
nalqual
i
fier
ssuchast
hepr
ovi
siont
hatt
heSt
atei
sonl
yrequi
red
t
oensur
epr
ogr
essi
ver
eal
i
zat
ion,
subj
ectt
oav
ail
abl
eresour
ces.
 TheChar
terr
ecogni
ses‘
peopl
es’
right
s’.‘
All‘
peopl
es’
hav
ear
ightt
obeequal
,to
exi
stenceandsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionandt
ofr
eel
ydi
sposeoft
hei
rweal
thandnat
ural
r
esour
ces.Amaj
orpar
toft
hemot
ivat
ionf
ort
her
ecogni
ti
onof‘
peopl
es’r
ight
s’
l
i
esi
nthef
actt
hatent
ir
e‘peopl
e’hav
ebeencol
oni
zedandot
her
wiseexpl
oit
edi
n
t
hehi
stor
yofAf
ri
caandhav
ehadt
oengagei
npr
otr
act
edst
ruggl
etor
eal
i
zet
hei
r
humanr
ight
s.(
Seef
orexampl
e,t
heKat
angesei
nfor
merZai
re;Ogonipeopl
ein
Ni
ger
iawhoseoi
lresour
cewasbei
ngexpl
oit
edandt
hei
renv
ironmentr
uinedbut
t
heywer
enotr
ecei
vi
nganybenef
it
sfr
om t
his.Theypr
otest
ed,l
eadi
ngt
othe
execut
ionoft
hei
rleader
sincl
udi
ngt
hepoetKenSar
o-wi
wa)
.

d) Weaknesses
 TheAf
ri
canChar
terdoesnotcont
ainagener
all
i
mit
ati
oncl
ause(
alt
houghar
ti
cle
27i
sst
art
ingt
opl
ayt
hisr
ole)
.Thi
smeanst
hatt
her
ear
enogener
algui
del
i
nes
onhowChar
terr
ight
sshoul
dbel
i
mit
ed;nocl
ear‘
l
imi
tat
ionsont
hel
i
mit
ati
ons’
,
sot
ospeak.Awel
ldef
inedsy
stem ofl
i
mit
ati
onsi
simpor
tant
.Asoci
etyi
nwhi
ch
r
ight
scannotbel
i
mit
edwi
l
lbeungov
ernabl
e,buti
tisessent
ialt
hatappr
opr
iat
e
humanr
ight
snor
msbesetf
ort
hel
i
mit
ati
ons.Thi
scal
l
sforcl
awbackcl
auses;
f
orexampl
e,Ar
t9(
2),whi
chst
atest
hat‘
Ever
yindi
vi
dualshal
lhav
ether
ightt
o
expr
essanddi
ssemi
nat
ehi
sopi
nionswi
thi
nthel
aw’
.Cl
awbackcl
ausesseem t
o
r
ecogni
set
her
ighti
nquest
iononl
ytot
heext
entt
hatsuchar
ighti
snoti
nfr
inged
uponbynat
ionall
aw.Whati
sgi
venwi
thonehandi
sseemi
ngl
ytakenawaywi
th
t
heot
her
.Int
hiscont
ext
,theAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
onhashel
dthatt
his[
wit
hint
he
l
aw]
,shoul
dbeunder
stoodi
nter
msofonl
ythosedomest
icl
egalpr
ovi
sions
whi
chcompl
ywi
thi
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
sst
andar
ds.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 66|
Page
  TheAf
ri
canChar
terdoesnotcont
ainapr
ovi
sionei
theral
l
owi
ngordi
sal
l
owi
ng
der
ogat
ionf
rom i
tspr
ovi
sionsdur
ingast
ateofemer
gency
.Forexampl
ea6:
00
pm t
o7:
00am cur
fewcanbedecl
aredi
nast
ateofemer
gency
,andi
fpr
ovi
dedf
or
i
n a der
ogat
ion cl
ause,t
hen t
his wi
l
lnotbe seen as v
iol
ati
ng f
reedom of
mov
ement
).Thi
shasl
edt
otheconcl
usi
ont
hatder
ogat
ioni
snotpossi
ble.Thi
s
concl
usi
oni
sunf
ort
unat
ebecausei
tmeanst
hati
nrealemer
genci
es,
theChar
ter
wi
l
lbei
gnor
edandwi
l
lnotexer
cisear
est
rai
ningi
nfl
uence.

2) Af
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
ld(
1990/
1999)
TheAf
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
dwasadopt
edi
nAddi
sAbaba,
Et
hiopi he11thdayofJul
aont y1990andent
eredi
ntof
or he29thdayofNov
ceont ember
1999.Justl
i
ket
heAf
ri
canChar
teronhumanandpeopl
es’r
ight
s,t
hisChar
terhas2
mai
npar
ts:
Par
tone:
right
sanddut
iesr
elat
ingt
oAf
ri
canchi
l
d(31Ar
ti
cles)
.
Par
ttwo:
Enf
orcementmechani
sm t
hroughacommi
ssi
on(
17Ar
ti
cles)

a) Ri
ght
sanddut
ies
I
nthef
ir
stAr
ti
cl
e,t
heAf
ri
canmemberst
atesappendt
hei
rsi
gnat
uresasameansof
adopt
ion,commi
tt
ingt
hemsel
vest
other
ight
sandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d.Thef
ir
stpar
t
r
eads‘
Thememberst
atesoft
heOr
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
typar
ti
est
othepr
esent
Char
tershal
lrecogni
zet
her
ight
s,f
reedomsanddut
iesenshr
inedi
nthi
sChar
terand
shal
lunder
taket
otaket
henecessar
yst
eps,i
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rconst
it
uti
onal
pr
ocessesandwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
esentChar
ter
,toadoptsuchl
egi
slat
iveor
ot
hermeasur
esasmaybenecessar
ytogi
veef
fectt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisChar
ter
’.

Ar
ti
cle2gi
vesacl
eardef
ini
ti
onofachi
l
das‘
ever
yhumanbei
ngbel
ow t
heageof18
y
ear
s’.Subsequentar
ti
cl
espr
ovi
def
orpr
otect
ionofchi
l
d’sr
ightandwel
far
e.Ev
erychi
l
d
i
sent
it
ledt
othef
oll
owi
ngamongot
herent
it
lement
s:i
nher
entr
ightt
oli
fe,
prot
ect
ionby
Law,nameandnat
ional
i
ty,f
reedom ofexpr
essi
on,f
reedom ofassoci
ati
on,f
reedom of
t
hought
,pr
otect
ion ofpr
ivacy
,ri
ghtt
o educat
ion,r
ightt
olei
sur
e,r
ecr
eat
ionaland
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 67|
Page
cul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es,
rightt
opr
otect
ioni
nhandi
capsi
tuat
ion,
rightt
oheal
th,
freef
rom chi
l
d
l
abour
,abuseandt
ort
ure,
rightt
opar
ent
alcar
e..
.(Cf
.Ar
ti
cle3-
30)
.

Thi
sChar
teral
sopl
acesul
ti
mat
eresponsi
bil
i
tyt
omemberst
atesi
nensur
ingpr
otect
ion
t
ohandi
cappedandr
efugeechi
l
drenandt
oenactl
egi
slat
iont
oguar
ant
eechi
l
d’sr
ight
s
andwel
far
e.
Ont
heot
herhand,Ar
ti
cle31ment
ionsr
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hechi
l
dtowar
dshi
sfami
l
y,
soci
etyandt
henat
ion.Ev
erychi
l
dhasanobl
i
gat
iont
opr
omot
esol
i
dar
it
yandpr
omot
e
achi
evementofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
Cf.Ar
ti
cle31)
.

Thesecondpar
toft
heChar
terpr
ovi
desf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofcommi
tt
eeont
he
r
ight
sandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d:t
hemandat
e,pr
ocedur
esandmi
scel
l
aneouspr
ovi
sions
(
Cf.Ar
ti
cle32-
48)
.

3) Addi
ti
onalPr
otocolt
otheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
sont
he
Ri
ght
sofWomeni
nAf
ri
ca(
2003/
2005)
Addi
ti
onalpr
otocolmeansanannext
opr
evi
ousl
yadopt
edl
egi
slat
ion.I
nthi
scont
ext
,
t
her
ight
sofwomeni
nAf
ri
caadopt
edi
n2003i
sanannexpi
eceofl
egi
slat
uret
oAf
ri
can
Char
teronhumanandpeopl
es’r
ight
senact
edi
n1981.Howev
er,f
rom t
het
imeof
adopt
ion,addi
ti
onalpr
otocoli
sdeemedt
obepar
toft
heChar
ter
.Thi
spr
otocolont
he
r
ight
sofwomeni
nAf
ri
cawasadopt he11th dayofJul
ed ont y2003 i
nMaput
o,
Mozambi
queandent
eredi
ntof
or he25thdayofNov
ceont ember2005.

Thef
ir
stAr
ti
clei
npar
tdef
inesawomanas‘
per
sonsoff
emal
egenderi
ncl
udi
nggi
rl
s’
.
The pr
otocolexpl
i
cit
lyf
ocuses on t
he r
ight
s ofwomen i
n Af
ri
ca,ent
it
lement
s,
i
mpl
ement
ati
on and moni
tor
ing pr
ocedur
es of r
ight
s.Some of t
he r
ight
s and
ent
it
lement
sment
ionedi
ncl
ude:el
i
minat
ionofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen,r
ightt
o
di
gni
ty,r
ightt
oli
fe,i
ntegr
it
yandsecur
it
y,el
i
minat
ionofhar
mfulpr
act
icesandr
ightt
o
bet
reat
edasequalpar
tner
sinmar
ri
age.Si
mil
arl
y,t
hepr
otocolexhor
tont
heheadof
st
atespar
tyt
otheChar
ter
,toenactnecessar
ylegi
slat
iont
oguar
ant
eet
her
ight
sof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 68|
Page
women(
Cf.Ar
ti
cl
e2-
32)
.

1V ENFORCEMENTMECHANI
SMS
I
nthi
ssect
ion,aspar
toft
hedi
scussi
onont
heenf
orcementmechani
sms,wewi
l
l
exami
net
heAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’r
ight
s,t
heAf
ri
canCour
ton
HumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s,t
heAf
ri
canCommi
tt
eeont
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
he
Chi
l
d,t
heAf
ri
canCour
tofJust
iceandHumanRi
ght
s,aswel
lasdi
scussr
oleofspeci
al
Rappor
teur
s,maki
ngofr
esol
uti
ons,r
epor
tsubmi
ssi
onsandconduct
ingsi
tev
isi
tsf
or
f
actf
indi
ngmi
ssi
ons.

1)Af
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’
right
s
Thecommi
ssi
oni
sanest
abl
i
shmentofOAUunderAr
ti
cle30oft
heAf
ri
canChar
teron
humanandpeopl
es’r
ight
.Itconsi
stsof11member
swhomustcomef
rom di
ff
erent
memberst
ateseach.
Themandat
eoft
hecommi
ssi
oni
ncl
udes:
 Topr
omot
ehumanandpeopl
es’
right
s
 Ensur
epr
otect
ionofhumanandpeopl
es’
right
 I
nter
pretal
lthepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
esentChar
ter(
AfCHPR)
 Per
for
m anyot
hert
askswhi
chmaybeent
rust
edt
oitbyt
heAssembl
yofHeads
ofSt
atesandGov
ernment
s
NB:
Formor
einf
ormat
ion,
ref
ert
oAf
CHPRf
rom Ar
ti
cle30t
o68.

2)Af
ri
canCour
tonHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
s
TheAf
ri
canCour
twasest
abl
i
shedby2addi
ti
onalpr
otocol
sof1998and2004annexed
t
othe Af
ri
can Char
teron human and peopl
es’r
ight
s.The keyobj
ect
ivef
ort
he
est
abl
i
shmentoft
heAf
ri
canCour
twast
ocompl
ementt
heAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
oni
n
ef
fect
ivel
ypr
otect
inghumanandpeopl
es’r
ight
s.TheCour
tal
sopl
aysanadv
isor
yrol
e
t
otheAUmemberst
atesonanyl
egal
mat
terper
tai
ningt
ohumanr
ight
s.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 69|
Page
TheCour
thasel
evenj
udgeswhoar
eel
ect
edt
hroughsecr
etbal
l
otbyt
heAssembl
y
t
aki
ngi
ntoaccountdi
ff
erentr
egi
onsoft
hecont
inentandal
sogenderr
epr
esent
ati
on.
Whi
l
ethet
erm ofof
fi
cef
ort
heCour
tis6y
ear
s,t
hepr
esi
dencyi
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
he
j
udgest
hroughv
oti
ng.Bot
hthepr
esi
dentandv
icepr
esi
dentser
vef
ora2y
eart
erm,
r
enewabl
eonl
yonce.

TheCour
tmakesduej
udgment
sandcommuni
cat
est
hesamet
othest
atepar
ti
esand
t
othecounci
lofmi
nist
erswhoshal
lguar
ant
eeexecut
ionofv
erdi
ctsonbehal
foft
he
Assembl
y(Cf
.Pr
otocolt
othe Af
ri
can Char
teron Human and Peopl
es’Ri
ght
sof
1998/
2004)
.

3)Af
ri
canCommi
tt
eeont
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
ld
TheAf
ri
canCommi
tt
eeont
her
ight
sandwel
far
eofchi
l
drenwasest
abl
i
shedwi
thi
nthe
Or
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
tyt
opr
omot
eandpr
otectt
her
ight
sandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d.
Est
abl
i
shment
,composi
ti
onandmandat
eoft
hecommi
tt
eei
sexpl
i
citi
ntheAf
ri
can
Chi
l
dren’
sChar
terf
rom Ar
ti
cle32.Thecommi
tt
eecompr
ises11member
sofhi
ghmor
al
st
andi
ngandwhoshal
lnoti
ncl
udemor
ethanonenat
ional
oft
hesamest
ate.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
hecommi
tt
eeasout
li
nedi
ntheChar
terar
easf
oll
ows:
a)Topr
omot
eandpr
otectt
her
ight
senshr
inedi
ntheChi
l
dren’
sChar
tert
hrough
col
l
ect
ing and document
ing ofi
nfor
mat
ion,f
ormul
ate pr
inci
ples and r
ules
ai
medatpr
otect
ingchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sinAf
ri
caandt
oco-
oper
ati
ngwi
thot
her
Af
ri
can,Regi
onalandI
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onswor
kingf
orchi
l
dren’
swel
far
e
andr
ight
s.
b)Tomoni
tort
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
her
ight
senshr
inedi
ntheChar
ter
.
c)Toi
nter
prett
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
esentChar
teratt
her
equestofst
atepar
ty
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupsr
ecogni
zedbyOAU.
d)Per
for
m suchot
hert
asksent
rust
edbyt
heAssembl
y.
Themember
soft
hecommi
tt
eeshal
lbei
nof
fi
cef
orat
erm of5y
ear
sonl
yonceand
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 70|
Page
shal
lber
epor
ti
ngt
otheAssembl
yofheadofst
atesandgov
ernment
s.

4)Af
ri
canCour
tofJust
iceandHumanRi
ght
s
Att
heAf
ri
canUni
onsummi
thel
donJul
y1,
2008atShar
m ElShei
kh,
Egy
pt,
theheadof
st
atesandgov
ernment
ssi
gnedapr
otocolont
hemer
geroft
heAf
CHPR wi
tht
he
i
ntendedAf
ri
canCour
tofJust
ice.Thepl
annedmer
gerhasnoty
etmett
heneeded
t
hreshol
dof15si
gnat
uresoft
hememberst
atessi
nceonl
y3count
ri
eshav
esi
gnedt
he
pr
otocol
andt
her
efor
etheCour
tisst
il
lnon-
exi
stent
.

5)Resol
uti
ons,
Speci
alRappor
teur
s,St
ates’
Repor
tsandSi
teVi
sit
s
Themai
nmechani
smsempl
oyedbyt
heCommi
ssi
ont
oful
fi
lit
staskofsuper
visi
ng
compl
i
ancewi
thchar
ternor
msbyst
atepar
ti
esar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
a)TheCompl
aint
sPr
ocedur
e-bot
hst
atesandi
ndi
vi
dual
smaybr
ingcompl
aint
sto
t
heAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
onal
l
egi
ngv
iol
ati
onsoft
hechar
terbyst
atespar
ti
es(
aft
er
exhaust
ingl
ocal
remedi
es)
;
b)Consi
der
ati
onofSt
ateRepor
ts-ev
eryst
atei
srequi
redt
osubmi
tar
epor
tev
ery2
y
ear
soni
tsef
for
tst
ocompl
ywi
tht
heAf
ri
canChar
ter
.Repor
ti
ngi
sai
medat
f
aci
l
itat
ingbot
hint
rospect
ionandi
nspect
ion.I
ntr
ospect
ionr
efer
stot
hepr
ocess
whent
heSt
atei
nit
srepor
tmeasur
esi
tsel
fagai
nstt
henor
msoft
heChar
ter
.
I
nspect
ion r
efer
sto t
he pr
ocess when t
he Commi
ssi
on measur
es t
he
per
for
manceoft
hest
atei
nquest
ionagai
nstt
heChar
ter
.Theobj
ect
ivei
sto
f
aci
l
itat
eaconst
ruct
ivedi
aloguebet
weent
heCommi
ssi
onandt
hest
atespar
ti
es.
c)Speci
alRappor
teur
s -t
hisi
s an i
nnov
ati
on oft
he Commi
ssi
on.Emi
nent
per
sonal
i
tiesar
edesi
gnat
edasspeci
alRappor
teur
stohel
ptheCommi
ssi
on
achi
evecer
tai
nai
ms.Ther
ehasbeencr
it
ici
sm oft
hel
ackofef
fect
iveact
ionon
t
hepar
toft
heSpeci
alRappor
teuront
hecondi
ti
onsofWomenonAf
ri
caandt
he
Speci
alRappor
teuron Summar
y,Ar
bit
rar
yand Ext
raj
udi
cialExecut
ions.The
Speci
alRappor
teuronPr
isonsandCondi
ti
onsofDet
ent
ioni
nAf
ri
cahasset
st
andar
dsf
ory
ear
stocome.
d)Si
tev
isi
tsar
econduct
edf
orar
angeofact
ivi
ti
esf
rom f
act
-f
indi
ngt
ogener
al
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 71|
Page
 pr
omot
ional
visi
ts.
e)Resol
uti
ons-TheCommi
ssi
onadopt
sresol
uti
onsont
opi
cssuchasf
airt
ri
al,
f
reedom ofassoci
ati
on,humanandpeopl
es’r
ight
seducat
ion,humani
tar
ianl
aw,
cont
empor
aryf
orms ofsl
aver
y,ant
i-
per
sonnelmi
nes;pr
isons i
n Af
ri
ca,t
he
i
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
y,t
heel
ect
oral
processandpar
ti
cipat
orygov
ernance,
t
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cri
minal
Cour
t,t
hedeat
hpenal
ty,
tor
tur
e,HI
V-AI
Ds,
andf
reedom
ofexpr
essi
on.

I
nsummar
y,t
heCommi
ssi
onsest
abl
i
shedundert
heAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanand
Peopl
es’
right
shi
ghl
ydependont
her
esol
uti
onspassedbyt
heAssembl
yofheadof
gov
ernment
s/st
atest
oenf
orceadher
enceofhumanr
ight
s.TheCommi
ssi
onal
so
consi
der
srepor
tsf
rom memberst
atesandspeci
alRappor
teur
stoaddr
esshuman
r
ight
s abuses i
nthe Af
ri
can Regi
on.Commi
ssi
ons al
so car
ry outsi
tev
isi
ts
occasi
onal
l
ytodet
ermi
necompl
i
anceoft
heChar
terbymemberst
atesandgener
ate
r
epor
tsf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
on.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
sisknownt
obeal
andmar
k
r
esol
vef
ort
heAf
ri
canUni
oni
nadv
anci
ngHumani
ty.Out
li
nebasi
cri
ght
sofev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dual
asenshr
inedi
nthi
sChar
ter
2)Expl
aint
her
oleofAf
ri
canmemberSt
atesi
npr
otect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
s/gr
oup
r
ight
s
3)Whatar
etheenf
orcementmechani
smsav
ail
abl
efort
hepr
otect
ionofHuman
r
ight
sint
heAf
ri
cancont
inent
?

FURTHERREADI
NG
Af
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
e’
sri
ght
sOAU/
CAB/
LEG/
67/
3/Rev
.5(
Org.of
Af
ri
canUni
ty)(
1996)
,repr
int nHumanRi
edi ght
sLawi
nAf
ri
ca(
1996)
Af
ri
canChar
teront
heRi
ght
sandWel
far
eoft
heChi
l
d,OAUDocCAB/
LEG/
153/
Rev2,
r
epr
int nHumanRi
edi ght
sLawi
nAf
ri
ca(
1997)
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 72|
Page
 Af
ri
can Commi
ssi
on on Human and Peopl
es’Ri
ght
s,Repor
toft
he I
nter
im
Chai
rper
sonoft
heCommi
ssi
onont
heSt
atusofAUTr
eat
iesEx/
CL/
36(
II
I)
(
June17,
2003)
.
Af
ri
can Commi
ssi
on on Human and Peopl
es’Ri
ght
s,Rul
es of Pr
ocedur
e
ACHPR/
RP/
XIX,
repr
int nHumanRi
edi ght
sLawI
nAf
ri
ca(
1997)
I
nst
it
utef
orHumanRi
ght
sandDevel
opmenti
nAf
ri
ca,Compi
l
ati
onofDeci
sionson
Communi
cat
ionsoft
heAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s
(
2000=2001)
.
Hey
ns,C.(
2001)TheAf
ri
canRegi
onalHumanRi
ght
sSy
stem:I
nNeedofRef
orms?
nAf
I ri
canHumanRi
ght
sLawJour
nal
.
Or
gani
zat
ion ofAf
ri
can Uni
ty,Pr
otocolt
othe Af
ri
can Char
teron Human and
Peopl
es’Ri
ght
sont
heEst
abl
i
shmentoft
heAf
ri
canCour
tofHumanand
Peopl
es’Ri
ght
s(I
)REV.2(
1998)
,repr
int nHumanRi
edi ght
sLaw i
nAf
ri
ca
(
1999)
.
TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s;TheSyst
em i
nPr
act
ice,1986-
2000(
Mal
com Ev
ans&Rachel
Mur
rayeds.
,2002)
TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s:ACompr
ehensi
veAgendaf
or
HumanRi
ght
s(2003)
.
TheAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
es’Ri
ght
s:Pr
act
iceandPr
ocedur
es
(
1996)
.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 73|
Page
 LESSONSSI
XANDSEVEN

KENYAHUMANRI
GHTSFRAMEWORK
KenMut
uma

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
heset
wol
essons,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Demonst
rat
ebasi
cunder
standi
ngofKeny
a'sl
egalsy
stem andt
hecont
ext
ual
backgr
oundt
hatuphol
dconst
it
uti
onal
ref
orm;
2)Exami
net
heKeny
a's2010Const
it
uti
onandt
hedev
elopmentofcor
ehuman
r
ight
spr
inci
ples;
3)Demonst
rat
eunder
standi
ngoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sint
heConst
it
uti
oni
ncl
udi
ng
t
he cont
entofr
ight
s and t
hei
rspeci
alappl
i
cat
ion/
li
mit
ati
on t
o speci
fi
c
gr
oups,
andpot
ent
ial
mechani
sm f
ort
hei
rpr
otect
ion;
and
4)Conductr
esear
chandpr
omot
ehumanr
ight
sbaseduponamul
ti
-di
sci
pli
nar
y
f
ramewor
k.

LessonOut
li
ne
1 AnI
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’sLegal
Syst
em
1)Cont
ext
ual
Backgr
ound
2)Sour
cesofLaw
11 AnI
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’sConst
it
uti
onal
andPol
i
tical
Hist
ory
111 AnI
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’s2010Const
it
uti
on
1)Nat
ional
Val
ues/
Pri
nci
ples
2)Re-
str
uct
uri
ngI
nst
it
uti
onsofGov
ernance
3)Ref
ormi
ngt
heEl
ect
oral
Syst
em
4)Mechani
smsi
nRel
ati
ont
oLandAdmi
nist
rat
ion

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 74|
Page
 5)TheCr
imi
nal
Just
iceSy
stem
6)Secur
it
ySect
orRef
orm
7)Br
oadbasedBi
l
lofRi
ght
s
1V AnI
ntr
oduct
iont
oKeny
a’sBi
l
lofRi
ght
s
1)Obser
vat
iononCont
entofRi
ght
s
2)Li
mit
ati
onandDer
ogat
ions
3)Pr
otect
iveMechani
sms

I ANI
NTRODUCTI
ONTOKENYA’
SLEGALSYSTEM
I
nthi
sint
roduct
orysect
ion,wewi
l
ldi
scusst
hecont
ext
ualbackgr
oundaswel
land
exami
net
hesour
cesofl
awi
nKeny
a.

1) Cont
ext
ual
Backgr
ound
Theconsol
i
dat
ionoft
hegeogr
aphi
cal
l
yboundar
iesoft
hepr
esentRepubl
i
cofKeny
a
occur
redon12December1897whent
hear
eawasdecl
aredapr
otect
orat
eoft
he
Br
it
ishMonar
chandi
tspeopl
ebr
oughtundert
hepol
i
ticalandmi
l
itar
ypat
ronageoft
he
QueenofEngl
and.Subsequent
ly,
in1920,
Keny
awasmadeaBr
it
ishCol
onyandbecame
apar
toft
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.Bef
oret
hear
ri
valoft
hecol
oni
ali
st,i
ndi
genousl
egal
i
nst
it
uti
onsexi
stedacr
osst
hecount
ryandappl
i
edt
hecust
omar
ylaw oft
hev
ari
ous
communi
ti
es.Theser
uleswer
eappl
i
edi
ndi
ff
erentf
orumsofj
ust
icei
ncl
udi
ngt
he
f
ami
l
y,r
eli
giousshr
ines/
cent
resandt
radi
ti
onalcour
tsofact
ionandai
medt
oreconci
l
e,
medi
ateandar
bit
rat
eint
ra-
communi
tydi
sput
es.Ther
ewer
ebot
hpoi
ntsofsi
mil
ari
ti
es
anddi
ff
erencesi
nthest
ruct
ureandcont
entoft
hel
egalsy
stemst
hatwer
eappl
i
ed
acr
ossdi
ff
erentcommuni
ti
es.Thecent
ral
i
tyofchi
efsandel
der
swasadi
sti
ngui
shi
ng
mar
kofsi
mil
ari
tyt
hatexi
stedacr
osst
hedi
ff
erentcul
tur
es.Mor
eimpor
tant
ly,one
commonal
i
tywast
hef
actt
hatal
lthesecust
omar
ylawswer
eunwr
it
tenandt
her
ewas
nowr
it
tenl
egi
sl
ati
on,l
aw r
epor
ts,l
egali
nst
rument
sorwr
it
tenl
egalpr
ocess.I
twas
per
hapst
hischar
act
er,
aswel
lasot
herf
act
ors,
thatcust
omar
ylawwasr
ankedsecond
t
oEur
opeanl
aw,
ast
hecol
oni
singpowerest
abl
i
shedi
tsr
ulei
nthenewt
err
it
ory
.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 75|
Page
I
mposi
ti
onoft
hecol
oni
alor
derwasachi
evedt
hroughmi
l
itar
yfor
ce,wher
etheuseof
Engl
i
shl
aw l
argel
yrepl
aced Af
ri
cancust
omar
ylawsi
nanenv
ironmentwher
ethe
economi
cor
derwasi
ntendedt
ocr
eat
eweal
thf
ort
hecol
oni
alset
tl
ers.Thi
sledt
o
l
andl
essnessandr
isi
ngcost
sofl
i
vinganddi
scr
imi
nat
ionasAf
ri
cansev
ict
edf
rom t
hei
r
l
andwer
efor
cedt
omi
grat
etour
banar
eas.Exi
sti
ngconst
it
uti
onalor
der
soft
heAf
ri
can
communi
ti
eswer
edest
roy
ed.TheAf
ri
canpeopl
evehement
lyopposedt
hisoppr
essi
ve
sy
stem.

Bet
ween1944and1963,v
ari
ouspol
i
ticalor
gani
zat
ionswer
efor
medt
ochampi
ont
he
Af
ri
canagendaf
orpol
i
tical
,economi
candsoci
alr
efor
ms.I
naddi
ti
on,t
hev
iol
ence
gener
atedbyt
hel
andl
essl
edt
otheMauMaur
ebel
l
ion,
for
cingt
hecol
oni
algov
ernment
t
odecl
areast
ateofemer
gency
.Thi
scumul
ati
ver
esi
stancecoupl
edwi
thot
herf
act
ors,
suchast
heweakeni
ngoft
heBr
it
ishEmpi
reaf
tert
heSecondWor
ldWar
,andgr
owi
ng
gl
obalcl
i
mat
einf
avourofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionandhumanr
ight
s,ev
ent
ual
l
ybr
ought
successi
vechangest
othecol
oni
alor
dert
hatul
ti
mat
elygav
eint
othei
ndependenceof
t
hecount
ry.

Someoft
hemaj
ormi
l
est
onesi
nthi
sregar
dincl
udedt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a)TheLi
tt
let
onConst
it
uti
onof1954whi
chal
l
owedf
ormi
nimalpar
ti
cipat
ionof
Af
ri
cans i
nthe economy and t
o r
egul
ate and cont
rolAf
ri
can pol
i
tical
consci
ousnessandgr
owt
h.
b)TheLenoxBoy
dconst
it
uti
onof1958i
ncr
easedt
her
epr
esent
ati
onofAf
ri
cansi
n
t
heCol
oni
al-
ledLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
,al
thoughEur
opeanswer
est
il
lthemaj
ori
ty.
Byt
hist
ime,t
hel
evelofpol
i
ticalconsci
ousnesshadr
api
dlyescal
atedandt
he
demand f
orf
ulli
ndependencewasi
ntheai
r.Ther
esul
twast
hatAf
ri
cans
demandedf
oraconst
it
uti
onal
conf
erencet
onegot
iat
efori
ndependence.
c)Aconf
erencewast
her
efor
ehel
din1960,commonl
yref
err oasLancast
edt erI
,
andl oMcLeodConst
edt it
uti
on,whi
chr
eser
vedamaj
ori
tyofseat
sforAf
ri
cans
i
nthel
egi
sl
ati
vecounci
laswel
last
hecounci
lofmi
nist
ers.Thi
sconst
it
uti
onal
so
pr
ovi
ded f
ori
ndependence and al
l
uded t
othe f
utur
e possi
bil
i
ty of sel
f-
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 76|
Page
 gov
ernanceoft
hecount
rybyAf
ri
cans.I
nli
newi
tht
hist
rend,
thecount
ryhel
dit
s
f
ir
stmul
ti
-r
aci
alel
ect
ionsi
nFebr
uar
y1961.Al
thought
hepol
l
swer
eonbyKANU,
t
heopposi
ti
onKADUendedf
ormi
ngt
hegov
ernment
,af
terKANUr
efusedt
odo
sounl
essi
tsl
eader
,Keny
att
awasr
eleased.
d)The1962const
it
uti
onalconf
erence(
Lancast
erI
I)ul
ti
mat
elybr
oughtaboutsel
f-
r
ule byAf
ri
cans.Dur
ing t
he conf
erence,t
he Br
it
ish Col
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ion
pr
oposedaf
eder
alsy
stem ofgov
ernmentf
orKeny
afort
hepost
-col
oni
alper
iod.
Upon at
tai
ning i
ndependence i
n 1963,Keny
a emer
ged wi
tht
he f
eder
al
const
it
uti
onal
set
tl
ementoft
heLancast
erHouseConf
erence.

Thei
ndependenceconst
it
uti
onal
sor
efer
redt heLancast
oast erHouseConst
it
uti
on
pr
ovi
ded f
ort
hedi
vi
sionofst
atepowerbet
weent
hecent
ralgov
ernmentand t
he
r
egi
onalgov
ernment
s.Ther
ewast
obeani
ndependentexecut
ivewhoowedal
l
egi
ance
t
othenat
ionandnott
oanypol
i
ticalpar
ty.Ther
ewast
hepr
ovi
sionf
oradi
vi
sionof
execut
ivepowerbet
weent
hePr
esi
dentandt
hePr
imeMi
nist
er,
whi
l
ethei
ndependence
oft
hej
udi
ciar
ywasguar
ant
eed.Ot
herkeyf
eat
uresi
ncl
udedabi
camer
alpar
li
ament
wi
th131houser
epr
esent
ati
vesand41senat
ors.

On t
he one hand,t
he i
nit
ial1963 Const
it
uti
on t
hatemer
ged f
rom t
he Lancast
er
conf
erence,andpar
ti
cul
arl
yit
sfeder
ali
ncl
i
nat
ion,wasv
iewedasat
oolt
hroughwhi
ch
t
hef
ormercol
oni
almast
erssoughtt
omi
dwi
feaf
ramewor
kthatwoul
denabl
ethem t
o
per
pet
uat
ethei
rexi
sti
ngpol
i
cyofdi
vi
deandr
ule.Ont
heot
herhand,
ast
hesubsequent
sect
ion shows,const
it
uti
onalamendment
s ef
fect
ed dur
ing t
he post
-i
ndependence
per
iod ai
med atconsol
i
dat
ing poweratt
he cent
re,cr
eat
ing an env
ironmentof
r
epr
essi
onandv
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ight
s.Thi
sresul
twasani
ntensedr
ivebyt
hesoci
ety
f
orconst
it
uti
onalr
efor
msul
ti
mat
elyl
eadi
ngt
othepr
omul
gat
ionofanewconst
it
uti
on
i
n2010(
discussedf
urt
herbel
owundersect
ionI
II
).

2) Sour
cesofLaw
Theabov
econt
ext
ualbackgr
oundi
susef
uli
nunder
standi
ngt
hesour
cesoft
heKeny
a
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 77|
Page
l
egalsy
stem.Thef
ormalsour
cesofl
aw i
nKeny
aar
esetouti
nsect
ion3oft
he
Judi
cat
ureActChapt
er8LawsofKeny
a,andi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a)TheConst
it
uti
on,whi
chi
sthesupr
emel
aw oft
hecount
ryt
hatdef
inest
he
composi
ti
onandpower
sofdi
ff
erentor
gansoft
heSt
ateort
hei
nst
it
uti
onand
t
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pwi
theachot
herandt
opr
ivat
eci
ti
zens.
b)Al
lot
herwr
it
ten l
aws i
ncl
udi
ng st
atut
es and subsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ion.These
i
ncl
ude:act
sofpar
li
amentofKeny
a;speci
fi
cact
sofUKpar
li
ament
;st
atut
eof
gener
alappl
i
cat
ion;
theI
ndi
anTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
;anddel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion
c)Judi
cialpr
ecedent(
incl
udi
ngt
hecommonl
awanddoct
ri
neofequi
ty)
.Judi
cial
pr
ecedenti
ncl
udest
hel
egalpr
inci
plesl
aidoutbyj
udgeswhenr
uli
ngonspeci
fi
c
casesbef
oret
hecour
ts.Thel
egalpr
inci
plest
hatemanat
efr
om t
hesej
udi
cial
deci
sionsorj
udgment
sar
eal
sor
efer
redt
oascasel
aworj
udgemadel
awand
ar
eof
tenf
oundi
nlawr
epor
ts.Commonl
aw devel
opedi
nEngl
andar
ound1000
ADwhent
hecour
tsappl
i
edcust
omst
oresol
vel
egalpr
obl
ems.I
twascal
l
edt
he
commonl
awbecausei
twasi
ntendedt
obeappl
i
cabl
ecommonl
ythr
oughoutt
he
count
ryandwasdev
elopedbyacent
ral
i
sedsy
stem ofpr
ecedent
.Gr
adual
l
ythe
r
igi
dappl
i
cat
ionoft
heser
ulesl
edl
i
tigant
s,di
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedeci
sionsof
commonl
aw,t
opet
it
iont
hemonar
chf
orappr
opr
iat
eremedi
es.Ther
emedi
es
wer
ether
esul
tofdeci
sionsgui
dedbyequi
tyorf
air
ness,
andcol
l
ect
ivel
ycamet
o
beknownasequi
ty.However
,commonl
awandequi
tyshal
lonl
ybeappl
i
cabl
ein
Keny
asubj
ectt
otheConst
it
uti
on.Att
hesamet
ime,commonl
aw andequi
ty
shal
lnotappl
ywher
eexi
stsaspeci
fi
crul
eofl
awi
nKeny
awhi
chi
sinconsi
stent
wi
thi
t.
d)Af
ri
cancust
omar
ylaw whi
char
egener
all
yunder
stoodt
ober
ulesofl
awder
ived
f
rom t
hecust
omsandusagesofdi
ff
erentcommuni
ti
es.Thesel
awsshoul
dnot
ber
epugnantt
ojust
iceandmor
ali
tyori
nconsi
stentwi
thanywr
it
tenl
aw.
e)Bot
hIsl
ami
candHi
ndul
awwhi
char
eli
mit
edsour
ceofl
awi
nKeny
a.I
slami
claw
i
sappl
i
edbyt
heKadhi
sCour
ts,
est
abl
i
shedunderSect
ion66oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
)I
f nt
ernat
ionalLaw,whi
chi
sspel
touti
nAr
ti
cles2(
5)and2(
6)oft
hecur
rent
Const
it
uti
onoft
heRepubl
i
cofKeny
aandacknowl
edgesandent
renchest
wo
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 78|
Page
 ot
hersour
cesoft
hel
awofKeny
a:Gener
alr
ulesofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw[
Art
icl
e2(
5)]
andanyt
reat
yorconv
ent
ionr
ati
fi
edbyKeny
ae.
g.t
heRomeSt
atut
e[Ar
ti
cle2(
6)]
.

11 ANI
NTRODUCTI
ONTOKENYA’
SCONSTI
TUTI
ONALHI
STORY
Ati
ndependence,Keny
ansnev
erownedt
hepr
ocessofwr
it
ingt
hei
rconst
it
uti
on.The
Lancast
erHouseconf
erencesdi
scussedabov
e,hast
il
ycanv
assedaconst
it
uti
onand
wer
efr
aughtwi
thsuspi
cionsamongl
eader
sofdi
ff
erentKeny
ani
nter
estgr
oups.As
obser
ved,t
he i
ndependence const
it
uti
on al
so r
efer
red t
o ast
he Lancast
erHouse
Const
it
uti
on,wasf
eder
ali
nit
sor
ient
ati
onandpr
ovi
dedf
ort
hedi
vi
sionofst
atepower
bet
weent
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentandt
her
egi
onal
gov
ernment
s.Fur
ther
mor
e,i
tpr
ovi
ded
f
ort
hesecur
it
yoft
enur
eforkeyof
fi
cessuchast
heI
nspect
or-
Gener
aloft
hePol
i
ce,
the
Pol
i
ce Ser
vice Commi
ssi
on,and t
he At
tor
neyGener
al,t
he Cont
rol
l
erand Audi
tor
Gener
alandt
hemember
soft
hePubl
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
ont
oenabl
ethem t
oser
vet
he
nat
ionandnotser
veapar
ti
cul
arpol
i
tical
par
ty.

Cr
it
icalsubsequentamendment
stot
hei
ndependenceconst
it
uti
on,andt
hei
rnegat
ive
i
mpacton Keny
a’s soci
al,pol
i
ticaland economi
cfabr
ic,i
gni
ted t
he cl
amourf
or
const
it
uti
onalr
efor
ms.I
ntot
al,t
her
ewer
eabout23amendment
stot
heconst
it
uti
on,
f
rom 1964t
o1991whensect
ion2Aoft
heconst
it
uti
onwasf
inal
l
yrepeal
edandt
hisset
pacef
ormul
ti
-par
tyi
sm (
seeappendi
xforasummar
yoft
heamendment
sandt
hei
r
ef
fect
s).

I
nsummar
y,t
heamendment
stot
hei
ndependenceconst
it
uti
ondi
smant
ledf
reedoms
anddemocr
acy
,repl
acedt
hesy
stem f
ordev
olut
ionofpower
sbyahi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zed
admi
nist
rat
ion,modi
fi
edt
hepar
li
ament
arysy
stem byapr
esi
dent
ialsy
stem wi
than
enor
mous concent
rat
ion ofpoweri
n one per
son,est
abl
i
shed one-
par
tyr
ule,and
enact
eddr
aconi
anl
awsi
ncl
udi
ngpr
event
ivedet
ent
ion.Ahi
ghl
yper
sonal
i
zedsy
stem of
r
uleemer
gedwhi
chpr
opagat
edheav
yrel
i
anceonpat
ronage.Ther
esour
cesoft
hest
ate
(
andt
osomeext
entoft
hepr
ivat
esect
or)wer
epl
under
edbyt
hreat
sandcor
rupt
ion.
I
nst
ead ofpr
otect
ing t
he publ
i
c,t
he pol
i
ce became t
hei
roppr
essor
s.Those who
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 79|
Page
cr
it
ici
zedt
hegov
ernmentwer
erout
inel
ydet
ainedorv
ict
imi
zedbyt
heper
ver
sionofl
aw
andabuseofl
egalpr
ocessandwer
einduecour
sesi
l
enced.Thet
enur
eofj
udgesand
ot
herconst
it
uti
onalof
fi
cer
swassubj
ect
ed t
othewhi
m oft
hepr
esi
dent
,and t
he
j
udi
ciar
ysubor
dinat
edt
otheexecut
ive.Manysoci
algr
oupsandcommuni
ti
essuf
fer
ed
di
scr
imi
nat
ionandwer
emar
ginal
i
zed,whi
l
eot
her
ssuf
fer
edpr
ivat
ionbecauset
hey
wer
eseent
obeopposedt
othegov
ernment
,thr
eat
eni
ngnat
ional
uni
ty.

