MODULE II

DEEP FOUNDATION

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
SYLLABUS:

Pile foundation: Bearing piles, friction piles – concrete, timber, steel and
composite piles. Cased and uncased cast in situ concrete piles, Bored piles,
pressure piles and precast concrete piles. Screw piles & disk piles. Under reamed
piles. Bored compaction piles. Sand piles. Sheet piles. Pile cap. Caissons: Box
caissons, Open caissons & pneumatic caissons
Timbering and trenching of foundations

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
INTRODUCTION

Foundations provide support to the structure, transfers the loads from the
structure to the soil. But the layer at which the foundation transfers the load shall
have an adequate bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics.

FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DEEP FOUNDATION

Shallow footings are usually Deep foundations are usually used

used when the bearing capacity when the bearing capacity of the
of the surface soil is adequate to surface soil is not sufficient to
carry the loads imposed by a carry the loads imposed by a
structure. structure.

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BMC II MODULE 2 S3
DEEP FOUNDATION

Deep foundation is required to carry loads from a structure through weak

compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at
depth, or for functional reasons.

Deep foundations are founded too deeply below the finished ground surface for
their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at
depths >3 m below finished ground level.

Deep foundation can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent
strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

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1. Basement foundation

• These are hollow substructures designed to provide working or storage

space below ground level.
• The structural design is governed by their functional requirements rather
than from considerations of the most efficient method of resisting external
earth and hydrostatic pressures.
• They are constructed in place in open excavations.

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2. Buoyancy Rafts (Hollow Box Foundations)

Buoyancy rafts are hollow substructures designed to provide a buoyant or semi-buoyant

substructure beneath which the net loading on the soil is reduced to the desired low
intensity.

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3. Caissons Foundations

• A caisson foundation also called as pier foundation is a watertight

retaining structure used as a bridge pier, in the construction of a
concrete dam, or for the repair of ships.
• It is a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder sunk into the ground to
some desired depth and then filled with concrete thus forming a
foundation.

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4. Cylinders

• Cylinders are small single-cell caissons.

5. Drilled Shaft foundations

• Shaft foundations are

constructed within
deep excavations
supported by lining
constructed in place
and subsequently
filled with concrete or
other pre-fabricated
load-bearing units.
6. Pile foundations

• Pile foundations are relatively long and slender

members constructed by driving preformed units to
the desired founding level, or by driving or drilling-
in tubes to the required depth – the tubes being
filled with concrete before or during withdrawal or
by drilling unlined or wholly or partly lined
boreholes which are then filled with concrete.
BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Pile foundation

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
What is Pile Foundation ?

The pile foundation is used to describe a construction for the foundation of a wall or a
pier, which is supported on the pile.

Where it is placed …?

The piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in the form of cluster
throughout the length of the wall.

Where it is adopted …?

Piles are adopted when the loose soil extended to a great

depth.

The load of the structure is transmitted by the piles to hard stratum below or it is resisted
by the friction developed on the sided of the piles.

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Application of Pile Foundation ?

The piles are applicable at the places where,

• The load coming from the structure is very high & the distribution of the load
on soil is uneven.

• The subsoil water level is likely to rise or fall appreciably.

• The pumping of subsoil water is too costly for keeping the foundation trench in
dry condition.

• The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive or it is likely to

practically impossible.

• The piles are considered to be long when their length exceeds 30 meters.

• The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed and the foundation is likely
to adopted by the scouring action of water.

• The piles are also used as anchors. They may be designed to give lateral
support or to resist an upward pressure of uplift pressure.
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BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Functions of Pile Foundation

• The main functions of the pile foundation in the construction of structures

are enlisted below.
• The principal function of the pile foundation is to transmit the loads coming
over it safely to the ground. The transmission is performed whether it is
vertical or horizontal or inclined loads.
• The pile foundation can be constructed in cohesionless soil by undergoing
techniques of displacement and vibration methods.
• Pile foundation helps in reducing the settlement.
• The pile foundation helps to increase the factor of safety of heavy load
structures or buildings.
• The pile foundation guarantees the vertical structures above with safety,
security, and reliability.
• The pile and pile cap arrangement in pile foundation help the load
distribution to be performed in a uniform manner.

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Factor Affecting Selection Of Type Of Piles
• Nature and type of structure
• Location
• Material, equipment and fund availability
• Type of soil and its properties
• Ground water table
• Durability of pile
• Length and number of pile
• Case study of adjacent building
• Facility for pile driving
• Erosion of soil near structure

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Materials used in construction of Pile

• Cast Iron pile

• Cement Concrete pile
• Sand pile
• Steel piles
• Timber piles
• Wrought iron piles

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Materials used in construction of Pile

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HOW PILES ARE USED

• As pile foundations carry a lot of load, they must be designed very carefully.
A good engineer will study the soil the piles are placed in to ensure that the
soil is not overloaded beyond its bearing capacity.

