Reviewer in Research Design

Triangulation – in surveying, observing something from different angles to get the true location.

Caveat- the lack of a clear distinction.

Triangulation of measures –multiple measures of the same phenomena.

Triangulation of observers – multiple observers add alternative perspectives

Triangulation of method – mixing qualitative and quantitative styles of research and data.

Phenomenology - literally means the study of phenomena (events, situations, experiences or

concepts), a way of describing something that exists as part of the world in which we live.

Ethnography - in anthropology, it means “portrait of a people” and it is a methodology for

descriptive studies of cultures and peoples.

Cultural parameter - people under investigation have something in common.

Grounded theory – theory is built from data; researcher remains open to the unexpected and is
willing to change direction or focus if needed

Case study - the researcher explores a single entity or phenomenon (‘the case’) bounded by time
and activity

Interpretation- begin with the point of view of the people being studied; find out how they see
the world

Pure experiment - characterized by random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions

and the use of experimental controls.

Time series design - a series of observations based on a defined duration between observations
are recorded

Survey research – the focus is not so much on A causing B, but rather the description of a
phenomenon relating the variables.

Correlational research – association between 2 or more variables.

Teleology – something directed by an ultimate purpose or goal.

Evaluation - the focus is on assessing an event by means of the above types of research and to
make judgment.

Tautology – the cause and the effect are mere restatements of each other.

Ecological fallacy – occurs when a researcher gathers data at a higher or aggregated unit of
analysis but wants to make a statement about a lower or disaggregated unit.

Spuriousness – when 2 variables are associated but are not causally related.

Enumeration

Where do research topics come from?

 Personal experience
 Curiosity
 State of knowledge in the field
 Solving problem
 Personal value
 Everyday life

Research Design Tree

Approaches

 Survey
 Correlational
 Causal-Comparative
 Experimental
 Historical
 Grounded theory
 Action research
 Case study
  Ethnology
 Content analysis

Methods

 Qualitative
 Quantitative

Types

 Basic research
 Applied research

Example of Cultural parameter

- Religious
- Tribal
- Shared experience
- Geographical