I
nthi
ssoci
o-pol
i
ticalenv
ironment
,thei
nst
it
uti
onsoft
hegov
ernmentandeconomy
decay
ed undert
he shadow ofa power
fulpr
esi
dentand hi
sinnerci
rcl
e.These
i
nst
it
uti
ons became mer
elyi
nst
rument
s ofsuppor
ttot
he r
uli
ng par
ty,and ev
en
el
ect
oralpr
ocesswast
wist
edt
oser
vei
t.Ther
ewasnoef
fect
ivesepar
ati
onofpower
s.
Par
li
amentbecamei
nef
fect
ive.Ther
ewer
efew i
nst
it
uti
onsf
oraccount
abi
l
ity
,suchas
anombudsman,
andsuchi
nst
it
uti
onsasexi
sted,
li
ket
heaudi
tor
-gener
al,
wer
erender
ed
t
oot
hless.Mer
itast
hecr
it
eri
onf
orappoi
ntmentorpr
omot
ioni
npubl
i
cser
viceswas
r
epl
acedbypol
i
ticaloret
hni
cconnect
ions,ormonet
arypay
ment
s.Ther
ewasashar
p
decl
i
nei
ntheeconomyandt
hebr
eakdownoft
hei
nfr
ast
ruct
ure;decr
easi
ngl
evel
sof
pr
oduct
ionandexpor
t;i
l
legalacqui
sit
ionbyt
hepol
i
tical
l
ywel
l
-connect
edofhuget
ract
s
ofl
and wi
thoutput
ti
ng i
tto pr
oduct
ive use;and massi
ve unempl
oyment
.Peopl
e
i
ncr
easi
ngl
ylostaccess t
othe basi
c necessi
ti
es ofl
i
fe,whi
l
eaf
ew l
i
ved i
n
uni
magi
nabl
eaf
fl
uence.Guar
ant
eesoft
hesecur
it
yofper
sonorbusi
nessdi
sappear
ed.
Consequent
lyt
her
ewasamassi
ver
etr
eatf
rom publ
i
cli
fe,
alackofopennessandt
rust
,
andper
vasi
vef
earwhi
chdr
ovemanyi
ntoexi
l
e.

Thi
senv
ironmentl
edt
oagi
tat
ionf
orr
efor
m,l
edpr
inci
pal
l
ybyi
ntel
l
ect
ual
sandhuman
r
ight
sact
ivi
stsbegani
nthel
ate1980s.Ther
efor
m mov
ementi
ntensi
fi
edi
tscampai
gn
andi
nashor
tper
iodst
art
ingi
n1991,
itwont
hesuppor
tofr
eli
giousgr
oups,
opposi
ti
on
pol
i
ticalpar
ti
es,pr
ofessi
onalassoci
ati
ons,t
radeuni
ons,andabr
oadspect
rum ofci
vi
l
soci
ety
.Inaddi
ti
on,t
hei
nter
nat
ionalcont
extwasal
sof
avour
abl
e,andwi
thi
nAf
ri
ca
i
tsel
f,const
it
uti
onshadpl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
nrest
ori
ngdemocr
acy
,st
abi
l
ityand
nat
ionaluni
ty,mostnot
abl
yinSout
hAf
ri
ca.Ther
ewer
econsi
der
abl
epr
essur
esf
rom
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 80|
Page
i
nter
nat
ionalf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsanddonor
sont
hegov
ernmentf
orconst
it
uti
onal
r
efor
m t
o ensur
e‘good gov
ernance’
.The r
efor
m mov
ementsecur
ed suppor
tand
f
inanci
alassi
stancef
rom t
hei
nter
nat
ional
dipl
omat
iccommuni
tywhi
cht
ri
edt
omedi
ate
bet
weent
hegov
ernmentandt
hel
eader
soft
her
efor
m mov
ement
,put
ti
ngconsi
der
abl
e
pr
essur
eont
hegov
ernmentt
oagr
eet
oar
evi
ewoft
heconst
it
uti
on.

Thegov
ernmentwasunabl
etor
esi
stt
hepr
essur
esf
orl
ongandaf
tersomet
imeagr
eed
t
other
epealofSect
ion2Ai
n1991whi
chr
est
oredmul
ti
-par
tyi
sm.I
tfur
theragr
eedt
o
meetl
eader
soft
her
efor
m mov
ementandt
oopenupt
hespacef
oraconst
it
uti
onal
r
evi
ewpr
ocess.Opposi
ti
onpol
i
ticalpar
ti
es(
suppor
tedbyr
eli
giousl
eader
s)negot
iat
ed
adealwi
tht
hegov
ernment
,cr
eat
inganew f
orum (
Int
er-
Par
ti
esPar
li
ament
aryGr
oup
(
‘I
PPG’
))f
or const
it
uti
onaldi
scussi
ons.Among t
he achi
evement
s of t
he I
PPG
negot
iat
ions was t
he i
nvol
vementoft
he opposi
ti
on par
ti
es i
nthe nomi
nat
ion of
Commi
ssi
oner
stot
heEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
onofKeny
a(ECK)andi
n1997(
aft
ert
he
el
ect
ions)
,theenact
mentoft
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
aRev
iewCommi
ssi
on(
CKRC)Act
13(
her
einaf
tert
heRev
iewAct
).

Bet
weenJuneandOct
ober1998,
stakehol
dernegot
iat
ionswer
econduct
edi
nNai
robiat
BomasofKeny
aandSaf
ariPar
kHot
elandy
iel
dedconsensusonamendment
stot
he
Rev
iewActt
hatwoul
dfaci
l
itat
eamor
eincl
usi
vepr
ocess.Howev
er,
thei
mpl
ement
ati
on
oft
heseamendment
srani
ntodi
ff
icul
ti
esast
hepol
i
ticalpar
ti
eswer
eunabl
etoagr
ee
howt
ogoaboutnomi
nat
ingmember
soft
heconst
it
uti
onr
evi
ewcommi
ssi
on.Thi
sled
ci
vi
cgr
oupst
ost
artar
evi
ew pr
ocessoft
hei
rown,undert
hel
eader
shi
pofmaj
or
r
eli
giousgr
oups, heUf
knownast ungamanoI
nit
iat
ive.

APeopl
e’
sCommi
ssi
onofKeny
acl
osel
ypar
all
eli
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heRev
iew Act
,
despi
tel
i
mit
edf
inanci
alr
esour
cesandl
ackofpar
li
ament
arysuppor
t,pr
oceededt
o
col
l
ectt
hev
iewsoft
hepubl
i
conr
efor
m.Al
armed,t
hegov
ernmentpr
omot
edy
et
anot
herRev
iew Actt
ost
artan‘
off
ici
al’pr
ocess.Thi
spr
ovi
dedf
ort
hegoal
sofr
evi
ew
(
car
ri
edov
erf
rom ear
li
eract
swhi
chr
efl
ect
edt
heconsensusdev
elopedatt
henat
ional
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 81|
Page
conf
erences)andf
orwi
depopul
arpar
ti
cipat
ion.I
tpr
ovi
dedf
orani
ndependentr
evi
ew
commi
ssi
ont
oconsul
tthepeopl
eandt
odr
aftaconst
it
uti
onbasedont
hei
rvi
ewsas
wel
lasont
hegoal
sofr
efor
m.Asar
esul
toft
hispr
ocess,
theRev
iewActwasamended
i
n2000wi
tht
heCommi
ssi
onbei
ngr
educedf
rom abodyoft
went
y-f
ivecommi
ssi
oner
s
t
ofi
ft
eenaswel
last
woex-
off
ici
omember
s.Lat
ert
haty
ear
,theCommi
ssi
onwas
f
ormedwi
tht
heappoi
ntmentoft
hef
if
teencommi
ssi
oner
s.TheChai
rmanoft
heCKRC,
asconst
it
uted,r
eachedoutt
otheUf
ungamanogr
oupt
onegot
iat
eamer
gerbet
ween
t
het
wogr
oups.I
nJune2001,t
het
wogr
oupsmer
gedandf
oll
owi
ngasubsequent
amendmentoft
he Act
,twel
ve commi
ssi
oner
sfr he Uf
om t ungamano gr
oup wer
e
br
oughtonboar
d.

TheRev
iew t
eam col
l
atedv
iewsandcameupwi
thadr
aftconst
it
uti
on.Howev
er,t
he
r
evi
ew pr
ocesswashal
tedi
nther
unupt
othe2002Gener
alEl
ect
ions.I
tassembl
ed
agai
nin2003,wi
tht
heBomasConf
erencebei
ngconst
it
uted.TheBomasConf
erence
wentt
hrought
wohi
ghl
ychar
gedsessi
onsandev
ent
ual
l
yamendedt
hei
nit
ialdr
aftand
adopt
ingt
hesameasadocumentt
obeputf
ort
htobepassedbyPar
li
ament
.Thedr
aft
const
it
uti
ont
hatemer
ged,t
heBomasDr
aft–cal
l
edf
oradualexecut
ivewi
thal
argel
y
cer
emoni
alpr
esi
dentandast
rongpr
imemi
nist
er,f
ir
stpast
-t
he-
postpar
li
ament
ary
el
ect
ions i
n di
str
ict
s,an ext
ensi
ve sy
stem f
ordev
olv
ing gov
ernance f
unct
ions t
o
di
str
ict
sandr
egi
ons,andanew Senat
e,i
ncl
udi
ngr
epr
esent
ati
vesf
rom eachdi
str
ict
,
t
hatwoul
d be r
esponsi
blef
orcoor
dinat
ing i
nter
-di
str
ictaf
fai
rs.Howev
ersome
di
sgr
unt
leddel
egat
es,
whof
elti
sol
atedandt
hatt
hei
rri
ght
swer
egr
ossl
yvi
olat
edi
nthe
per
iodbef
oret
headopt
ionoft
hedr
aft
,wentt
ocour
ttochal
l
enget
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
ty
oft
hepr
ocess.TheConst
it
uti
onofKeny
aRev
iewActwashel
dtobeunconst
it
uti
onalt
o
t
heext
entt
hati
trequi
redofPar
li
amentt
headopt
ionoft
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
on.I
twas
al
sohel
dthatPar
li
amenthadnoconst
it
uti
onalaut
hor
it
ytopr
omul
gat
eaconst
it
uti
on
wi
tht
hesai
daut
hor
it
yvest
ingi
nthepeopl
ewhooughtt
oexer
ciset
hei
rconst
it
uent
powert
hroughar
efer
endum.

Fol
l
owi
ng t
his deci
sion,Par
li
ament passed t
he Const
it
uti
on of Keny
a Rev
iew
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 82|
Page
AmendmentActt
ofaci
l
itat
ethepr
omul
gat
ionofanew const
it
uti
on,f
oll
owi
ngt
he
debat
eandest
abl
i
shmentofpr
oposal
soncont
ent
iousi
ssueswi
thi
ntheBomasdr
aft
const
it
uti
on.Unhappywi
thBomasDr
aft
,thet
henpr
esi
dentpushedf
orpar
li
amentt
o
amendt
hepr
oposalbysi
mpl
emaj
ori
tybef
orepl
aci
ngi
ttoar
efer
endum.Thi
sledt
o
anot
herdr
aft
;WakoDr
aft
,whi
chweakenedt
hepr
emi
ershi
pvi
sav
ist
hepr
esi
dency
,
pr
ovi
ded a l
i
mit
ed dev
olut
ion.The sai
d changes wer
eredr
aft
ed i
ntot
he dr
aft
const
it
uti
onbyt
heAt
tor
neyGener
al,AmosWako,andputt
othev
otei
nar
efer
endum.
Thedr
aftconst
it
uti
onwasr
eject
edatt
her
efer
endum,wi
thmaj
ori
tyoft
hepeopl
e
cl
aimi
ngt
hati
twasnott
hesamedocumentt
hathadbeenagr
eedt
oatt
heBomas
conf
erence.

Thet
ensi
onscr
eat
eddur
ingt
hecampai
gnsf
orandagai
nstt
hepr
oposeddocument
pol
ari
zedt
hecount
ryal
onget
hni
cli
nes.Theset
ensi
onscont
inuedupt
othecampai
gns
andel
ect
ionsof2007,whi
chwer
ecl
osel
ycont
est
edandgener
atedsi
gni
fi
cantpost
el
ect
ionv
iol
ence.TheI
nter
nat
ionalCommuni
tyandt
heAf
ri
canUni
oni
nter
venedand
est
abl
i
shed t
hecommi
tt
eeofEmi
nentPer
sonschai
red byFor
merUni
ted Nat
ions
Secr
etar
yGener
alKof
iAnnant
oresol
vet
hecr
isi
s.Thi
scul
minat
edi
ntov
ari
ousi
ssues
bei
ngagr
eeduponamongt
hem t
her
evi
ew oft
heconst
it
uti
onandpowershar
ing
ar
rangementbet
ween t
he Pr
esi
dentand t
he Pr
ime Mi
nist
er.The powershar
ing
agr
eementf
eat
uredapl
ank(
AgendaI
tem 4)si
ngl
edoutconst
it
uti
onalr
efor
m asa
cr
uci
alt
oav
ert
ingv
iol
ence.A Commi
tt
eeofExper
ts(
CoE)wascr
eat
edt
owr
it
ea
har
moni
sedconst
it
uti
onpul
l
ingt
oget
herel
ement
soft
heCKRC,BomasandWako
dr
aft
s.The CoE was t
o al
so i
dent
if
y unr
esol
ved ‘
cont
ent
ious i
ssues’and make
pr
oposal
sonhowt
odeal
wit
hthem.

Lear
ningf
rom t
heel
ect
ionsi
n2007,t
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
ts(
CoE)est
abl
i
shedwent
ar
oundt
hecount
rycol
l
ect
ingv
iewsofKeny
answi
tht
hepur
poseofdr
aft
inganew
const
it
uti
onwhi
cht
ooki
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hewi
shesandaspi
rat
ionsoft
hemaj
ori
tyof
Keny
ans.Al
so est
abl
i
shed wast
hePar
li
ament
arySel
ectCommi
tt
eewhi
chwast
o
spear
headt
hedebat
einPar
li
amentont
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
ont
hatwaswor
kedonbyt
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 83|
Page
CoE.

Thepr
ocesswasaspar
ti
cipat
oryaspossi
ble,af
tercol
l
ect
ingal
lthev
iewsofKeny
ans,
t
heCoEdr
aft
edadocumentwhi
chpr
oposedamongot
hert
hings,ahy
bri
dsy
stem of
gov
ernmentcombi
ningt
hepar
li
ament
aryandt
hepr
esi
dent
ialsy
stems.Thepr
oposal
al
soi
ncor
por
atedt
heshar
ingofpowerbet
weent
hePr
esi
dentandt
hePr
imeMi
nist
er
j
ustal
ongt
hel
i
nesoft
heNat
ionalAccor
dandReconci
l
iat
ionAct
.Af
tert
hor
ough
scr
uti
nyoft
hisdocumentbyt
hePar
li
ament
arySel
ectCommi
tt
ee,t
hei
rcomment
sand
r
ecommendat
ionswer
eagai
nsubmi
tt
edt
otheCoEwhohar
moni
zedt
hecont
ent
ious
i
ssues.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
o not
ethatwhen t
hePar
li
ament
arySel
ectCommi
tt
eeon
Const
it
uti
onalRev
iew r
etur
nedt
hedocumentt
otheCoE,i
thadset
tl
edonapur
e
Pr
esi
dent
ialsy
stem,
andnott
hecombi
nat
ionofpar
li
ament
aryandpr
esi
dent
ialsy
stems
t
hatwer
eor
igi
nal
l
yconsi
der
ed.

Ther
efer
endum campai
gnswer
edomi
nat
edbycont
ent
ionsr
elat
ingt
othei
ncl
usi
onof
t
heKadhi
sCour
tsandt
hequest
ionofwhet
hert
heConst
it
uti
onwoul
dper
mitabor
ti
on.
ManyChr
ist
ianst
houghtt
hatt
hei
ncl
usi
onofKadhi
sCour
tsi
ntheconst
it
uti
onwasl
i
ke
of
fi
cial
l
yrecogni
zi
ng I
slam as a st
ater
eli
gion.Thi
s per
cept
ion l
ed f
ait
h based
or
gani
zat
ionst
ocampai
gnagai
nstt
heconst
it
uti
on.Anot
herboneofcont
ent
ionwast
he
pr
ovi
si
onf
oral
l
owi
ngabor
ti
oni
ncaseswher
etheheal
thoft
hemot
herwasi
ndanger
.
Thi
sal
sopr
ovokedt
hei
reofChr
ist
ianl
eader
swhosawt
hisasanopenav
enuet
hrough
whi
ch i
mmor
ali
ty was bei
ng l
egal
i
zed t
hrough an under
handed pr
ocess.Fi
nal
l
y,
el
ement
soft
hepol
i
ticall
eader
shi
pwer
euncomf
ort
abl
ewi
thpr
ovi
sionst
ouchi
ngon
dev
olut
ion ofgov
ernance,l
and r
efor
msand t
heneed f
orunear
thi
ng t
her
oot
sof
hi
stor
ical
inj
ust
ices.

Thedr
aftconst
it
uti
onwassubsequent
lysubj
ect
edt
oar
efer
endum onAugust4,2010
andwasappr
ovedby67per
centofKeny
anv
oter
s.Theconst
it
uti
onwaspr
omul
gat
ed
on27August2010dur
ingacol
our
fulcer
emonyat
tendedbydi
gni
tar
iesandheadsof
st
ates.I
twi
l
lbe i
mpl
ement
ed i
n accor
dance wi
tht
he t
imet
abl
e setouti
nthe

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 84|
Page
const
it
uti
onandset
sthedeadl
i
neoff
ivey
ear
sbywhi
chal
llegi
slat
ionshoul
dcompl
y
wi
tht
henewConst
it
uti
on.

111 ANI
NTRODUCTI
ONTOKENYA’
S2010CONSTI
TUTI
ON
Thesuccessoft
he2010const
it
uti
onl
argel
ydependsuponi
tsabi
l
ityt
odealwi
tht
he
abov
egr
iev
ancesand br
oadl
yunder
stood t
o hav
ecul
minat
ed i
nthev
iol
encet
hat
f
oll
owedt
he2007el
ect
ion.Thesei
ncl
udet
hecent
ral
i
zat
ionofnat
ionalpoweri
nthe
of
fi
ceoft
hepr
esi
dentt
hatmadet
heneedt
owi
nel
ect
ionsado-
or-
diemat
ter
,the
per
vasi
vecor
rupt
ionandt
hei
mpuni
tyt
hatt
hosei
npol
i
ticalposi
ti
onsenj
oyed,t
he
deepeni
ng cr
oss-
regi
onaland cr
oss-
gener
ati
onalsoci
oeconomi
cinequal
i
tyand t
he
pol
i
tici
zat
ionofet
hni
ci
ty.I
nthi
sregar
d,t
he2010Const
it
uti
onat
tempt
stor
adi
cal
l
y
t
ransf
ormt
hegov
ernancest
ruct
ureandr
e-engi
neert
hepol
i
tical
,l
egal
,soci
al,
economi
c
andadmi
nist
rat
ivel
andscapei
nor
dert
oenhancet
her
uleofl
aw andhumanr
ight
sin
Keny
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:
1)I
test
abl
i
shesnat
ionalv
alues/
pri
nci
plesofgov
ernancet
opr
omot
eandi
ncl
usi
ve
ci
ti
zenshi
p;
2)I
tfundament
all
yre-
str
uct
urest
hei
nst
it
uti
onsofgov
ernancet
opr
omot
ebet
ter
account
abi
l
ityandshar
ingofnat
ional
resour
ces;
3)I
tref
ormst
heel
ect
oralsy
stem wi
thav
iew t
oensur
ingt
hatt
hev
oicesofal
l
segment
sofsoci
etyar
erepr
esent
edequi
tabl
yingov
ernmentandt
hus,maki
ng
el
ect
ionsl
essf
ract
ious;
4)I
tcr
eat
esmechani
smst
oensur
efai
rnessi
nlandadmi
nist
rat
ionandt
oaddr
ess
hi
stor
ical
landi
njust
icest
hatr
einf
orcedper
cept
ionsofmar
ginal
i
zat
ionand
excl
usi
on.
5)I
tint
roducesabr
oadbasedBi
l
lofRi
ght
stoensur
ethepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ion
off
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms.

1) Nat
ionalVal
ues/
Pri
nci
ples
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 85|
Page
The Const
it
uti
on pr
ovi
des f
ornat
ionalv
alues and aspi
rat
ions i
nit
s pr
eambl
e by
pr
ovi
dingf
or‘
agov
ernmentbasedont
heessent
ialv
aluesofhumanr
ight
s,equal
i
ty,
f
reedom,
democr
acy
,soci
alj
ust
iceandt
her
uleofl
aw’
.Acompr
ehensi
vepr
escr
ipt
ionof
t
henat
ionalv
aluesandpr
inci
plesofgov
ernancear
etobef
oundi
nAr
ti
cle10and
i
ncl
udesshar
inganddev
olut
ionofpower
,ther
uleofl
aw,democr
acy
,par
ti
cipat
ionof
t
hepeopl
e,humandi
gni
ty,equi
ty,soci
alj
ust
ice,i
ncl
usi
veness,equal
i
ty,humanr
ight
s,
non-
discr
imi
nat
ion, pr
otect
ion of t
he mar
ginal
i
zed, good gov
ernance, i
ntegr
it
y,
t
ranspar
ency
,account
abi
l
ityandsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

Ofpar
ti
cul
arr
elev
ancei
nli
ghtofKeny
a’set
hni
cal
l
ypol
ari
sedhi
stor
icalcont
exti
sthe
r
ecur
rentemphasi
sacr
ossbydi
ff
erentAr
ti
clesoft
he Const
it
uti
on,on pr
omot
ing
equal
i
tyofmember
shi
pandci
ti
zenshi
pforal
lindi
vi
dual
sandet
hni
cgr
oupst
hatmake
up t
he popul
ati
on.Var
iouspr
ovi
sionsoft
he new Const
it
uti
on ev
ince a desi
ret
o
enhanceequal
i
ty,aswel
last
hepar
ti
cipat
ionandi
ncl
usi
onofi
ndi
vi
dualci
ti
zensand
communi
ti
esi
ngov
ernance.
 Thepr
eambl
edecl
aresnat
ionalpr
idei
n‘et
hni
c,cul
tur
alandr
eli
giousdi
ver
sit
y’,
andadet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heci
ti
zenr
y‘t
oli
vei
npeaceanduni
tyasonei
ndi
vi
sibl
e
sov
erei
gn nat
ion’
.Fur
ther
,the pr
eambl
erecogni
zes ‘
the aspi
rat
ions ofal
l
Keny
ansf
ora gov
ernmentbased on t
heessent
ialv
aluesofhuman r
ight
s,
equal
i
ty,
freedom,
democr
acy
,soci
alj
ust
iceandt
her
uleofl
aw’
.
 Ar
ti
cle19say
sthepur
poseofr
ecogni
zi
ngandpr
otect
inghumanr
ight
sis‘
to
pr
eser
vet
he di
gni
tyofi
ndi
vi
dual
sand communi
ti
esand t
o pr
omot
e soci
al
j
ust
ice’
.
 Ar
ti
cle27pr
ohi
bit
sal
lfor
msofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbyt
hest
ateorpr
ivat
eact
ors,
i
ncl
udi
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedongr
oundsofet
hni
cit
yorsoci
alor
igi
n.I
tdebunks
t
heor
thodoxv
iew i
nconst
it
uti
onall
aw,whi
chi
sthataconst
it
uti
oni
mposes
di
rectconst
it
uti
onal
dut
iesonl
yongov
ernmentandnotonpr
ivat
eact
ors.
 Ar
ti
cle56,whi
chmandat
est
hest
atet
oest
abl
i
shaf
fi
rmat
iveact
ionpr
ogr
ams
desi
gnedt
oensur
ethat‘
minor
it
ies’
and‘
mar
ginal
i
zedgr
oups’
par
ti
cipat
eandar
e

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 86|
Page
 r
epr
esent
ed i
n gov
ernance,r
ecei
ve‘
speci
aloppor
tuni
ti
es’i
n educat
ion,t
he
economy
,andaccesst
oempl
oyment
,andhav
ereasonabl
eaccesst
opubl
i
c
ser
vicesl
i
kewat
er,
heal
thcar
e,andi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.

Byacknowl
edgi
ngt
hatt
hegov
ernmenthasof
tendi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstsegment
sof
soci
ety
,thenewConst
it
uti
onl
aysast
rongf
oundat
ionf
orbui
l
dingpeace.I
npar
ti
cul
ar,
t
hepr
inci
plesandv
aluesar
ti
cul
atedbyAr
ti
cle10gi
veci
ti
zensanav
enuet
ovent
il
ate
t
hei
rgr
iev
anceswi
thouthav
ingt
oresor
ttov
iol
entmeansbecauseoft
heabsenceof
av
enuesf
ort
hehear
inganddet
ermi
nat
ionofcl
aimsofexcl
usi
onandmar
ginal
i
zat
ion.

2) Re-
str
uct
uri
ngI
nst
it
uti
onsofGov
ernance
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
oemphasi
set
hatt
hekeygov
ernancear
msoft
hecount
ry;
theExecut
ive,
t
heLegi
slat
ure,andt
heJudi
ciar
y,wer
eami
crocosm ofanai
l
ingsoci
etyt
hatneeded
r
adi
calsur
ger
y.ThenewConst
it
uti
onseekst
ofaci
l
itat
egov
ernmentaccount
abi
l
ity
,by
i
ntr
oduci
ngf
undament
alchangesi
nthet
hreebr
anchesofgov
ernmenti
ngener
al,and
t
he secur
it
yagenci
esi
n par
ti
cul
ar.I
tpr
escr
ibest
hei
rfunct
ions,and pr
inci
plesof
gov
ernance and separ
ati
on of power
s among t
he st
ate or
gans t
o f
aci
l
itat
e
const
it
uti
onal
i
sm andaccount
abi
l
ity
.Indoi
ngso,t
henew Const
it
uti
onpr
omi
sest
o
pr
eventf
utur
evi
olat
ionofhumanr
ight
sandt
hecommi
ssi
onofeconomi
ccr
imes.

a TheExecut
ive
TheExecut
ivear
m ofgov
ernmentcompr
isest
hePr
esi
dent
,theDeput
yPr
esi
dentand
t
her
estoft
heCabi
net
.ThePr
esi
denti
stheHeadofst
ateandGov
ernmentandhol
ds
of
fi
cef
oramaxi
mum oft
wot
ermsoff
ivey
ear
seach.TheDeput
yPr
esi
denti
sthe
r
unni
ngmat
eoft
hePr
esi
denti
nthegener
alel
ect
ionandhi
s/herpr
inci
pleassi
stant
.
Cabi
netconsi
stsoft
hePr
esi
dent
,theDeput
yPr
esi
dent
,theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alandnot
f
ewert
hanf
our
teenandnotmor
ethant
went
y-t
woCabi
netSecr
etar
ies.Bef
orebei
ng
appoi
nted,
Cabi
netSecr
etar
iesar
efi
rstnomi
nat
edbyt
hePr
esi
dentandappr
ovedbyt
he
Nat
ionalAssembl
y.I
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
hesepar
ati
onofpower
s,noneoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
sin
Cabi
netar
emember
soft
heNat
ional
Assembl
y.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 87|
Page
TheConst
it
uti
onseekst
oendpr
esi
dent
ial
hegemonyt
hroughanumberofmechani
sms.
 ThePr
esi
dentandt
heDeput
yPr
esi
dentshal
lbeel
ect
eddi
rect
lybyt
hepeopl
ein
agener
alel
ect
ion.Tobedecl
aredt
hewi
nneronehast
ogar
nermor
ethan50
per
centoft
hev
otescastnat
ional
l
yandatl
east25per
centoft
hev
otescasti
n
eachofmor
ethanhal
foft
hecount
ies.Thi
sensur
est
hatwhoev
erwant
stobe
el
ect
ed Pr
esi
dentr
eachesoutt
o al
lcommuni
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,maki
ng i
t
di
ff
icul
tforonet
oresor
ttoaf
ewcommuni
ti
est
owi
nthePr
esi
dency
.
 TheExecut
ivei
sradi
cal
l
ydi
ff
erentf
rom t
heol
dsy
stem wher
etheVi
cePr
esi
dent
wasappoi
nted byt
he Pr
esi
dentand coul
d be r
emov
ed f
rom of
fi
ce byt
he
Pr
esi
dent
.Thi
sdeni
edt
hepeopl
ethei
rri
ghtt
ochooseaVi
cePr
esi
dent
.
 TheCabi
netSecr
etar
iesar
enotel
ect
edmember
sbutpr
ofessi
onal
sint
hei
r
docket
s.Thi
sisamaj
orchangef
rom t
heol
dsy
stem wher
etheMi
nist
erswer
e
member
sofPar
li
amentandt
hei
rrol
esov
erl
appedwi
thr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nthe
Execut
ive and Legi
slat
ure.Thi
s new sy
stem wi
l
lmake Cabi
netSecr
etar
ies
account
abl
etot
hepeopl
eofKeny
athr
ought
heNat
ional
Assembl
y.
 Ar
ti
cle143(
4)l
i
mit
spr
esi
dent
iali
mmuni
tyi
ncr
imi
nalcases.Thepr
otect
ionof
t
hepr
esi
dentdoesnotext
endt
o cr
imesunderat
reat
ythatpr
ohi
bit
ssuch
i
mmuni
ty.
 Thepr
esi
dent
’spower
stoappoi
ntanddi
smi
sspubl
i
cof
fi
cer
s(i
ncl
udi
ngj
udi
cial
of
fi
cer
s)r
equi
ret
heappr
oval
oft
hel
egi
slat
ure.
 Ar
ti
cle152capst
henumberofcabi
netsecr
etar
ies(
ormi
nist
ersundert
heol
d
Const
it
uti
on)at22,
ther
ebycur
tai
l
ingt
hepowert
odi
spensepol
i
tical
pat
ronage.
 UnderAr
ti
cl
e152apr
esi
dentcanonl
ydi
smi
ssacabi
netsecr
etar
ywhena
maj
ori
tyofNat
ionalAssembl
ymember
sadopt
sar
esol
uti
on— basedont
he
r
ecommendat
ionsofasel
ectcommi
tt
ee.

b Publ
icSer
vice
I
nabi
dtopr
otectpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
sfr
om i
nti
midat
ionandt
ogi
vet
hem j
obsecur
it
y,Ar
ti
cle

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 88|
Page
236oft
henewConst
it
uti
onpr
otect
spubl
i
cof
fi
cer
sfr
om v
ict
imi
sat
ionf
orcar
ryi
ngout
t
hei
rdut
iesi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw.Thi
sisar
adi
caldepar
tur
efr
om t
heposi
ti
on
undert
hesect
ion25oft
heol
dconst
it
uti
onwher
epubl
i
cof
fi
cer
sser
vedat‘
thepl
easur
e
oft
hePr
esi
dent
’.

Anot
hersi
gni
fi
canti
nnov
ati
onoft
henew Const
it
uti
oni
sthei
ntr
oduct
ionofpr
inci
ples
onl
eader
shi
pandi
ntegr
it
y,whi
chbi
ndhol
der
sofpubl
i
cof
fi
ce(
Art
icl
e73)
.Inpar
ti
cul
ar,
i
test
abl
i
shest
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
heaut
hor
it
yisdel
egat
edt
ost
ateof
fi
cer
sonpubl
i
ctr
ust
t
hatmustbeexer
cisedconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on.I
tal
soi
ntr
oducesst
ri
ctr
ules
onconf
li
ctsofi
nter
estt
opr
eventt
heabuseofpower(
Art
icl
e75)t
hatsoof
tenl
eadst
o
humanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsandeconomi
ccr
imes.Fur
ther
,Ar
ti
cle79r
equi
resPar
li
amentt
o
enactal
awt
oest
abl
i
shanI
ndependentEt
hicsandAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onwhose
mai
nfunct
ioni
sto ensur
ecompl
i
ancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onon
l
eader
shi
pandi
ntegr
it
y,i
ncl
udi
ngconf
li
ctsofi
nter
est
.

c TheLegi
slat
ure
Undert
henew Const
it
uti
on,Par
li
amentconsi
stsoft
heNat
ionalAssembl
yandt
he
Senat
e. The Nat
ional assembl
y shal
l consi
st of 290 member
s, 47 women
r
epr
esent
ati
ves, 12 member
s nomi
nat
ed by par
li
ament
ary pol
i
tical par
ti
es i
n
accor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cl
e90t
orepr
esentspeci
ali
nter
est
s(i
ncl
udi
ngt
hey
out
h,per
sons
wi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esandwor
ker
s)andt
heSpeakerwhoi
sanexof
fi
ciomember
.TheSenat
e
consi
stsof47member
s,16womennomi
nat
edbypol
i
ticalpar
ti
es,2member
s(mal
e
and f
emal
e)r
epr
esent
ing t
he y
out
h,2 member
s(mal
e and f
emal
e)r
epr
esent
ing
per
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esandt
heSpeakerwhoi
sanex-
off
ici
omember
.Ther
oleoft
he
Nat
ionalAssembl
yist
orepr
esentt
hepeopl
eatt
heconst
it
uenci
esandspeci
ali
nter
est
s
i
ntheHouse.Ther
oleoft
heSenat
eist
orepr
esentt
hecount
ies,andser
vest
opr
otect
t
hei
nter
est
soft
hecount
iesandt
hei
rgov
ernment
s

Undert
heol
dconst
it
uti
on,someoft
hedi
ff
icul
ti
est
hatobst
ruct
edt
hesuccessf
ul
managementofmul
ti
par
typol
i
ticsor
igi
nat
edf
rom t
hePar
li
ament
.Thesei
ncl
udedt
he

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 89|
Page
peggi
ngoft
her
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
einel
ect
iont
opar
ti
es,t
hel
ossofpar
li
ament
ary
pr
ivi
l
egesandt
hei
nabi
l
ityofpar
li
amentt
ohav
ethepower
stocheckont
heExecut
ive.
Wi
tht
he2010const
it
uti
oni
npl
ace,t
hesei
ssueshav
ebeenaddr
essedappr
opr
iat
ely
t
hroughpr
ovi
si
onst
hatal
l
ow f
ori
ndependentcandi
dat
es,r
est
orat
ionofpar
li
ament
ary
pr
ivi
l
egesandi
mmuni
ti
esandt
heest
abl
i
shmentofar
einv
igor
atedl
egi
slat
uret
hathas
power
stocheckont
heexcessesoft
heexecut
ive.

Fur
ther
mor
e,cogni
zantt
hati
ntheabsenceofef
fect
iveaccount
abi
l
itymechani
sms,
the
l
egi
slat
uremayabusei
tspower
s(ofpol
i
cymaki
ng,
legi
slat
ing,
andexer
cisi
ngov
ersi
ght
oft
heexecut
ivebr
anch)orbev
ulner
abl
etounduei
nfl
uencebyspeci
ali
nter
estgr
oups,
v
ari
ouspr
ovi
si
onsoft
henew Const
it
uti
onseekt
oenhancet
heaccount
abi
l
ityoft
he
l
egi
slat
ure.Ar
ti
cl
e118i
mposesadut
yonPar
li
amentt
ofaci
l
itat
epubl
i
cpar
ti
cipat
ion
andi
nvol
vementi
nthebusi
nessofPar
li
amentandi
tscommi
tt
ees,whi
l
eAr
ti
cle119
gi
vesev
eryper
sont
her
ightt
opet
it
ionPar
li
ament‘
toconsi
deranymat
terwi
thi
nit
s
aut
hor
it
y’.Ar
ti
cle104 al
so gi
vest
heel
ect
orat
ether
ightt
orecal
ltheMemberof
Par
li
amentr
epr
esent
ingt
hei
rconst
it
uencyandi
mposesadut
yonPar
li
amentt
oenact
l
egi
slat
iont
hatwi
l
lest
abl
i
sht
hegr
oundsandpr
ocedur
esaccor
dingt
owhi
chanMP
mayber
ecal
l
ed.

I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatal
thought
hesepr
ovi
sionsmayconst
it
uteusef
ulmechani
smsf
or
hol
dingt
hel
egi
slat
ureandl
egi
slat
orst
oaccount
,theywoul
dneedt
obeaccompani
ed
byl
egi
slat
ivemechani
smst
oregul
atel
obby
ing,conf
li
ctsofi
nter
est
,mi
sconduct
,and
abuseofpoweri
nthel
egi
slat
ure.I
nthi
scont
ext
,thepr
ovi
sionsofnew Const
it
uti
on
deal
i
ngwi
thl
eader
shi
pandi
ntegr
it
y,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hosegov
erni
ngconf
li
ctsofi
nter
est
,
pr
ovi
deamuch-
neededf
ramewor
kforr
egul
ati
ngt
heconductofl
egi
slat
ors.

d TheJudi
ciar
y
TheJudi
ciar
yconsi
stsofSuper
iorandSubor
dinat
eCour
ts.TheSuper
iorCour
tsi
ncl
ude
t
heSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
tofAppeal
,andt
heHi
ghCour
t.TheConst
it
uti
onal
so
est
abl
i
shest
heof
fi
cesofDeput
yChi
efJust
ice(
ast
heDeput
yHeadoft
heJudi
ciar
y)
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 90|
Page
andChi
efRegi
str
aroft
heJudi
ciar
y,whoi
sthej
udi
ciar
y’schi
efadmi
nist
rat
orand
account
ingof
fi
cer(
Art
icl
e161)andshal
ladmi
nist
ert
heJudi
ciar
yFundest
abl
i
shedby
Ar
ti
cle173t
oenhancet
hef
inanci
alaut
onomyoft
hej
udi
ciar
y.

TheHi
ghCour
thasbeenr
est
ruct
uredi
ntof
ourdi
vi
sions:
 Di
vi
sionofLandandEnv
ironmentt
hatmakesr
uli
ngoni
ssuesofsust
ainabl
e
dev
elopmentandequi
tabl
edi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
ces;
 Di
vi
sionofJudi
ci
alRev
iew;
 Di
vi
sionofCommer
cialandAdmi
ral
tyt
hatadj
udi
cat
esoncommer
cialdi
sput
es
i
nor
dert
oreducet
het
ransact
ioncost
sofj
ust
icef
ort
hepr
ivat
esect
or;
and
 Di
vi
sionofConst
it
uti
onandHumanRi
ght
s,whi
chact
sasf
ir
sti
nst
ancecour
ton
const
it
uti
onal
cases,
int
erpr
eti
ngandenf
orci
ngBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.

Undert
he1963Const
it
uti
on,t
heof
fi
ceoft
heChi
efJust
iceoper
atedasaj
udi
cial
monar
chsuppor
tedbyt
heRegi
str
aroft
heHi
ghCour
t.Powerandaut
hor
it
ywer
ehi
ghl
y
cent
ral
i
zed.Account
abi
l
itymechani
smswer
eweakandr
epor
ti
ngr
equi
rement
sabsent
.
The Judi
ciar
yinst
it
uti
on had weak st
ruct
ures,i
nadequat
eresour
ces,di
mini
shed
conf
idence,def
ici
enti
nint
egr
it
y,weakpubl
i
csuppor
tandl
i
ter
all
yincapaci
tat
edt
o
del
i
verj
ust
ice.Fur
ther
,itf
ail
edt
oregul
atet
hepr
esi
dent
’sandt
hechi
efj
ust
ice’
spower
s
ofappoi
ntmentanddi
smi
ssal
.Thesy
stem f
orappoi
nti
ngj
udgeswasopent
oabuse
si
ncei
test
abl
i
shednost
andar
dsorcr
it
eri
aforv
ett
ingcandi
dat
es.