Every pile has a zone of influence on the soil around it. Care must be taken
to space the piles far enough apart so that loads are distributed evenly over
the entire bulb of soil that carries them, and not concentrated into a few
areas.

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Loads on Pile Foundation ?

• All the loads from the super structure like,

- Live loads
- Dead loads
- Wind loads
-Seismic load

• The loads from the surrounding soil in case of seismic event.

• Water loads in case of off-shore structure.

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Types of Piles?

• Piles are broadly classified into the following categories:

-Load Bearing Piles

-Non Load Bearing Piles

Load bearing piles :- Non Load bearing piles :-

• It bears the load coming from the • These are generally not designed
structure. to take vertical loads.
• The Piles are generally driven • They take the horizontal load of
vertically or in near vertical earths pressure.
• position.
• When a horizontal forces to be
resisted, the inclined piles may be
driven in an inclined position and
such inclined piles are termed the
batter piles

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LOAD BEARING PILES

Load bearing piles are divided into,

i. Bearing piles
ii. Friction Piles

Bearing Piles:

• This piles penetrate to through the soft soil and their bottoms rest on a hard
bed. Thus, they are end bearing piles and act as columns or piers.

• The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives some lateral support
and this increases the load carrying capacity of the bearing piles.

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BEARING PILES

Transmit most of their

loads to the load bearing layer
(dense sand or rock).

Most of the pile capacity

inferred from the end
bearing point.

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BEARING PILES

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FRICTION PILES

• When loose soil extends to a great depth, the piles are driven up to such a
depth that the frictional resistance developed at the sides of the piles
equals the load coming on the piles.

• Great care should be taken to determine the frictional resistance offered by

the soil and suitable factor of safety should be provided in the design.

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FRICTION PILES

Transmit most of their

load through the layers
through which the piles
pass, i.e., mostly
through the surface
friction with the
surrounding soils.

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BEARING PILES

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 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

Based on Material
• Cast Iron pile
• Cement Concrete pile
• Sand pile
• Steel piles
• Timber piles
• Wrought iron piles
Based on Load transfer mechanism
• End bearing piles
• Friction/Floating piles
• Bearing cum Friction piles
Based on method of construction/installation.
• Driven /Displacement Pre cast Piles
• Driven/Displacement Cast in Situ Piles
• Bored/ Replacement Pre cast piles
• Bored/ Replacement Cast in situ piles.

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Based on sectional area

• Circular
• Square
•H
• Octagonal
• Tubular

Based on Size
• Micro piles dia. < 150 mm
• Small dia. pile dia. >150mm and 600 mm ƒ

Based on inclination
• Vertical Piles
• Inclined/ raker Piles

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CLASSIFICATION OF PILE FOUNDATION BASED ON MATERIALS USED

• Cast Iron pile

• Cement Concrete pile
• Sand pile
• Steel piles
• Timber piles
• Wrought iron piles

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 CEMENT CONCRETE PILES

Cast- in-situ concrete piles Pre-cast concrete piles

1) Cased cast in situ piles

a. Raymond piles e. BSP base driven piles

b. Mac Arthur piles f. Swage piles
g. Button bottom piles
c. Monotube piles
d. Cobi pneumatic
mandrel pile

2) Uncased cast in situ piles

• Simplex piles • Pressure piles

• Franki piles • Under reamed piles
• Vibro piles
• Pedestal piles
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CAST- IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES

A bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing.

The bore is then filled with cement concrete after placing reinforcement.
The casing may be kept in position-Cased cast insitu concrete piles.
The casing may be withdrawn: Uncased cast insitu piles

Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles

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CAST- IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES: ADVANTAGES

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CAST- IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES: DISADVANTAGES

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles
a. Raymond piles

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles
Mac Arthur piles

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles
Monotube piles
It consist of tapered fluted steel shell without mandrel.

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles
BSP base driven piles

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles
Swage piles

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Cased cast- in-situ concrete piles

Button bottom piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

• These piles are cheap as no casing will be left in the ground.

• Special handling equipment is not required.

• Concrete is not liable to damage from driving

• Great skill is required.

• It is likely to be damaged from subsoil pressure and ground movements which result
from pile driving and obstruction in ground.

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

Simplex piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

Franki piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

Franki piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

Vibro piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles
Pedestal piles

• A casing tube with core is driven

up to the required depth.

