Fluids 4 F2F

ORIFICE

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SUBMERGED ORIFICE

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NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY

REYNOLD'S NUMBER

LAMINAR FLOW

The ‘LAMINA’ or thin layers of fluid are “ORDERLY” and

so one cylindrical layer slides smoothly relative to an adjacent
layer. This behavior is referred to as LAMINAR FLOW.

TURBULENT FLOW

Increase the velocity or decrease the viscosity, and the fluid

particles may then follow erratic paths, which causes a high
rate of mixing within the fluid. This is referred to as
TURBULENT FLOW.

TRANSITIONAL FLOW

Between laminar and turbulent flow, we have

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Between laminar and turbulent flow, we have
TRANSITIONAL FLOW, that is, a state in which regions of
both laminar and turbulent flow coexist.

PIPE FLOW

HEAD LOSS FORMULA: DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION

HEAD LOSS FORMULA: MANNING'S EQUATION

HEAD LOSS FORMULA: HAZEN-WILLIAMS EQUATION

SERIES AND PARALLEL FLOW

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