Sect
ion61oft
heol
dConst
it
uti
onal
sogav
ethepr
esi
dentpowert
oappoi
ntj
udgesi
nan
act
ingcapaci
ty.Thi
spowerwashar
mfult
ojudi
ciali
ndependencesi
nceanact
ingj
udge
awai
ti
ngconf
ir
mat
ionwoul
dbev
ulner
abl
etoexecut
ivepr
essur
e.Sect
ion62oft
heol
d
Const
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heChi
efJust
iceandot
herj
udgescoul
dbedi
smi
ssedbyt
he
pr
esi
dentf
ori
nabi
l
ityt
oper
for
mthef
unct
ionsoft
hei
rof
fi
ceorf
ormi
sbehav
iouri
fan
i
mpar
ti
alt
ri
bunalr
ecommendedt
hei
rremov
al.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,theol
dConst
it
uti
onf
ail
ed
t
o est
abl
i
sh due pr
ocess mechani
sms t
o ensur
ethatt
he r
emov
alpr
ocess was

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 91|
Page
t
ranspar
ent
,impar
ti
al,andf
air
.Insum,t
hisenv
ironmentai
dedhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions
andeconomi
ccr
imesandunder
minedt
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
hej
udi
ciar
yasaf
orum f
or
di
sput
eresol
uti
on.ThenewConst
it
uti
onseekst
omi
ti
gat
ethi
spr
obl
em i
nanumberof
way
s:
 I
nthef
ir
stpl
ace,i
tdi
sper
sespowerwi
thi
nthej
udi
ciar
ybypr
ovi
dingt
hatt
he
Chi
efJust
icewi
l
lpr
esi
deov
ert
heSupr
emeCour
t,whi
l
etheCour
tofAppealand
t
heHi
ghCour
twi
l
leachbepr
esi
dedov
erbyaj
udgeel
ect
edbyt
hej
udgesof
t
hesecour
tsf
rom amongt
hemsel
ves(
Art
icl
e164)
.Ital
soest
abl
i
shest
heof
fi
ces
ofDeput
yChi
efJust
ice(
ast
heDeput
yHeadoft
heJudi
ciar
y)andChi
efRegi
str
ar
oft
heJudi
ciar
y,whoi
sthej
udi
ciar
y’schi
efadmi
nist
rat
orandaccount
ingof
fi
cer
(
Art
icl
e161)andshal
ladmi
nist
ert
heJudi
ci
aryFundest
abl
i
shedbyAr
ti
cle173t
o
enhancet
hef
inanci
alaut
onomyoft
hej
udi
ciar
y.
 Ar
ti
cle166oft
henewConst
it
uti
onseekst
ogi
vet
hej
udi
ciar
yaut
onomyf
rom t
he
execut
ive.I
tst
atest
hatt
hepr
esi
dentwi
l
lnow appoi
ntt
hechi
efj
ust
iceand
j
udgesoft
hesuper
iorcour
ts,subj
ectt
other
ecommendat
ionsoft
heJudi
cial
Ser
viceCommi
ssi
onandt
heappr
oval
oft
heNat
ional
Assembl
y.
 Themember
shi
poft
heJudi
cialSer
viceCommi
ssi
onhasbeenexpanded.Thus
Ar
ti
cle171empower
sthepr
esi
dentt
oappoi
ntonemanandonewomanwhoar
e
notl
awy
erst
o“r
epr
esentt
hepubl
i
c”i
nthecommi
ssi
on.Thesubor
dinat
ecour
ts,
pr
act
ici
ng l
awy
ers,and t
he l
egalacademywi
l
lal
so be r
epr
esent
ed i
nthe
commi
ssi
on.
 Ar
ti
cle168oft
henewConst
it
uti
onci
rcumscr
ibest
hepowert
odi
smi
ssj
udges.
Unl
i
kebef
ore,t
hepr
ocessofr
emov
ingt
hechi
efj
ust
iceandj
udgeswi
l
lnow be
i
nit
iat
edbyt
heJudi
cial
Ser
viceCommi
ssi
on.
 Anot
hernot
abl
efeat
ureoft
henewConst
it
uti
oni
sthati
tpr
ovi
desaf
ramewor
k
f
ort
hev
ett
ingt
hej
udi
ciar
y.I
trequi
resPar
li
amentt
oenactal
awwi
thi
noney
ear
af
teri
ttakesef
fectt
hatest
abl
i
shesmechani
smsandpr
ocedur
esf
orv
ett
ingt
he
sui
tabi
l
ityofal
ljudgesandmagi
str
atest
ocont
inuet
oser
vei
naccor
dancewi
th
t
hev
aluesandpr
inci
plesest
abl
i
shedi
nAr
ti
cles10and159.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 92|
Page
e Dev
olut
ionMechani
sms
Theabov
echangesar
ebut
tressedbyt
hedecent
ral
i
zat
ionsy
stem i
nthef
orm ofcount
y
gov
ernment
sthat not onl
y enhances democr
ati
c gov
ernance,but al
so publ
i
c
par
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernment
almat
ter
s.I
twi
l
lber
ecal
l
edt
hatt
hepr
obl
em ofpol
i
tici
zed
et
hni
cit
ypr
esent
saspeci
alchal
l
engei
nKeny
a.Dev
olv
edgov
ernmenti
ssupposedt
o
i
mpr
ovei
nter
ethni
crel
ati
onsbydi
l
uti
ngt
heal
l
-or
-not
hingat
mospher
ethatsur
rounds
pr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions.I
fanet
hni
cgr
oupf
ail
stowi
nthepr
esi
dency
,itmayst
il
llook
f
orwar
dtocont
rol
l
ingi
tscount
yassembl
yandcount
yexecut
ive.Andwi
thr
esour
ces
goi
ng outt
othecount
iesbyf
ixed f
ormul
arat
hert
hanpr
esi
dent
ialdi
scr
eti
on,t
he
quest
ionofwhi
chgr
oupcont
rol
sthepr
esi
dencybecomessomewhatl
esspr
essi
ng.

ThenewConst
it
uti
ont
husendeav
our
stodecent
ral
i
zegov
ernancet
oaddr
esst
hepast
per
cept
ion ofal
i
enat
ion among ci
ti
zens,many ofwhom hav
efel
tmar
ginal
i
zed,
negl
ect
ed,anddi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstont
hebasi
soft
hei
ret
hni
cit
y.Thus,execut
ive
poweri
sfur
therconst
rai
nedbyt
hedev
olut
ionofaut
hor
it
ytot
hecount
ies.Accor
dingt
o
Ar
ti
cle174dev
olut
ionseekst
oachi
eveanumberofobj
ect
ives,i
ncl
udi
ngpr
omot
ing
par
ti
cipat
ion and account
abi
l
ityi
nthe exer
cise ofgov
ernment
alpower
,fost
eri
ng
nat
ionaluni
tybyr
ecogni
zi
ngdi
ver
sit
y,gi
vi
ngpower
sofsel
f-
gov
ernancet
othepeopl
e,
ensur
ingequi
tabl
eshar
ingofnat
ionalandl
ocalr
esour
ces,pr
otect
ingt
her
ight
sof
mi
nor
it
ies and mar
ginal
i
zed communi
ti
es,and pr
omot
ing soci
aland economi
c
dev
elopmentandaccesst
opubl
i
cser
vicest
hroughoutKeny
a.

3) Ref
ormi
ngt
heEl
ect
oral
Syst
em
El
ect
ionsundert
heol
d const
it
uti
onwer
ehel
d underaf
ir
st-
past
-t
he-
postel
ect
oral
sy
stem i
nwhi
cht
heper
sonwhogai
nst
hepl
ural
i
tyoft
hev
ote(
orwast
hef
ir
stt
ocr
oss
t
hef
ini
shl
i
ne)i
sdecl
aredt
hewi
nner
.Theef
fectoft
hissy
stem i
sthat
,ast
heGener
al
El
ect
ionsof1992and1997i
l
lust
rat
ed,wher
etheel
ect
oralsy
stem wasusedasan
i
nst
rumentofi
ncl
usi
onandexcl
usi
oni
ntheshar
ingofnat
ionalr
esour
ces,andt
hus
maki
ngel
ect
ionsf
ract
ious.I
nthi
ssy
stem,i
twaspossi
blet
ohav
eamaj
ori
tyoft
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 93|
Page
el
ect
orat
evot
ingf
orl
osi
ngcandi
dat
esandt
hegov
ernmentt
hati
sul
ti
mat
elyel
ect
ed
bei
ngami
nor
it
ygov
ernment
.ThenewConst
it
uti
onseekst
omi
ti
gat
ethi
spr
obl
em i
na
numberofway
s:
a)Ar
ti
cle82est
abl
i
shesanI
ndependentEl
ect
oralandBoundar
iesCommi
ssi
ont
hat
wi
l
lov
ersee t
he del
i
mit
ati
on ofel
ect
oraluni
ts,a pr
ocess whi
ch had been
mani
pul
atedbysuccessi
vepol
i
tical
regi
mest
ofav
ourt
hei
rpar
ti
esorcandi
dat
es.
Fur
ther
,Ar
ti
cle 89 est
abl
i
shes pr
inci
ples t
o gui
de t
he pr
ocess ofboundar
y
del
i
mit
ati
on.I
trequi
rest
hateachconst
it
uencyshoul
dhav
ethesamenumberof
i
nhabi
tant
s,al
thoughi
tper
mit
svar
iat
ionsbasedonf
act
orssuchasgeogr
aphy
,
ur
bani
zat
ion,communi
tyofi
nter
est
,hi
stor
ical
,economi
candcul
tur
alt
ies,and
meansofcommuni
cat
ion.
b)TheConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
ort
heel
ect
ionof12seat
sint
heNat
ionalAssembl
y,
20seat
sint
heSenat
e,andwhat
evernumberofseat
sint
hecount
yassembl
i
es
i
snecessar
ytoensur
egenderequi
tyandr
epr
esent
ati
onofmar
ginal
i
zedgr
oups
on‘
thebasi
sofpr
opor
ti
onal
repr
esent
ati
onbyuseofpar
tyl
i
sts’
.
c)Ar
ti
cle97r
eser
ves47speci
alseat
sforwomeni
ntheNat
ionalAssembl
y.Her
e,i
t
i
senv
isagedt
hatdur
ingaGener
alEl
ect
ion,
thev
oter
sofeachcount
y-act
ingas
asi
ngl
ememberconst
it
uency-wi
l
lel
ectawomant
orepr
esentt
hem i
nthe
Nat
ional
Assembl
y.
d)The Const
it
uti
on r
equi
res Par
li
ament t
o enact a l
aw t
hat est
abl
i
shes
mechani
smsf
ort
imel
ydi
sput
eset
tl
ement
.Int
hecaseofpr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions,
Ar
ti
cle140pr
ovi
dest
hatpet
it
ionschal
l
engi
ngt
heel
ect
ionofapr
esi
dent
-el
ect
maybef
il
edi
ntheSupr
emeCour
twi
thi
nsev
enday
saf
tert
hecommi
ssi
onhas
decl
aredt
her
esul
ts.TheSupr
emeCour
tist
henr
equi
redt
ohearanddet
ermi
ne
t
hepet
it
ionwi
thi
n14day
s.Fol
l
owi
ngsuchapet
it
ion,Ar
ti
cle141pr
ovi
dest
hata
pr
esi
dent
-el
ectcanonl
ybeswor
ninont
hesev
ent
hdayf
oll
owi
ngt
hecour
t’
s
deci
sion.I
nthecaseofpar
li
ament
aryandot
herel
ect
ions,Ar
ti
cle87pr
ovi
des
t
hatpet
it
ionsar
etobef
il
edwi
thi
n28day
saf
tert
hecommi
ssi
onhasdecl
ared
t
her
esul
ts,whi
l
eAr
ti
cle105r
equi
rest
hehi
ghcour
ttohearanddet
ermi
nesuch
pet
it
ionswi
thi
nsi
xmont
hs.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 94|
Page
I
ngener
al,
thesepr
ovi
si
onsoft
henewConst
it
uti
onpr
omi
set
oenhancet
hei
ntegr
it
yof
nat
ionalel
ect
ions,t
her
ebyenhanci
ngt
hepr
ospect
sthatf
utur
eel
ect
ionsi
nKeny
awi
l
l
genui
nel
ybef
reeandf
airandmaki
ngt
heunpr
ecedent
edv
iol
encet
hataccompani
edt
he
2007gener
alel
ect
ionat
hingoft
hepast
.Thepr
ovi
sionsseekt
oensur
ethatt
he
el
ect
oralsy
stem pr
oducesgov
ernment
sthatr
epr
esentt
hei
nter
est
sofal
lsegment
sof
soci
ety
.Thenew Const
it
uti
ont
her
efor
epr
omi
sest
odi
ff
uset
heet
hni
ctensi
onst
hat
hav
ebecomeaper
enni
alf
eat
ureofnat
ionalel
ect
ions,si
ncet
heexi
sti
ngwi
nner
-t
akes-
al
lsy
stem hasmeantt
hatpol
i
ticalact
orscannotcont
empl
atel
osi
nganel
ect
ionand
wi
l
lev
env
iol
atet
hehumanr
ight
soff
ell
owci
ti
zenst
owi
nel
ect
ions.

4) Mechani
smsi
nRel
ati
ont
oLandAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Landt
enur
ehasbeenamaj
orsour
ceofconf
li
ctamongcommuni
ti
es.Fami
l
ieshav
efor
t
hef
ir
stt
imebeengi
vent
her
equi
redat
tent
iont
oensur
ethati
twi
l
lnol
ongerbea
sour
ceofet
hni
candt
ri
balconf
li
ct.ThenewConst
it
uti
onset
soutal
andpol
i
cyt
hatal
l
l
andshal
lbehel
d,usedandmanagedi
nawayt
hati
sequi
tabl
e,ef
fi
cient
,pr
oduct
iveand
sust
ainabl
e.Si
mil
arl
y,l
andi
scl
assi
fi
edasbel
ongi
ngt
othepeopl
eofKeny
acol
l
ect
ivel
y
asanat
ion,ascommuni
ti
esandasi
ndi
vi
dual
s.I
tisei
therpubl
i
cland,communi
tyl
and
orpr
ivat
eland.Pr
ivat
elandhasbeent
hepr
imar
ysour
ceofconf
li
ctandt
henew
Const
it
uti
onat
tempt
stoaddr
esst
hisbyf
ir
sti
dent
if
yingwhatpr
ivat
elandconst
it
utes
andgoesf
urt
hert
opr
ovi
dewhatl
andhol
dinganon-
cit
izencanhol
d.

I
tshoul
dal
sobenot
edt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onalguar
ant
eeofpr
ivat
epr
oper
tyi
simposed
on a pol
i
ticaland cul
tur
alcont
exti
n whi
ch t
err
it
oryi
s sy
nony
mous wi
th et
hni
c
ci
ti
zenshi
p.I
n a cont
exti
n whi
ch pr
ivat
e pr
oper
tyhas been acqui
red i
l
legal
l
yor
i
l
legi
ti
mat
ely
,the f
oregoi
ng consi
der
ati
ons ofet
hni
c ci
ti
zenshi
p compl
i
cat
e and
pol
i
tici
zel
andmat
ter
sev
enf
urt
her
.TheConst
it
uti
onpr
oposest
oresol
vet
hiscompl
ex
i
ssuebycr
eat
ingaNat
ionalLandCommi
ssi
on(
NLC)t
oamongot
hert
hingsmanage
publ
i
clandonbehal
fofnat
ionalandcount
ygov
ernment
sandr
ecommendanat
ional
l
andpol
i
cyt
othenat
ionalgov
ernment
.TheNLCr
epl
acest
hepr
evi
oussy
stem wher
e
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 95|
Page
t
heof
fi
ceoft
heCommi
ssi
onerofLandswoul
dsi
ngl
e-handedl
yal
l
ocat
est
atel
andt
o
i
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thoutconsi
der
ati
ont
othewi
shesoft
hel
ocalpopul
ati
ons.Fur
ther
mor
e,
Ar
ti
cle67empower
stheNLCt
oconducti
nvest
igat
ionsi
nto‘
hi
stor
icall
andi
njust
ices’
andr
ecommendappr
opr
iat
eredr
ess.ThenewConst
it
uti
ont
husest
abl
i
shespr
inci
ples
andmechani
smsf
orr
esol
vi
ngt
hecl
aimsofdi
spossessi
ont
hathav
esoof
tenbeen
usedbypol
i
tical
act
orst
omobi
l
izet
hei
rconst
it
uent
sal
onget
hni
cli
nes.

5) TheCr
imi
nalJust
iceSy
stem
Sect
ion26oft
heol
dConst
it
uti
ongav
etheAt
tor
neyGener
alt
hepowert
odeci
dei
fand
whenani
ndi
vi
dualshoul
dbepr
osecut
edf
oracr
imi
nalof
fence.Thef
ail
uret
oregul
ate
t
his powerr
esul
ted i
nthe l
aw bei
ng used t
o per
secut
einnocentci
ti
zens,t
othe
det
ri
mentoft
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
hecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem.I
nthecont
extofhuman
r
ight
svi
olat
ionsandeconomi
ccr
imes,
thi
spowerwasof
tenappl
i
edsel
ect
ivel
yandt
he
per
pet
rat
orsoft
hecr
imeswer
ehar
dlyev
erpr
osecut
ed.

ThenewConst
it
uti
onseekst
oenhanceobj
ect
ivi
tyandaccount
abi
l
ityi
ninv
est
igat
ions
andpr
osecut
ions.Theof
fi
ceofani
ndependentDi
rect
orofPubl
i
cPr
osecut
ions(
DPP)
asspel
touti
nAr
ti
cl
e157wi
l
lnowexer
ciset
het
askofexer
cisi
ngt
hest
ate’
spower
sof
pr
osecut
ion.Thepr
imar
yfunct
ionsoft
heAt
tor
neyGener
alwi
l
lbet
ogi
vel
egal
adv
icet
o
t
hegov
ernmentandr
epr
esenti
tinl
egalpr
oceedi
ngs(
Art
icl
e156)
.TheDPPcanonl
y
t
akeov
eracr
imi
nalsui
twi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
heper
sonoraut
hor
it
ythati
nst
it
utedi
t.
I
naddi
ti
on,
theDPPcanonl
ydi
scont
inueapr
osecut
ionwi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
hecour
t.
Andt
opr
ecl
udet
heabuseoft
hepowert
opr
osecut
e,t
henewConst
it
uti
onr
equi
rest
hat
i
tsexer
cise‘
shal
lhav
eregar
dtot
hepubl
i
cint
erest
,thei
nter
est
soft
headmi
nist
rat
ion
ofj
ust
iceandt
heneedt
opr
eventandav
oidabuseoft
hel
egal
process’
.

6) Secur
it
ySect
orRef
orm
Pol
i
cing undert
he ol
d Const
it
uti
on was execut
ive-
dependent
,undemocr
ati
c,and
i
nequi
tabl
e.Publ
i
csecur
it
ypr
ovi
sionwaschar
act
eri
zedbywi
dedi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
s,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 96|
Page
whi
chwer
epr
onet
oabusebecauset
heyar
elar
gel
yunr
egul
ated.Pol
i
cewer
eof
ten
heav
y-handed,i
nsensi
ti
ve,and use excessi
vef
orce i
n deal
i
ng wi
th ci
ti
zens,who
t
her
efor
ehav
eli
tt
lef
ait
hint
hem.Asar
esul
t,t
her
ewer
elow l
evel
sofpubl
i
ctr
ust
par
ti
cul
arl
ysi
ncesecur
it
ygov
ernancewasnotpar
ti
cipat
ory
,andt
heci
ti
zenswer
enot
consul
tedi
nsecur
it
ydeci
sions.Var
iousAr
ti
clesi
nthenew Const
it
uti
onat
temptt
o
r
emedyt
hisposi
ti
on:
a)Ar
ti
cle238est
abl
i
shespr
inci
plest
hatwoul
dgui
det
hepr
ovi
sionofnat
ional
secur
it
y,i
ncl
udi
ng‘
utmostr
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
aw’
,democr
acy
,humanr
ight
s,
andf
undament
alf
reedoms.I
trequi
rest
henat
ionalsecur
it
yor
gans(
whi
chnow
consi
stoft
heKeny
aDef
enceFor
ces,t
heNat
ionalI
ntel
l
igenceSer
vice,andt
he
Nat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice)t
orespectt
hedi
ver
secul
tur
esofal
lcommuni
ti
esi
n
per
for
mingt
hei
rfunct
ions.I
tal
soi
mposesadut
yonst
ateor
ganst
oensur
ethat
t
hei
r per
sonnel‘
ref
lect t
he di
ver
sit
y of t
he Keny
an peopl
ein equi
tabl
e
pr
opor
ti
ons’
.
b)Ar
ti
cle239al
sopr
ohi
bit
snat
ionalsecur
it
yor
gansf
rom act
ingi
napar
ti
san
manner
,orf
urt
her
ingt
hei
nter
est
sofpol
i
ticalpar
ti
esorcauses,orpr
ejudi
cinga
‘
l
egi
ti
mat
epol
i
ticali
nter
estorcause’
.Thi
sAr
ti
clesubor
dinat
est
henat
ional
secur
it
yor
gans t
o ci
vi
li
an aut
hor
it
y,t
her
ebyl
ayi
ng a basi
sfordemocr
ati
c
gov
ernanceofsecur
it
y.
c)TheNat
ionalSecur
it
yCounci
lest
abl
i
shedunderAr
ti
cle240i
srequi
redt
orepor
t
t
oPar
li
amentannual
l
yont
hest
ateofnat
ionalsecur
it
y.Thenew Const
it
uti
on
t
her
efor
e seeks t
ofaci
l
itat
e par
li
ament
ary ov
ersi
ghtand cont
rolov
ert
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofsecur
it
ypol
i
cybyt
heexecut
iveandnat
ional
secur
it
yor
gans.
d)Ar
ti
cle59est
abl
i
shesaKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sandEqual
i
tyCommi
ssi
on,
whose f
unct
ions i
ncl
ude moni
tor
ing,i
nvest
igat
ing,and r
epor
ti
ng on t
he
obser
vat
ionofhumanr
ight
sbynat
ional
secur
it
yor
gans.

7) Br
oadBasedBi
llofRi
ght
s
TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sisoneoft
hemaj
orachi
evement
soft
henew Const
it
uti
on.Thi
s
achi
evementwasmadeagai
nstabackgr
oundofKeny
a’shi
stor
yofdet
ent
ionwi
thout
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 97|
Page
t
ri
alandatt
imest
hei
nter
fer
enceoft
hef
reedom oft
hemedi
a.Thenextsect
iongi
vesa
v
erybr
iefandgener
ali
ntr
oduct
iont
othemanyar
ti
clesoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
swhi
ch
i
ncl
ude;t
her
ightt
oli
fe,pr
ivacy
,fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on,assembl
y,demonst
rat
ion,
pi
cket
ingandpet
it
ion,l
abourr
elat
ions,economi
candsoci
alr
ight
s,r
ight
sofar
rest
ed
per
sons,f
reedom ofexpr
essi
on,f
reedom oft
hemedi
a,accesst
oinf
ormat
ion,r
ightt
o
pr
oper
ty,access t
ojust
ice,chi
l
dren r
ight
s,per
sons wi
th di
sabi
l
iti
es,y
out
h and
mi
nor
it
ies,mar
ginal
i
zedgr
oupsandol
dermember
soft
hesoci
ety
.Thedet
ail
soft
hese
r
ight
sar
edi
scussedi
nsubsequentl
essons.

I
V ANI
NTRODUCTI
ONTOKENYA’
SBI
LLOFRI
GHTS
Thei
deaofaBi
l
lofRi
ght
sdescendsf
rom phi
l
osophyespousedbyt
heor
ist
ssuchas
JohnLockeandThomasJef
fer
son,whi
chsaw i
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
ssaf
eguar
dedbyand
agai
nstt
hegov
ernment
.Thi
sconcept
ionwasenshr
inedi
nthe1789Fr
enchDecl
arat
ion
oft
heRi
ght
sofManandt
heCi
ti
zenandt
heAmer
icanBi
l
lofRi
ght
sandf
ormst
hebasi
s
f
ori
tsi
nter
nat
ionalconcept
ionundert
he1948Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
(
UDHR)
.Byhav
ingaBi
l
lofRi
ght
s,Keny
ahasaccept
edt
hei
deaofi
nter
nat
ionalhuman
r
ight
sasuni
ver
sal
l
yappl
i
cabl
eandr
elev
antt
oKeny
ansoci
ety
.Ther
angeofr
ight
sand
f
reedomsi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sChapt
erar
eani
mpor
tantsy
mboloft
hev
aluest
hatt
he
count
ryst
andsf
or.TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sist
her
efor
eimpor
tantt
owar
dscr
eat
ingacul
tur
e
ofconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm wher
erespectf
orhuman wor
th and di
gni
ty act
s a cr
it
ical
const
rai
ntt
ogov
ernment
alpoweri
nademocr
acy
.

1) Obser
vat
iononCont
entofRi
ght
s
TheKeny
aBi
l
lofRi
ght
sincl
udesal
lthet
hreegener
ati
onsofr
ight
s;ci
vi
landpol
i
tical
r
ight
s;economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s;andgr
ouporcol
l
ect
iver
ight
s.Ci
vi
land
pol
i
ticalr
ight
ssuchast
her
ightt
oli
fe,f
reedom ofassoci
ati
onandf
airt
ri
alar
ean
i
mpor
tantcount
erv
ail
i
ngf
orcet
otot
ali
tar
ian,bur
eaucr
ati
candi
nst
it
uti
onalpowerand
pr
ovi
deci
ti
zenswi
thpr
otect
ionf
rom unwar
rant
edi
nter
fer
encef
rom t
hest
ate.Fur
ther
,
t
heypr
otectt
her
ight
sofr
eli
giousandet
hni
cmi
nor
it
ies,whosei
nter
est
scanbeeasi
l
y
i
gnor
edandov
err
uledbyademocr
ati
cmaj
ori
ty.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 98|
Page
Ar
ti
cle43deal
spur
elywi
thsoci
o-economi
cri
ght
s.Theser
ight
sincl
ude:t
her
ightheal
th,
housi
ngandsani
tat
ion,f
ood,cl
eanandsaf
ewat
er,soci
alsecur
it
yandt
her
ightt
o
educat
ion.Soci
o-economi
cri
ght
slackami
nimum st
andar
dtobeat
tai
nedbyt
hest
ate,
excepti
nthecaseoft
her
ightt
oheal
thandsoci
alsecur
it
y.Ther
ightt
oheal
thset
sa
mi
nimum st
andar
dofemer
gencymedi
calcar
e.Ther
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
yisal
so
ext
endedasami
nimum t
othoseunabl
etosuppor
tthemsel
vesandt
hei
rdependant
s.I
n
addi
ti
on,Ar
ti
cl
e44makespr
ovi
sionscov
eri
ngcul
tur
alr
ight
ssuchasl
anguageand
cul
tur
all
i
fe.

Fi
nal
l
ytheConst
it
uti
oni
dent
if
iescat
egor
iesofper
sonsi
nrespectofwhospeci
fi
c
appl
i
cat
ionofr
ight
sisel
abor
atedsoast
obet
terpr
otectt
hosegr
oups.Soci
o-economi
c
andcul
tur
alr
ight
sar
eenumer
atedf
orspeci
alcat
egor
iesofper
sonssuchas:women;
consumer
s;chi
l
dren;per
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es;y
out
h;ol
derper
sons;mi
nor
it
iesand
mar
ginal
i
sedgr
oups;andsol
i
dar
it
yri
ght
s(r
ight
sappl
yi
ngt
othewhol
ecommuni
ty
r
athert
han t
othe i
ndi
vi
dual
).I
n par
ti
cul
ar,t
he st
atei
s expect
ed t
otake speci
al
measur
est
oensur
emi
nor
it
iesandmar
ginal
i
sedgr
oupsdev
elopt
hei
rcul
tur
alv
alues,
l
anguagesandpr
act
ices:Ar
ti
cle56(
d).Si
gni
fi
cant
ly,t
hough,anumberofpr
ovi
sions
pr
otectchi
l
dren,
yout
handper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esf
rom har
mfulcul
tur
alpr
act
icesand
expl
oit
ati
on(
forexampl
eAr
ti
cle55(
d))
.

Soci
o-economi
cri
ght
sar
enotsel
f-
execut
ingl
i
keci
vi
l-
pol
i
ticalr
ight
sbutar
esubj
ectt
o
t
hepr
inci
pleofpr
ogr
essi
ver
eal
i
sat
ion.Thi
spr
inci
pleacknowl
edgest
hatt
hest
atemay
nothav
eadequat
eresour
cesatt
het
imet
otakeal
lst
epst
oensur
etheexer
ciseof
t
heser
ight
s.Ar
ti
cl
e43(
5)(
a)l
ayst
hebur
denofpr
oofont
hest
atewher
eital
l
egest
hati
t
doesnothav
eadequat
eresour
cest
ofaci
l
itat
etheexer
ciseofsoci
o-economi
cri
ght
.
Ev
ent
hen,
theSt
atei
sexpect
edt
oensur
ethewi
destpossi
bleenj
oymentoft
her
ighti
n
t
hepr
evai
l
ing ci
rcumst
ances(
Art
icl
e43(
5)(
b).TheJudi
ciar
yisempower
ed byt
he
Const
it
uti
ont
oconf
eronwhet
hert
heSt
atehasi
nit
sal
l
ocat
ionofr
esour
cesensur
ed
t
hewi
destpossi
bleenj
oymentoft
her
ightorf
undament
alf
reedom i
nthel
i
ghtof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 99|
Page
pr
evai
l
ingci
rcumst
ances.

I
twi
l
lbeobser
vedt
hatt
hescopeoft
her
ight
sisnotl
i
mit
edt
othosepr
escr
ibedi
nthe
Const
it
uti
on.Ar
ti
cl
e2(
5&6)and21(
4)makei
tcl
eart
hatot
herr
ight
sandf
reedomsar
e
r
ecogni
zedi
nlaw.Ar
ti
cle2(
5)st
atest
hatt
hegener
alr
ulesofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw shal
l
f
orm par
toft
hel
aw ofKeny
a.Ar
ti
cle21(
4)st
atest
hat‘
thest
ateshal
lenactand
i
mpl
ementl
egi
sl
ati
ont
oful
fi
lit
sint
ernat
ionalobl
i
gat
ionsi
nrespectofhumanr
ight
s
andf
undament
alf
reedoms’
.Ar
ti
cle2(
6)t
henst
atest
hatanyt
reat
yorconv
ent
ion
r
ati
fi
edbyKeny
ashal
lfor
m par
toft
hel
aw.

Onev
iew oft
hesepr
ovi
sionsi
sthati
nter
nat
ionall
aw (
incl
udi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalhuman
r
ight
sst
andar
ds)aut
omat
ical
l
ybecomesl
awwi
thoutdomest
icat
ionunl
i
ket
hesi
tuat
ion
undert
he ol
d const
it
uti
on wher
etr
eat
ies r
ati
fi
ed by Keny
a st
il
lrequi
red t
o be
domest
icat
edbyappr
opr
iat
elegi
slat
ion.A secondv
iew i
sthatt
hepr
ovi
sionswer
e
ai
medatensur
ingt
hatPar
li
amentdomest
icat
esv
ari
oushumanr
ight
str
eat
iesr
ati
fi
ed
by t
he Execut
ive undert
he ol
d const
it
uti
on i
n or
dert
o cl
ose t
he gap bet
ween
r
ecogni
ti
onandenf
orcementoft
hoser
ight
s.Ther
ight
sasenshr
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on
wi
l
lbedi
scussedi
ndet
ail
sint
henextt
hreef
ort
hcomi
ngl
essons.

Whi
l
etheAr
ti
cl
esi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
schapt
erpr
ovi
decl
ari
tyont
her
ight
sduet
o
Keny
ans,t
hei
rreal
i
sat
ionr
equi
ressi
gni
fi
cantpol
i
cy,l
egalandadmi
nist
rat
ivechanges.
I
npar
ti
cul
ar,
thei
ncl
usi
onofeconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
sint
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
swi
l
l
r
equi
respeci
fi
canddel
i
ber
atel
egi
slat
iveandpol
i
cyi
nter
vent
ionsont
hepar
toft
he
st
atei
fpr
ogr
essi
ver
eal
i
sat
ioni
stobeachi
evedasenv
isagedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.

2) Li
mit
ati
onandDer
ogat
ions
Oneoft
hemai
ncr
it
ici
smsoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sundert
heol
dConst
it
uti
onwast
hatal
l
t
her
ight
sitguar
ant
eedwer
e‘subj
ectt
opr
ovi
sionsofl
aw’
.Thi
spr
ovi
dedt
heLegi
slat
ure
wi
thanav
enuef
orsev
erel
yli
mit
ingf
undament
alr
ight
sthatt
heConst
it
uti
onwasmeant
t
o pr
otect
.Ther
ight
sitguar
ant
eed wer
eal
l‘subj
ectt
o cl
aw-
backcl
auses’whi
ch
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 100|
Page
f
ett
eredt
hei
renj
oyment
.Thus,
sect
ion70pr
ovi
dedanout
li
neoft
her
ight
s,butst
atedi
n
br
oadt
ermsl
i
mit
ati
onsbasedupont
her
ight
sandf
reedomsofot
her
sort
hepubl
i
c
i
nter
est
.Subsequentsect
ionsi
ntheol
dconst
it
uti
ont
hendet
ail
edeachr
ightandt
he
ci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
chi
tcoul
dbel
i
mit
ed.Theef
fectoft
hiswast
hatt
her
ewer
e
mor
eexcept
ionst
other
ightt
hansubst
ant
ivepr
otect
ionst
her
eof
,wi
thChapt
erFi
veof
t
heol
dconst
it
uti
oni
nact
ualf
actcompr
isi
ngaBi
l
lout
li
ningexcept
ionst
ofundament
al
r
ight
srat
hert
hanpr
otect
inghumanr
ight
s.

TheConst
it
uti
onofKeny
abr
ingswi
thi
tcont
empor
aryt
hinki
ngonder
ogat
ionsand
l
i
mit
ati
oncl
auses.Der
ogat
ionshoul
dbedi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom l
i
mit
ati
on.Whi
l
eli
mit
ati
on
cov
ersal
lci
rcumst
ancest
hatar
ightmaybel
i
mit
ed,der
ogat
ionr
efer
stoexcept
ional
r
est
ri
cti
ons ofhuman r
ight
s dur
ing a decl
arat
ion ofa st
ate ofemer
gency
.Such
si
tuat
ionsi
ncl
udeci
vi
lwar
,nat
uraldi
sast
erori
nvasi
onbyaf
orei
gnpower
.Int
his
r
espect
,Ar
ti
cl
e 58(
6)oft
he Const
it
uti
on pr
ovi
des t
hatanyl
egi
slat
ion enact
ed i
n
consequenceofadecl
arat
ionofast
ateofemer
gencymayl
i
mitar
ightorf
undament
al
f
reedom i
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
stot
heext
entst
ri
ctl
yrequi
redbyt
heemer
gency
.Thi
s
pr
ovi
desanar
row setofci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
chst
atesmayder
ogat
efr
om t
he
st
ri
ctpr
ovi
sionsoft
heCov
enant
.

Ev
en t
hen,cer
tai
nfundament
alr
ight
s consi
der
ed as per
empt
ory nor
ms under
i
nter
nat
ionall orj
aw( uscogens)maynotbeder
ogat
ed.Thesenor
msar
erecogni
sedby
t
hei
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyasawhol
easbei
ngf
undament
alt
othemai
ntenanceofan
i
nter
nat
ionall
egalor
der
.These i
ncl
ude t
he absol
ute pr
ohi
bit
ion oft
ort
ure,cr
uel
,
i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
,fr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
yorser
vit
ude,t
he
r
ightt
o af
airt
ri
aland t
her
ightt derofhabeascor
o anor pus.Ar
ti
cle25 oft
he
Const
it
uti
oni
ncor
por
atest
hisconsensusandpr
ohi
bit
sanyf
orm ofl
i
mit
ati
onoft
hese
r
ight
s.

I
nter
msofl
i
mit
ati
ons,t
henew Const
it
uti
onmov
esawayf
rom sweepi
ngcl
aw-
back
cl
ausespr
esenti
ntheol
dConst
it
uti
on.I
nst
eadt
he2010Const
it
uti
onset
supagener
al
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 101|
Page
l
i
mit
ati
onscl
auseunderAr
ti
cle24wi
thcl
earcr
it
eri
athathav
etobemetbyeach
l
i
mit
ati
onbef
orei
tcanbeal
l
owedt
ost
and.Ar
ti
cle24pr
ovi
desf
orl
i
mit
ati
ont
othe
ext
entt
hati
tisr
easonabl
eandj
ust
if
iabl
einanopenanddemocr
ati
csoci
etyt
aki
ngi
nto
accountr
elev
antf
act
orsl
i
stedt
her
ein.

3) Pr
otect
iveMechani
sms
Thenew Const
it
uti
oni
snotonl
yext
ensi
vei
nset
ti
ngupguar
ant
eesofr
ight
sbutal
so
seekst
opr
otectt
hem f
rom i
nter
fer
encebybot
hSt
ateandnon-
stat
eact
ors.I
mpor
tant
ly,
Ar
ti
cle22pr
ovi
desf
oranumberofr
emedi
est
hatmaybeav
ail
abl
etoani
ndi
vi
dualor
gr
oupuponappl
i
cat
iont
oacour
tfort
hev
iol
ati
onoff
undament
alr
ight
.Thesear
e
cl
ear
lyspel
touti
nAr
ti
cle23andi
tsv
ari
oussect
ions.

I
naddi
ti
on,
ther
ear
eot
hermechani
smst
hathav
ebeenputi
npl
acet
owar
dspr
otect
ing
t
her
ight
sguar
ant
eedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.Thesei
ncl
udet
her
oleoft
hecour
ts,
whi
chwe
hav
eal
readyment
ioned,andsecur
it
yagenci
es,t
her
oleofcor
rect
ionalser
vicesaswel
l
ast
her
oleofCommi
ssi
ons.Thi
swi
l
lbef
ormt
hesubj
ectofdi
scussi
onunderHuman
r
ight
senf
orcementmechani
sm,
comi
ngt
owar
dst
heendoft
hi se.
scour

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)Di
scussr
easonswhyKeny
anshadbeenagi
tat
ingf
oranewconst
it
uti
onand
expl
aint
hev
ari
ousst
epsunder
takent
oev
ent
ual
l
ydel
i
vert
heConst
it
uti
onof
Keny
a2010.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 102|
Page
 2)Di
scusst
henat
ionalv
aluesandpr
inci
plesuponwhi
cht
heConst
it
uti
onof
Keny
a2010r
est
s.
3)Expl
ain how i
mpor
tantt
he Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s chapt
eroft
he const
it
uti
on i
s
i
mpor
tantf
ory
ouasaKeny
anci
ti
zeni
nuphol
dingy
ourr
ight
s.
4)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentway
sinwhi
cht
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
on2010at
tempt
sto
dor
efor
mat
ionsont
heel
ect
oral
syst
em i
nKeny
a
5)Whatdowemeanbyt
heLi
mit
ati
onandder
ogat
ionscl
ausei
ntheKeny
a
Const
it
uti
on2010?
6)Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm‘
progr
essi
ver
eal
i
sat
ion’
?
7)Expl
aint
hest
atementt
hatal
l‘
fr
eedomscomewi
thr
esponsi
bil
i
ties’
.

FURTHERREADI
NG
Akech,M.(
2010)I
nst
it
uti
onalRef
ormi
ntheNew Const
it
uti a.I
onofKeny nter
nat
ional
Cent
ref
orTr
ansi
ti
onalJust
ice
Const
it
uti
onofKenya1963(
Repeal
ed)
.Av
ail
abl
eatwww.
keny
alaw.
org
Const
it
uti
onofKenya2010.Avai
l
abl
eatwww.
keny
alaw.
org
Cot
trel
l
,J.&Ghai
,Y.P.(
2007)Const
it
uti
onMaki
ngandDemocr
ati
sat
ioni
nKeny
a(2000
1)Democr
–2005)14( ati
sat
ion1-
25.
Kany
inga,Kar
uti(
2007)
’Pol
i
ticalChangei
nKeny
a’.I
nWany
ande,Pet
er,Mar
yOmosa
andChwey
aLudeki( )Gov
eds. ernanceandTr
ansi
ti
onPol
i
ticsi
nKenya.Nai
robi
.
Uni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi
Press.
Mai
na,Wachi
r 1996)Const
a( it
uti
onalCr
isi
sinKenya:Ani
nqui
ryi
ntoi
tsOr
igi
ns,Nat
ure
andPr
ospect
sforRef
orm.Apaperpr
esent
edt
otheI
nst
it
uteofpol
i
cyAnal
ysi
sand
Resear
ch(
IPAR)pr
ojectonConst
it
uti
on-
Maki
ngi
nKeny
a.
Mr
ashui 2011)Keny
,J.L.( aPr
omul
gat
esaNew Const
it
uti
on.Ar
myWarCol
lCar
li
sle
Bar
racks,
Pennsy
lvani
a.
Mwal
i 1989)TheKeny
mu,C.( aLegalSyst
em:AnOver
view.Washi
ngt
onDC:Li
brar
yof
Congr
ess
Ngondi
-Hought 2005)TheSt
onC ( ateofHumanRi
ght
sinKenya:A basel
i
nesur
vey
r
epor
t.Nai
robi
:Keny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onofHumanRi
ght
s&Mi
nist
ryofj
ust
ice
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 103|
Page
 andConst
it
uti
onal
Aff
air
s.
Oj
wang, 1990)Const
J.B.( it
uti
onalDevel
opmenti
nKenya.Nai
robi
:ACTSPr
ess
Ol
ewe,Ny
uny
a(1997)ThePol
i
ticsofConst
it
uti
onMaki
ng:TheKenyanCol
oni
aland
PostCol
oni
alExper
ience.J.D.Paperpr edon29th–31stJanuar
esent y1997
Thuku,M.(
2011)‘
The Keny
an Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s(2010)
:Consol
i
dat
ing t
he Gai
nsand
anal
ysi
ngt
heDomest
icat
ionofI
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sInst
rument
s’.Wor
king
Paper(
Apr
il2011.