• The core is removed and

concrete will be poured

• The core is placed again in tube

and pressure will applied to
concrete through core. same
time casing will be removed.

• While doing this a concrete

pedestal will formed as shown.

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles
Pressure piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles Under reamed piles
• Developed by CBRI Roorkee, UP, India.

• These piles are suited for expansive soils

which are often subjected to considerable
ground movements due to seasonal
moisture variations.

• Used for black cotton soil, filled up ground,

and soil having poor SBC, sandy soil and
high water table.

• When the ground consists of expansive soil,

for example, black cotton soils, the bulb of
under-reamed pile provide anchorage
against uplift due to swelling pressure.

• It has one or more under reamed or bulbs

in its lower portion.

• single under reamed pile : one bulb

• multi under reamed pile : more than one
bulb BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles Under reamed piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles Under reamed piles

• Bulb will formed using under-reaming tools.

• Dia of pile : 200 to 500mm

• Dia of bulb: 2 to 3 times of pile dia.

• Length : 3 to 8m

• Bucket length : 300mm

• Spacing of pile : 2 to 4m

• Spacing of bulb : 1.25 to 1. 5 times dia of bulb

• Safe load : 200 to 400KN, it can be increase by using larger dia.

• And more length or by making more bulbs at base

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles Under reamed piles

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Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles

UNDER REAMED PILES

a) Bored and cast in situ b) Bored compaction piles

concrete piles

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BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Uncased cast- in-situ concrete piles Under reamed piles

b) Bored compaction piles

• Bored compaction piles are the modification of under-reamed pile.

• These piles are cast-in-situ piles which combine the advantages of both bored and
driven pile.
• The method of boring the piles and concreting the pile is the same as that for the
under-reamed pile, except that the reinforcement cage is not placed in the bore hole
before concreting.
• After the concreting is over, the reinforcement cage is driven through the freshly laid
concrete.

Used for foundation of structures of various types such as residential and

industrial buildings, overhead tanks, towers, substations, gantry foundations,
underground tanks, over bridges etc

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PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES

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Various shapes of pre cast pile

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 PILE GROUPS

• Most pile foundations contain group of piles instead of single pile.

• The supporting capacity of a group of ‘n’ similar piles in many
cases (not in all cases) is ≤ ‘n’ times the capacity of a single pile reason being the zone of soil
or rock stressed by the entire group extends to much greater width and depth than that by
a single pile as shown in the figure

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 PILE INSTALLATION

Pile installation is as important as design.Two methods are:

a)Installation by Driving

b)Installation by Boring

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
 DRIVEN PILES

Driven piles are prefabricated piles, driven into the soil using pile drivers referred
to as a Vibro-Hammer or Impact Hammer.

Driven piles are either timber, reinforced concrete, or steel.

Driving piles, as opposed to boring piles, is advantageous because the soil

displaced by driving the pile compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater
friction against the sides of the piles, thus increasing its frictional load-bearing
capacity.

Applications of Driven Piles:

Building foundations
Industrial Building foundations
Bridge foundations
Pile-supported pipeline foundations
Slope stabilisation
Silo foundations strengthening and underpinning
Trench shoring
Uplift control on foundations
Strengthening of foundations
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Installation by Driving

•If the driving has to be carried out by hammer, the following factors should be take
into consideration.

•The size and weight of the pile

•The driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the desired

penetration

•The available space and head room in the site ( because the hammer has to be
dropped from certain height and also the initial height is approximately height of
the pile + height of fall of the hammer)

•The availability of cranes

•The noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality

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Hammer driven pile-real time

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BORED PILES

Bored piles are foundation elements drilled to the required depth or degree of
resistance, which can be constructed using a number of methods.

The simplest is the dry-boring method that uses an Auger or Drilling Bucket to
remove the soil, which is then replaced with reinforced concrete.

Installation Process:
On reaching the designed depth, a pre-fabricated reinforcing cage is inserted into the
empty bored pile, concrete is placed in the bore from the toe level up to the top of the
pile by means of a Tremie pipe, whilst the temporary casing is withdrawn by the piling
rig, vibro hammer or a hydraulic oscillator.
Advantages:

• Bored piles can be installed with minimal vibration, directly against adjacent
structures without causing damage
• Bored piles are ideal for large diameter piles
• Bored piles can be installed with minimal noise, making them ideally suited to use in
densely-populated areas

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Disadvantages:

• Bored piles are not suitable for use in soil with weak strata, such as peat
• Bored Piling takes longer than Driven Piles which is why Bored Piling costs more
than Driven piles.

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 INSTALLATION BY BORING

Installation by mechanical auger schematics

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Mechanical Auger-real time

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