APPENDI
X
Tabl
e:ASummar
yoft
heAmendment
stot
heI
ndependenceConst
it
uti
on
AMENDMENT NATURE/ EFFECTOFAMENDMENT
1964:Independent §Feder al (Maj imbo)syst em heav ilyer oded
Parl
iamentamendedt he§Concent rationofpoweri nt hepr esi dencybegan
Consti
tuti
ont omake §Cr eatedt hebasi sofadef actosi ngl e-partysy stem
KenyaaRepubl i
c N/ B
Col onial admi nistrat i
onsy stem r emai nedi ntactandv ariouscol onial
repr essiv el awsr emai nedunchanged
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a §MadeKeny aaRepubl i
c
(Amendment)ActNo28 §Cr eatedof f
iceoft hePr esi dentandmadehi m bothHeadofst ateand
of1964 Gov er nment
§Pr esidentel ect edbyHouseofRepr esent ativ
esconst i
tutedasEl ectoral
college
§Execut iv eAut hor ityofJi mboshi ghl ywat ereddown
§Modi fiedpr ovisionsf orci t
izenshi pandl ocal author i
ties
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a §Tr ansf er redt oPar li
amentpower st oal t
err egional boundar i
es.Or i
ginall
y
(Amendment)(No2)Act thispowerwaswi tht her egions
No38of1964 §I ndependentsour cesofr ev enuet or egionsst oppedmaki ngthem
ent i
relydependentonCent ral Gov ernment
§Regi onal presi dent swer enowdesi gnat edaschai rmen
§Appoi nt i
ngaut hor ityofJudgesgi venabsol utelytot hePr esi
dent .
Requi rementf orconsul tationwi t
hatl east4r egional pr esidentsbef ore
appoi nt i
ngCJr emov ed.
§Ex- Offici oMPsl oset heirv otesi nNat i
onal Assembl y
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a §Const itutionamendmentt hr eshol dr educedf rom 90%t o65%i nSenat e
(Amendment)ActNo14 and75%t o65%i nHouseofRepr esent at i
ves
of1965 §Execut iv epowerofr egionsdel et edcompl etely
§Abol i
shedappeal st oPr i
v yCounci l;Supr emeCour tr eplacedwi thHigh
Cour t
§Appr ov al ofEmer gencyi ncr easedf r
om 7t o21day sandt hr
eshol d
reducedt osi mpl emaj orityfrom 65%
§Remov edpr ov isionsconcer ningcont r
ol ofagr icul
tur al l
andt ransact i
ons
from t heConst i
tution
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Requi r edMPswhohadnotat t
endedNat ional Assembl yf orov er8

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 104|
Page
(Amendment)ActNo16 si t
tingsimpr i
sonedf orov er6mont hsort olosetheirseat
s(ManyKANU
of1966 rebelswerenotgoi ngtoNA)andsomehadj oinedKeny aPeoplesUnion
(KPU)
§ Mi ni
sterinchar geofcitizenshi pgiv
endi scr
etiontograntcit
izenshi
pto
commonweal thciti
zensresi dinginKenyaf orover6mont hs
§I ncreasedpower storulebydecr eethroughaNat i
onalExecuti
ve
Presidency
§ Nat i
onal YouthSer vi
cei ncludedindiscipli
nedf or
ces.
Consti
tuti
onofKenya § Requi r
edanMPt oseekr e-electi
onattheendoft hesessi
onofhi s
(Amendment)(No2)Act defection
No17of1966( Turn § Meantt odeal withthoseKPUmember swhohadl eftKANUwi thout
CoatRule) resi
gningt heirseats.

Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Per i
odofNAr ev i
ewofEmer gencyor der sincreasedf rom 2t o8mont hs
(Amendment)(No3)Act § Gr eat erandwi derder ogat ionsoff undament al rightandf r
eedoms
No18of1966 permi tt
ed.Remov edt hepr ov isioncal li
ngf orr easonabl ej ustif
icationfor
suchder ogat ions
§ Meantt oal lowf ordet ent ionofr ecent lydef ect edKPUl eader s
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Bot hhousesamal gamat edt of or m onNat ional Assembl y(NA)
(Amendment)(No4)Act § Incr easedconst ituenci esby41t oaccommodat eSenat eMPs
No19of1966 § Quor um ofNAf i
xedat30
§ SpeakerofNAmadeChai rofEl ect oralCommi ssionofKeny aassi st
ed
byt woPr esident ial appoi ntees
§ Ref erencest oSenat edel etedandl if
eofNAext endedt oendi nJune
1970i nst eadof1968
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Meantt ocl eardoubtov erSect ion42A( Tur nCoatRul e)
(Amendment)ActNo4 § Backdat edt heef f ectoft heFi fthAmendmentt o1963.
of1967 § KPUmember sar guedt hatt heamendmentcameaf t
ert heyhad
decamped
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Abol i
shedPr ov inci alCounci lsanddel etedf rom t heconst i
tutionany
(Amendment)ActNo16 r eferencest ot hepr ov i
nci al anddi st rictboundar iesandal terationsthereof
of1968
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § El ectionofPr esi dentmadet obebyuni v ersal suf f
rage
(Amendment)(No2)Act § Ev er ypar t
yr equi redt onomi nat eaPr esident ial Candi dat e
No16of1968 § Bal lotpapermadet opai rPr esi dentandMPf rom samepar ty
§I ndependentcandi datesbar redf rom cont est i
ng
§ Qual i
ficat i
onsf orpr esi dencyi nt roduced
§ Pr esidentempower edt oappoi ntmember sofPSCandnomi nate12
MPs
§ Al teredpr ov isionsofpr esident ial successi onandr emov ed
parliament aryappr ov alf orst at eofemer gencydecl aration
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Consol idatedal ltheConst it utional amendment sasatFebr uar y1969
(Amendment)ActNo5 t herebyr esul ti
ngi nar ev isedConst itutionf orKeny ainonedocument
of1969 whi chwasdecl ar edt obet heaut hent icdocument
§ Member shipofECKal ter edbymaki ngal lmember sappoi ntedbyt he
Presi dent
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § MadeKi swahi l
i oneoft heof fi
ci allanguagesoft heNat ional Assembly
(Amendment)ActNo5 § Reducedt heageofv ot ingf rom 21t o18
&10of1974
Consti
tut
ionofKeny
a § Repeal edConst itutionofKeny a( Amendment )No2of1974
(Amendment)ActNo1 § Pr ov i
dedt hatal lfinanci al resol utionsandwr ittenl awsbepr esentedto
of1975 theHouseshal lbewr itteni nEngl i
sh, andal l
ot heri ssueswoul dbe
debat edi nKi swahi l
i
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 105|
Page
 § Extendedt hePr esi dent i
al prerogat iv
et oincl udeannul ling
disquali
ficat ionsar isingoutofar ul i
ngoft heEl ectionsCour t–Ngei
Amendment( meantt obenef itMi nist erPaul Ngei )
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Establishedt heCour tofAppeal
(Amendment)ActNo13 § Abol i
shedt her i
ghtt odi r ect l
yr emi tcompensat ionf oracqui sitionof
of1977 propertyabr oadwi thoutcompl yingwi t
hf oreignexchanger egul ation
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Prov i
dedf oruseofEngl i
shasanal t
er nativ ePar l
iament arylanguage
(Amendment)ActNo1 § Pr oficiencyi nKi swahi limadeapr erequi sitef orqual i
fi
cat ionf orpeopl e
of1979 seekingpar li
ament ar yof fice
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Speci f
ied per iodwi thinwhi chaci vilser vantmustr esignt oseekof f
ice
(Amendment)ActNo5 § 6mont hspr i
ort opr el i
mi nar yel ect i
ons
of1979
Consti
tut
ionofKenya §I ntr
oducedSect ion2At hatchangedKeny af rom adef act ot odej ur
e
(Amendment)ActNo7 onepar tyst at emaki ngKeny aaone- part yst atebyLaw
of1982 § Turncoatr ule( FifthAmendment )repeal ed
§ Def i
niti
onofaPol it
ical Par tydel eted
§ Met hodofnomi nationsf orGener al Elect i
onsamendedmaki ngt hem a
preserveofKANU
Consti
tut
ionofKenya §Repeal edSect ion89whi chpr ov i
dedf oraut omat i
cci ti
zenshi pf or
(Amendment)ActNo6 peopl ebor ni nKeny aaf terDec1963.Hencef or t
h, eitherofy ourpar ents
&No14of1986 mustbeKeny an
§r emov edSecur i
tyofTenur eofAGandAudi tor&Cont rollerGener al
§ abolishedof fi
ceofChi efSecr et ar y
§ providedf oranewmi n168andmax188Const it
uenci es
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Madeal lCapi tal offencesnon- bai l
able
(Amendment)ActNo20 § Politi
cal pr isoner sent renchedi nt heCr iminal Just icesy stem
of1987
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Legal i
seddet entionofCapi talof fender sf or14day swi thoutt rial
(Amendment)ActNo8 allowingf ort imet ot or ture
of1988 § Remov edsecur ityoft enur eofconst i
tut i
onal off i
cehol der s
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Returnedt hesecur ityoft enur eofconst i
tut ional of ficehol ders
(Amendment)Act1990 § Prov i
dedf oramaxof210andmi nof188Const i
tuenci es
Consti
tut
ionofKenya § Repeal edsect i
on2Aoft heConst i
tutionhenceendi ngt hedej ureone-
(Amendment)ActNo partyrulei nKeny a
12of1991 § TheTur nCoatRul e( FifthAmendment )wasr eintroduced
§Thenomi nat i
onpr ocedur el eadingt oel ectionsoft heNat ional Assembl y
andPr esidencywer eamendedt oaccommodat emul t i
par tyr ule.
§ Adef initionofapol i
tical par tywasadopt ed.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 106|
Page
 LESSONSEI
GHTANDNI
NE

ADI
SCUSSI
ONOFSELECTRI
GHTS1
WendoNabea

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
het
wol
essons,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Demonst
rat
eunder
standi
ngoft
heconcept
sofequal
i
ty,di
scr
imi
nat
ionandnon-
di
scr
imi
nat
ion;
2)Di
scussi
nter
nat
ional
,regi
onalandnat
ionali
nst
rument
sinf
ormi
ngf
reedomsand
r
ight
s;
3)Expl
aint
hepr
ocessoff
oundi
ngdi
ff
erentr
ight
sandf
reedoms;
4)Expl
ainav
ari
etyofsel
ectf
reedomsandr
ight
s;
5)Gi
veexampl
esofdi
ff
erentf
reedomsandr
ight
s;and
6)Exami
nedebat
essur
roundi
ngdi
ff
erentr
ight
sandf
reedoms

LessonOut
li
ne
1 I
ntr
oduct
ion
11 Equal
i
ty,
Discr
imi
nat
ionandNon-
Discr
imi
nat
ion
1)Di
spar
it
yint
reat
ment
2)Ef
fectandpur
pose
3)Gr
oundsofapr
ohi
bit
ion
111 Fr
eedomsandRi
ght
s
1)Ci
vi
lri
ght
s
a) Ri
ghtorf
reedom t
oli
fe
2)Fr
eedom bef
oret
hel
aw

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 107|
Page
 3)Fr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion
4)Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
on
5)Fr
eedom /r
ightt
olanguage
6)TheHumanr
ight
sofwomen
a)For
msofwomendi
scr
imi
nat
ionandsubj
ugat
ion
b)Ef
for
tst
ocheckwomensubj
ugat
ion
7)Ri
ght
sofachi
l
d
a)Ty
pesofchi
l
d’sr
ight
s
10)Ri
ght
soft
hemi
nor
it
y
11)Ri
ght
soft
hey
out
h

1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Wi
thi
nthenextt
wol
essons,wear
egoi
ngt
odi
scusst
heconcept
sofequal
i
tyand
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.Wewi
l
llookatt
hedi
ff
erentf
reedomsandr
ight
sthatar
eav
ail
abl
etoal
l
human bei
ngs.We wi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
yhav
e a di
scussi
on ofsel
ectr
ight
s;speci
fi
cal
l
y,
women’
sri
ght
s,chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sandmi
nor
it
yri
ght
s.

11 EQUALI
TY,
DISCRI
MINATI
ONANDNON-
DISCRI
MINATI
ON
Bef
oreaddr
essi
ngt
heconcept
sof‘
equal
i
ty’
and‘
non-
discr
imi
nat
ion’
,i
twoul
dpayof
fto
begi
nbyr
efl
ect
ingont
heconceptof‘
discr
imi
nat
ion’
.Wei
wei(
2004:
8)st
atest
hat
di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
s:
t
oimpl
yanydi
sti
nct
ion,excl
usi
on,r
est
ri
cti
onorpr
efer
encewhi
chi
sbasedon
anygr
oundsuchasr
ace,
col
our
,sex
,language,
rel
i
gion,
pol
i
ticalorot
heropi
nion,
nat
ionalorsoci
alor
igi
n,pr
oper
ty,bi
rt
h orot
herst
atus,and whi
ch hast
he
pur
poseorst
atusofnul
l
ify
ing,ori
mpai
ri
ngt
her
ecogni
ti
onorenj
oymentofal
l
per
sonsonequal
foot
ing,
ofal
lri
ght
sandf
reedoms.

TheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)
,sub-
commi
ssi
onont
hePr
event
ion
ofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionandPr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
sst
atest
hatdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
sthe
pr
event
ionofanyact
ionwhi
chdeni
esi
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupsofpeopl
etheequal
i
tyof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 108|
Page
t
reat
mentwhi
cht
heymaywi
sh.Thesub-
commi
ssi
onhowev
er,ar
guest
hatdi
ff
erent
ial
t
reat
mentofsuchi
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupsi
slegi
ti
mat
ewheni
tispr
act
isedi
nthei
nter
est
oft
hei
rsat
isf
act
ionoroft
hatt
hecommuni
tyasawhol
e.Thedef
ini
ti
onmakesacl
ear
di
sti
nct
ionbet
weendi
ff
erent
iat
ionmadei
nthei
nter
estofequal
i
ty,anddi
scr
imi
nat
ion
madeonunwant
ed,
inv
idi
ous,
unr
easonabl
eandi
l
legi
ti
mat
egr
ounds.

I
nvi
ew oft
his,bot
h‘equal
i
ty’and ‘
non-
discr
imi
nat
ion’hav
eposi
ti
veand negat
ive
connot
ati
ons.Wei
wei(
2004)ar
guest
hatequal
i
tyi
s,‘
theabsenceofnon-
discr
imi
nat
ion,
anduphol
dingt
hepr
inci
pleofnon-
discr
imi
nat
ionbet
weengr
oupswi
l
lpr
oduceequal
i
ty’
.

Fr
om t
hef
oregoi
ngdef
ini
ti
ons,i
tispossi
blet
oteaseoutsomekeyf
act
orsr
egar
ding
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.Thesei
ncl
ude;adi
ff
erencei
ntr
eat
ment
,hav
ingadef
ini
teef
fectand
bear
ingapr
ohi
bit
iononsomegr
ound.

1) Di
spar
it
yint
reat
ment
Amongt
hekeywor
dsi
nthedef
ini
ti
onofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionar
e‘di
sti
nct
ion,
’‘excl
usi
on’
,
‘
rest
ri
cti
on’
or‘
pref
erence’
.Howev
er,
theset
ermsar
enotal
way
sdi
abol
i
casf
ari
nast
he
quest
ionofdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
sconcer
ned.Forexampl
eint
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
on,i
tis
pr
ovi
dedt
hatatl
eastonet
hir
dofpeopl
einl
eader
shi
pmustbeofei
thergender
.Take
t
hisexampl
e:
Apubl
i
cof
fi
ceadv
ert
isesf
oradmi
nist
rat
iveposi
ti
onssuchast
hoseoft
heDi
rect
or,
Assi
stant Di
rect
or,Execut
ive Secr
etar
y,Tr
easur
er and Deput
y Tr
easur
er. The
appl
i
cat
ionsar
esenti
n,shor
t-
li
sti
ngi
sdone,
andi
nvi
tat
ionst
othei
nter
viewsar
emade.
Att
heendoft
heday
,itemer
gest
othei
nter
viewi
ngpanelt
hatt
hosewhohav
escor
ed
hi
ghestf
oral
lthesl
otsar
emen.Thi
spr
esent
sacompl
i
cat
edscenar
iof
ort
hepanel
l
ist
s.
I
fal
lthemenar
econsi
der
edf
ort
heposi
ti
ons,t
hent
her
ewi
l
lbev
iol
ati
onoft
he
const
it
uti
oni
nthatt
heone-
thi
rdgenderr
ulei
nleader
shi
pwi
l
lnothav
ebeenf
oll
owed.
Yet
,toconsi
deratl
eastt
wooft
heposi
ti
onsf
orwomenwhohadr
ankedbel
ow men
mayt
akecar
eoft
hispossi
blei
nfr
ingement
,buti
tisanexcl
usi
onorr
est
ri
cti
onont
he
menwhohadqual
i
fied,hencedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Howwoul
dthepanel
l
ist
sgetoutoft
his
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 109|
Page
quandar
y?

Goi
ngbyt
hedef
ini
ti
onsabov
e,t
hepanel
l
ist
scandeci
det
oinv
oket
hepr
efer
enceof
women,
andr
est
ri
cti
onoft
hemen,
tol
egi
ti
miseonet
hir
doft
hel
eader
shi
pposi
ti
onst
o
women.I
nthi
scase,t
hedi
ff
erent
ialt
reat
ment
,ordi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
fyoul
i
ke,i
smadei
n
t
hei
nter
est
soft
heConst
it
uti
onandwomenf
olk,whom t
heonet
hir
dar
ti
clei
soutt
o
cat
erf
or.

The Human Ri
ght
s Commi
ssi
on i
n Gener
alCommentNo 18 af
fi
rms t
hatsome
di
ff
erent
ial
treat
mentcanbeaccept
abl
eif
:
i
,Thegoal
ist
oachi
eveal
egi
ti
mat
epur
pose
i
i
,Thecr
it
eri
afort
hedi
ff
erent
iat
ionar
ereasonabl
eandobj
ect
ive.

I
nrespectoft
heabov
e,t
hepanel
l
ist
swhoconsi
dert
het
wowomenf
ort
heposi
ti
ons,
despi
tet
hei
rranki
ngbel
owmen,
canl
egi
ti
miset
hei
rchoi
cebyar
gui
ngt
hati
twasdr
iven
byal
egi
ti
mat
epur
pose,andt
hati
twasr
easonabl
eandobj
ect
ive.Doy
ouconsi
dert
his
asal
egi
ti
mat
ear
gumentbyt
hePanel
?

2) Ef
fectandpur
pose
Fr
om t
hedef
ini
ti
onsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionordi
ff
erent
ialt
reat
ment
,itemer
gest
hatt
her
e
oughtt
obepr
oofofani
njur
iousef
fect
.Yet
,suchanef
fectmayf
urt
herr
equi
rei
ntentor
pur
poseoft
heaut
hort
omaket
hedi
scr
imi
nat
ionf
ool
proof
.Howev
er,consi
der
ingt
hat
pur
posecanbei
mpal
pabl
e,i
tissomet
imesdi
ff
icul
ttoi
ssuet
hesubj
ect
ivenecessar
y
i
ntent
iont
oqual
i
fyanactasdi
scr
imi
nat
ory
.Hence,
apur
posei
snotal
way
sanecessar
y
i
ngr
edi
entf
oradi
scr
imi
nat
oryact
.Iti
sfort
hisr
easont
hatt
her
eist
endencyt
oref
ert
o
di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nvi
ew oft
henot
iceabl
eef
fect
.Forexampl
e,t
hepur
poseoff
emal
e
ci
rcumci
sionmaynotnecessar
il
ypr
ovedi
scr
imi
nat
ive,butt
heef
fectoft
her
it
ecoul
d
pr
ovesot
othegi
rlchi
l
d.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 110|
Page
3) Gr
oundsofapr
ohi
bit
ion
Gener
all
y,t
hreeway
sar
eusedt
oexpl
aingr
oundsonwhi
chdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
spr
ohi
bit
ed.
Onei
stocomeupwi
thabr
oad-
text
uredequal
i
tyguar
ant
eei
ndi
cat
ingt
hatal
lper
sons
ar
eequalwi
thoutnecessar
il
yment
ioni
ngonwhatgr
ounds.I
nthi
sregar
d,t
hej
udgecan
deci
dewhenapr
ohi
bit
ioni
sfl
out
ed.Thesecondwayi
stocomeupwi
thl
egi
slat
ionwi
th
acompr
ehensi
vel
i
stoft
hegr
oundsf
ort
hepr
ohi
bit
ion.I
tisi
mper
ati
vet
onot
ethat
gr
oundscanbeaddedorr
emov
edt
hroughl
egi
slat
ion,andnotj
udi
cial
l
y,hencet
he
secondmodedoesnotal
l
owr
oom f
ort
hedi
scr
eti
onofj
udges.Thet
hir
dhasal
i
stof
gr
oundsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion,andi
scl
eart
hatt
hel
i
sti
snotexhaust
ive.Thi
sist
hemode
adopt
ed by UDHR,I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enanton Ci
vi
land Pol
i
ticalRi
ght
s(I
CCPR)
,
I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(I
CESCR)ort
heAf
ri
can
Char
ter
.

111 FREEDOMSANDRI
GHTS
Ther
ear
evar
iousi
nst
rument
sthatpr
otectpeopl
e’
sfr
eedomsandr
ight
s.Thesear
e
l
ocalandi
nter
nat
ional
.Amongt
hem ar
etheKeny
anConst
it
uti
on,
UDHR,
ICCPR,
ICESCR
andt
heAf
ri
canChar
ter
.Theconst
it
uti
onofKeny
arecogni
zesandpr
otect
sfr
eedomsas
spel
touti
nChapt
erFouroft
heconst
it
uti
on,speci
fi
cal
l
yint
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.Ar
ti
cle19
(
2)st
atest
hat
:
[
..
.]t
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
srecogni
sesandpr
otect
shumanr
ight
sandf
undament
al
f
reedomsi
nor
dert
opr
eser
vedi
gni
tyofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandcommuni
ti
est
opr
omot
e
soci
alj
ust
ice.
Meanwhi
l
eAr
ti
cl
e21(
1)af
fi
rmst
hati
tist
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
heSt
ateandev
eryst
ate
or
gant
o:
obser
ve,
respect
,pr
otect
,ful
fi
landpr
omot
ethef
undament
alf
reedomsi
ntheBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s.

TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sfur
therr
ecogni
sest
heser
ight
s,i
ndi
cat
eswhent
heycanl
i
mit
ed,how
t
he l
i
mit
ati
on can be execut
ed and speci
fi
est
he r
ight
soft
hose af
fect
ed byt
he
l
i
mit
ati
on.Whi
l
esomer
ight
scanbel
i
mit
edwi
thl
egi
ti
mat
ereasons,ot
her
scannotbe
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 111|
Page
l
i
mit
ed.Ar
ti
cle25i
scat
egor
icalt
hatf
undament
alf
reedomssuchasf
reedom f
rom
t
ort
ureanddegr
adi
ngt
reat
ment
,fr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
yorser
vit
ude,t
her
ightt
oaf
air
t
ri
alandar
i oahabeascor
ghtt pus(
awr
itr
equi
ri
ngaper
sonunderar
restt
obebr
ought
bef
oreaj
udgeori
ntoacour
t)shal
lnotbel
i
mit
ed.

1) Ci
vi
lri
ght
s
Thet
erm‘
ci
vi
lri
ght
s’i
sgener
all
yusedwi
thr
efer
encet
other
ight
ssetouti
nthe18
ar
ti
clesoft
heUDHR.Mostoft
hesear
edesi
gnedasbi
ndi
ngt
reat
ynor
msi
nthe
I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s(I
CCPR)
.Theyi
ncl
uder
ight
sdeal
i
ng
wi
th‘
phy
sicali
ntegr
it
y’deal
i
ngwi
thconcer
nssuchasone’
sli
ber
ty,
secur
it
y,r
ightt
oli
fe,
andwhi
chof
ferpr
otect
ionf
rom phy
sicalv
iol
enceagai
nstt
heper
son.Theyal
soi
ncl
ude
pr
otect
ion agai
nstdet
ent
ion,sl
aver
y and ser
vit
ude,t
ort
ure,i
nhuman t
reat
ment
,
det
ent
ion,
arbi
tr
aryar
rest
,fr
eedom ofconsci
enceandr
eli
gionorf
reedom ofmov
ement
.

a) Ri
ghtorf
reedom t
oli
fe
Ar
ti
cle6.
1oft
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
sst
atest
hat
:
Ev
eryhumanbei
nghast
hei
nher
entr
ightt
oli
fe.Thi
sri
ghtshal
lbepr
otect
edby
l
aw.Nooneshal
lbear
bit
rar
il
ydepr
ivedofhi
sli
fe.
Meanwhi
l
etheUni
tedDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sAr
ti
cle3asser
ts:
Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
oli
fe,
li
ber
tyandsecur
it
yofper
son.

TheKeny
anConst
it
uti
onaddr
essest
her
ightt
oli
fei
nAr
ti
cle26oft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.
Cl
auses(
1-4)af
fi
rmt
hatev
eryper
sonhast
her
ightt
oli
fe;t
hatt
hel
i
feofaper
son
begi
nsatconcept
ion;andt
hataper
sonshal
lnotbedepr
ivedofl
i
fei
ntent
ional
l
y.Yet
,
Ar
ti
cle26(
3)l
eav
esr
oom f
ori
ntent
ionaldepr
ivat
ionofl
i
fe.I
tst
atest
hat
,‘
aper
sonshal
l
notbedepr
ivedofl
i
fei
ntent
ional
l
y,exceptt
otheext
entaut
hor
isedbyt
hisConst
it
uti
on
orot
herwr
it
tenl
aw.I
naddi
ti
on,i
tisst
ipul
atedt
hatabor
ti
oni
snotper
mit
tedunl
ess
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 112|
Page
when i
nthe opi
nion ofa t
rai
ned heal
th pr
ofessi
onal
,iti
sjust
if
ied by cr
uci
al
ci
rcumst
ancesori
sper
mit
tedbyanyot
herwr
it
tenl
aw.

Ar
ti
cle26hasel
i
cit
edheat
eddebat
einKeny
aast
owhet
heri
tsubt
lyal
l
owsabor
ti
onor
not
,andt
hisdebat
eisboundt
oint
ensi
fyi
nthecomi
ngday
sbet
weenpr
o-l
i
fecr
usader
s
ont
heonehand,andpr
o-choi
ceandabor
ti
on-
ri
ght
sact
ivi
stsont
heot
herhand.Att
he
samet
ime,
event
houghnocapi
tal
puni
shmenthast
akenpl
acei
nKeny
asi
nce1987,
the
deat
hpenal
tyr
emai
nsi
nthebooksandmanypeopl
ear
ewai
ti
ngont
hedeat
hrow.
Ther
ear
ear
gument
sthatt
hedeat
hpenal
tyi
saf
orm oft
ort
ure,i
scr
uel
,inhumanand
degr
adi
ng,
andcoul
dcont
rav
eneAr
ts.25(
a)and29(
f),
whi
chout
lawsucht
reat
mentor
puni
shment
.

Ther
ightt
oli
fei
sfundament
alandadv
ocat
est
hatahumanbei
nghast
her
ightnott
o
beext
ermi
nat
edbyanot
herhumanbei
ng.Ther
ighti
snonet
hel
esscont
rov
ersi
ali
n
r
espectt
oissuessuchassel
fdef
ence(
e.g.bypol
i
ceof
fi
cer
s),
capi
talpuni
shment
,war
oreut
hanasi
a.Forexampl
e,al
egi
onofhumanr
ight
sact
ivi
stshol
dst
hatt
hedeat
h
penal
tyi
nfr
ingesont
her
ightt
oli
fe.TheUni
tedNat
ionshasadv
isedcount
ri
esr
etai
ning
t
hedeat
hpenal
tyt
oest
abl
i
shamor
ator
ium oncapi
talt
oit
sev
ent
ualabol
i
tion.(
Ref
.to
ACPHRAr
t.4;
ICCPRAr
t.6;
CRCAr
t.6orAf
ri
canChi
l
dChar
terAr
t.5)
.

2) Fr
eedom bef
oret
hel
aw
Fr
eedom i
sfundament
alt
omosthumanbei
ngs.Yet
,akeycomponentoff
reedom i
s
equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw.Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw ensur
est
hatt
her
eisegal
i
tar
iani
sm i
n
t
heenf
orcementoft
hel
aw.Thus,at
ransgr
essi
onoft
hel
awshoul
dbepuni
shedwi
th
equalmeasur
etoal
lpeopl
einapar
ti
cul
arj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Forexampl
e,i
fast
reetman
commi
tsmur
derandr
ecei
vesasent
enceofl
i
fei
mpr
isonment
,soshoul
daMi
nist
er
whocommi
tsasi
mil
arf
elony
.

Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw al
soensur
esandguar
ant
eesequalr
ight
s.Equalr
ight
ssi
mpl
y
i
mpl
ythatwhatoneci
ti
zencando,anot
heronei
sent
it
ledt
odot
hesame.Hence,i
f
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 113|
Page
Mogakai
sfr
eet
ooper
ateaki
oski
nadesi
gnat
edar
ea,andsodoesOt
ieno,i
fthe
count
rysubscr
ibest
othenot
ionofequalr
ight
s.I
foneper
soni
sal
l
owedt
ost
arta
busi
nessv
ent
urei
nasoci
etyt
hatr
ecogni
sesequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw,anyot
herper
son
r
egar
dlessofr
ace,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,cr
eed,cl
assorsexualor
ient
ati
oncanbel
i
censed
t
orunasi
mil
arv
ent
ure.I
nal
i
kev
ein,i
tcanbear
guedt
hati
fCompanyAi
sal
l
owedt
o
oper
ateaRadi
oSt
ati
on,
soshoul
dCompanyBi
fitexpr
essesi
nter
estt
odoso.

I
ntheKeny
anConst
it
uti
onAr
ti
cle27(
1),t
her
eisguar
ant
eeofequalr
ight
sbef
oret
he
l
aw.I
tasser
tst
hat
:
Ev
eryper
soni
sequalbef
oret
hel
aw andhast
her
ightt
oequalpr
otect
ionand
equal
benef
itoft
hel
aw.
Ar
ti
cle27(
2-5)ar
ti
cul
atet
hatequal
i
tyi
ncl
udest
hef
ullandequalenj
oymentofal
lri
ght
s
andf
undament
alf
reedom;t
hatwomenandmenhav
ether
ightt
oequalt
reat
menti
nal
l
spher
esandt
hat t
heSt
ateoraper
sonshal
lnotdi
scr
imi
nat
edi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly
agai
nstanyper
sononanygr
ounds.Ar
ti
cle27(
6-8)expr
essneedst
obedonet
oreal
i
se
t
hef
ullef
fect
soft
her
ight
saspr
ovi
dedf
ori
ntheAr
ti
cle.Thesei
ncl
udeaf
fi
rmat
ive
act
ionpr
ogr
ammesandpol
i
ciesdesi
gnedt
oredr
essanydi
sadv
ant
agesuf
fer
edby
i
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupsasar
esul
tofpastdi
scr
imi
nat
ion,t
hemeanst
oaut
hent
icat
ethe
l
egi
ti
macyofsuchdi
sadv
ant
ages,aswel
last
hel
egi
slat
iveact
ionandot
hermeasur
es
t
oexecut
ethepr
inci
ple.

Asoci
etyt
hatr
ecogni
sest
hehumani
tyofal
lbei
ngsbel
i
evesi
nfr
eedom andequal
i
ty
bef
oret
hel
aw.Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awacknowl
edgest
hatal
lpeopl
ehav
esomet
hingt
o
cont
ri
but
etosoci
ety
;hence,
theymustnotbehi
nder
ed.Humansmustchoosehowbest
t
ocont
ri
but
etosoci
ety
.

3) Fr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion
Fr
eedom ofr
eli
gionorf
reedom ofbel
i
efi
sat
enett
hatsuppor
tst
hef
reedom ofpeopl
e,
ei
theri
ndi
vi
dual
l
yorcol
l
ect
ivel
y,t
oobser
ver
eli
gionorbel
i
efi
npr
act
ice,t
eachi
ngor
wor
shi
p.Thi
sconcepti
sal
sor
ecogni
zedasi
ncl
udi
ngt
hef
reedom t
ochanger
eli
gionor
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 114|
Page
nott
ofol
l
owanyr
eli
gion.Apost
asy
,whi
chi
sthechoi
cet
oqui
torhal
tmember
shi
pina
r
eli
gion,
isani
mpor
tantpar
tinr
eli
giousf
reedom.Ar
ti
cle18oft
heUDHR af
fi
rmst
hat
:
Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion;t
hisr
ight
i
ncl
udesf
reedom t
ochangehi
srel
i
gionorbel
i
ef,andf
reedom,ei
theral
oneori
n
communi
tywi
thot
her
sandi
npubl
i
corpr
ivat
e,t
omani
festhi
srel
i
gionorbel
i
efi
n
t
eachi
ng,
pract
ice,
wor
shi
pandobser
vance.

Ar
ti
cle18oft
heI
CCPRr
ecogni
sest
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceand
r
eli
gion. I
tpr
otect
s‘t
radi
ti
onal
’rel
i
giousbel
i
efs,non-
thei
sti
cand at
hei
sti
cbel
i
efs,
agnost
ics,
andscept
ics.I
tal
sor
ecogni
sest
her
ightnott
opr
ofessanyr
eli
gionorbel
i
ef.
Ther
ightr
ecogni
sedi
nAr
ti
cle18i
sbot
hani
ndi
vi
dual
andacol
l
ect
iver
ight
.

I
ntheKeny
anConst
it
uti
on,t
hisf
reedom i
scapt
uredi
nAr
ti
cle32(
1),whi
chst
atest
hat
ev
eryper
sonhast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofconsci
ence,
thought
,bel
i
efandopi
nion.Ar
ti
cle
32(
2)af
fi
rmst
hatev
eryper
sonhast
her
ight
,ei
theri
ndi
vi
dual
l
yori
ncommuni
tywi
th
ot
her
s,i
npubl
i
cori
npr
ivat
e,t
omani
festanyr
eli
gionorbel
i
eft
hroughwor
shi
p,pr
act
ice,
t
eachi
ngorobser
vance,i
ncl
udi
ngobser
vanceofadayofwor
shi
p.Ar
ti
cle32(
3-4)
sanct
ionsagai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedonr
eli
giousgr
ounds.I
tst
ipul
atest
hataper
son
maynotbedeni
edaccesst
oanyi
nst
it
uti
on,
empl
oymentorf
aci
l
ity
,ort
heenj
oymentof
anyr
ight
,becauseofhi
sorherbel
i
eforr
eli
gion.I
tfur
therst
atest
hataper
sonshal
lnot
becompel
l
edt
oact
,orengagei
nanyact
,thati
scont
rar
ytohi
sorherbel
i
eforr
eli
gion.
(
Ref
.tot
hel
i
tigat
ioni
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
heKeny
aHi
ghSchoolf
ordeny
ingMusl
i
m
st
udent
stoweart
hev
eil
).

Thef
reedom ofr
eli
gioni
scor
easi
thel
pst
ocheckr
eli
giousi
ntol
erance.Hi
stor
yis
r
epl
etewi
thcasesofr
eli
giousi
ntol
erancei
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hewor
ld.I
nther
ecent
past
,rel
i
giousi
ntol
erancehasbeenmani
festi
nNi
ger
iabet
weenChr
ist
iansandt
he
Boko-Har
am who subscr
ibe t
oIsl
am.The mov
ementst
rongl
yopposes West
ern
educat
ionandnon-
Shar
ial
egalsy
stems.Thef
act
ionseekst
oest
abl
i
shShar
ial
aw i
n
Ni
ger
ia,
despi
tet
hef
actt
hatmor
ethanhal
foft
hepopul
ati
oni
sChr
ist
ian.I
tisf
ear
edf
or
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 115|
Page
assai
l
ingChr
ist
ians,bombi
ngchur
chesandat
tacki
ngschool
s.Chr
ist
ianshav
eal
so
occasi
onal
l
yar
medt
hemsel
vesf
orr
evengepur
posescompl
i
cat
ingt
hedi
scor
dfur
ther
.

Fur
therr
eli
giousi
ntol
erancei
sev
identi
nEgy
ptwher
eCopt
icChr
ist
iansar
eusual
l
y
per
secut
edbyMusl
i
ms.I
slami
stspor
trayCopt
icChr
ist
iansast
hemov
ingf
orcebehi
nd
t
hepol
i
tical
dissenti
nEgy
pt.TheI
slami
stst
endt
opor
trayt
heCopt
icChr
ist
iansasal
i
en,
andasaf
if
thcol
umnbentonsubv
ert
ingt
hecount
ry.

4) Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
on
Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
oni
scor
etodi
ff
erentf
reedomsandr
ight
s.Pr
iort
othepassi
ngand
adopt
ionofhumanr
ight
sdecl
arat
ionort
reat
iesi
n1946,t
heUN Gener
alAssembl
y
adopt
edr
esol
uti
on59(
1)whi
chst
ates:
Fr
eedom ofi
nfor
mat
ioni
saf
undament
alhumanr
ightand.
..t
het
ouchst
oneof
al
lthef
reedomst
owhi
cht
heUni
tedNat
ionsi
sconsecr
ated.
UDHRAr
ti
cle19af
fi
rmst
hat
:
Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on;t
hisr
ighti
ncl
udes
f
reedom t
ohol
dopi
nionswi
thouti
nter
fer
enceandt
oseek,r
ecei
veandi
mpar
t
i
nfor
mat
ionandi
deast
hroughanymedi
aandr
egar
dlessoff
ront
ier
s.

Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
oni
sanessent
iali
ngr
edi
enti
ndemocr
acy
.Itf
aci
l
itat
espubl
i
c
par
ti
cipat
ionespeci
all
yindeci
sionmaki
ng.Ther
ightt
ofr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onuphol
ds
t
her
ight
sofal
ltoexpr
esst
hei
rvi
ewsandopi
nionsf
reel
y.I
tisessent
ial
l
yar
ightwhi
ch
shoul
dbepr
omot
edt
othemaxi
mum ext
entpossi
blegi
veni
tscr
it
icalr
olei
ndemocr
acy
andpubl
i
cpar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
npol
i
ticall
i
fe.Forexampl
e,ci
ti
zenswoul
dnotbeabl
eto
exer
ciset
hei
rri
ghtoff
ranchi
seef
fect
ivel
yift
heydonothav
eaccesst
oinf
ormat
ion.I
n
addi
ti
on,t
heycannott
akepar
tindeci
sion-
maki
ngi
ftheyar
enotabl
etoexpr
essand
shar
eideasf
reel
y.Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
oni
sther
efor
ecr
uci
alf
ori
ndi
vi
dualdi
gni
ty,
par
ti
cipat
ion,account
abi
l
ity and democr
acy
.Iti
sinst
ruct
ivet
hatt
he l
ati
tude f
or
f
reedom ofexpr
essi
oni
sbr
oadeni
ngi
ntheadv
entofi
nter
netandwor
ldwi
desat
ell
i
te
br
oadcast
ing.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 116|
Page
I
ntheKeny
anConst
it
uti
on,f
reedom ofexpr
essi
oni
spr
ovi
dedf
ori
nAr
ti
cle33(
1).I
t
st
atest
hatf
reedom ofexpr
essi
oni
ncl
udest
hel
i
ber
tyt
oseek,r
ecei
veordi
ssemi
nat
e
i
deas.I
tgoesont
ost
atet
hatt
hef
reedom al
soent
ail
sfr
eedom ofar
ti
sti
ccr
eat
ivi
ty,
academi
cfr
eedom and f
reedom of sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch.Nonet
hel
ess,t
her
e ar
e
r
est
ri
cti
onsont
hisf
reedom i
nsomei
nst
ances.Ar
ti
cle33st
ipul
atest
hatf
reedom of
expr
essi
oni
sli
mit
edi
nthef
aceofconcer
nssuchaspr
opagandaf
orwar
,inci
tementt
o
v
iol
ence,hat
espeechoradv
ocacyofhat
redsuchaset
hni
cinci
tement
,vi
l
ifi
cat
ionof
ot
her
s,i
nci
tementt
o cause har
m ordi
scr
imi
nat
ion.The r
est
ri
cti
on i
s wel
come,
especi
all
ywhenweconsi
dert
her
oleofRadi
o-Tél
évi
sionLi
bredesMi
l
lesCol
l
inesi
nthe
Rwandangenoci
dei
n1994.I
n2013/
14,aKeny
anj
our
nal
i
stwasf
aci
ngt
ri
alatt
heI
CC
f
oral
l
egedl
yusi
ng an FM Radi
o st
ati
on t
ofomentet
hni
cst
ri
fe.Whi
l
eitmaybe
necessar
ytobancer
tai
next
remef
ormsofhat
espeechandcer
tai
nlymakei
tsuseby
t
hest
atepr
ohi
bit
ed,j
ust
if
iabl
emeasur
essuchast
hepr
omot
ionofapl
ural
i
sti
cmedi
a
ar
enecessar
ytogi
vespacet
ocount
erv
iewpoi
nts.(
Ref
.toACPHRAr
t.9;
ICCPRAr
t.19,
20;
CRCAr
t.13orAf
ri
canChi
l
dChar
terAr
t.7)
.

5) Fr
eedom /r
ightt
olanguage
St
ati
sti
csshow t
hatt
her
ear
eappr
oxi
mat
ely6,
000l
anguagesi
nthewor
ld.Howev
er,
t
hesel
anguagesdo nothav
eequalwei
ght
.Somear
edomi
nant
,whi
l
eot
her
sar
e
endanger
edandar
efaci
ngext
inct
ion.Thi
sdi
spar
it
yhasbeenoccasi
onedbyf
act
ors
such col
oni
zat
ion,occupat
ion and ot
heri
nst
ancesofpol
i
tical
,economi
corsoci
al
subor
dinat
ion(
Ngugi
,1986,Bamgbose,1994,Nabea,2009)
.Incol
oni
es,f
orexampl
e,
t
her
ewasdi
recti
mposi
ti
onofaf
orei
gnl
anguage.Thi
sandot
herf
act
orsgav
eri
set
o
hi
erar
chi
call
i
ngui
sti
cst
atus.Ogol
a(2004)demonst
rat
est
hatl
anguagei
nKeny
ais
t
ri
glossi
c,wi
thEngl
i
shr
anki
ngt
op,Ki
swahi
l
icomi
ngsecondandmot
hert
ongueand
ot
herl
anguagescomi
ngl
ast
.

I
tisi
nthi
sregar
dthatt
he r
ightt
olanguage was emphasi
sed i
nthe Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
iononLi
ngui
sti
cRi
ght
sConf
erence(
UDLRC)i
nBar
cel
onaSpai
n,1996.The
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 117|
Page
Decl
arat
iont
racedi
tsbasi
sont
he1948decl
arat
ionofhumanr
ight
s.Ar
ti
cle3(
1)oft
he
UDLRC,Bar
cel
ona,1996consi
der
sthef
oll
owi
ngasi
nal
i
enabl
eper
sonalr
ight
swhi
ch
maybeexer
cisedi
nanysi
tuat
ion:
 t
her
ightt
ober
ecogni
zedasamemberofal
anguagecommuni
ty;
 t
her
ightt
otheuseofone'
sownl
anguagebot
hinpr
ivat
eandi
npubl
i
c;
 t
her
ightt
otheuseofone'
sownname;
 t
her
ightt
oint
err
elat
eandassoci
atewi
thot
hermember
sofone'
slanguage
communi
tyofor
igi
n;and
 t
her
ightt
omai
ntai
nanddev
elopone'
sowncul
tur
e.

Si
mil
arr
ecogni
ti
onofr
ight
srel
atedt
olanguagehadhappenedear
li
eri
n1966December
,
i
ntheI
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s(I
CCPR)of16.TheI
CCPR
Ar
ti
cle27st
ipul
ates:
I
nthoseSt
atesi
nwhi
chet
hni
c,r
eli
giousorl
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
iesexi
st,per
sons
bel
ongi
ngt
osuchmi
nor
it
iesshal
lnotbedeni
edt
her
ight
,incommuni
tywi
tht
he
ot
hermember
soft
hei
rgr
oup,t
oenj
oyt
hei
rowncul
tur
e,t
opr
ofessandpr
act
ise
t
hei
rownr
eli
gion,
ort
ouset
hei
rownl
anguage.

Ar
ti
cle44(
1-2)oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
onst
ipul
atest
hatev
eryper
sonhast
her
ightt
o
uset
hel
anguage,andt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
fe,oft
heper
son’
schoi
ce.I
tadds
t
hataper
sonbel
ongi
ngt
oacul
tur
alorl
i
ngui
sti
ccommuni
tyhast
her
ight
,wi
thot
her
member
s oft
hatcommuni
tyt
o enj
oyt
he per
son’
s cul
tur
e and use t
he per
son’
s
l
anguage,t
ofor
m,j
oinandmai
ntai
ncul
tur
alandl
i
ngui
sti
cassoci
ati
onsandot
her
or
gans ofci
vi
lsoci
ety
.Such l
anguage r
ecogni
ti
on and pr
otect
ion i
sfundament
al
consi
der
ingt
hatmostoft
heendanger
edl
anguagesi
nthewor
ldbel
ongt
omi
nor
it
y
peopl
e.Thesel
anguagesf
ailt
ogr
ow anddev
elopf
orl
ackofmanyuser
s,i
nchoat
e
l
anguagepol
i
ciesbySt
ates,l
ackofor
thogr
aphyandf
ail
uret
ouset
hem i
nwi
der
communi
cat
ionsuchasr
adi
oandi
nwr
it
ing.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 118|
Page
Ri
ghtt
olanguageensur
est
hatt
her
eisl
i
ngui
sti
candcul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y.Thi
sisanobl
e
mov
etocheckl
i
ngui
sti
chomogeni
zat
ionandconsequent
ly,l
i
ngui
sti
cexcl
usi
onand
i
sol
ati
onofsomepeopl
e.Li
ngui
sti
cdi
ver
sit
yisi
mpor
tantf
ori
tensur
espeacef
ulco-
exi
stencebet
weenpeopl
eusi
ngdi
ff
erentl
anguages,ul
ti
mat
elypr
omot
ingt
her
espect
ofal
lpeopl
eandt
hei
rlanguages.Ri
ghtt
olanguagei
sther
efor
eimpor
tantsi
ncei
tis
gear
edt
owar
dscor
rect
ingl
i
ngui
sti
cimbal
ancesi
nor
dert
oensur
ether
eisr
espectand
f
ulldev
elopmentofal
llanguages.Thr
ought
hismov
e,i
tishopedt
hatt
her
ecanbe
est
abl
i
shmentofpr
inci
plesf
oraj
ustandequi
tabl
eli
ngui
sti
char
monyi
nourcount
ri
es.

6) TheHumanr
ight
sofwomen
Womenf
olkar
eav
eryi
mpor
tantsegmentofev
erysoci
ety
.Theyar
ethecor
echi
l
d
car
ersandhomemaker
s.Despi
tet
hef
oregoi
ng,
hist
ory
,rel
i
gion,
li
ter
atur
eandnewsar
e
r
epl
etewi
thcasesofwomendi
scr
imi
nat
ionanddeni
grat
ion.Si
ncet
imei
mmemor
ial
,
abusesagai
nstwomenhav
ebeenr
elent
less,sy
stemat
ic,wi
del
ytol
erat
edorbl
atant
ly
condoned.Di
scr
imi
nat
ion agai
nstwomen hasbeen bor
ne,nur
tur
ed and sust
ained
t
hroughpat
ri
archalandchauv
ini
sti
csy
stemsal
lov
ert
hewor
ld.I
nthef
inalanal
ysi
s,
womensuf
fermal
tr
eat
mentordi
scr
imi
nat
ion,whi
char
eav
iol
ati
onoft
hei
rhuman
r
ight
s.

a) For
msofwomendi
scr
imi
nat
ionandsubj
ugat
ion
Amongt
heabusest
hatwomenhav
esuf
fer
edar
erape,bat
ter
ing,bei
ngsol
d,bei
ng
t
raf
fi
ckedt
ofor
cedpr
ost
it
uti
on,deni
alt
ojoi
nther
ecogni
sedwor
kfor
ceandi
nequal
i
ty
bef
oret
hel
aw (
Ony
eukwu,2012;2004)
.Theyhav
eal
sosuf
fer
edhar
mfult
radi
ti
onal
pr
act
icessuchasext
remef
ormsofci
rcumci
sion,
chi
l
dmar
ri
age,
rit
ual
i
sti
cwi
dow-
hood
pr
act
icesandnut
ri
ti
onalt
aboos. I
naddi
ti
on,di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
sfur
theri
nst
igat
edby
t
radi
ti
onall
andt
enur
esy
stemsandpat
ter
nsofi
nher
it
ance,l
ackofaccesst
ocr
edi
t,
soci
etal pr
efer
ence f
or sons,l
ack of par
ti
cipat
ion i
n publ
i
c deci
sion-
maki
ng,
di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nhousi
ngandempl
oyment
,di
scr
imi
nat
oryl
egi
slat
ionordi
scr
imi
nat
ory
r
eli
giouspr
act
ices.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 119|
Page
Whi
l
ether
eisnogai
nsay
ingt
hatt
her
eisdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstgi
rl
sandwomen,t
he
subj
ectt
endst
oappearacademi
candt
her
efor
einconcei
vabl
etomanypeopl
ewheni
t
i
sdocument
edi
nbooksorj
our
nal
s.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sther
efor
eanat
temptt
odi
ssectt
he
v
ari
ousf
ormsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen,especi
all
yinKeny
a,wi
thav
iew t
o
r
ender
ingi
tmundane,
recogni
zabl
eandf
ami
l
iar
lycont
ext
ual
.
1.Educat
ion–I
nsomecommuni
ti
es,
gir
lsar
emar
ri
edof
ftool
dmenatt
enderages
t
huscur
tai
l
ingt
hei
rschool
i
ng.Ther
eisal
soev
idencet
hatmanygi
rl
sfai
ltoat
tend
schoolwhenev
ert
heyhav
emenst
ruat
ionf
orl
ackofsani
tar
ytowel
sandf
earof
r
idi
cul
e.
2.Rel
igi
on – I
tishel
dthatwomen oughtt
o pl
aysecond f
iddl
eto men si
nce
accor
ding t
othe Bi
ble,a woman was made f
rom a man’
sri
b.I
n addi
ti
on,
char
act
ersi
ntheBi
blel
i
keDel
i
lah,Jezebel
,et
c,depi
ctt
reacher
yandev
il
.Ther
e
hasal
sobeenf
ail
uret
oador
nfemal
emi
nist
ersi
nmanychur
ches.
3.Language–Womenar
eref
err
edt
o‘weakersex’
,‘
fai
rersex’
,orbyi
mager
ysuchas
‘
fl
ower
’,‘
honey
’,‘
star
’,‘
sweet
’,or‘
banana’
.Mohamed(
1986)ar
guest
hatsuch
l
anguagei
snotonl
ysexi
st,
butal
sodeni
grat
ingf
ori
ttendst
oequat
ewomenwi
th
i
nani
mat
ethi
ngs.I
nKi
swahi
l
i,t
her
ear
evocabul
ari kahaba’
essuchas‘ ,mal
aya’
,
ki
rukanj
i
a’ changudoa,
,‘ machoyapembe’
’‘ ,et
c,f
ori
mmor
alwomen,andy
ett
her
e
i
snonef
ori
mmor
almen.
4.Cust
oms– Womenar
epr
ohi
bit
ed f
rom consumi
ng somedel
i
caci
essuchas
gi
zzar
dsi
nsomecommuni
ti
es.I
naddi
ti
on,unci
rcumci
sedwomenar
esai
dtobe
uncl
ean,l
ooseandi
ndi
sci
pli
ned.I
famandoesnotbeathi
swi
fe,i
tisseenasa
si
gn t
hathedoesnotl
oveher
.In somet
radi
ti
ons,women and chi
l
dren ar
e
col
l
ect
ivel
ycal
l
edchi
l
dren.I
nmanycommuni
ti
esi
nAf
ri
ca,chi
l
dbi
rt
hcel
ebr
ati
ons
f
orgi
rl
srecei
vet
hreeul
ulat
ions,
whi
l
eforboy
srecei
vef
iveul
ulat
ions.
5.My
thol
ogy–Amongt
heKi
kuy
uinKeny
a,i
tissai
dthatwomenwer
etoppl
edf
rom
l
eader
shi
pint
her
eignofWanguwaMaker
iduet
odi
ctat
orshi
p.I
tissai
dthat
womenendedupt
aki
ngmostoft
hewor
kandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesf
rom Godbecause
oft
hei
rbi
gmout
hsander
rat
icbehav
iour
.Godhadaskedwhowoul
ddodi
ff
erent
j
obsandawomanr
esponded,‘
i
tisme’
,‘i
tisme’
,‘i
tisme’becauseofher
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 120|
Page
 unr
est
rai
nedmout
h,andGodl
eti
tpassso.(
Ref
.ToMwachof
i1997-Mamaee)
.
6.Bi
ology– I
nsomesetups,r
eli
giousonesi
ncl
usi
ve,menst
ruat
ingwomenar
e
ost
raci
sedwi
tht
heexcuset
hatt
heyar
euncl
ean.Ther
eisal
sor
apeofwomen,
somet
imesbyuseofcr
udedev
icesl
i
kebeerbot
tl
esj
ustbecauseoft
hei
rphy
sique.
(
Ref
.Tot
hebot
tl
erapeofoneofMor
ganTsv
angi
rai
’
ssecr
etar
iessol
dier
sin
Zi
mbabwe)
.Ther
eisal
sosel
ect
iveempl
oymentagai
nstwomenj
ustbecauseof
t
hei
rbi
ologyi
nthemi
l
itar
y,pol
i
ceser
viceandsecur
it
yfi
rms.
7.I
nher
it
ance–Ther
ear
ecaseswher
ewomenar
enotsupposedt
oinher
itpi
ecesof
l
andi
nthei
rfat
her
’spi
eceofl
andconsi
der
ingt
hatt
heywi
l
lbemar
ri
edandbenef
it
f
rom t
hehusband’
spi
eceofl
and.
8.Law – Women ar
e notal
l
owed t
o make deci
sions i
n di
sput
ati
ons,i
n some
cust
omar
yjur
ispr
udence,exceptwher
eacasei
stouchi
ngononeoft
hei
rown.
(
Ref heNj
.Tot uriNchekeoft
heMer
u).
9.Labour–Ther
eiswor
kthati
sdesi
gnat
edassol
elyt
hedomai
nofwomeni
nsome
cul
tur
es.Exampl
esi
ncl
ude,cooki
ng,l
aundr
y,house-
cleani
ngorchangi
ngbabi
es
di
aper
s.
10.
Lit
erat
ure–Bot
hor
alandwr
it
tenl
i
ter
atur
eisr
epl
etewi
thchar
act
ersofwomen
depi
cti
ng ev
il
,weakness ornai
vet
é.Good exampl
es i
ncl
ude t
he wi
tches i
n
Macbet
h,womenmur
der
ersi
nthe‘
UtendiwaSwi
faNguv
umal
i
’ordesper
ategi
rl
s
whoar
erescuedf
rom ogr
esorf
ier
ceani
mal
sbyboy
sinAf
ri
canf
olkl
ore.(
Iti
s
i
nst
ruct
ivet
hatf
emi
nist
shav
eov
ert
hey
ear
sdecr
iedsuchi
mpar
ti
alpor
tray
al.Thi
s
hasl
edt
ochangei
ncont
empor
aryl
i
ter
atur
e).
11.
Viol
ence–Ther
eisbot
hphy
sicalandpsy
chol
ogi
calev
idencemet
edoutagai
nst
woment
hroughv
erbalabuse,bat
ter
ingormai
mingbysomemen.Yet
,thi
svi
ce
appear
sconv
ent
ional
l
yaccept
abl
einsomecul
tur
es.

b) Ef
for
tst
ocheckwomensubj
ugat
ion
I
tisasar
esul
toft
henot
iceabl
ewomensubj
ugat
iont
hatt
heUni
tedNat
ionst
ookat
hear
tther
ight
sofwomenr
ightf
rom i
ncept
ion.UN suppor
tfort
her
ight
sofwomen
st
art
edwi
tht
hebody
’sf
oundi
ngChar
ter
.InAr
ti
cle1(
3)oft
heChar
ter
,iti
saf
fi
rmedt
hat
:
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 121|
Page
 Toachi
evei
nter
nat
ionalco-
oper
ati
oni
nsol
vi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalpr
obl
emsofan
economi
c,soci
al,cul
tur
al,orhumani
tar
ian char
act
er,and i
n pr
omot
ing and
encour
agi
ngr
espectf
orhumanr
ight
sandf
orf
undament
alf
reedomsf
oral
l
wi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionast
orace,
sex,
language,
orr
eli
gion[
..
.]
Meanwhi
l
e,asect
ionoft
hepr
eambl
eoft
heUDHRst
atest
hat
:
Wher
east
hepeopl
esoft
heUni
tedNat
ionshav
eint
heChar
terr
eaf
fi
rmedt
hei
r
f
ait
hinf
undament
alhumanr
ight
s,i
nthedi
gni
tyandwor
thoft
hehumanper
son
andi
ntheequalr
ight
sofmenandwomenandhav
edet
ermi
nedt
opr
omot
e
soci
alpr
ogr
essandbet
terst
andar
dsofl
i
fei
nlar
gerf
reedom [
..
.]

Wi
thi
ntheUN’
sfi
rsty
ear
,theEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
lest
abl
i
shedi
tsCommi
ssi
on
ont
heSt
atusofWomen.Thi
scameup asapr
inci
plegl
obalpol
i
cy-
maki
ng body
dedi
cat
edt
osol
elyaddr
essgenderequal
i
tyandadv
ancementofwomen.Oneofi
ts
not
abl
eachi
evement
swast
heusageofgender
-neut
rall
anguagei
nthedr
aftoft
he
UDHR.

I
naddi
ti
on,f
emi
nistmov
ement
sst
art
edgai
ningi
mpet
usi
nthe1970s.Ul
ti
mat
ely
,the
Gener
alAssembl
ydecl
ared1975ast
heI
nter
nat
ionalWomen’
sYear
.Itor
gani
zedt
he
f
ir
stWor
ldConf
erenceonWomeni
nMexi
coCi
ty.I
tal
sodecl
ared1976-
1985ast
heUN
Decadef
orWomen,
obl
i
gingt
oanexhor
tat
ionf
rom t
hei
naugur
alWomenConf
erence.

I
n1979,t
heGener
alAssembl
yadopt
edt
heConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
ms
ofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWomen(
CEDAW)
.CEDAW i
soccasi
onal
l
ydescr
ibedasan
I
nter
nat
ionalBi
l
lofRi
ght
sforWomen. I
nit
s30ar
ti
cles,t
heConv
ent
ionexpl
i
cit
ly
def
inesdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.I
tseest
hef
oll
owi
ngassomeoft
heser
ious
f
ormsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen:
1.Al
lki
ndsofv
iol
encei
nev
ery
dayl
i
fe(
incl
udi
ngsexualv
iol
ence,abusesi
nthe
f
ami
l
y,sexual
har
assmentatt
hewor
kpl
aceet
c.)
2.Unequal
remuner
ati
onf
orwor
kofequal
val
ue
3.Thepr
act
iceoff
emal
eci
rcumci
sion
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 122|
Page
 4.Bi
asagai
nstwomenwi
thacqui
redi
mmune-
def
ici
encysy
ndr
ome(
AIDS)
5.Fai
l
uret
opaywomenwor
ker
sinr
ural
andur
banf
ami
l
yent
erpr
ises
6.Fai
l
uret
oremuner
atedomest
icact
ivi
ti
esofwomenorr
ecogni
set
hem i
nthe
gr
ossnat
ional
product
7.Bi
asagai
nstdi
sabl
edwomen
8.Lackofequal
i
tyi
nmar
ri
ageand f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onsi
ninher
it
anceand mar
it
al
pr
oper
ty
9.Bi
asagai
nstwomeni
nthepol
i
ticalandpubl
i
cli
feoft
hecount
rysuchasi
n
hol
ding publ
i
c of
fi
ce,per
for
ming al
lpubl
i
cfunct
ions,par
ti
cipat
ing i
n non-
gov
ernment
al,
publ
i
candpol
i
tical
organi
zat
ions
10.
Deni
alt
oaccesst
oheal
thcar
e,i
ncl
udi
ngr
epr
oduct
iveheal
th

Fi
vey
ear
saf
tert
heMexi
coCi
tyconf
erence,
aSecondWor
ldConf
erenceonWomenwas
hel
dinCopenhageni
n1980.Ther
esul
ti
ngPr
ogr
ammeofAct
ioncal
l
edf
orst
ronger
nat
ionalmeasur
est
oensur
ewomen'
sowner
shi
pandcont
rolofpr
oper
ty.I
tal
socal
l
ed
f
ori
mpr
ovementi
nwomen'
sri
ght
swi
thr
espectt
oinher
it
ance,
chi
l
dcust
odyandl
ossof
nat
ional
i
ty.

I
n1985,t
heWor
ldConf
erencet
orev
iew andappr
aiset
heachi
evement
soft
heUni
ted
Nat
ionsdecadef
orwomenonequal
i
ty,dev
elopmentandpeace,washel
dinNai
robi
.
Besi
des t
he gov
ernment
s,t
her
e wer
e 15,
000 r
epr
esent
ati
ves ofnon-
gov
ernment
al
or
gani
zat
ions (
NGOs)
,who par
ti
cipat
ed i
n a par
all
elNGO For
um. The Nai
robi
Conf
erencewasconcer
nedt
hatt
hegoal
soft
heMexi
coCi
tyConf
erencehadnotbeen
adequat
elymet
.Thi
sconsequent
lymadet
he157par
ti
cipat
inggov
ernment
sadoptt
he
Nai
robiFor
war
d-l
ooki
ngSt
rat
egi
est
otheYear2000.A not
abl
econsequenceoft
he
Nai
robiConf
erencewast
het
ransf
ormat
ionoft
heVol
unt
aryFundf
ort
heUNDecadef
or
Womeni
ntot
heUNDev
elopmentFundf
orWomen(
UNI
FEM)
.

I
n1993,t
heUNWor
ldConf
erenceonHumanRi
ght
sinVi
ennaconf
ir
medt
hatwomen’
s
r
ight
swer
ehumanr
ight
s.Thi
swas45y
ear
saf
tert
heUDHRwasadopt
ed,andei
ght
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 123|
Page
y
ear
saf
terCEDAW wasef
fect
ed.Thi
swasawel
comedev
elopmenti
nthatt
her
ight
ful
cl
aims ofabouta hal
fofci
ti
zens oft
he wor
ld wer
erecei
vi
ng r
ecogni
ti
on.The
Conf
erencei
dent
if
iedt
henegl
ectofwomen’
sri
ght
sasav
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ight
s.I
t
al
sodr
ew at
tent
ionoft
hewor
ldt
other
elat
ionshi
pbet
weengenderandhumanr
ight
s
v
iol
ati
ons.

I
n1994,
anI
nter
nat
ionalConf
erenceonPopul
ati
onandDev
elopment(
ICPD)washel
din
Cai
ro.TheConf
erenceenunci
atedandaf
fi
rmedt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeni
mpr
ovement
andf
ulf
il
mentofr
ight
s,andgenderequal
i
tyandequi
ty.I
tal
soar
ti
cul
atedt
heconcept
s
ofwomen’
sempower
ment
,genderequi
ty,and r
epr
oduct
iveheal
thandr
ight
s.The
Pr
ogr
ammeofAct
ionofI
CPDunder
scor
edt
hei
mpor
tanceofwomen’
sempower
ment
andaut
onomyi
nimpr
ovi
ngt
hei
rsoci
al,
economi
c,pol
i
ticalandheal
thst
atusespeci
all
y
i
nreal
i
singsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

I
n1995,t
heFour
thWor
ldConf
erenceonWomenwashel
dinBei
j
ing.I
tspl
atf
ormf
or
act
ionaf
fi
rmedwomen’
sri
ght
sashumanr
ight
s.I
tcommi
tt
edanumberofact
ionst
o
ensur
erespectf
ort
hoser
ight
s.TheConf
erencer
eaf
fi
rmedt
hat
:
[
..
.]
thehumanr
ight
sofwomenandt
hegi
rlchi
l
dar
eani
nal
i
enabl
e,i
ntegr
aland
i
ndi
vi
sibl
epar
tofuni
ver
salhumanr
ight
s.Thef
ullandequalenj
oymentofal
l
humanr
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsbywomenandgi
rl
sisapr
ior
it
yfor
Gov
ernment
sandt
heUni
tedNat
ionsandi
sessent
ialf
ort
headv
ancementof
women.
TheConf
erencespawnedgl
obalcommi
tment
stoenhanceawi
derr
angeofwomen’
s
r
ight
s.I
tisi
nthi
sConf
erencet
hatt
her
ewasi
ncl
usi
onofgenderequal
i
tyandwomen’
s
empower
mentasoneoft
heei
ghtMi
l
lenni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
s.

7) Ri
ght
sofachi
ld
Chi
l
drenar
eimpor
tantpeopl
einev
erysoci
ety
.Theupbr
ingi
ngofchi
l
drendet
ermi
nes
whot
heywi
l
lbei
nfut
ureorasadul
ts.Yet
,thewor
ldov
er,mi
l
li
onsofchi
l
drenhav
eno
accesst
oeducat
ion,wor
klonghour
ssomet
imesunderhazar
douscondi
ti
onsandar
e
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 124|
Page
occasi
onal
l
yfor
cedt
o ser
veassol
dier
sinar
medconf
li
cts.Theyal
so l
angui
shi
n
f
aci
l
iti
esordet
ent
ions,
wher
etheycont
endwi
thi
nhumanecondi
ti
onsandonsl
aughton
t
hei
rdi
gni
ty.Theyar
eeasi
l
yexpl
oit
edandabusedbyt
hev
erypeopl
eresponsi
blef
or
t
hei
rcar
einanumberofcases.I
tisasar
esul
toft
his,t
hati
tisi
mpor
tantt
oar
ti
cul
ate
chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.

Chi
l
dren'
sri
ght
scanbesi
mpl
ydef
inedast
hehumanr
ight
sofchi
l
dren.Theyf
ocuson
t
her
ight
sofspeci
alpr
otect
ionandcar
eaf
for
dedt
omi
nor
s.Theyi
ncl
udet
hei
rri
ghtt
o
associ
ati
onwi
thbot
hpar
ent
sandt
hei
rhumani
dent
it
y.Theyal
soent
ailchi
l
dren’
sbasi
c
needs such as f
ood,uni
ver
salst
ate-
pai
d educat
ion,heal
th car
e,cr
imi
nall
aws
appr
opr
iat
efort
heageanddev
elopmentoft
hechi
l
dandequalpr
otect
ionoft
hechi
l
d's
ci
vi
lri
ght
s.I
naddi
ti
on,t
her
ight
sincl
udef
reedom f
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionont
hebasi
sof
t
hechi
l
d'sr
ace,gender
,di
sabi
l
ity
,col
our
,nat
ional
i
tyandet
hni
cit
y,aswel
lasot
her
char
act
eri
sti
cs.

Chi
l
drenar
egener
all
yaf
for
dedt
hebasi
cri
ght
sembodi
edbyt
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
on.
Ar
ti
cle53(
a-e)pr
ovi
dest
hatev
erychi
l
dhasar
ightt
oanameandnat
ional
i
tyf
rom bi
rt
h,
t
ofr
eeandcompul
sor
ybasi
ceducat
ion,
aswel
last
obasi
cnut
ri
ti
on,
shel
terandheal
th
car
e.Thear
ti
cl
efur
therst
atest
hatachi
l
dhasar
ightt
obepr
otect
edf
rom abuse,
negl
ect
,har
mfulcul
tur
alpr
act
ices,al
lfor
ms ofv
iol
ence,i
nhuman t
reat
mentand
puni
shment
,andhazar
dousorexpl
oit
ati
vel
abour
.Ital
soaddst
hatachi
l
dhasar
ightt
o
par
ent
alcar
eandpr
otect
ion,whi
chi
ncl
udesequalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hemot
herand
f
athert
opr
ovi
def
ort
hechi
l
d,whet
hert
heyar
emar
ri
edt
oeachot
herornot
.

Meanwhi
l
ethePenalCode(
Cap.63LawsofKeny
a)pr
otect
schi
l
drenf
rom act
sand
omi
ssi
onsbor
der
ingonchi
l
dabuse.Theabuses,whi
char
ecl
assi
fi
edaspuni
shabl
e
of
fences i
ncl
ude sexualabuse l
i
ke r
ape,def
il
ement
,indecentassaul
t,i
ncestand
unnat
uralof
fences;
aswel
lasphy
sicalabusel
i
kecommonassaul
t,assaul
toccasi
oni
ng
bodi
l
yhar
m andgr
iev
ousbodi
l
yhar
m.ThePenalCodeset
sanagebel
owwhi
chachi
l
d
cannotbecr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
bleev
enwhent
heyhav
ecommi
tt
edacr
ime,ot
her
wise
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 125|
Page
knownasageofcr
imi
nalr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,
whi
chi
s8y
ear
si a.
nKeny

a) Ty
pesofchi
ld’
sri
ght
s
Chi
l
dren'
sri
ght
sar
ewi
der
angi
ngandi
ncl
udeci
vi
l,pol
i
tical
,cul
tur
al,economi
cand
soci
alr
ight
s.Ther
ight
stendt
obeoft
womai
nty
pes:t
hoseadv
ocat
ingf
orchi
l
drenas
aut
onomousi
ndi
vi
dual
sundert
hel
aw,andt
hoseur
gingsoci
etyt
opr
otectchi
l
dren
agai
nsthar
m owi
ngt
othei
rdependencyorv
ulner
abi
l
ity
.Ther
ight
sar
eknownast
he
r
ightofempower
mentandt
her
ightt
opr
otect
ion.

TheDecl
arat
ionofRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d,adopt
edbyt
heUNGener
alAssembl
yResol
uti
on
1386(
XIV)of10December
,1959spel
l
soutt
hef
oll
owi
ngasachi
l
d’sr
ight
s:
1.Ther
ightt
oenj
oyal
lri
ght
ssetf
ort
hint
heDecl
arat
ion,r
egar
dlessoft
hechi
l
d’s
r
ace,col
our
,sex,l
anguage,r
eli
gion,pol
i
ticalorot
heropi
nion,nat
ionalorsoci
al
or
igi
n,pr
oper
ty,
bir
thorot
herst
atus,
whet
herofhi
msel
forofhi
sfami
l
y.
2.Ther
ightt
ospeci
alpr
otect
ion,
andt
obeaccor
dedoppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
es,
to
dev
elopphy
sical
l
y,ment
all
y,mor
all
y,spi
ri
tual
l
y,soci
all
yandi
naheal
thyand
nor
mal
manneri
ncondi
ti
onsoff
reedom anddi
gni
ty
3.Ri
ghtt
oanamer
ightf
rom bi
rt
h,andanat
ional
i
ty
4.Ri
ghtt
obenef
itf
rom soci
alsecur
it
y.Hence,achi
l
disent
it
ledt
ogr
ow and
dev
elopi
nheal
th,wher
ebyspeci
alcar
eshal
lbeaccor
dedt
ohi
m orher
,andt
he
mot
her
.Thecar
eincl
udesadequat
epr
e-nat
alandpost
-nat
alcar
e,adequat
e
nut
ri
ti
on,
housi
ng,
recr
eat
ionandmedi
cal
ser
vices.
5.Ri
ghtofphy
sical
l
y,ment
all
yorsoci
all
yhandi
cappedchi
l
drent
orecei
vespeci
al
t
reat
ment
,educat
ionandt
her
equi
sit
ecar
efort
hecondi
ti
on.
6.Ri
ghtt
obeof
fer
edl
oveandunder
standi
ngandt
her
efor
e,wher
everpossi
ble,
gr
ow i
nthecar
eandundert
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hepar
ent
s.Thecar
eal
so
i
ncl
udesmor
alandmat
eri
alsecur
it
y.Yet
,chi
l
drenwi
thoutpar
ent
sar
esupposed
t
obepr
otect
edbysoci
etyandst
ate.
7.Ri
ghtt
orecei
vef
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
ion,
atl
easti
ntheel
ement
aryst
ages.
Thebesti
nter
est
soft
hechi
l
dwi
l
lpr
ovi
det
hegui
dingpr
inci
plef
ort
hosei
n
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 126|
Page
 char
geofhi
sorhereducat
ionandgui
dance.I
naddi
ti
on,t
hechi
l
dshal
lhav
eful
l
oppor
tuni
tyt
opl
ayandeducat
ion,whi
choughtt
obedi
rect
edbyt
hesame
pr
inci
pleofeducat
ion.
8.Ri
ghtt
orecei
vepr
otect
ionandr
eli
ef,
whenev
ernecessar
y.
9.Ri
ghtt
obepr
otect
edf
rom al
lfor
msofcr
uel
ty,negl
ectandexpl
oit
ati
on.Hence,
t
hechi
l
dshal
lnotbeadmi
tt
edt
oempl
oymentbef
oreanappr
opr
iat
emi
nimum
age,andshal
lnotbeper
mit
tedt
oengagei
nanyoccupat
ionorempl
oyment
,
whi
chcoul
dint
erf
erewi
thhi
sorherphy
sical
,ment
alormor
aldev
elopment
.
10.
Rightt
o be pr
otect
ed agai
nstpr
act
ices t
hatcoul
d pr
omot
e any f
orm of
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.

(
Ref
.toI
CCPRAr
ts8:
1-2;
14:
4;I
LOConv
ent
ionNo.
182)

8) Ri
ght
soft
hemi
nor
it
y
Mi
nor
it
yri
ght
sar
eli
ber
ti
esofani
ndi
vi
dualoragr
oupwhoar
easmal
lnumberi
n
compar
isont
other
estoft
hepopul
ati
on.I
nvi
ewofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw,
minor
it
yri
ght
sar
e
most
lyconcer
nedwi
thnat
ional
,et
hni
c,r
eli
giousorl
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ies,aswel
las
mi
nor
it
ygr
oups.Mi
nor
it
yri
ght
sof
tenchangei
nregar
dtoone’
smi
nor
it
yst
atus,
whi
chi
s
dependentonone’
slocat
ion.Forexampl
e,aHi
nducanbear
eli
giousmi
nor
it
yinKeny
a,
butnotsoi
nIndi
a,wher
eheorshewoul
dbepar
toft
hemaj
ori
ty.

Thet
erm‘
minor
it
yri
ght
s’maybeunder
stoodi
nthr
eedi
ff
erentway
s:
1.Thei
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
sasappl
i
edt
omember
sofr
aci
al,et
hni
c,cl
ass,r
eli
gious,
l
i
ngui
sti
corsexual
minor
it
ies;
2.Thei
ndi
vi
dual
right
sofany
onewhoi
snotpar
tofamaj
ori
tydeci
sion;
and,
3.Thecol
l
ect
iver
ight
saccor
dedt
omi
nor
it
ygr
oups.

I
n 1977,Fr
ancesco Capot
ort
i,Speci
alRappor
teur of t
he Uni
ted Nat
ions Sub-
Commi
ssi
ononPr
event
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionandPr
otect
ionofMi
nor
it
iesst
atedt
hat
:
Ami
nor
it
yisagr
oupnumer
ical
l
yinf
eri
ort
other
estoft
hepopul
ati
onofast
ate,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 127|
Page
 i
nanon-
domi
nantposi
ti
on,whosemember
s-bei
ngnat
ional
soft
heSt
ate-
possesset
hni
c,r
eli
giousorl
i
ngui
sti
cchar
act
eri
sti
csdi
ff
eri
ngf
rom t
hoseoft
he
r
estoft
hepopul
ati
onandshow,i
fonl
yimpl
i
cit
ly,asenseofsol
i
dar
it
y,di
rect
ed
t
owar
dspr
eser
vingt
hei
rcul
tur
e,t
radi
ti
ons,
rel
i
gionorl
anguage.

Ofcour
set
hef
oregoi
ngdef
ini
ti
onhasbeenchal
l
enged,butt
her
equi
rementt
obei
na
non-
domi
nantposi
ti
onr
emai
nsper
ti
nent
.Inmostcases,ami
nor
it
ygr
oupwi
l
lbea
numer
icalmi
nor
it
y,buti
not
her
s,anumer
icalmaj
ori
tymayal
sof
indi
tsel
finami
nor
it
y-
l
i
keornon-
domi
nantposi
ti
on.Agoodexampl
ewoul
dbet
heBl
acksundert
heapar
thei
d
r
egi
mei
nSout
hAf
ri
ca,
some20y
ear
sback.

UDHRAr
ti
cle2st
ates:
Ev
ery
onei
sent
it
ledt
oal
lther
ight
sandf
reedomssetf
ort
hint
hisDecl
arat
ion,
wi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionofanyki
nd,suchasr
ace,col
our
,sex,l
anguage,r
eli
gion,
pol
i
ticalorot
heropi
nion,nat
ionalorsoci
alor
igi
n,pr
oper
ty,bi
rt
horot
herst
atus.
Fur
ther
mor
e,no di
sti
nct
ion shal
lbe made on t
he basi
s oft
he pol
i
tical
,
j
uri
sdi
cti
onalori
nter
nat
ionalst
atusoft
hecount
ryort
err
it
oryt
owhi
chaper
son
bel
ongs,whet
heri
tbei
ndependent
,tr
ust
,non-
sel
f-
gov
erni
ngorunderanyot
her
l
i
mit
ati
onofsov
erei
gnt
y.

Ar
ti
cle56(
a-e)oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
onal
sopr
otect
sther
ight
soft
hemi
nor
it
y.I
t
af
fi
rms t
hatt
he st
ate shal
lempl
oy af
fi
rmat
ive act
ion t
o cushi
on mi
nor
it
ies and
mar
ginal
i
zedgr
oupst
opar
ti
cipat
eandgetr
epr
esent
edi
ngov
ernanceandpubl
i
cli
fe,
andt
oof
fert
hem oppor
tuni
ti
esi
neducat
ionandeconomi
cfi
elds.Themi
nor
it
iesar
e
al
soof
fer
edoppor
tuni
ti
est
oaccessempl
oyment
,dev
elopt
hei
rcul
tur
alv
aluesand
accesst
owat
er,
heal
thcar
eandi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.

Feagi
n(1984)st
atest
hatami
nor
it
ygr
ouphasf
ivechar
act
eri
sti
cs:
1.Suf
fer
ingdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandsubor
dinat
ion;
2.Exhi
bitphy
sicaland/
orcul
tur
alt
rai
tst
hatsett
hem apar
t,and whi
ch ar
e
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 128|
Page
 di
sappr
ovedbyt
hedomi
nantgr
oup;
3.Hav
eashar
edsenseofcol
l
ect
ivei
dent
it
yandcommonbur
dens;
4.Hav
esoci
all
yshar
edr
ulesaboutwhobel
ongsandwhodoesnotdet
ermi
ne
mi
nor
it
yst
atus;
and
5.Hav
eat
endencyt
omar
rywi
thi
nthegr
oup.

TheDecl
arat
ionont
heRi
ght
sofPer
sonsBel
ongi
ngt
oNat
ionalorEt
hni
c,Rel
i
giousand
Li
ngui
sti
cMi
nor
it
ies,adopt
edi
n1992,gl
obal
l
ypr
omot
eshumanr
ight
sandi
ndi
vi
dual
f
reedom wi
thoutr
egar
dtor
ace,sex,sexualor
ient
ati
on,l
anguageorr
eli
gion.The
Decl
arat
ionment
ionsr
ight
ssuchast
hoseoft
hemi
nor
it
ygr
oupt
otakepl
easur
eint
hei
r
owncul
tur
e,pr
act
iseandpr
ofesst
hei
rchoi
ceofr
eli
gionanduset
hei
rownl
anguage
wi
thoutf
earofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

Ov
eral
l
,exampl
esofmi
nor
it
iesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
1.Raci
alandet
hni
cmi
nor
it
ies-Thei
rli
fest
ylei
ncl
udi
ngsuchaspect
sasl
anguage,
cul
tur
eandor
igi
ncanbeatv
ari
ancewi
tht
hatt
hemaj
ori
ty.Themi
nor
it
yst
atusi
s
shapedupnotsi
mpl
ybyanumer
icalr
elat
ion,butal
sobyquest
ionsofpol
i
tical
power
;
2.Rel
i
gious mi
nor
it
ies -These ar
e peopl
e bel
ongi
ng t
orel
i
gious mi
nor
it
ies
pr
ofessi
ng a f
ait
h whi
ch i
s di
ssi
mil
art
othatpr
ofessed by t
he maj
ori
ty.
Occasi
onal
l
y,at
hei
stsandagnost
icsar
esai
dtobel
ongt
othesetofr
eli
gious
mi
nor
it
iesont
hest
rengt
hoft
hei
rfai
l
uret
opr
ofessnobel
i
ef;
3.Genderand sexualmi
nor
it
ies -These i
ncl
ude l
esbi
an,gay
,bi
sexualand
t
ransgender(
LGBT)peopl
e.Ot
hergenderv
ari
antgr
oupsi
ncl
udei
nter
sexual
s,
t
ranssexual
s,andgendernonconf
ormi
sts,ot
her
wiseknownasmet
rosexual
s.
Thesepeopl
ear soknownasqueer
eal ,impl
yi
ngnon-
nor
mat
ivesexual
i
tiesand
genderexpr
essi
ons,notnecessar
il
ytost
andf
ort
hemi
nor
it
yint
heWest
ern
wor
ld,butasanendeav
ourt
ouncov
erandacknowl
edget
hesexualdi
ver
sit
yin
di
ff
erentpeopl
e.I
naddi
ti
on,whi
l
ethenumberofmenandwomeni
ssomewhat
equali
nmostsoci
eti
es,
womenar
eper
cei
vedt
ober
atherdi
sadv
ant
aged,
hence
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 129|
Page
 t
het
endencyt
oequat
ethem wi
thmi
nor
it
ies;
4.Agemi
nor
it
ies-I
tishel
dthatt
heel
der
lybel
ongt
othi
scat
egor
y.Whi
l
etheel
der
ly
wer
epower
fuli
nthepast
,inpar
ti
cul
ari
nger
ont
ocr
acy
,int
hecont
empor
ary
wor
ldt
heyappeart
ohav
ebeenr
ender
edmi
nor
it
y.Chi
l
drencanal
sobedeemed
asagemi
nor
it
iesowi
ngt
othei
rtenderageandv
ulner
abi
l
ity
;
5.Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es-Thi
sgr
oupofpeopl
ear
eper
cei
vedasmi
nor
it
ieswho
ar
edi
sadv
ant
agednotonl
ybyt
hei
rimpai
rment
s,butbysoci
etyal
so.Emphasi
sis
l
aidonphy
sicalandpsy
chol
ogi
caldi
ff
erencesofpeopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thdi
sabi
l
ityand
notont
hei
rinadequacy
;
6.Et
hni
candnat
ionalgr
oups-Thesear
epeopl
ewho ar
edi
sadv
ant
agedi
na
par
ti
cul
arst
ateasar
esul
toft
hei
rhi
stor
yand nat
ional
i
sm.Theymayl
ack
r
ecogni
ti
onasbel
ongi
ngt
othecount
ry,hence,nobi
rt
hordeat
hregi
str
ati
on,
deni
alt
o acqui
re nat
ionali
dent
it
y car
ds,deni
alofr
ightofsuf
frage and
consequent
ly,depr
ivat
ioni
neducat
ion,l
abour
,shel
terandsof
ort
h.(
Ref
.Tot
he
Nubi
ansofKi
brai
nNai
robi
).
(
Ref
.toI
CCPRAr
ts.25,
27;
ICESCRAr
ts.1,
15;
ACPHRAr
t.22)
.

9) Ri
ght
soft
hey
out
h
Ar
ti
cle260 oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
ondef
ines‘
yout
h’asal
lindi
vi
dual
swho hav
e
at
tai
nedt
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
s,buthav
enotat
tai
nedt
heageoft
hir
ty-
fi
vey
ear
s.
Yout
hisal
sosai
dtobeaper
iodoft
ransi
ti
onf
rom t
hedependenceofchi
l
dhoodt
o
adul
thood’
sindependence. I
t al
so i
ncl
udes awar
eness of t
he y
oung peopl
e’
s
i
nter
dependenceasmember
sofacommuni
ty.Nonet
hel
ess,
iti
sappar
entt
haty
out
his
ar
atherf
lui
dagebr
acketandnotf
ixedage-
group.I
nfact
,UNESCO usesdi
ff
erent
def
ini
ti
onsofy
out
hdependi
ngont
hecont
ext
.

Ar
ti
cle55oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eesr
ight
stot
hey
out
h.I
tst
atest
hatt
hey
ar
e ent
it
led t
orel
evanteducat
ion and t
rai
ning,oppor
tuni
ti
es t
o associ
ate,t
o be
r
epr
esent
ed,andt
opar
ti
cipat
einsoci
al,pol
i
ticalandeconomi
cspher
esofl
i
fe.The
y
out
har
eal
soguar
ant
eedaccesst
oempl
oymentandpr
otect
ionf
rom i
njur
iouscul
tur
al
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 130|
Page
pr
act
icesandexpl
oit
ati
on.

I
nJul
y2006,
Afr
icanUni
onHeadofSt
atesandGov
ernment
smeet
ingi
nBanj
ul,
Gambi
a,
endor
sedt
heAf
ri
canYout
hChar
ter(
AYC)
.TheChar
teri
sapol
i
ticalandl
egaldocument
whi
chser
vesast
hest
rat
egi
cfr
amewor
kthatgi
vesdi
rect
ionf
ory
out
hempower
ment
and dev
elopmentatcont
inent
al,r
egi
onaland nat
ionall
evel
s.The AYC ai
ms t
o
st
rengt
hen,r
einf
orce and consol
i
dat
e ef
for
tst
o empowery
oung peopl
ethr
ough
meani
ngf
uly
out
hpar
ti
cipat
ionandequalpar
tner
shi
pindr
ivi
ngAf
ri
ca'
sdev
elopment
agenda.

TheAf
ri
canYout
hChar
terspel
l
soutv
ari
ousr
ight
soft
hey
out
h,whi
char
enotatal
l
di
ff
erentf
rom t
hoseofadul
ts,
buti
tiscl
eart
hatt
hechar
teri
sspeci
fi
ctot
hey
out
h.The
r
ight
sincl
ude:
1.Ri
ghtofy
oungmenandwoment
oent
eri
ntomar
ri
agebasedont
hei
rfr
ee
consentandenj
oyequal
right
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties(
Art
.8)
2.Ri
ghtt
oownandi
nher
itpr
oper
ty(
Art
.9)
3.Ri
ghtt
osoci
al,
pol
i
tical
,economi
candcul
tur
aldev
elopment(
Art
.10)
4.Ri
ghtt
opar
ti
ci
pat
einal
lspher
esofsoci
ety
5.Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ionofgoodqual
i
ty(
Art
.13)
6.Ri
ghtt
obef
reef
rom hunger(
Art
.14)
7.Ri
ghtt
ogai
nful
empl
oyment(
Art
.15)
8.Ri
ghtt
oenj
oyt
hebestat
tai
nabl
est
ateofphy
sical
,ment
alandspi
ri
tualheal
th
(
Art
.16)
9.Ri
ghtt
orestandl
eisur
e,andt
oengagei
npl
ayandr
ecr
eat
ional
act
ivi
ti
est
hatar
e
par
tofaheal
thyl
i
fest
yle.Ther
ightal
socapt
uresl
i
ber
tyt
opar
ti
cipat
efr
eel
yin
spor
ts,phy
sicaleducat
ion,dr
ama,t
hear
ts,musi
candi
not
herf
ormsofcul
tur
al
l
i
fe(
Art
.22)

Ot
herr
ight
sthatconcer
nthey
out
hincl
udev
oti
ngage,chi
l
dlabourl
aws,r
ight
-t
o-wor
k
l
aws,cur
fewsanddr
inki
ngorsmoki
ngage.Theyal
soi
ncl
udet
heageofconsent
,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 131|
Page
dr
ivi
ng age,y
out
hsuf
frage,mi
nor
sand abor
ti
on,cor
por
alpuni
shment
,theageof
maj
ori
ty,
andmi
l
itar
yconscr
ipt
ion.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)I
dent
if
ythei
nter
nat
ionali
nst
rument
sthatpr
omot
ehumanr
ight
s,andst
atet
he
f
unct
ionofeachoneoft
hem.
2)Makeadi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenequal
i
tyanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
3)Whatdoy
oumeanbyt
hest
atement
,‘
equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw’
?
4)‘
Freedom ofexpr
essi
oni
sabsol
ute’
.Di
scusst
hisst
atementi
nvi
ew ofAr
ti
cles
33,
34and35oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
on.
5)Expl
ainf
act
orst
hatar
ecapt
uredi
nther
ightt
olanguage
6)Di
scuss why women ar
e consi
der
ed as v
ulner
abl
e member
s i
n many
communi
ti
esi
nAf
ri
ca.
7)St
atef
act
orst
hatar
ecapt
uredi
nther
ight
sofchi
l
dreni
nter
nat
ional
l
y.
8)Whati
syourunder
standi
ngoft
het
erm,
‘mi
nor
it
ypeopl
e’
?

FURTHERREADI
NG

Af
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
e’
sRi
ght
s.June1981,
enf
orcedi
nOct
ober1986.

Bamgbose,
A.(1999)LanguageandExclusi
on-
TheConsequencesofLanguagePol
i
cies
i
nAfri
ca.London:Tr
ansact
ionPubli
sher
s.

Feagi
n,J. 1984)Raci
R.( alandEt
hni
cRel
ati
ons.NewJer
sey
:Pr
ent
ice-Hal
.l

I
nter
nati
onalCov
enantonCivi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s.16t
hDecember
,1966.Of
fi
ceoft
he
HighCommissi
onerf
orHumanRights.

I
nter
nati
onalCovenantonEconomic,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRight
s16t
hDecember
,1966.
Off
iceoft
heHi ghCommissi
onerforHumanRi
ghts.

I
nter
nati
onalLabourOr
gani
sat
ion.1996-
2013. A Speci
ali
sedAgencyoft
heUni
ted
Nati
ons.

Mohamed,
S. 1986)Ki
A.( nachaMai
sha.Nai
robi
:Hei
nemannEducat
ional
Books.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 132|
Page
Mwachof
i,A. 1987)Mamaee.Nai
K.( robi
:Engl
i
shPr
essLt
d.

Nabea,W.(
2009)‘
LanguagePol
i
cyi
nKeny
a:Negot
iat
ionswi
thHegemony
’.I
nIt
ibar
i,Z
ed)Jour
( nalofPanAf
ri
canSt
udi
es.LosAngl
es.(
3)1,
121-
138.
Ngugi
waThi
ong’
o(1986)Decol
oni
singt
heMi
nd.Nai
robi
:Hei
nemann.

Ngugiwa Thiong’
o(1997) Wr
it
ersi
n Pol
i
tics.Nai
robi
:EastAf
ri
can Educat
ional
Publ
i
shers.

Ogol 2003)TheNat
a,O.( ionalLanguagepol
i
cyi
mpl
ement
ati
onandExper
ience:The
CaseofKi
swahi
l
iint
hePar
li
amentofKenya.Di
sser
tat
ionZurEr
langungdes
Dokt
orgr
adesderPhi
l
osophi
e,Uni
ver
sit
atWi
en.
Ony
eukwu,O.A.(2012)Reduci
ngGenderDi scri
minati
onandVi olenceagai
nstWomen
throughLi
braryandInf
ormationServi
ces.Univer
sit
yofNi geri
a,EnuguCampus:
Librar
yPhi
losophyandPract
ice.ht
tp:/
/uni
ll
ib.
unl.
edu/LPP/

Ony
eukwuO. A.(2004)Tr
adi
ti
onalr
uler
sasposi ti
vechangeagent
sofgenderbased
biases.I
nNwankwo& Onukwube( )TheGenderDi
Eds. mensi
onsofCulture.
Enugu:FourthDi
mensi
onPubl
ishers:
90-98

The Const
it
uti
on ofKenya.Revi
sed Edi
ti
on 2010.The Nat
ionalCounci
lforLaw
Repor
ti
ngwi
tht
heAut
hor
it
yoft
heAt
tor
neyGener
al.

Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi ght
s.Unit
edNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
s.Of
fi
ceoft
he
Hi
ghCommi ssi
onerf
orHumanRight
s.

Wei
wei
,L.(2004)‘
Equal
it
yandDiscr
imi
nati
onunderI
nter
nationalHumanRi
ght
sLaw’
.
Uni
versi
tyofOsl
o,Nor
wegi
anCentr
eforHumanRights.(PDF)

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 133|
Page
 LESSONTEN

ADI
SCUSSI
ONOFSELECTRI
GHTS11
Vi
ckyKhasandi
-Tel
ewa

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
hisl
esson,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)I
dent
if
ykeypol
i
tical
right
s;
2)Descr
ibet
hemai
neconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s;
3)Demonst
rat
e f
ami
l
iar
it
y wi
th how some gr
oups may be v
ulner
abl
e t
o
di
scr
imi
nat
oryt
reat
ment
;
4)Appr
aiset
her
eal
i
sat
ionofr
ight
sofpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esi
nKeny
a;and
5)I
ll
ust
rat
ewhatst
eps,measur
esandact
ionsKeny
ansmustt
akei
nor
dert
o
saf
eguar
dthe not
ion ofequal
i
tybef
oret
he l
aw and t
he pr
inci
ple ofnon-
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.

LessonOut
li
ne
1 I
ntr
oduct
ion
11 Pol
i
tical
Right
s
1)Ther
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
einpubl
i
caf
fai
rs
2)Ther
ightt
oanat
ional
i
ty
3)Ther
ightt
oasy
lum
4)Ri
ghtoff
reedom f
rom sl
aver
y
5)Labourr
ight
s
6)Ri
ght
sofal
i
ensandr
efugees
7)Ri
ght
sofar
rest
ed,
det
ained,
accusedandconv
ict
edpeopl
e
8)Ri
ght
stoaFami
l
y
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 134|
Page
111 Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s
1)Ther
ightt
ocl
eanandsuf
fi
cientwat
er
2)Ther
ightt
oacl
eanandheal
thyenv
ironment
3)Ther
ightt
oadequat
ehousi
ng
4)Ri
ghtt
oadequat
efood
5)Ther
ightt
oheal
th
6)Ther
ightt
oeducat
ion
I
V LandRi
ght
s
V Ri
ght
sofPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
es
VI Summar
y

1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
nthel
astuni
twedi
scussedt
heconcept
sofequal
i
tyanddi
scr
imi
nat
ionandl
ookedat
t
hedi
ff
erentf
reedomsandr
ight
sthatar
eav
ail
abl
etoal
lhumanbei
ngs.Weev
ent
ual
l
y
hadadi
scussi
onofsel
ectr
ight
s;speci
fi
cal
l
y,women’
sri
ght
s,chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sand
mi
nor
it
yri
ght
s.I
nthi
suni
t,wedealwi
thpol
i
ticalr
ight
s,economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
al
r
ight
s,l
andr
ight
sandr
ight
sofper
sonsl
i
vingwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.Ther
ear
edi
ver
ser
ight
s
f
all
i
ngundert
hissect
ion,
sowi
l
ljustsel
ectar
epr
esent
ati
vesampl
efordi
scussi
on.

11 POLI
TICALRI
GHTS
Pol
i
ticalr
ight
sar
econsi
der
edt
oget
herwi
thci
vi
lri
ght
sint
heI
nter
nat
ionalCov
enanton
Ci
vi
landPol
i
tical
right
s(I
CCPR)
.Accor
dingt
oNgondi
-Hought
on;
Ci
vi
lri
ght
sar
eri
ght
srel
ati
ngt
o,ori
nvol
vi
ngt
hegener
alpubl
i
c,t
hei
ract
ivi
ti
esand
t
hei
rneedsorway
sorci
vi
caf
fai
rsi
nthepubl
i
creal
m,asdi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom
speci
alaf
fai
rsi
ndesi
gnat
edr
eal
mssuchasmi
l
itar
yorr
eli
giousaf
fai
rs…i
ncl
ude
t
he r
ightt
oli
fe;l
i
ber
ty;secur
it
yofper
son;equal
i
ty;f
reedom ofexpr
essi
on,
mov
ement
,associ
ati
on,consci
ence,j
udi
ci
alr
emedy among ot
her
s(Ngondi
-
Hought
on,
2005:
22)
.

Ngondi
-Hought
onal
sodef
inesPol
it
ical
right
sas;
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 135|
Page
 Thosehumanr
ight
sthatar
eduet
oani
ndi
vi
duali
nhi
sorherr
elat
iont
othe
publ
i
csoci
ety
.Theyaccor
dthei
ndi
vi
dualt
her
ightt
ochooseagov
ernment
t
hroughv
oti
ng,t
ofor
m agov
ernmentt
hroughr
unni
ngf
orgov
ernment
alof
fi
ce,
t
ofor
m pol
i
ticalpar
ti
es,and t
oinf
luence t
he conductofgov
ernmentand
gov
ernment
alpol
i
cyi
nor
dert
oef
fectchangesi
nhi
s/hersoci
etyaswoul
dbet
o
hi
s/herbenef
it
.Thesei
ncl
udet
her
ightt
ovot
eandt
oot
her
wiset
akepar
tin
gov
ernment
,equalaccesst
opubl
i
cser
vice,f
reedom ofassembl
y,expr
essi
on
andassoci
ati
onamongot
her
s.Pol
i
ticalr
ight
sar
eal
socal
l
ednegat
iver
ight
sin
t
hatt
heyr
equi
ret
hegov
ernmentt
onotusei
tspower
stov
iol
atet
hem (
Ngondi
-
Hought
on,
2005:
22)
.

Wewi
l
lnow l
ookatt
her
eal
i
sat
ionoft
heser
ight
sinKeny
aint
hecont
extoft
he
di
spensat
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on2010.

1) Ther
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
einpubl
icaf
fai
rs
Thi
sconcer
nst
her
ightofaper
sont
obeaci
ti
zenofacount
rywhi
chi
ncl
udeshav
ing
t
her
equi
sit
epaper
ssuchasbi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
esandpasspor
ts,andbei
nggi
vent
he
oppor
tuni
tyt
oexer
ciset
hoser
ight
sandaccompl
i
sht
hei
raccompany
ingdut
ies.

Bef
oret
henewconst
it
uti
oncamei
ntopl
ace,
Keny
ascor
edv
erypoor
lyi
ntheat
tai
nment
oft
heser
ight
s.El
ect
ionswer
ehel
dregul
arl
yandal
lregi
ster
edKeny
answer
eav
ail
edt
he
oppor
tuni
tyt
oexer
ciset
her
ightt
ovot
eexceptt
hef
oll
owi
nggr
oups;
pri
soner
s,Keny
ans
l
i
vingout
sidet
hecount
ry,member
soft
hedi
sci
pli
nedf
orces,el
ect
ionof
fi
cial
sand
t
hosehospi
tal
i
sedwhocoul
dnotmakei
ttot
hepol
l
ingst
ati
ons.Howev
er,t
hechances
ofachi
evi
ngf
ullpar
ti
ci
pat
ionwer
eli
mit
edbyahar
shpol
i
ticalenv
ironment
.Thet
hen
Pr
esi
dent
,Dani
elTor
oit
ichAr
apMoihadal
ter
edt
heconst
it
uti
oni
n1982andadded
Sect
ion2At
hatmadeKeny
aasi
ngl
epar
tyst
ate,
great
lyst
if
li
ngpar
ti
cipat
ion,
especi
all
y
i
fonewasexpel
l
edf
rom t
heonl
ypar
ty,KANU.I
ttookal
otofl
obby
ingandpr
otest
s
f
rom manyKeny
anadv
ocat
esof‘
Keny
a’sSecondLi
ber
ati
on’andi
npar
ti
cul
ar,t
heci
vi
l
soci
etyf
orSect
ion2At
ober
epeal
ed.Thi
sal
l
owedKeny
anst
ofor
m di
ver
separ
ti
es
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 136|
Page
whi
l
eatt
hesamet
imeopeni
ngupt
hedemocr
ati
cspace.

Anot
herconst
rai
ntwast
hatt
hemedi
awascont
rol
l
edbyt
her
uli
ngpar
tyandt
henews
al
way
scent
redont
hepr
esi
dent
’sact
ivi
ti
es.I
twasdi
ff
icul
tfordi
ver
gentv
iewst
obe
ai
redi
nthemedi
a.Ot
herl
awsandpr
act
icessuchast
heOf
fi
cialSecr
etsActal
so
hi
nder
edt
ranspar
encyont
hepol
i
ticalscene.Womenshi
edawayf
rom pol
i
ticsmost
ly
becauset
heenv
ironmentwasnotconduci
vef
orwomenasmanyf
ear
edt
hei
nsul
tsand
r
oughnessofpol
i
tical
par
ti
cipat
ion.Act
ual
l
yonl
y7per
centoft
heMPswer
ewomenand
i
nCabi
netposi
ti
ons.Whenappoi
ntedacabi
netmi
nist
er(
whatwenow r
efert
oint
he
new Const
it
uti
onasCabi
netSecr
etar
y),t
heywer
enotgi
ven‘
power
ful
’mi
nist
ri
essuch
asFi
nance,orFor
eignaf
fai
rsbutwer
esubj
ugat
edt
owhati
nthepubl
i
copi
nionwer
e
‘
i
nsi
gni
fi
cantmi
nist
ri
es’suchast
hosedeal
i
ngwi
thsoci
alandcul
tur
alaf
fai
rs.Manyof
t
heseshor
tcomi
ngshav
ebeenaddr
essedi
ntheConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a2010.

Ot
herci
vi
lli
ber
ti
escl
assi
fi
edaspol
i
ticalr
ight
sincl
udet
her
ightt
oanat
ional
i
ty,
rightt
o
asy
lum,l
abourr
ight
s,accesst
ojust
ice,r
ight
sofal
i
ens,r
ight
sofr
efugees,r
ight
sof
ar
rest
ed,det
ained,accusedandconv
ict
edpeopl
e;Ri
ght
stobef
reef
rom sl
aver
yand
ser
vit
udeandr
ight
stoaf
ami
l
y.Wewi
l
ldi
scusssomeoft
hesebel
ow:

2) Ther
ightt
oanat
ional
it
y
Thi
sent
ail
sthecapabi
l
ityandpr
ovi
sionf
oronet
obeaci
ti
zenofast
atewi
tht
heabi
l
ity
t
oli
veany
wher
ewi
thi
nther
epubl
i
cthatt
heysowi
sht
o;t
heyar
eent
it
ledt
oacqui
rea
passpor
tandduepaper
sthatwi
l
lenabl
ethem gai
napr
ofessi
onorbecomegai
nful
l
y
sel
f-
empl
oyedandt
otr
avelf
reel
yinandoutoft
hatst
ate.Theyar
eal
soent
it
ledt
oful
fi
l
t
hei
rdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesasci
ti
zensoft
hest
ate.

I
nKeny
a,t
heNubi
ancommuni
tyi
nKi
ber
a(Nai
robi
)hashadnumer
ousdi
ff
icul
ti
es
acqui
ri
ngi
dent
if
icat
ionpaper
sasKeny
anci
ti
zensev
ent
houghsomehav
eli
vedher
efor
mor
ethan 40 y
ear
s.Wi
thoutt
heseI
Ds,passpor
tsand bi
rt
h cer
ti
fi
cat
es,t
heyar
e
const
rai
nedf
rom exer
cisi
ngt
hei
rdut
iesandenj
oyi
ngt
hei
rri
ght
ssi
ncet
hesepaper
sar
e
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 137|
Page
r
equi
sit
eforgai
ningempl
oymentorev
enexi
sti
ngasat
rul
yfr
eei
ndi
vi
duali
nKeny
a.I
n
f
act
,wi
thoutduei
dent
it
ydocument
s,t
hei
rri
ghtt
oaccesspubl
i
cser
vicei
sal
sov
iol
ated
ast
heycannoteasi
l
yaccessur
gentmedi
calser
vices,basi
ceducat
ion(
tosi
tforKCPE
onemustpr
oduceabi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e),
secur
it
yinf
rast
ruct
ure,
amongot
her
s.

3) Ther
ightt
oasy
lum
Thi
sri
ghtr
efer
stoone’
sent
it
lementt
oseekandacqui
rer
efugei
napl
aceofsaf
ety
wher
etheyar
efr
eef
rom per
secut
ionar
isi
ngf
rom pol
i
ticalorev
ennon-
pol
i
ticalcauses.
Byv
irt
ueofbei
nghuman,onei
sent
it
ledt
oent
eranycount
ryandbegr
ant
edasy
lum
wher
etheyf
eelt
hei
rli
vesar
eindangeri
nthei
rowncount
ri
es.Keny
aisgener
all
yaf
ree
count
ryal
l
owi
ng i
nnumer
ousasy
lum seeker
s.Howev
er,Keny
ahi
ghl
ydi
scour
ages
i
ntegr
ati
on i
nst
ead f
aci
l
itat
ing r
eset
tl
ementt
othi
rd count
ri
es orr
epat
ri
ati
on as
happenedt
omanySout
hSudaneseont
heat
tai
nmentoft
hei
rindependence.

4) Ri
ghtoff
reedom f
rom sl
aver
y
Wi
tht
hepai
nful
hist
oryofser
vit
udeandsl
aver
yenv
isagedi
nthehor
rendoussl
avet
rade
andcol
oni
ali
sm,i
tbecamenecessar
ytopr
ohi
bitensl
avementofot
herhumanbei
ngs.
ThusAr
ti
cle8oft
heI
CCPRf
orbi
dssl
aver
yandsl
avet
radei
nal
lthei
rmani
fest
ati
ons.
Ont
hedomest
icf
ront
,Ar
ti
cle30oft
heKeny
anConst
it
uti
onout
lawsf
orcedl
abour
,
sl
aver
yandser
vit
ude.I
nfact
,apar
tfr
om caseswher
ebyonei
spuni
shedundert
hel
aw
asi
ndi
cat
edi
ntheAr
ti
cle,noonei
stobef
orcedt
oper
for
mfor
cedl
abouratanyt
ime.
Thi
sri
ghti
slar
gel
yreal
i
sedbutt
her
ear
est
il
lnumer
ouscompl
aint
saboutKeny
anshel
d
i
nvi
rt
ualsl
aver
yint
heMi
ddl
eEast
.Al
otneedst
obedonebyt
hegov
ernmentt
oensur
e
Keny
ansseeki
ngwor
kar
enotsubj
ect
edt
oinhumanet
reat
mentwher
etheyar
eor
der
ed
t
owor
klonghour
s,t
hei
rpasspor
tshel
dandt
heyar
etur
nedi
ntov
irt
ualsl
aves.Weal
so
hav
etoensur
edomest
icwor
ker
sar
ewel
lremuner
atedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awand
t
reat
edf
air
ly.

5) Labourr
ight
s
Labourr
ight
s hav
eto do wi
th someone’
s abi
l
ityt
o access decent
,accept
abl
e
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 138|
Page
empl
oyment
.Ev
eryci
ti
zen has a r
ightt
o ex
change hi
s/herski
l
lsf
orappr
opr
iat
e
pay
ment
;towor
kinaheal
thyandsaf
eenv
ironment
;toassoci
atewi
thot
herwor
ker
sin
t
radeuni
ons;and t
ogetequalpayf
orequalwor
kwi
thoutbei
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nst
.
Theyar
eal
soent
it
ledt
oreasonabl
ehour
sofwor
kwi
thsuf
fi
cientr
est
.

I
n Keny
a,t
hisr
ighti
shar
dlyachi
eved ast
her
ateofunempl
oymenti
sver
yhi
gh,
especi
all
yamongt
hepoory
out
handwomen.Lat
ely
,int
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a2010
er
athewor
kernowhasar
ightt
ogoonst
ri
keonaccountoft
hei
rlabourr
ight
s.Soci
al
secur
it
yhasal
sobeenext
endedt
oinf
ormalsect
orwor
ker
s.Awar
enesshasbeen
cr
eat
edont
hemi
nimum wagepay
mentf
ordomest
icwor
ker
swhoseem t
osuf
fert
he
wor
stv
iol
ati
onoft
heser
ight
swi
thsomehousegi
rl
swor
kingf
rom 5:
00am t
omi
dni
ght
wi
thnor
estper
iods.Thi
sisact
ual
l
yil
l
egalev
ent
houghi
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoenf
orceduet
o
desper
ati
onbyt
hehousegi
rl
s.I
nfactsomeempl
oyer
sar
guet
hatt
hemi
nimum payf
or
adomest
icwor
keri
nNai
robibei
ngKES7500i
smor
ethatwhatgr
aduat
eteacher
s
empl
oyed byv
ari
ous schoolBoar
d ofGov
ernor
s(BOGs)can af
for
d.Ci
tyCounci
l
of
fi
cial
sal
so v
iol
atet
her
ight
sofsel
f-
empl
oyed ‘
hawker
s’when t
heyar
restt
hem
ar
bit
rar
il
yandpul
ldownt
hei
rst
ruct
ures,
oft
enwi
thoutnot
ice.

Or
gani
sat
ionsal
sobr
eacht
heser
ight
sbyempl
oyi
ngpeopl
eascasual
wor
ker
sfory
ear
s
onend.Thust
heydonothav
etopr
ovi
det
hesewor
ker
swi
thbenef
it
sduet
oper
manent
wor
ker
ssuchasmedi
calcov
er,commut
ingal
l
owances,t
ermi
nat
ionduesandot
her
benef
it
s.Thought
hisi
sil
l
egal
,desper
ati
oncauseswor
ker
stobearwi
tht
heseunf
air
t
erms.

6) Ri
ght
sofal
iensandr
efugees
Per
sonsnotr
ecogni
sedl
egal
l
yasci
ti
zenshav
ether
ightt
oequalt
reat
mentwi
tht
he
ci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ryi
nwhi
cht
heyseekr
efuge.TheRef
ugeesActno.
13of2006whi
ch
Keny
ahasdomest
icat
edf
rom t
heUDHRpr
ovi
desf
ort
her
ecogni
ti
on,pr
otect
ionand
managementofr
efugees.Thi
smeansr
efugeesar
eent
it
ledt
oresi
dence,secur
it
y,
f
reedom ofmov
ement
,economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s.St
atesar
erequi
rednott
o
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 139|
Page
r
etur
nar
efugeet
oacount
ryort
err
it
orywher
ehe/
shewoul
dbeatr
iskofper
secut
ion
(
thepr
inci
pleofr
e-f
oul
ement
).A r
efugeeunderAr
ti
cle1(
A)2oft
he1951Ref
ugee
Conv
ent
ioni
sdef
inedasanyper
sonwho:
owi
ngt
oawel
l
-foundedf
earofbei
ngper
secut
edf
orr
easonsofr
ace,r
eli
gion,
nat
ional
i
ty,
member
shi
pofapar
ti
cul
arsoci
algr
ouporpol
i
tical
opi
nion,
isout
side
t
hecount
ryofhi
snat
ional
i
tyandi
sunabl
eor
,owi
ngt
osuchf
ear
,isunwi
l
li
ngt
o
av
ailhi
msel
foft
hepr
otect
ionoft
hatcount
ry;orwho,nothav
inganat
ional
i
ty
andbei
ngout
sidet
hecount
ryofhi
sfor
merhabi
tual
resi
denceasar
esul
tofsuch
ev
ent
s,i
sunabl
eor
,owi
ngt
osuchf
ear
,isunwi
l
li
ngt
oret
urnt
oit
.

Thi
sdef
ini
ti
onf
ail
edt
ocat
erf
ormanyoft
her
efugeesi
nAf
ri
cawhoar
efor
cedt
ofl
ee
f
ormanyot
herr
easonsot
hert
hanpol
i
ticalper
secut
ion.Hencet
heOr
gani
sat
ionof
Af
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)Conv
ent
ionof1969adopt
edamor
eel
abor
atedef
ini
ti
onofa
r
efugeeas‘
Anyper
soncompel
l
edt
oleav
ehi
s/hercount
ryduet
oext
ernalaggr
essi
on,
occupat
ion,f
orei
gndomi
nat
ion,orev
entser
iousl
ydi
stur
bingpubl
i
cor
deri
nei
therpar
t
orwhol
eofhi
s/hercount
ryofor
igi
nornat
ional
i
ty’
.Ref
ugeesal
sohav
eent
it
lement
sto
al
lhuman r
ight
s and f
undament
alf
reedoms and ot
herr
ight
s ar
isi
ng f
rom t
hei
r
par
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion t
o per
sons who hav
efl
ed t
hei
rcount
ryf
rom per
secut
ion i
nto
anot
hercount
ry;asy
lum,non-
rej
ect
ionatbor
derandadmi
ssi
ont
osaf
ety
;accesst
o
r
efugee st
atus det
ermi
nat
ion pr
ocedur
e;i
dent
it
yand t
rav
eldocument
s;access t
o
cour
ts;
mov
ement
;legal
repr
esent
ati
on;
andequal
i
tywi
thot
herr
efugees.

Keny
aisasi
gnat
oryt
otheI
nter
nat
ionalRef
ugeeConv
ent
ionandt
heAf
ri
canUni
on
Gov
erni
ngt
heSpeci
fi
cAspect
sofRef
ugeePr
obl
emsi
nAf
ri
ca.Shehasbeenasaf
e
hav
enf
orhundr
edsoft
housandsofr
efugeesandbear
sar
easonabl
ybi
gbur
denf
rom
nei
ghbour
ing Somal
i
a and Sudan,among ot
hercount
ri
es.Keny
a host
s numer
ous
r
efugeesi
nKakumaandDadaabcampsaswel
lasi
nur
bancent
resbutt
her
ear
eissues
ar
isi
ngf
rom t
his,
ast
hepol
i
cyi
slar
gel
ytosendt
hem al
ltot
hecampsi
nhot
,semi
-ar
id
pl
acesf
ullofsnakes,spi
der
sandscor
pionsandi
tishar
dtol
eav
ethosecamps.Ther
e
ar
ecer
tai
nti
meswhen r
efugeesar
ear
bit
rar
il
yar
rest
ed especi
all
ythosei
n ur
ban
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 140|
Page
cent
reswhocont
inuet
osuf
ferundercor
ruptl
awenf
orcementof
fi
cer
sev
enwhent
hey
hav
ethecor
rectdocument
ati
on.

7) Ri
ght
sofar
rest
ed,
det
ained,
accusedandconv
ict
edpeopl
e
Per
sons t
hatar
e ar
rest
ed hav
ethe r
ightt
oremai
n si
l
entand hav
ethei
rri
ght
s
communi
cat
edt
othem.Theyshoul
dbebr
oughtbef
oreacompet
entcour
twi
thi
n48
hour
soft
hei
rar
restatt
hemost(
unl
i
kepr
evi
ousl
ywhenbei
ngkepti
ncust
odywasa
wayofpuni
shi
ngot
her
s),
orel
sebet
oldwhyt
heymustbedet
ainedl
onger
.Theyshoul
d
notbepr
essur
isedt
oconf
essandshoul
dbebai
l
edouti
fiti
sint
hei
nter
estofj
ust
icet
o
doso.Thei
rnextofki
nmustbei
nfor
medoft
hei
rpr
edi
cament
.Ifonehast
obedet
ained,
t
hent
heymustbecl
ear
lyi
nfor
medofwhyi
tisnecessar
ytokeept
hem l
ockedupand
t
hei
rri
ghtt
oconsul
tal
awy
er.Theyshoul
dbedet
ainedi
nadecentpl
aceconsi
stentwi
th
humandi
gni
ty.

Anyaccusedper
sonhasar
ightt
obeconsi
der
edi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
ty.They
shoul
dbei
nfor
medoft
hei
rri
ghtt
ogetl
egalr
epr
esent
ati
onandbegi
venenought
ime
andf
aci
l
iti
est
opr
epar
efort
hei
rdef
ence.Tr
ansl
ati
onshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedf
reel
yif
needed.

Shoul
donegetconv
ict
ed,t
heyhav
ear
ightt
obet
reat
edhumanel
yandi
nadi
gni
fi
ed
way
.Ifi
ncar
cer
ated,t
heyshoul
dbeputi
nacor
rect
ionalsy
stem t
hatai
mst
oref
orm
t
hem andr
ehabi
l
itat
ethem soci
all
y.I
ftheyar
ebel
ow18y
ear
s,t
heyhav
ear
ightt
oage-
appr
opr
iat
edet
ent
ionawayf
rom adul
tsandt
obegr
ant
edspeci
ali
nter
vent
ionst
hatar
e
appr
opr
iat
efort
hei
rdev
elopmentneeds.

I
nKeny
a,t
heser
ight
swer
epar
ti
cul
arl
yvi
olat
edwi
thr
andom det
ent
ionswi
thoutt
ri
al
commonf
orpol
i
ticaldi
ssi
dent
s;f
il
thyandhar
shpr
isoncondi
ti
onswi
thpoorsani
tat
ion
andheal
thf
aci
l
iti
es;nor
ightt
ovot
e,sev
erecor
por
alpuni
shment
,unnat
uraldeat
hs,
sodomyandr
apeamongconv
ict
sandev
enf
rom secur
it
yof
fi
cer
s,i
ndecentsear
ches,
sol
i
tar
yconf
inementandov
ercr
owdednesswi
tht
otalpr
isonhol
dingbei
ng94,
220i
n
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 141|
Page
2003i
nst
eadoft
hecapaci
tyof17,
000(
SeeNgondi
-Hought
on,
2005:9)
.Gr
eatst
epsar
e
bei
ngunder
takent
oref
orm pr
isonswi
thopenday
sbei
ngconduct
edandpl
anst
oal
l
ow
spousest
o‘v
isi
t’under
way
.

8) Ri
ght
stoaf
ami
ly
Ev
ery
onehasar
ightt
ogetmar
ri
edandest
abl
i
shaf
ami
l
y.I
nmar
ri
age,bot
hspouses
ar
eequalandshoul
dthusshar
einequalpr
ivi
l
eges,dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.They
shoul
dmar
ryonl
ybyt
hei
rownconsentandt
hef
ami
l
yhasar
ightt
opr
otect
ionby
soci
etyandt
hest
ate.
Basi
cal
l
y,t
hisr
ighthasnotbeenassev
erel
yvi
olat
ed,excepti
ncaseswher
efami
l
ies
woul
dfor
biday
oungmanf
rom mar
ryi
ngwi
thoutpay
ingexor
bit
antbr
idepr
ice.Thi
sis
no l
ongercompul
sor
y.Ar
ranged and f
orced mar
ri
agesar
eal
so commoni
nsome
communi
ti
es.

111 ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
Ri
ght
sfal
l
ing under t
his cat
egor
yincl
ude ent
it
lement t
o a cl
ean and heal
thy
env
ironment
,enough cl
ean wat
er,suf
fi
cienthousi
ng,decentwor
k,adequat
efood,
heal
thandeducat
ion.Theyar
eguar
ant
eedi
nAr
ti
cle43oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Ar
ti
cle204
set
s asi
de an Equal
i
sat
ion Fund as an i
nit
ial20 y
earaf
fi
rmat
ive act
ion t
owar
ds
i
mpr
ovi
ng basi
c ser
vices such as wat
er,el
ect
ri
cit
y,r
oads,and heal
thf
aci
l
iti
es i
n
Count
iest
hatwer
epr
evi
ousl
yhi
ghl
ynegl
ect
edi
nKeny
a.Weshal
lnowdealwi
theach
r
ighti
nthenextsect
ion.

1) Ther
ightt
ocl
eanandsuf
fi
cientwat
er
Ev
eryhumanbei
ngi
sent
it
ledt
osuf
fi
cient
,saf
e,accept
abl
e,phy
sical
l
yaccessi
bleand
af
for
dabl
e wat
er f
or per
sonaland househol
d use.They deser
ve good wat
er
managementsy
stemsi
ncl
udi
ngsust
ainabl
erai
nhar
vestandi
rr
igat
ion.50per
centof
Keny
ans do not enj
oy t
his r
ight (
Ngondi
-Hought
on, 2005) due mai
nly t
o
mi
smanagementsuchasal
l
owi
ngf
orsi
l
tat
ioni
nri
ver
sandl
akes;asi
nri
verYal
aand
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 142|
Page
t
heRi
ftVal
l
eyl
akes.Weal
sowi
tnesspol
l
uti
onsuchasseeni
ntheNai
robiRi
verand
conf
li
cts such as t
hatwi
tnessed amongstpast
oral
i
sts and f
armer
s ar
ound Lake
Nai
vasha,t
onameaf
ew.Thei
nvasi
vewat
erhy
aci
nthandef
fl
uentbei
ngdumpedi
nto
LakeVi
ctor
ia’
sWi
nam Bayar
eexampl
esoft
hreatt
oreal
i
sat
ionoft
her
ightt
ocl
ean
wat
er.

2) Ther
ightt
oacl
eanandheal
thyenv
ironment
Thi
sist
heent
it
lementofev
eryhumanbei
ngt
oaccessandhav
ethebenef
itofacl
ean,
heal
thypl
acet
oli
vei
nwi
thcl
eanai
r,wat
erandsoi
l
,fr
eef
rom pol
l
utant
s.Humanbei
ngs
ar
eent
it
ledt
opr
opermanagementandexpl
oit
ati
onofnat
uralr
esour
ces,i
ncl
udi
ng
pr
operut
il
isat
ionofener
gy,aswel
lasbei
ngf
reef
rom noi
sepol
l
uti
on.I
thasbeena
commonhabi
tforr
ichcount
ri
est
o dumport
ryt
o st
orehazar
douswast
eint
he
env
ironmentofpoorcount
ri
eswi
thsomepay
mentbutt
hisi
sact
ual
l
yabr
eachoft
hei
r
(
poorcount
ri
es’
)human r
ight
s.Nucl
earwast
e hasal
so cont
inued t
o be a t
hreat
especi
all
ysi
ncet
her
ecentear
thquakei
nJapant
hatl
edt
oleaksi
nnucl
earwast
eandi
s
agr
eatheal
thr
iskt
omuchofhumani
tywheni
tleaksi
ntot
hesea.

I
nKeny
a,t
her
eal
i
sat
ionoft
hisr
ighti
scl
ear
lyundert
hreat
.Gr
ant
ed,Keny
aisendowed
wi
thr
ichf
aunaandf
lor
a.Howev
er,
shehasal
sowi
tnessedov
erexpl
oit
ati
onoft
hesame,
habi
tatdest
ruct
ionduet
oov
erpopul
ati
onwhi
chl
eadst
ohi
ghdemandf
orwoodf
uel
pr
oduct
s and hi
gh pr
oduct
ion ofwast
e.Wet
lands and f
arml
ands ar
e dai
l
ybei
ng
conv
ert
edt
oresi
dent
ialset
tl
ement
s.Thi
sisev
ident
,fori
nst
ance,i
nNgat
aar
eaof
Nakur
uandar
easofKi
ambuwher
epr
evi
ouswheatf
armsandcof
feef
armsr
espect
ivel
y,
ar
ebei
ngconv
ert
edi
ntor
esi
dent
ial
plot
sdai
l
y.

3) Ther
ightt
oadequat
ehousi
ng
Ev
eryhumanbei
nghast
her
ightt
opr
operhousi
ngt
hati
saf
for
dabl
e,habi
tabl
eandwi
th
l
egalsecur
it
yoft
enur
e.Thi
saccommodat
ionshoul
d hav
enecessar
yut
il
it
ieswi
th
av
ail
abi
l
ityofsoci
alser
vices.I
n2005,
thr
eemi
l
li
onur
bandwel
l
ersandni
nemi
l
li
onr
ural
peopl
elackedpr
operhousi
ng(
Ngondi
-Hought
on,2005:10)
.Inf
act
,ov
er60per
centof
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 143|
Page
Nai
robi
ansl
i
vei
nsl
ums,char
act
eri
sed bycongest
ion,ov
ercr
owdi
ng,l
ackofbasi
c
ser
vicessuchaswat
er,
elect
ri
cit
yandsewer
agesy
stems,
unheal
thypoor
lyconst
ruct
ed
‘
houses’
,pov
ert
yandsoci
alexcl
usi
on.Manyr
esor
ttoi
l
li
cital
coholandendupdeador
bl
i
ndedbyt
hesel
ethalconcoct
ions.Ki
ber
aar
eai
nNai
robii
sthel
argestsl
um i
nSub-
Sahar
anAf
ri
cawi
thapopul
ati
onwel
lov
erhal
fami
l
li
on,butl
ackspr
opersani
tat
ion
somet
imesl
eadi
ngt
otheuseoft
hei
nfamous‘
fl
yi
ngt
oil
ets’
.

4) Ri
ghtt
oadequat
efood
Ev
ery
one i
s ent
it
led t
o enough good qual
i
tyf
ood t
hatcan sat
isf
ythei
rdi
etar
y
r
equi
rement
s.Thi
sfoodshoul
dal
so becul
tur
all
yaccept
abl g.Hal
e,e. alshoul
dbe
pr
ovi
dedf
orMusl
i
msandnodogordonkeymeatf
ormanycommuni
ti
esi
nKeny
a.Mor
e
t
han56per
centofKeny
ansar
efood-
insecur
eandKeny
aranked51outof61count
ri
es
byWor
ldFoodPr
ogr
amme(
WFP)i
n2005i
nter
msoff
oodpr
ovi
sion.
Keny
atr
iest
oreal
i
set
hisr
ightt
hroughschoolf
eedi
ngpr
ogr
ammesi
nmar
ginal
i
sed
ar
easwher
etheonl
yfoodpoorchi
l
drenmi
ghteati
swhatt
heygetatschool
.Howev
er,
expensi
vef
armi
nput
s,poormar
ket
sforagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduce,poori
nfr
ast
ruct
uret
hat
of
tenl
eadst
ofar
m pr
oducer
ott
ingonpoorr
oads,ar
esomeoft
hef
act
orswor
seni
ng
t
hesi
tuat
ion.Ov
err
eli
anceonr
ainf
edagr
icul
tur
eisal
soagr
eatweaknessconsi
der
ing
howwel
lendowedKeny
aiswi
thr
iver
sfori
rr
igat
ion.

5) Ther
ightt
oheal
th
Human bei
ngs ar
e ent
it
led t
o access good phy
sicaland ment
alheal
thf
aci
l
iti
es.
Gov
ernment
sshoul
dav
ailaf
for
dabl
efunct
ioni
ngpubl
i
cheal
thcar
efaci
l
iti
esf
ort
hei
r
ci
ti
zens.Thi
sri
ghti
shar
dlyr
eal
i
sedi
nKeny
awi
thi
nfant
,under
-f
iveandmat
ernal
mor
tal
i
tyr
if
e.Li
feexpect
ancyhascont
inuedt
odecl
i
neespeci
all
yduet
opov
ert
y,t
he
HI
V-Ai
ds scour
ge,mal
ari
a and t
uber
cul
osi
s among ot
heri
l
ls.Poorenv
ironment
al
sani
tat
ionl
eadst
ocont
ami
nat
ionoff
oodandwat
er,whi
cht
oget
herwi
thl
ackofspace
and v
ent
il
ati
on exacer
bat
e an al
ready cr
it
ical si
tuat
ion. Poor heal
th f
aci
l
iti
es
char
act
eri
sed byi
nsuf
fi
cientst
aff
,cor
rupt
ion and mi
smanagementofdr
ugs,l
i
ttl
e
f
undi
ngf
orpr
event
ati
vecar
eandun-
aff
ordabi
l
ityofdr
ugsandser
vicesaddt
otheai
l
ing
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 144|
Page
st
ateofaf
fai
rs.

Ev
ery
onehasar
ightt
oemer
gencymedi
calcar
e.Unf
ort
unat
elysomehospi
tal
sdonot
admi
tapat
ientunl
esst
heyar
eassur
edoft
hei
rabi
l
ityt
opayt
hei
rov
erpr
icedbi
l
ls.On
t
hef
li
psi
de,f
reemat
erni
tycar
eisnow bei
ngof
fer
edt
omot
her
sinpubl
i
cheal
th
f
aci
l
iti
es,t
hought
hepoorst
ateoff
aci
l
iti
esi
nthesecent
resput
sof
fmot
her
sfr
om
v
ent
uri
ngt
her
eandsomepr
efert
ori
skgi
vi
ngbi
rt
hathomeorgoi
ngt
oexpensi
ve
pr
ivat
ehospi
tal
s.

6) Ther
ightt
oeducat
ion
Ev
ery
onei
sent
it
ledt
oaccesseducat
ionf
aci
l
iti
esofaccept
abl
est
andar
dsi
nor
dert
o
enabl
ethem acqui
re knowl
edge.They ar
e ent
it
led t
o adapt
abl
e sy
stems and
pr
ogr
ammest
hatcat
erf
orv
ari
ouschi
l
dren’
sper
sonal
i
tiesandt
alent
s,suchasgi
ft
ed
andspeci
alneedschi
l
dren.Theyhav
ether
ightt
ochooseandest
abl
i
sheducat
ion
sy
stemst
hatsui
tthem.

Keny
ahasmadegr
eatst
epst
owar
dst
heachi
evementoft
hisr
ightwi
thcompul
sor
y
Fr
ee Pr
imar
y Educat
ion (
FPE)and f
ree day secondar
y educat
ion.Howev
er,t
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
oncont
inuest
ober
iddl
edwi
thcor
rupt
ionandl
i
mit
edf
unds.Manychi
l
dren
st
il
llear
nundert
reesi
ndepl
orabl
econdi
ti
ons,wi
thov
ercr
owdedcl
assesandgr
oss
shor
tageoft
eacher
s.I
nfor
malcommuni
tyschool
sinur
bansl
umsdonotbenef
itf
rom
FPEast
heyar
enotconsi
der
edgov
ernmentschool
ssodonotqual
i
fy.Ki
ber
asl
um has
ov
er15suchschool
swi
thar
ound350-
1500pupi
l
seach(
Ngondi
-Hought
on,200511)
.
Ther
ehav
ebeenpr
obl
emsofhi
ghwast
ageduet
ogr
ader
epet
it
ionandl
owcompl
eti
on
r
ates,
aswel
laspoort
ransi
ti
onr
ateswi
thbel
ow50per
centpr
oceedi
ngbey
ondpr
imar
y
educat
ion.TheHI
VAi
dspandemi
chaswor
senedaccesst
oeducat
ionwi
thmor
ethan
1mi
l
li
onchi
l
drenor
phanedanddest
it
ute.Somer
egi
onsar
ehi
ghl
ymar
ginal
i
sedi
nter
ms
ofhi
gherl
evel
sofeducat
ion,
especi
all
ytheCoast
alandNor
thEast
ernar
easofKeny
a.

TheBasi
cEducat
ionAct2013t
ri
est
oaddr
essmost
,ifnotal
lthepr
obl
emsofv
iol
ati
on
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 145|
Page
oft
her
ightt
oeducat
ionasi
tpr
ovi
desf
ordet
ail
edpr
ovi
sionofqual
i
tyeducat
ionf
ort
he
Speci
alEducat
ionNeeds;i
ncl
udi
ngt
hegi
ft
ed,nomadi
cchi
l
dren,aswel
lasbanson
gr
ader
epet
it
ionandex
trat
uit
ioni
nschool
s.I
tal
soset
supt
heNat
ionalEducat
ion
Boar
dtoadv
iset
hecabi
netsecr
etar
yforEducat
iononal
lmat
ter
seducat
ion.

I
V LANDRI
GHTS
LundandBoone(
2013:
1)ar
guet
hat‘
Landi
ssuesar
eof
tennotaboutl
andonl
y.Rat
her
,
t
hey i
nvoke i
ssues of pr
oper
ty mor
e br
oadl
y,i
mpl
i
cat
ing soci
aland pol
i
tical
r
elat
ionshi
psi
nthewi
destsense’
.Theyf
urt
hernot
ethatt
her
ear
ecompet
ingpr
inci
ples
oft
enur
e,suchasancest
ralorcul
tur
alent
it
lement
,act
ualuse,mar
ketacqui
sit
ionor
gov
ernmental
l
ocat
iont
hatpeopl
eref
ert
oint
hei
rst
ruggl
esov
erl
and(
p3)
.Thoughnot
speci
fi
cal
l
ygi
vent
hei
rownAr
ti
clei
ntheConst
it
uti
on,l
andr
ight
sar
ever
ycr
it
icali
n
Keny
a.Theyar
epr
ovi
ded f
ori
n sev
eralot
herAr
ti
cles.Chapt
erf
iveon Land and
Env
ironmentpr
ohi
bit
slanddegr
adat
ion;Ar
ti
cle162i
nst
ruct
sPar
li
amentt
oest
abl
i
sh
cour
tswi
tht
hepower
sandst
atusoft
heHi
ghCour
ttohearanddet
ermi
nedi
sput
es
r
elat
ingt
otheenv
ironmentandt
heuseandoccupat
ionof
,andt
it
let
o,l
and.Ar
ti
cle40
al
sogi
vest
her
ightt
oaper
sont
oownpr
oper
tyei
theri
ndi
vi
dual
l
yori
nassoci
ati
onwi
th
ot
her
sinanypar
tofKeny
a,whi
chi
ncl
udesl
and.I
tpr
ohi
bit
sPar
li
amentf
rom enact
ing
anyl
aw t
hatwoul
dleadt
oar
bit
rar
ydepr
ivat
ionofpr
oper
ty,andal
sodemandsf
or
pr
omptandj
ustcompensat
ionf
oranypr
ivat
epr
oper
tyacqui
redbyt
heSt
atei
npubl
i
c
i
nter
estsuchasl
andneededf
ort
heexpansi
onofr
oadssol
ongassuchl
andwas
l
egal
l
yacqui
red.

Forgener
ati
ons,womenhav
esuf
fer
edl
ackofr
ight
sov
erl
and.Manyt
imes,wi
dows
hav
ebeendi
si
nher
it
edbyt
hei
rhusbands’ki
n.Unmar
ri
edwomenhadnor
ightt
othei
r
f
ather
s’l
andev
ent
hought
heycoul
dwor
klonghour
soni
t.I
nthecur
rentconst
it
uti
on,
women can now i
nher
itl
and f
rom t
hei
rpar
ent
s and t
hey now hav
eri
ght
s and
pr
otect
ionst
hatal
l
owt
hem t
oshar
econt
rolov
erf
ami
l
yresour
ces.Oneoft
hekeyt
asks
oft
henewl
yfor
medKeny
aNat
ionalLandCommi
ssi
oni
stoconducti
nvest
igat
ionsi
nto
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 146|
Page
unr
esol
ved ‘
hi
stor
icali
njust
ices’whi
ch l
ed t
o massdi
sinher
it
ance ofcommuni
ti
es
st
ret
chi
ngal
lthewayt
ocol
oni
alt
imesandt
hatof
tenl
eadt
ovi
olence.

Hi
stor
icali
njust
iceshav
ecausedamaj
orv
iol
ati
onofl
andr
ight
swi
thhundr
edsof
t
housandsofl
andl
essi
ndi
genousCoast
alpeopl
edi
senf
ranchi
sed.The10-
mil
ecoast
al
st
ri
pwasr
uledbyt
heSul
tanofZanzi
barunt
il1908wheni
twashandedov
ert
othe
Br
it
ishPr
otect
orat
ebyl
egalagr
eement
.Mostofi
twasdi
vi
dedoutamongEur
opean,
Ar
ab,Per
sianandAsi
anl
andl
ordsandati
ndependence,t
hef
ir
stKeny
anpr
esi
dent
’s
r
uli
ng el
i
te.TheMi
nist
ryofLandsconduct
ed a sur
veyi
n 2009 t
hatshowed t
hat
absent
eel
andl
ordsposedt
hebi
ggestpr
obl
em att
heCoastwher
etheyown77,
700
hect
ares(
TheSt
andar
d,Oct32012)
.Thi
sleadst
ooccupancybysquat
ter
sandensui
ng
cour
tbat
tl
es.Thepr
esentKeny
anpr
esi
denthasi
ssuedt
ensoft
housandsoft
it
ledeeds
t
ocoast
alsquat
ter
stot
ryandal
l
evi
atet
hisbutt
hei
ssuei
scompl
exwi
thr
ecor
ds
hav
ingbeent
amper
edwi
thov
ery
ear
sbyr
ivalcl
aimant
s.Ther
eisal
sot
hei
ssueof
f
orei
gner
sowni
nghuget
racksofl
andwi
tha999y
earl
ease.TheConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a
2010r
educest
hem al
lto99y
earl
eases.

I
nconcl
usi
on,quest
ionsaboutl
andpol
i
cyar
efuel
l
edby‘
ongoi
ngcompet
it
ionov
er
r
esour
ces,aut
hor
it
y,del
i
mit
ing j
uri
sdi
cti
ons and pr
oper
ty di
sti
nct
ions,and t
he
cat
egor
izat
ions of per
sons (
as women, y
out
h, new-
comer
s, l
esser l
i
neages,
smal
l
hol
der
s,or
igi
nal
inhabi
tant
s,past
oral
i
sts,
ref
ugees,
or‘
i
nter
nal
l
ydi
spl
acedpeopl
e’
).
Thepol
i
ticsofl
andi
nAf
ri
caar
eint
egr
alt
othel
argercont
extt
opr
oducel
egi
ti
mat
e
f
ormsofsoci
alor
der(
Lund&Boone,
2013:
10)
.

V RI
GHTSOFPERSONSWI
THDI
SABI
LITI
ES
TheDi
sabi
l
ityAct2003dr
awsat
tent
iont
other
ight
soft
hedi
sabl
edi
nKeny
a.Keny
a
al
sor
ati
fi heConv
edt ent
ionont
her
ight
sofPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
esi
n2008andhas
made many f
urt
herpr
ovi
sions f
orper
sons l
i
ving wi
th di
sabi
l
iti
es i
nthe 2010
Const
it
uti
on. Ar
ti
cl
e 260 def
ines di
sabi
l
ity as ‘
any phy
sical
,sensor
y,ment
al,
psy
chol
ogi
calorot
heri
mpai
rment
,condi
ti
onori
l
lnesst
hathas,ori
sper
cei
vedby
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 147|
Page
si
gni
fi
cantsect
orsoft
hecommuni
tyt
ohav
easubst
ant
ialorl
ong-
ter
m ef
fectonan
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
sabi
l
ityt
ocar
ryoutor
dinar
yday
-to-
dayact
ivi
ti
es’
.Ar
ti
cle54emphasi
ses
pr
ovi
si
onsi
ntheDi
sabi
l
ityAct
,2003whi
chr
equi
reper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
obe
t
reat
edwi
thdi
gni
tybegi
nni
ngwi
thbei
ngr
efer
redt
oinar
espect
fulmannert
hati
snot
demeani
ngunl
i
kewhathasbeent
hepr
act
icei
nmanysoci
eti
esf
orcent
uri
esonend.At
l
east5per
centofmember
sofper
sonsel
ect
edandappoi
ntedt
ost
ateandcount
y
bodi
esshoul
dbeper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.Amongt
he12speci
alseat
sint
heNat
ional
Assembl
y,somear
ereser
vedf
orper
sonsl
i
vingwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.TheBr
ail
l
e,t
heKeny
a
Si
gn Language,and ot
hercommuni
cat
ion f
ormat
sand t
echnol
ogi
esaccessi
blet
o
per
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esar
erequi
redt
obepr
ovi
dedf
ort
hei
rcommuni
cat
ion.

Per
sonsl
i
vingwi
thdi
sabi
l
ityal
sohav
ear
ightt
oaccesseducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsand
speci
alf
aci
l
iti
est
hatar
eint
egr
atedi
ntosoci
etyt
otheext
entcompat
ibl
ewi
tht
he
i
nter
est
soft
heper
son.Somepr
imar
yschool
sar
enowequi
ppedwi
thf
aci
l
iti
est
ocat
er
f
orspeci
alneedseducat
ionwhi
chi
srecommendedasopposedt
o,f
orexampl
e,speci
al
school
sforper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
ityal
onewher
etheydonotgett
oint
eractwi
thot
her
chi
l
dren.Theyshoul
dal
sobepr
ovi
dedwi
thaccesst
obui
l
dingsandot
herpl
acesf
or
i
nst
ancebypr
ovi
dingl
i
ftsandr
amps,
aswel
lasaccesst
omat
eri
alsanddev
icest
ohel
p
t
hem ov
ercomeconst
rai
ntsar
isi
ngf
rom t
hei
rdi
sabi
l
iti
es.

Fr
eedom f
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion,howev
er,does not mean t
hat some r
easonabl
e
except
ionscannotbemade.Fori
nst
ance,i
fadr
ivi
ngl
i
cencei
snotgi
vent
oaper
son
l
i
vingwi
thv
isuali
mpai
rment
,itdoesnotconst
it
utedi
scr
imi
nat
ion,si
ncet
hei
rownand
ot
her
s’saf
etyhast
obet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.Si
mil
arl
y,speci
alaf
fi
rmat
iveact
ion
bei
nggr
ant
edt
othem i
nacompet
it
ivej
obi
sper
missi
blesol
ongast
heymeett
hebar
e
mi
nimalqual
i
ficat
ions,andot
her
scannotcl
aimt
heyar
ebei
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nst
becauseoft
hechal
l
engest
hedi
sabl
edhashadt
oov
ercomet
oev
enr
eacht
hatl
evelof
compet
it
iveness.Commonsense,goodwi
l
landf
air
nessmustpr
evai
latal
lti
meswhen
deal
i
ngwi
thper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 148|
Page
VI SUMMARY
I
nthi
slect
ure,wehav
eexami
nedasel
ect
ionofpol
i
ticalr
ight
sincl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
o
asy
lum,r
ightt
opar
ti
ci
pat
einpubl
i
caf
fai
rs,r
ightt
oanat
ional
i
ty,r
ightoff
reedom f
rom
sl
aver
y,l
abourr
ight
s,r
ight
sofal
i
ensandr
efugees,
right
sofar
rest
ed,
det
ained,
accused
andconv
ict
edpeopl
eandr
ight
stoaf
ami
l
y.Wehav
eal
soexami
nedeconomi
c,soci
al
andcul
tur
alr
ight
sincl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
ocl
eanandsuf
fi
cientwat
er,t
her
ightt
oacl
ean
andheal
thyenv
ironment
,ther
ightt
oadequat
ehousi
ng,t
her
ightt
oadequat
efood,t
he
r
ightt
oheal
th,andt
her
ightt
oeducat
ion.Wehav
esai
dthatt
heconst
it
uti
onofKeny
a
guar
ant
eest
heser
ight
stoev
eryi
ndi
vi
duall
i
vingi
nKeny
aaccor
dingl
y.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
the
pr
inci
pleofpr
ogr
essi
ver
eal
i
sat
ioni
simpor
tantt
oensur
ethegov
ernmenti
sabl
eto
guar
ant
eet
heser
ight
saccor
dingt
oav
ail
abi
l
ityofr
esour
ces.Wehav
eal
soex
plor
ed
l
andr
ight
sandr
ight
sofper
sonsl
i
vingwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)Descr
ibeanyf
iveeconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s.
2)Cany
ouci
teanycasesofeconomi
c,soci
alorcul
tur
alr
ight
svi
olat
iony
ouhav
e
wi
tnessedathomeori
nanyot
herspher
e?
3)Fr
om whaty
ouhav
elear
nther
ehowwoul
dyouadv
iset
heper
pet
rat
orsorv
ict
ims
oft
hepar
ti
cul
arv
iol
ati
ons?
4)Expl
aint
woway
sinwhi
chashoppi
ngmal
lcanguar
ant
eet
her
ight
sofper
sons
l
i
vingwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.
5)Cany
ounamet
hreeway
sinwhi
cht
her
ecentpr
isonr
efor
msi
nKeny
ahav
e
hel
pedr
eal
i
ser
ight
sofpr
isoner
s?Doy
ouagr
eewi
thal
lthoser
efor
ms?Whi
ch
mor
eref
ormsneedt
obedonet
oguar
ant
eemor
eri
ght
s

FURTHERREADI
NG
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 149|
Page
Al
ston, 2012)I
P.( nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
s.Oxf
ord:
Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
Baughan, 2007)HumanRi
B.( ght
sinAf
ri
ca.Br
oomal
l
:MasonCr
estPubl
i
sher
s.
LundC.andBooneC(
2013)I
ntr
oduct
ion:Landpol
i
ticsi
nAf
ri
ca-
const
it
uti
ngaut
hor
it
y
ov
ert
err
it
ory
,pr
oper
t sons.Af
yandPer ri
ca,Vol83/
speci
alI
ssue01,
Febr
uar
y2013,
pp1-
13.Av
ail
abl
eatht
tp:
//j
our
nal
s.cambr
idge.
org/
AFR
Ngondi
-Hought 2005)TheSt
on,C( ateofHumanRi
ght
sinKenya:Abasel
i
nesur
vey
r
epor
t.Nai
robi
:Keny
aNat
ionalcommi
ssi
onofHumanRi
ght
s&Mi
nist
ryofj
ust
ice
andConst
it
uti
onal
Aff
air
s.
Ny
amu-
Musembi
,Cel
est
ine(
2005)‘
FororAgai
nstGenderEqual
i
ty?Ev
aluat
ingt
hePost
-
Col
dWar“
Rul
eofLaw”Ref
ormsi
nSub-
Sahar
anAf
ri ,UNRI
ca’ SDDi
scussi
onPaper
No.7
Okot
h-Ogendo,H.
W.O.andOl
uoch-
Kosur 1995)Fi
a,W.( nalRepor
tonLandTenur
eand
Agr
icul
tur
alDevel
opmenti
n Kenya,Nai
robi
:Mi
nist
ry ofAgr
icul
tur
e,Li
vest
ock
Dev
elopmentandMar
ket
ing.
Const
it
uti
onofKenya(
2010)

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 150|
Page
 LESSONSELEVENANDTWELVE

ENFORCEMENTMECHANI
SMSI
NKENYA
Fel
ici
aAr
udoYi
eke

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Byt
heendoft
heset
wol
essons,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1)Demonst
rat
eunder
standi
ngoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sint
heKeny
aConst
it
uti
on2010;
2)Exami
net
her
oleoft
heJudi
ciar
yint
heenf
orcementofhumanr
ight
sinKeny
a;
3)Descr
ibet
her
oleofNat
ionalsecur
it
yint
heenf
orcementofHumanr
ight
sin
Keny
a;
4)Expl
aint
her
oleofCor
rect
ionalser
vicesi
ntheenf
orcementofHumanr
ight
sin
Keny
a;and
5)I
dent
if
yanddi
scussCommi
ssi
onsi
nKeny
athatdealwi
tht
heenf
orcementof
Humanr
ight
s.

LessonOut
li
ne
I I
ntr
oduct
ion
1)ARev
isi
toft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s
I
I TheJudi
ci
ary
1)TheRol
eofCour
ts
a)Super
iorCour
ts
b)TheSubor
dinat
eCour
ts
I
II Nat
ional
Secur
it
y
1)TheKeny
aDef
enceFor
ces
2)TheNat
ional
Int
ell
i
genceSer
vice
3)TheNat
ional
Pol
i
ceSer
vice

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 151|
Page
I
V Cor
rect
ional
Ser
vices
1)Keny
aPr
isonsSer
vice
2)Bor
stal
Inst
it
uti
onsi
nKeny
a
I
V TheRol
eofCommi
ssi
ons
1)Keny
aNat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on
2)TheCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice
3)Et
hicsandAnt
i-
cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on
4)GenderandEqual
i
tyCommi
ssi
on
5)Tr
uth,
Just
iceandReconci
l
iat
ionCommi
ssi
on(
TJRC)ofKeny
a
V Summar
y

I I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
nthehumanr
ight
scour
se,wehav
eexami
nedi
tst
heor
eti
calf
oundat
ionsofhuman
r
ight
sandexpl
ainedkeyconcept
sandt
erms.Wehav
eal
soest
abl
i
shedt
her
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weeni
nter
nat
ional
,regi
onalanddomest
icnor
msandmechani
smsf
ort
hepr
otect
ion
ofhumanr
ight
saswel
laspr
ovi
dedasy
nopsi
sofcur
renti
ssuesandt
hemesi
n
i
nter
nat
ional
,regi
onalandcompar
ati
vedomest
ichumanr
ight
singener
alandi
nthe
Keny
ancont
exti
npar
ti
cul
ar.I
nsubsequentuni
ts,wedi
scussedanov
erv
iew oft
he
Keny
anl
egalsy
stem,especi
all
ytheconst
it
uti
onalandpol
i
ticalhi
stor
yofKeny
a,i
ts
cur
rent const
it
uti
onalf
ramewor
k,t
he basi
c pr
inci
ples under
pinni
ng t
he Keny
an
const
it
uti
onalsy
stem,andanout
li
neoft
heKeny
anbi
l
lofr
ight
sandi
tsenf
orcement
machi
ner
y.I
nthenextt
wol
essons,
whi
char
ethel
asti
nthi
scour
se,
wewi
l
lexami
nei
n
mor
edet
ail
stheenf
orcementmechani
smspr
ovi
dedt
oensur
ethatt
hepr
ovi
sionson
Humanr
ight
sasspel
touti
ntheKeny
anConst
it
uti
onar
eef
fect
ivel
yimpl
ement
ed.

1) ARev
isi
toft
heBi
llofRi
ght
s
TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sisani
ntegr
alpar
tofKeny
a’sdemocr
ati
cst
ateandi
sthef
ramewor
k
f
orsoci
al,economi
candcul
tur
alpol
i
cies.Thepur
poseofr
ecogni
singandpr
otect
ing
humanr
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsi
stopr
eser
vet
hedi
gni
tyofi
ndi
vi
dual
sand
communi
ti
esandt
opr
omot
esoci
alj
ust
iceandt
her
eal
i
sat
ionoft
hepot
ent
ialofal
l
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 152|
Page
humanbei
ngs.

TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sappl
i
est
oal
llaw andbi
ndsal
lSt
ateor
gansandal
lper
sons.Ev
ery
per
sonshal
lenj
oyt
her
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
stot
he
gr
eat
estext
entconsi
stentwi
tht
henat
ureoft
her
ightorf
undament
alf
reedom.I
tist
he
f
undament
aldut
yoft
heSt
ateandev
erySt
ateor
gant
o obser
ve,r
espect
,pr
otect
,
pr
omot
eandf
ulf
ilt
her
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.TheSt
ate
shal
lther
efor
etakel
egi
slat
ive,pol
i
cyandot
hermeasur
es,i
ncl
udi
ngt
heset
ti
ngof
st
andar
ds,t
oachi
evet
hepr
ogr
essi
ver
eal
i
sat
ionoft
her
ight
sguar
ant
eedunderAr
ti
cle
43,
whi
chspel
l
soutsoci
alandeconomi
cri
ght
s.

Themeasur
est
hatensur
etheenf
orcementoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sincl
uder
efor
mat
ionof
t
hej
udi
ciar
y,t
heaut
hor
it
yaccor
dedt
othecour
ts,t
her
efor
mat
ionoft
henat
ional
secur
it
yagenci
es,t
hei
mpr
ovementofcor
rect
ionalser
vices,andt
heset
ti
ngupof
speci
fi
ccommi
ssi
ons.Thi
siswhatwi
l
lbedi
scussednexti
nthesect
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

I
I THEJUDI
CIARY
Judi
ci
alaut
hor
it
yisder
ivedf
rom t
hepeopl
eandv
est
sin,
andshal
lbeexer
cisedby
,the
cour
tsandt
ri
bunal
sest
abl
i
shedbyort
heConst
it
uti
on.I
nexer
cisi
ngj
udi
cialaut
hor
it
y,
t
hecour
tsandt
ri
bunal
sshal
lther
efor
ebegui
dedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
ples:
thatj
ust
ice
shal
lbedonet
o al
lir
respect
iveofst
atus;t
hatj
ust
iceshal
lnotbedel
ayed;t
hat
al
ter
nat
ivef
ormsofdi
sput
eresol
uti
oni
ncl
udi
ngr
econci
l
iat
ion,medi
ati
on,ar
bit
rat
ion
and t
radi
ti
onaldi
sput
eresol
uti
on mechani
sms shal
lbe pr
omot
ed i
ftheydo not
cont
rav
enet
heBi
l
lofr
ight
sandar
enoti
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
onoranywr
it
ten
l
aw.

TheJudi
ciar
y,asconst
it
utei
nAr
ti
cle161shal
lconsi
stoft
hej
udgesoft
hesuper
ior
cour
ts,magi
str
ates,ot
herj
udi
cialof
fi
cer
sandst
aff
.Theest
abl
i
shmenti
ncl
udest
he
of
fi
ceoft
heChi
efJust
ice,whoshal
lbet
heHeadoft
heJudi
ciar
y,t
heDeput
yChi
ef
Just
icewhoshal
lbet
heDeput
yHeadoft
heJudi
ciar
y,andt
heChi
efRegi
str
aroft
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 153|
Page
Judi
ci
arywhoshal
lbet
hechi
efadmi
nist
rat
orandaccount
ingof
fi
ceroft
heJudi
ciar
y.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,aJudi
ci
alSer
viceCommi
ssi
oni
sest
abl
i
shedandconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
member
s:t
heChi
efJust
ice,whoi
sthechai
rper
sonoft
heCommi
ssi
on;oneSupr
eme
Cour
tjudgeel
ect
edbyt
hej
udgesoft
heSupr
emeCour
t;oneCour
tofAppealj
udge
el
ect
edbyt
hej
udgesoft
heCour
tofAppeal
;oneHi
ghCour
tjudgeandonemagi
str
ate,
oneawomanandoneaman,
elect
edbyt
hemember
soft
heassoci
ati
onofj
udgesand
magi
str
ates;
Kadhi
s’Cour
ts;
theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al;
twoadv
ocat
es,
oneawomanandone
aman,
eachofwhom hasatl
eastf
if
teeny
ear
s’exper
ience,
elect
edbyt
hemember
sof
t
hest
atut
orybodyr
esponsi
blef
ort
hepr
ofessi
onalr
egul
ati
onofadv
ocat
es;oneper
son
nomi
nat
ed byt
he Publ
i
c Ser
vice Commi
ssi
on;and one woman and one man t
o
r
epr
esentt
hepubl
i
c,notbei
ngl
awy
ers,
appoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentwi
tht
heappr
ovalof
t
heNat
ionalAssembl
y.TheChi
efRegi
str
aroft
heJudi
ciar
yshal
lbet
heSecr
etar
ytot
he
Commi
ssi
on.The Commi
ssi
on shal
lpr
omot
e and f
aci
l
itat
ethe i
ndependence and
account
abi
l
ityoft
hej
udi
ciar
yandt
heef
fi
cient
,ef
fect
iveandt
ranspar
entadmi
nist
rat
ion
ofj
ust
ice.

Undert
heJudi
ci
ary
,thecour
tsar
eest
abl
i
shedatt
wol
evel
s;super
iorcour
tsandt
he
subor
dinat
ecour
ts.Thesuper
iorcour
tsar
etheSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
tofAppeal
,the
Hi
ghCour
tandal
soot
hercour
tsest
abl
i
shedbyPar
li
amentandhav
ethest
atusoft
he
Hi
ghCour
tandwi
l
lhearanddet
ermi
nedi
sput
esr
elat
ingt
oempl
oymentandl
abour
r
elat
ions as wel
las t
he env
ironmentand t
he use and occupat
ion ofl
and.The
subor
dinat
ecour
tsont
heot
herhandi
ncl
udet
heMagi
str
atescour
ts,
theKadhi
s’cour
ts,
t
heCour
tsMar
ti
al,
andanyot
hercour
torl
ocalt
ri
bunalasmaybeest
abl
i
shedbyanAct
ofPar
li
ament
.Weshal
lnow exami
net
her
oleoft
hecour
tsi
ntheenf
orcementof
HumanRi
ght
s.

1) TheRol
eofCour
ts
Thenew Const
it
uti
oni
snotonl
yext
ensi
vei
nset
ti
ngupguar
ant
eesofr
ight
sbutal
so
seekst
o pr
otectt
hem f
rom i
nter
fer
ence bybot
hthe st
ate and non-
stat
e act
ors.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 154|
Page
I
mpor
tant
ly,
Art
icl
e22ont
heenf
orcementoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
spr
ovi
desf
oranumberof
r
emedi
est
hatmaybeav
ail
abl
etoani
ndi
vi
dualorgr
oupuponappl
i
cat
iont
oacour
tfor
t
hev
iol
ati
onofaf
undament
alr
ight
.

The cour
ts ar
ether
efor
e goi
ng t
o pl
ay a si
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nimpl
ement
ati
on of
i
nter
nat
ional
nor
msatt
hedomest
icl
evel
.Thecour
tsi
nthi
ssensemustdev
elopl
awst
o
t
heext
entt
hatsuchl
awsensur
ether
ight
sorf
reedomscont
ainedi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.
Thi
sconst
it
uti
onaldi
rect
ivet
othecour
tsi
sofpr
imei
mpor
tanceaswi
thoutj
udi
cial
act
ivi
sm,humanr
ight
sli
ti
gat
ionwoul
dfi
ndl
i
ttl
esuccess.I
naddi
ti
on,t
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s
woul
dbeofl
i
ttl
eef
fecti
fther
eisnoadequat
emachi
ner
yandi
ntent
ioni
ntheJudi
ciar
y
f
ort
heenf
orcementofsuchr
ight
s,andi
fremedi
es,
whengr
ant
ed,
arenotsuper
visedt
o
ensur
ecompl
i
ance.Wewi
l
lnow l
ookatt
hedi
ff
erentcour
ts,whi
char
edi
scussedas
super
iorcour
tsandsubor
dinat
ecour
ts.

a) Super
iorCour
ts
Wehav
eal
readysai
dthatt
hesuper
iorcour
tsar
etheSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
tof
Appeal
,theHi
ghCour
tandal
soot
hercour
tsest
abl
i
shedbyPar
li
amentandhav
ethe
st
atusoft
heHi
ghCour
t.Theyar
edi
scussedbel
ow.

TheSupr
emeCour
t:Thi
scour
tconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngst
aff
;TheChi
efJust
icei
sthe
pr
esi
dentoft
hecour
t;t
heDeput
yChi
efJust
ice,
whoshal
ldeput
isef
ort
heChi
efJust
ice
al
sobet
hev
ice-
presi
dentoft
hecour
t;andf
iveot
herj
udges.

TheSupr
emeCour
thav
eexcl
usi
veor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearanddet
ermi
nedi
sput
es
r
elat
ingt
otheel
ect
ionst
otheof
fi
ceofPr
esi
dentar
isi
ngunderAr
ti
cle140,whi
ch
quest
ionst
hev
ali
dit
yofpr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions.TheSupr
emeCour
tal
sohear
sand
det
ermi
nesappeal
sfr
om t
heCour
tofAppealand anyot
hercour
tort
ri
bunalas
pr
escr
ibedbynat
ionall
egi
slat
ion.TheSupr
emeCour
tmaygi
veanadv
isor
yopi
nionat
t
her
equestoft
henat
ionalgov
ernment
,anySt
ateor
gan,
oranycount
ygov
ernmentwi
th
r
espectt
o anymat
terconcer
ning count
ygov
ernment
.Al
lcour
ts,ot
hert
han t
he
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 155|
Page
Supr
emeCour
t,ar
eboundbyt
hedeci
sionsoft
heSupr
emeCour
t,whi
chshal
lmake
r
ulesf
ort
heexer
ciseofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

TheCour
tofAppeal
:Thi
scour
tconsi
stsoft
henumberofj
udges,
bei
ngnotf
ewert
han
t
wel
ve,as may be pr
escr
ibed by an ActofPar
li
ament
;and i
s or
gani
sed and
admi
nist
eredi
nthemannerpr
escr
ibedbyanActofPar
li
ament
.TheCour
tofAppeal
has
aPr
esi
dentwhoi
sel
ect
edbyt
hej
udgesoft
heCour
tofAppeal
from amongt
hemsel
ves.
TheCour
tofAppealhasj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearappeal
sfr
om t
heHi
ghCour
tandanyot
her
cour
tort
ri
bunal
aspr
escr
ibedbyanActofPar
li
ament
.

TheHi
ghCour
t:Thi
sCour
tconsi
stsoft
henumberofj
udgespr
escr
ibedbyanActof
Par
li
amentandi
sor
gani
sedandadmi
nist
eredi
nthemannerpr
escr
ibedbyanActof
Par
li
ament
.TheHi
ghCour
tisheadedbyaPr
inci
palJudge,
whoi
sel
ect
edbyt
hej
udges
oft
heHi
ghCour
tfr
om amongt
hemsel
ves.

TheHi
ghCour
thast
hef
oll
owi
ngdut
ies:
1)unl
i
mit
edor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oni
ncr
imi
nal
andci
vi
lmat
ter
s;
2)j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odet
ermi
net
hequest
ionwhet
herar
ightorf
undament
alf
reedom i
n
t
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
shasbeendeni
ed,
viol
ated,
inf
ri
ngedort
hreat
ened;
3)j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearanappealf
rom adeci
sionofat
ri
bunalappoi
ntedundert
he
Const
it
uti
ont
o consi
dert
her
emov
alofaper
sonf
rom of
fi
ce,ot
hert
hana
t
ri
bunalappoi
ntedunderAr
ti
cle144whi
chdi
scussest
her
emov
alofaPr
esi
dent
oft
hecount
ryongr
oundsofi
ncapaci
ty;
4)j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearanyquest
ionr
espect
ingt
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on

TheHi
ghCour
thassuper
visor
yjur
isdi
cti
onov
ert
hesubor
dinat
ecour
tsandov
erany
per
son,bodyoraut
hor
it
yexer
cisi
ngaj
udi
cialorquasi
-j
udi
cialf
unct
ion,butnotov
era
super
iorcour
t.

b) TheSubor
dinat
eCour
ts
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 156|
Page
Asear
li
erdi
scussed,
thesubor
dinat
ecour
tsi
ncl
udet
heMagi
str
atescour
ts,
theKadhi
s’
cour
ts,
theCour
tsMar
ti
al,
andanyot
hercour
torl
ocalt
ri
bunalasmaybeest
abl
i
shedby
anActofPar
li
ament
.Par
li
amentshal
lenactl
egi
sl
ati
onconf
err
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
on,
funct
ions
andpower
sont
hesecour
ts.Thej
uri
sdi
cti
onofaKadhi
s’cour
tshal
lbel
i
mit
edt
othe
det
ermi
nat
ionofquest
ionsofMusl
i
mlawr
elat
ingt
oper
sonalst
atus,
mar
ri
age,
div
orce
ori
nher
it
ancei
npr
oceedi
ngsi
nwhi
chal
lthepar
ti
espr
ofesst
heMusl
i
mrel
i
gionand
submi
ttot
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heKadhi
’
scour
ts.

TheConst
it
uti
onhast
her
efor
eopenedt
hedoor
sforany
onet
obr
ingapet
it
ionbef
ore
t
hecour
tshoul
dther
ebeav
iol
ati
onofanyoft
her
ight
s.Not
wit
hst
andi
ng,unl
esst
he
publ
i
cact
ivel
yengagesi
nhumanr
ight
sli
ti
gat
ion,t
her
ight
senshr
inedi
ntheBi
l
lof
Ri
ght
swi
l
lremai
npaperr
ight
s.

I
II NATI
ONALSECURI
TY
Nat
ionalsecur
it
yist
hepr
otect
ionagai
nsti
nter
nalandext
ernalt
hreat
stoKeny
a’s
t
err
it
ori
ali
ntegr
it
yandsov
erei
gnt
y,i
tspeopl
e,t
hei
rri
ght
s,f
reedoms,pr
oper
ty,peace,
st
abi
l
ityandpr
osper
it
y,andot
hernat
ionali
nter
est
s.Thenat
ionalsecur
it
yofKeny
ais
pr
omot
edandguar
ant
eedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
ples:
1)Nat
ional
secur
it
yissubj
ectt
otheaut
hor
it
yoft
hisConst
it
uti
onandPar
li
ament
;
2)Nat
ionalsecur
it
yshal
lbepur
suedi
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hel
aw andwi
tht
he
ut
mostr
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
aw,democr
acy
,humanr
ight
sandf
undament
al
f
reedoms;
3)I
n per
for
ming t
hei
rfunct
ions and exer
cisi
ng t
hei
rpower
s,nat
ionalsecur
it
y
or
gansshal
lrespectt
hedi
ver
secul
tur
eoft
hecommuni
ti
eswi
thi
nKeny
a;and
4)Recr
uit
mentbyt
henat
ionalsecur
it
yor
gansshal
lref
lectt
hedi
ver
sit
yoft
he
Keny
anpeopl
einequi
tabl
epr
opor
ti
ons.

The Nat
ionalsecur
it
y or
gans i
ncl
ude;t
he Keny
a Def
ence For
ces,t
he Nat
ional
I
ntel
l
igenceSer
vice,andt
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice.Thepr
imar
yobj
ectoft
henat
ional
secur
it
yor
gansandsecur
it
ysy
stem i
stopr
omot
eandguar
ant
eenat
ionalsecur
it
yin
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 157|
Page
accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
inci
plesment
ionedabov
e.I
nper
for
mingt
hei
rfunct
ionsand
exer
cisi
ngt
hei
rpower
s,t
henat
ionalsecur
it
yor
gansandev
erymemberoft
henat
ional
secur
it
yor
gansshal
lnotacti
napar
ti
sanmanner
;orf
urt
heranyi
nter
estofapol
i
tical
par
tyorcause;orpr
ejudi
ceapol
i
ticali
nter
estorpol
i
ticalcauset
hati
slegi
ti
mat
eunder
t
heConst
it
uti
on.Thenat
ionalsecur
it
yor
gansar
esubor
dinat
eto ci
vi
li
anaut
hor
it
y,
t
her
ebyl
ayi
ngabasi
sfordemocr
ati
cgov
ernanceofsecur
it
y.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,aNat
ionalSecur
it
yCounci
lisest
abl
i
shedandconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
member
s:
t
hePr
esi
dent
;theDeput
yPr
esi
dent
;theCabi
netSecr
etar
yresponsi
blef
ordef
ence;t
he
Cabi
netSecr
etar
yresponsi
blef
orf
orei
gnaf
fai
rs;t
heCabi
netSecr
etar
yresponsi
blef
or
i
nter
nalsecur
it
y;t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al;t
heChi
efofKeny
aDef
enceFor
ces;t
heDi
rect
or-
Gener
aloft
heNat
ionalI
ntel
l
igenceSer
vice;andt
heI
nspect
or-
Gener
aloft
heNat
ional
Pol
i
ceSer
vice.

The Nat
ionalSecur
it
yCounci
lexer
cises super
visor
ycont
rolov
ernat
ionalsecur
it
y
or
gansandper
for
msanyot
herf
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbynat
ionall
egi
slat
ion.TheCounci
l
r
epor
tsannual
l
ytoPar
li
amentont
hest
ateoft
hesecur
it
yofcount
ry.Wi
tht
heappr
oval
ofPar
li
ament
,itmaydepl
oynat
ionalf
orcesout
sideKeny
aforr
egi
onalori
nter
nat
ional
peacesuppor
toper
ati
ons;orot
hersuppor
toper
ati
ons;andappr
ovet
hedepl
oymentof
f
orei
gnf
orcesi
nKeny
a.ThenewConst
it
uti
ont
her
efor
eseekst
ofaci
l
itat
epar
li
ament
ary
ov
ersi
ghtandcont
rolov
ert
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofsecur
it
ypol
i
cybyt
heexecut
iveand
nat
ional
secur
it
yor
gans.

1) TheKeny
aDef
enceFor
ces
TheKeny
aDef
enceFor
cesconsi
stsoft
heKeny
aAr
my,t
heKeny
aAi
rFor
ce,andt
he
Keny
aNav
y.TheDef
enceFor
cesar
eresponsi
blef
ort
hedef
enceandpr
otect
ionoft
he
sov
erei
gnt
yandt
err
it
ori
ali
ntegr
it
yoft
heRepubl
i
c.Theyshal
lassi
standcooper
atewi
th
ot
heraut
hor
it
iesi
nsi
tuat
ionsofemer
gencyordi
sast
er,andr
epor
ttot
heNat
ional
Assembl
ywhenev
erdepl
oyedi
nsuchci
rcumst
ances.Wi
tht
heappr
ovaloft
heNat
ional
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 158|
Page
Assembl
y,t
heymayal
sobedepl
oyedt
orest
orepeacei
nanypar
tofKeny
awhi
chhas
been af
fect
ed byunr
estori
nst
abi
l
ity
.Iti
sexpect
ed t
hatt
hecomposi
ti
on oft
he
commandoft
heDef
enceFor
cesr
efl
ectt
her
egi
onalandet
hni
cdi
ver
sit
yoft
hepeopl
e
ofKeny
a.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,aDef
enceCounci
lisest
abl
i
shedandconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmember
s:
t
heCabi
netSecr
etar
yresponsi
blef
ordef
encewhoi
sthechai
rper
son;t
heChi
efoft
he
Keny
aDef
enceFor
ces;t
het
hreecommander
soft
hedef
encef
orces;andt
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
yint
heMi
nist
ryr
esponsi
blef
ordef
ence.TheDef
enceCounci
lisr
esponsi
ble
f
ort
he ov
eral
lpol
i
cy,cont
rol
,and super
visi
on oft
he Keny
a Def
ence For
ces and
per
for
msanyot
herf
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbynat
ional
legi
slat
ion.

2) TheNat
ionalI
ntel
li
genceSer
vice
TheNat
ionalI
ntel
l
igenceSer
vicei
sresponsi
blef
orsecur
it
yint
ell
i
genceandcount
er
i
ntel
l
igencet
oenhancenat
ionalsecur
it
yinaccor
dancewi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on.I
tal
so
per
for
msanyot
herf
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbynat
ional
legi
slat
ion.

3) TheNat
ionalPol
iceSer
vice
Pol
i
cing undert
he ol
d Const
it
uti
on was execut
ive-
dependent
,undemocr
ati
c,and
i
nequi
tabl
e.Publ
i
csecur
it
ypr
ovi
sionwaschar
act
eri
zedbywi
dedi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
s,
whi
chwer
epr
onet
oabusebecauset
heywer
elar
gel
yunr
egul
ated.Pol
i
cewer
eof
ten
heav
y-handed,i
nsensi
ti
ve,and used excessi
vef
orce i
n deal
i
ng wi
th ci
ti
zens,who
t
her
efor
ehadl
i
ttl
efai
thi
nthem.Asar
esul
t,t
her
ewer
elow l
evel
sofpubl
i
ctr
ust
par
ti
cul
arl
ysi
ncesecur
it
ygov
ernancewasnotpar
ti
cipat
ory
,andt
heci
ti
zenswer
enot
consul
tedi
nsecur
it
ydeci
sions.Thenew Const
it
uti
onhasat
tempt
edt
oremedyt
his
posi
ti
onbyest
abl
i
shi
ngt
henat
ional
Pol
i
ceSer
vice.

TheNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
viceconsi
stsoft
heKeny
aPol
i
ceSer
viceandt
heAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Pol
i
ce Ser
vice.The Nat
ionalPol
i
ce Ser
vice i
s a nat
ionalser
vice whi
ch f
unct
ions
t
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheobj
ect
ivesandf
unct
ionsoft
heNat
ional
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 159|
Page
Pol
i
ceSer
vice:
1)I
tis expect
ed t
o st
ri
vef
ort
he hi
ghestst
andar
ds ofpr
ofessi
onal
i
sm and
di
sci
pli
neamongi
tsmember
s;
2)I
tshoul
dpr
eventcor
rupt
ionaswel
laspr
omot
eandpr
act
icet
ranspar
encyand
account
abi
l
ity
;
3)I
tshoul
dcompl
ywi
thconst
it
uti
onalst
andar
dsofhumanr
ight
sandf
undament
al
f
reedoms;
4)I
tshoul
dtr
ain st
afft
othe hi
ghestpossi
ble st
andar
ds ofcompet
ence and
i
ntegr
it
yandt
orespecthumanr
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsanddi
gni
ty;
and
5)I
tshoul
dfost
erandpr
omot
erel
ati
onshi
pswi
tht
hebr
oadersoci
ety
.

St
ruct
ural
l
y,t
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceser
vicei
sheadedbyanI
nspect
or-
Gener
al,who i
s
appoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentwi
tht
heappr
ovalofPar
li
ament
.TheI
nspect
or-
Gener
alshal
l
exer
cisei
ndependentcommandov
ert
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice,
andper
for
m anyot
her
f
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbynat
ional
legi
slat
ion.

TheKeny
aPol
i
ceSer
viceandt
heAdmi
nist
rat
ionPol
i
ceSer
viceshal
leachbeheadedby
a Deput
yInspect
or-
Gener
alappoi
nted by t
he Pr
esi
denti
n accor
dance wi
tht
he
r
ecommendat
ionoft
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
viceCommi
ssi
on,whi
chweshal
ltal
kabout
shor
tl
y.TheCabi
netsecr
etar
yresponsi
blef
orpol
i
ceser
vicesmayl
awf
ull
yandi
nwr
it
ing,
gi
veadi
rect
iont
otheI
nspect
or-
Gener
alwi
thr
espectt
oanymat
terofpol
i
cyf
ort
he
Nat
ional
Pol
i
ceSer
vice.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,a Nat
ionalPol
i
ce Ser
vice Commi
ssi
on has been est
abl
i
shed.The
Commi
ssi
onconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngper
sons,eachappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
:a
per
sonwhoi
squal
i
fiedt
obeappoi
ntedasaHi
ghCour
tJudge;
twor
eti
redseni
orpol
i
ce
of
fi
cer
s;andt
hreeper
sonsofi
ntegr
it
ywhohav
eser
vedt
hepubl
i
cwi
thdi
sti
nct
ion;t
he
I
nspect
or-
Gener
aloft
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice;bot
hDeput
yInspect
ors-
Gener
aloft
he
Nat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice.Thecomposi
ti
onoft
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
viceshoul
dref
lect
t
her
egi
onal
andet
hni
cdi
ver
sit
yoft
hepeopl
eofKeny
a.
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 160|
Page
Ther
esponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
eto:
recr
uitandappoi
ntper
sonst
ohol
doract
i
nof
fi
cesi
ntheser
vice,
conf
ir
m appoi
ntment
s,anddet
ermi
nepr
omot
ionsandt
ransf
ers
wi
thi
ntheNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice;obser
veduepr
ocess,exer
cisedi
sci
pli
nar
ycont
rol
ov
erandr
emov
eper
sonshol
dingoract
ingi
nof
fi
ceswi
thi
ntheSer
vice;andper
for
m
anyot
herf
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbynat
ionall
egi
sl
ati
on.Par
li
amentmayenactl
egi
slat
ion
est
abl
i
shi
ngot
herpol
i
ceser
vicesundert
hesuper
visi
onoft
heNat
ionalPol
i
ceSer
vice
andt
hecommandoft
heI
nspect
or-
Gener
aloft
heSer
vice

I
V CORRECTI
ONALSERVI
CES
TheConst
it
uti
onspel
l
soutt
hef
actt
hataper
sonwhoi
sdet
ained,hel
dincust
odyor
i
mpr
isonedundert
hel
aw,r
etai
nsal
lther
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomsi
ntheBi
l
lof
Ri
ght
s,exceptt
otheext
entt
hatanypar
ti
cul
arr
ightoraf
undament
alf
reedom i
scl
ear
ly
i
ncompat
ibl
ewi
tht
hef
actt
hatt
heper
soni
sdet
ained,
hel
dincust
odyori
mpr
isoned.A
per
sonwhoi
sdet
ainedorhel
dincust
odyi
sent
it
ledt
opet
it
ionf derofhabeas
oranor
cor
pus(
theAr
rest
edmustbebr
oughtbef
oreaj
udgeoracour
tofl
aw)
.Par
li
amentshal
l
enactl
egi
slat
iont
hatpr
ovi
desf
ort
hehumanet
reat
mentofper
sonsdet
ained,hel
din
cust
odyori
mpr
isoned;andshal
ltakei
ntoaccountt
her
elev
anti
nter
nat
ionalhuman
r
ight
sinst
rument
s.

I
nthi
ssect
ion,wear
egoi
ngt
olookatt
heKeny
aPr
isonsSer
viceandt
heBor
stal
i
nst
it
uti
onsi
nKeny
aashumanr
ight
senf
orcementmechani
smsi
nKeny
a.

1) Keny
aPr
isonsSer
vice
Keny
aPr
isonsSer
vicei
sheadedbyt
hecommi
ssi
onerofpr
isons.I
tder
ivesi
tsmandat
e
f
rom t
hePr
isonsAct
,Bor
stal
ActandPubl
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
onAct
.

Ov
ert
hey
ear
s,manychangesandr
evi
ewshav
etakenpl
acei
ntheser
vice,r
esul
ti
ngi
n
t
hecur
rentPr
isonsAct(
Cap90)andBor
stalAct(
Cap92)
,andmor
erecent
lyi
n1999,
t
heExt
raMur
alPenalEmpl
oymentwasabol
i
shedandr
epl
acedwi
thCommuni
tySer
vice
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 161|
Page
Or
der
s(CSO)undert
heDepar
tmentofPr
obat
ionandAf
ter
car
eSer
vices.

Thecor
efunct
ionsoft
heKeny
aPr
isonsSer
vicear
eto;Cont
ainandkeepof
fender
sin
saf
ecust
ody
,rehabi
l
itat
eandr
efor
m of
fender
s,f
aci
l
itat
eadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice,and
t
opr
omot
epr
isoner
s’oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orsoci
alr
eint
egr
ati
on.Todecongestt
hepr
isons,
non-
cust
odi
alsent
encessuchascommuni
tyser
vicear
eusedbycour
tsasal
ter
nat
ivet
o
j
ailt
erms.Fur
therchangeshav
ebeenpr
oposed,i
ncl
udi
ngnamechangef
rom Pr
ison’
s
Depar
tment t
o Cor
rect
ionalSer
vices Depar
tment and t
he i
ncor
por
ati
on of t
he
Pr
obat
ionsDepar
tmentt
othePr
ison’
sDepar
tmentasi
tof
fer
scl
osel
yrel
atedser
vices.

Undert
heGov
ernance,Just
ice,LawandOr
derSect
or(
GJLOS)r
efor
m pr
ogr
amme,t
he
Pr
isonsSer
vicehasof
fer
edconv
ict
sdi
gni
fi
edl
i
vingcondi
ti
onsi
npr
ison.TheSer
vice
hasmov
edf
rom t
hepol
i
cyofy
ear
sgonebyt
hatpr
isonsar
enothot
els,t
oref
orm
i
nit
iat
ivesai
medatr
est
it
uti
onoft
hedi
gni
tyoft
hehumanl
i
fet
oaccept
abl
elev
els,i
n
l
i
newi
thi
nter
nat
ional
conv
ent
ionst
hatKeny
aispar
tyt
o.

Pr
isonshadbeenknownt
ohol
dupt
o10t
imest
henumberofi
nmat
est
heywer
e
or
igi
nal
l
ydesi
gnedf
or.TheCommuni
tySer
viceOr
der
shav
epr
ovedausef
ult
ooli
n
r
ehabi
l
itat
ingt
hosechar
gedwi
thmi
norof
fences,t
husr
educi
ngt
henumberofpeopl
e
bei
ngj
ail
ed.Newaccommodat
ionLi
mit
shav
ebeenconst
ruct
edf
ori
nmat
esi
nspeci
fi
c
pr
isonst
oeasecongest
ionandnew pr
isonshav
ebeenbui
l
tinYat
ta,Makueniand
Kwal
ePr
isons.

Keny
a’s pr
isons hav
e cont
inued t
o of
feri
nmat
es r
ehabi
l
itat
ion pr
ogr
ammes and
v
ocat
ionaleducat
ionandt
rai
ningt
hatwoul
dhel
pthem ber
eint
egr
atedi
ntot
hesoci
ety
andact
ivel
ypar
ti
cipat
einposi
ti
vesoci
o-economi
cengagement
suponr
elease.I
nmost
cases,ex-
conv
ict
s ar
e st
igmat
ised i
nthei
rcommuni
ti
es when t
hey r
etur
n af
ter
compl
eti
onoft
hei
rjai
lter
ms.Theski
l
lsgai
nedenhancet
hei
rchancesofengagi
ngi
n
gai
nful
empl
oymentandmi
nimi
zet
hei
rchancesofr
etur
ningt
ocr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es.

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 162|
Page
TheKeny
aPr
isonsSer
vicei
sanact
ivememberoft
heAf
ri
canCor
rect
ionalSer
vices
Associ
ati
on(
ACSA)
,launchedonSept
ember26,
2010,
inLi
vi
ngst
one,
Zambi
a.ACSAwi
l
l
pr
ovi
de t
he cont
inentwi
thaf
orum t
o addr
essendemi
cpr
obl
emsi
n pr
isonsl
i
ke
congest
ion,
andi
nadequat
erehabi
l
itat
ionf
aci
l
iti
es.

2) Bor
stal
Inst
it
uti
onsi
nKeny
a
Bor
stalI
nst
it
uti
onsi
nKeny
aar
eest
abl
i
shedundert
heLawsofKeny
a;TheBor
stal
I
nst
it
uti
onsActChapt
er92.Bor
stali
nst
it
uti
onsi
nKeny
aar
esepar
atei
nst
it
uti
onsf
or
y
oungcr
imi
nalof
fender
s.Cur
rent
ly,t
heyar
ethr
eei
nthecount
ry,namel
y:Shi
mol
a
Tewai
ntheCoast
alRegi
on;
Shi
kut
sai
nKakamegaDi
str
ict
;andKami
tiYout
hCor
rect
ive
Tr
aini
ngCent
re.

Bor
stalI
nst
it
uti
onsar
eadmi
nist
eredbyt
hePr
isonsDepar
tmentandar
e,t
her
efor
e,par
t
oft
hepenalsy
stem ofKeny
a,unl
i
keot
hercust
odi
ali
nst
it
uti
onshousi
ngchi
l
dren,
whi
ch
ar
emanagedbyt
heDepar
tmentofChi
l
dren’
sSer
vices.Theyar
elocat
edi
ncl
ose
pr
oxi
mit
ytoadul
tper
sonsandonl
yadmi
tyoungmal
eof
fender
sagedbet
ween15and
17y
ear
sforaper
iodofnotmor
ethant
hreey
ear
s.Atpr
esent
,ther
eisnobor
stal
i
nst
it
uti
on f
ory
oung f
emal
e of
fender
s.The Bor
stalI
nst
it
uti
on Actempower
sthe
Per
manentSecr
etar
ytoest
abl
i
shanddi
ssol
vet
hem

I
V THEROLEOFCOMMI
SSI
ONS
TheConst
it
uti
oni
nAr
ti
cle59(
1)est
abl
i
shest
heKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sand
Equal
i
tyCommi
ssi
on(
KNHREC)
,whosemandat
esi
ncl
udesi
nvest
igat
ingcompl
aint
son
abusesofhumanr
ight
sandsecur
ingappr
opr
iat
eredr
essasst
atedi
nAr
ti
cle59(
2)(
e).
Ar
ti
cle59(
4)st
atest
hatpar
li
amentshal
lenactl
egi
slat
iont
ogi
vef
ullef
fectt
othi
spar
t,
andanysuchl
egi
sl
ati
onmayr
est
ruct
uret
heCommi
ssi
oni
ntot
woormor
esepar
ate
commi
ssi
ons.I
flegi
slat
ioni
senact
ed,
theni
tassi
gnseachf
unct
ionoft
heCommi
ssi
on
ment
ionedi
nthi
sAr
ti
clet
ooneort
heot
heroft
he‘
successor
’commi
ssi
ons,
whi
chshal
l
hav
ethest
atusandpower
sequi
val
entt
othepower
soft
heKNHREC.Maki
ngt
his
pr
ovi
si
onoper
ati
onalt
her
efor
eas‘
successor
s’ar
e;t
heKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
s
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 163|
Page
and Commi
ssi
on,Nat
ionalGenderand Equal
i
tyCommi
ssi
on and Commi
ssi
on on
Admi
nist
rat
ive Just
ice,whi
ch t
akescogni
zance oft
he chal
l
engest
hatl
i
mit
ed t
he
ef
fect
ivenessoft
hef
ormerKeny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
s(KNCHR)
.
Thef
ormerKNCHR had t
hepowert
oinv
est
igat
eon i
tsown i
nit
iat
iveorupon a
compl
aintand coul
dissue summons or
der
ing at
tendance ofany per
son ort
he
pr
oduct
ionofanydocumentr
elev
antt
oit
sinv
est
igat
ion.Whi
l
eithadpower
sofacour
t
underi
tsconst
it
uentAct
;theKeny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sAct
,the
Hi
ghCour
tdecl
aredt
het
ri
bunalcr
eat
edbyt
heCommi
ssi
ont
obeact
ing ul
tr
avi
res
(
act
ingout
sideofi
tspower
s).

1) Keny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on
TheKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on(
KNHRC)i
sanaut
onomousnat
ional
humanr
ight
sinst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shedunderar
ti
cle59oft
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a2010
whosecor
emandat
eincl
udest
hepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
sinKeny
a.I
t
i
sasuccessort
othebodyoft
hesamename(
Keny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
ononHuman
Ri
ght
s)est
abl
i
shed by an ear
li
erActofPar
li
amenti
n 2002,t
hatl
aterbecame
oper
ati
onali
nJul
y2003.TheCommi
ssi
onpl
ayst
wokeybr
oadmandat
es;i
tact
sasa
wat
ch-
dogov
ert
heGov
ernmenti
nthear
eaofhumanr
ight
s,andal
sopr
ovi
deskey
l
eader
shi
pinmov
ingt
hecount
ryt
owar
dsahumanr
ight
sst
ate.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
easspel
touti
ntheConst
it
uti
on(
art
icl
e59,
2(a-k)
ar
e:t
opr
omot
erespectf
orhumanr
ight
sanddev
elopacul
tur
eofhumanr
ight
sint
he
Republ
i
c;t
o pr
omot
e genderequal
i
tyand equi
tygener
all
yand t
o coor
dinat
e and
f
aci
l
itat
egendermai
nst
reami
ngi
nnat
ional
dev
elopment
;topr
omot
ethepr
otect
ion,
and
obser
vanceofhumanr
ight
sinpubl
i
candpr
ivat
einst
it
uti
ons;t
omoni
tor
,inv
est
igat
e
andr
epor
tont
heobser
vanceofhumanr
ight
sinal
lspher
esofl
i
fei
ntheRepubl
i
c,
i
ncl
udi
ng obser
vance by t
he nat
ionalsecur
it
y or
gans;t
orecei
ve and i
nvest
igat
e
compl
aint
saboutal
l
egedabusesofhumanr
ight
sandt
akest
epst
osecur
eappr
opr
iat
e
r
edr
esswher
ehumanr
ight
shav
ebeenv
iol
ated;oni
tsowni
nit
iat
iveoront
hebasi
sof
compl
aint
s,t
oinv
est
igat
eorr
esear
chamat
teri
nrespectofhumanr
ight
s,andmake
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 164|
Page
r
ecommendat
ionst
oimpr
ovet
hef
unct
ioni
ngofSt
ateor
gans;t
oactast
hepr
inci
pal
or
gan oft
he St
atei
n ensur
ing compl
i
ance wi
th obl
i
gat
ions undert
reat
ies and
conv
ent
ionsr
elat
ingt
ohumanr
ight
s;t
oinv
est
igat
eanyconducti
nst
ateaf
fai
rs,orany
actoromi
ssi
oni
npubl
i
cadmi
nist
rat
ioni
nanyspher
eofgov
ernment
,thati
sal
l
egedor
suspect
edt
obepr
ejudi
cialori
mpr
operort
oresul
tinanyi
mpr
opr
iet
yorpr
ejudi
ce;t
o
i
nvest
igat
e compl
aint
s ofabuse ofpower
,unf
airt
reat
ment
,mani
festi
njust
ice or
unl
awf
ul,oppr
essi
ve,unf
airorunr
esponsi
veof
fi
ci
alconduct
;tor
epor
toncompl
aint
sit
i
sobl
i
gedt
oinv
est
igat
edunderpar
agr
aphsandt
akenecessar
yremedi
alact
ion;andt
o
per
for
m anyot
herf
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbyl
egi
slat
ion.

2) TheCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice
TheCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice(
CAJ)whi
chi
sal
soknownast
heOf
fi
ceof
heOmbudsmani
t sagov
ernmentCommi
ssi
onest
abl
i
shedundert
heCommi
ssi
onon
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
iceAct2011pur
suantt
oAr
ti
cle59(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a.
I
tisa‘
successor
’Commi
ssi
ont
otheKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sand Equal
i
ty
Commi
ssi
on(
KNHREC)
.

TheCAJi
sthusaConst
it
uti
onalCommi
ssi
onwi
thast
atusandf
ullpower
sasspel
tout
i
nchapt
er4ont
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.Consequent
ly,t
heCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
ive
Just
iceAct
,2011i
stheActt
hatr
est
ruct
urest
heKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sand
Equal
i
tyCommi
ssi
ont
oest
abl
i
sht
heCAJ.

Ther
oleoft
heCAJhasl
argel
ytodowi
thl
ooki
ngi
ntoi
ssuesofmal
-admi
nist
rat
ionout
ofSub-
Clauseswi
thi
nAr
ti
cle59.(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
ont
hatt
ouchont
hebasi
cand
al
i
enabl
eri
ght
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dualespeci
all
ywhent
heyencount
erori
nter
actwi
thof
fi
cer
s
ofCount
yorNat
ionalbodi
es,i
.e.
,St
ateOf
fi
cesandOr
gans. TheCommi
ssi
oni
s
i
nter
est
edi
nthepr
omot
ionofconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm andhumanr
ight
sadv
ocacy
.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
e;t
oinv
est
igat
eanyconducti
nst
ateaf
fai
rs,
orany
act
oromi
ssi
oni
npubl
i
cadmi
nist
rat
ioni
nanyspher
eofgov
ernment
,thati
sal
l
egedor
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 165|
Page
suspect
edt
obepr
ejudi
cialori
mpr
operort
oresul
tinanyi
mpr
opr
iet
yorpr
ejudi
ce;t
o
i
nvest
igat
e compl
aint
s ofabuse ofpower
,unf
airt
reat
ment
,mani
festi
njust
ice or
unl
awf
ul,oppr
essi
ve,unf
airorunr
esponsi
veof
fi
cialconduct
;tor
epor
toncompl
aint
s
i
nvest
igat
edandbr
oughtbef
orei
tandt
aker
emedi
alact
ion;andt
oper
for
m anyot
her
f
unct
ionspr
escr
ibedbyl
egi
slat
ion.

TheCAJi
sther
efor
ethebodyt
hatanyaggr
iev
edmemberoft
hepubl
i
ccant
urnt
ofor
expedi
ti
ousandi
mpar
ti
alr
edr
ess.Lookedatdi
ff
erent
ly,
theCommi
ssi
oni
s,i
nasense,
t
hesuper
visorofpubl
i
cbodi
es(
incl
udi
ngt
heJudi
ciar
y)andi
tsof
fi
cer
sinasf
aras
ef
fi
ciency
,cour
tesy
,andi
mpar
ti
ali
tyi
sconcer
nedi
nor
dert
oguar
ant
eespeci
fi
cri
ght
sto
t
heci
ti
zen.Ar
ti
cl
e47(
1)onf
airadmi
nist
rat
ivej
ust
icei
ndi
cat
est
hat‘
Ever
yper
sonhas
t
her
ightt
oadmi
nist
rat
iveact
iont
hati
sexpedi
ti
ous,ef
fi
cient
,lawf
ul,r
easonabl
eand
pr
ocedur
all
yfai
r.Sect
ion2st
atest
hati
far
ightorf
undament
alf
reedom ofaper
sonhas
beenori
sli
kel
ytobeadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edbyadmi
nist
rat
iveact
ion,t
heper
sonhast
he
r
ightt
obegi
venwr
it
tenr
easonsf
ort
heact
ion.

3) Et
hicsandAnt
i-
cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on
TheEt
hicsandAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onhasbeenest
abl
i
shedunderTheEt
hicsand
Ant
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onAct
,2011oft
heLawsofKeny
a.Thi
sfol
l
owsanActof
Par
li
amentt
oest
abl
i
sht
heEt
hicsandAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onpur
suantt
oAr
ti
cle
79oft
heConst
it
uti
on,t
opr
ovi
def
ort
hef
unct
ionsandpower
soft
heCommi
ssi
on,t
o
pr
ovi
def
ort
hequal
i
ficat
ionsandpr
ocedur
esf
ort
heappoi
ntmentoft
hechai
rper
son
andmember
soft
heCommi
ssi
on,
andf
orconnect
edpur
poses.

Ar
ti
cle 79 st
ates t
he f
oll
owi
ng,‘
Par
li
amentshal
lenactl
egi
slat
ion t
o est
abl
i
sh an
i
ndependentet
hicsandant
i-
cor
rupt
ioncommi
ssi
on,
whi
chshal
lbeandhav
ethest
atus
and power
s ofa commi
ssi
on underChapt
erFi
ft
een,f
orpur
poses ofensur
ing
compl
i
ancewi
th,andenf
orcementof
,thepr
ovi
si
onsoft
hisChapt
er’
.Inaddi
ti
ont
othe
power
soft
heCommi
ssi
onunderAr
ti
cle253ofchapt
er15oft
heConst
it
uti
on,t
he
Commi
ssi
onshal
lhav
ethepowert
o;acqui
re,hol
d,char
geanddi
sposemov
abl
eand
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 166|
Page
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty;anddoorper
for
m al
lsuchot
hert
hingsoract
sfort
hepr
oper
di
schar
geofi
tsf
unct
ionsundert
heConst
it
uti
on,t
hisActoranywr
it
tenl
aw,asmay
l
awf
ull
ybedoneorper
for
medbyabodycor
por
ate.TheCommi
ssi
onshal
lensur
e
accesst
oit
sser
vicesi
nal
lpar
tsoft
heRepubl
i
cinaccor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle6(
3)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Addi
ti
onalf
unct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
espel
toutunderAr
ti
cle252
andchapt
ersi
xoft
heConst
it
uti
ononLeader
shi
pandI
ntegr
it
y.

4) GenderandEqual
it
yCommi
ssi
on
TheGenderandEqual
i
tyCommi
ssi
onwasf
ormedt
hroughanActofPar
li
ament2011of
t
heLawsofKeny
ato;
est
abl
i
sht
heNat
ionalCommi
ssi
ononGenderpur
suantt
oAr
ti
cle
59oft
heConst
it
uti
on;t
opr
ovi
def
ort
hef
unct
ionsandpower
s,qual
i
ficat
ionof
,and
appoi
ntmentpr
ocedur
eformember
soft
heCommi
ssi
on;andf
orconnect
edpur
poses.
I
tact
sasa‘
successor
’Commi
ssi
ont
otheKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sandEqual
i
ty
Commi
ssi
on pur
suantt
o Ar
ti
cle59(
4)and 5 oft
heConst
it
uti
on and haspower
s
equi
val
entt
othepower
soft
heKNHRECundert
hisar
ti
cle.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
emany
,buti
tisi
mpor
tantt
oment
iont
hati
twor
ks
wi
tht
heKeny
aNat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on,
theCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
ive
Just
ice and ot
her r
elat
ed i
nst
it
uti
ons t
o ensur
e ef
fi
ciency
,ef
fect
iveness and
compl
ement
ari
tyi
nthei
ract
ivi
ti
esand t
o est
abl
i
sh mechani
smsf
orr
efer
ral
sand
col
l
abor
ati
on i
nthepr
otect
ion and pr
omot
ion ofr
ight
srel
ated t
othepr
inci
pleof
equal
i
tyandf
reedom f
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion

TheCommi
ssi
onshal
lconsi
stofachai
rper
sonandf
ourot
hermember
sappoi
ntedi
n
accor
dancewi
tht
heConst
it
uti
onandt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisAct
.Iti
sal
soi
mpor
tantt
o
not
ethatpar
toft
her
equi
redqual
i
ficat
ionsf
orappoi
ntmentast
hechai
rper
sonoft
he
Commi
ssi
ondemandst
hatt
heappl
i
canthasknowl
edgeandatl
eastf
if
teeny
ear
s
exper
iencei
nmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ohumanr
ight
sandgender
.

5) Tr
uth,
Just
iceandReconci
li
ati
onCommi
ssi
on(
TJRC)ofKeny
a
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 167|
Page
TheTr
uth,Just
iceandReconci
l
iat
ionCommi
ssi
on(
TJRC)ofKeny
aispar
toft
he
account
abi
l
itycomponentofAgendaFouroft
heNat
ionalAccor
dsi
gnedi
n2008af
ter
t
he2007/
2008postel
ect
ionv
iol
ence.Byaddr
essi
ngt
hecauseandef
fect
sofhi
stor
ical
i
njust
icesandgr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
s,t
heTJRCwast
ocont
ri
but
etowar
ds
nat
ional
uni
ty,
reconci
l
iat
ion,
andheal
i
ng.TheCommi
ssi
onwasest
abl
i
shedbyanActof
Par
li
ament(
Trut
h Just
ice and Reconci
l
iat
ion Commi
ssi
on Actno.6 of2008)t
o
i
nvest
igat
ethegr
osshumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsandot
herhi
stor
icali
njust
icesi
nKeny
a
bet
ween12December1963and28Febr
uar
y2008.

TheTJRC ofKeny
ahad t
hemandat
etoi
nvest
igat
e,anal
yse,and r
epor
tonwhat
happenedbet
ween1963and2008wi
thr
egar
dtogr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
s,
economi
ccr
imes,i
l
legalacqui
sit
ionofpubl
i
cland,mar
ginal
i
sat
ionofcommuni
ti
es,
et
hni
cvi
olence,
thecont
exti
nwhi
cht
hecr
imesoccur
red,
andeducat
ethepubl
i
cabout
i
ts wor
k.The TJRC di
d not
,howev
er,hav
ethe powert
o pr
osecut
e.Theycoul
d
r
ecommendpr
osecut
ions,
repar
ati
onsf
orv
ict
ims,
inst
it
uti
onalchanges,
andamnest
yin
exchangef
ort
rut
hforper
pet
rat
orswhodi
dnotcommi
tgr
osshumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.

TheCommi
ssi
onpur
suedt
hef
oll
owi
nggoal
s:
1)Tr
uth,whi
cht
heydobyest
abl
i
shi
nganaccur
ate,compl
eteandhi
stor
icalr
ecor
d
ofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsandhi
stor
ical
inj
ust
ices,
andeducat
ingt
hepubl
i
c;
2)Just
ice,whi
chi
ncl
udeCr
imi
nalj
ust
ice,r
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice,soci
alj
ust
icet
hrough
r
ecommendat
ionsf
orpr
osecut
ion,
amnest
y,andr
epar
ati
ons;
3)PeaceandNat
ional
Uni
ty;
4)Heal
i
ngandReconci
l
iat
ion(
nat
ional
andi
ndi
vi
dual
);and
5)Rest
orat
ionoft
hehumandi
gni
tyofv
ict
imsandper
pet
rat
ors.

Thespeci
fi
cobj
ect
ivesofTJRCf
ori
nvest
igat
inghumanr
ight
sabusesar
eli
stedas
f
oll
ows:
1)Toest
abl
i
shanaccur
ate,
compl
eteandhi
stor
ical
recor
dofv
iol
ati
onsandabuses
ofhumanr
ight
s,commi
tt
edbet
ween12December1963and28Febr
uar
y2008,
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 168|
Page
 suchasabduct
ions,di
sappear
ances,det
ent
ions,t
ort
ure,mur
der
,massacr
es,
ext
raj
udi
ci
alki
l
li
ngs,cr
imes ofsexualnat
ure agai
nstf
emal
evi
cti
ms and
expr
opr
iat
ionofpr
oper
tysuf
fer
edbyanyper
son;
2)To i
nvest
igat
ethe gr
oss v
iol
ati
ons ofi
nter
nat
ionalhuman r
ight
slaw and
det
ermi
net
hoser
esponsi
blef
ort
hei
rcommi
ssi
on;
3)Toi
nvest
igat
eandpr
ovi
der
edr
essofcr
imesofsexualnat
ureagai
nstf
emal
e
v
ict
ims;
4)Toi
nvest
igat
ethecont
ext
,causesandci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
hegr
oss
v
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
soccur
red;
5)Toi
dent
if
yact
orswhopur
por
tedt
ohav
eact
edonbehal
fofanypubl
i
cbody
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hegr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
s,andper
sonswhoshoul
dbe
pr
osecut
edf
orbei
ngr
esponsi
ble;
6)Toi
dent
if
yandspeci
fyt
hev
ict
imsoft
hegr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
sand
t
hei
rwher
eabout
s;and
7)To f
aci
l
itat
ethegr
ant
ing ofcondi
ti
onalamnest
yto per
sonswho makef
ull
di
scl
osur
eofal
lther
elev
antf
act
s,r
elat
ingt
othegr
ossv
iol
ati
onsofhuman
r
ight
sandeconomi
ccr
imes,
andwhocompl
ywi
tht
her
equi
rement
soft
heTJRC
Act
.

V SUMMARY
I
nthesel
astt
wol
ect
uresoft
hehumanr
ight
scour
se,
wehav
egonet
hrought
hev
ari
ous
enf
orcementmechani
smsmadeav
ail
abl
etoensur
ethathumanr
ight
sinKeny
aar
e
uphel
dandenf
orced.Thesei
ncl
udet
hej
udi
ciar
yandt
hecour
ts,t
hesecur
it
yand
cor
rect
ionalser
vicesaswel
lasv
ari
ouscommi
ssi
onsest
abl
i
shedi
nthecount
ry.I
tis
hopedt
hatwi
tht
heseenf
orcementmechani
smsi
npl
ace,
Keny
aci
ti
zensshoul
dbeabl
e
t
oreal
i
sehumanr
ight
sasst
ipul
atedi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sint
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
a,
2010.

STUDYQUESTI
ONS
1)TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
saspert
heConst
it
uti
onofKeny
aguar
ant
eesf
reedomsand
HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 169|
Page
 obl
i
gat
ionst
oev
eryKeny
anCi
ti
zen.Expl
ainav
ail
abl
eopt
ionsf
oranyci
ti
zenwho
woul
dli
ket
oseekf
orr
edr
esswhenhi
s/herRi
ght
sar
evi
olat
ed.
2)Ther
uleofLawi
sregar
dedast
heshi
eldf
orJust
ice.Expl
ainhowt
heCour
ts
appl
ytheLawt
opr
otectandguar
ant
eet
her
ight
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.
3)Di
scusst
her
oleoft
he‘
successor
’Commi
ssi
onsoft
heKeny
aNat
ional
Human
Ri
ght
sandEqual
i
tyCommi
ssi
on(
KNHREC)
,int
heenf
orcementofHumanr
ight
s
i
nKeny
a

FURTHERREADI
NG
Akech,M.(
2010)I
nst
it
uti
onalRef
ormi
ntheNew Const
it
uti a.I
onofKeny nter
nat
ional
Cent
ref
orTr
ansi
ti
onalJust
ice
Const
it
uti
onofKenya2010.Avai
l
abl
eatwww.
keny
alaw.
org
Mwal
i 1989)TheKeny
mu,C.( aLegalSyst
em:AnOver
view.Washi
ngt
onDC:Li
brar
yof
Congr
ess
Mr
ashui 2011)Keny
,J.L.( aPr
omul
gat
esaNew Const
it
uti
on.Ar
myWarCol
lCar
li
sle
Bar
racks,
Pennsy
lvani
a.
Ngondi
-Hought 2005)TheSt
onC ( ateofHumanRi
ght
sinKenya:ABasel
i
neSur
vey
Repor
t.Nai
robi
:Keny
aNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onofHumanRi
ght
s&Mi
nist
ryofj
ust
ice
andConst
it
uti
onal
Aff
air
s.
Oj
wang, 1090)Const
J.B.( it
uti
onalDevel
opmenti
nKenya.Nai
robi
:ACTSPr
ess
Thuku,M.(
2011)‘
The Keny
an Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s(2010)
:Consol
i
dat
ing t
he Gai
nsand
anal
ysi
ngt
heDomest
icat
ionofI
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sInst
rument
s’.Wor
king
Paper(
Apr
il2011)
.
Keny
aNat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.Av
ail
abl
eonht
tp:
//www.
knchr
.or
g/
TheCommi
ssi
ononAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice.TheOf
fi
ceoft
heOmbudsman.Av
ail
abl
eon
ht
tp:
//www.
ombudsman.
go.
ke

HURI111:HumanRi
ght
s ACommonCor
eLai
kipi
aUni
ver
sit
yCour
se 170|
Page