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Review of Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator and Induction Generator

for Stability

Conference Paper · January 2009

DOI: 10.1109/ICETET.2009.193 · Source: DBLP

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 Review of Parallel operation of Synchronous Generator
and Induction Generator for stability
S.P.Gawande, Student, III semester (IPS) G.H.Raisoni College of Engg.Nagpur
K.B.Porate, Asst.Professor, G.H.Raisoni college of Engineering., Nagpur
Abstract-The power demand is more than the
generation and it is not economical & reliable to
increase the generation by conventional sources.
Day by day the use of non-conventional sources has
been increased due to their economy and pollution
free characteristics. This paper deals with the
synchronization and stability of non-conventional
source like Pico and micro hydro plant with
thermal based synchronous generator as a major
objective. The other objectives of this paper are
controlled voltage and frequency for variable load.
The various papers on this issue with and without
controller are referred and conclusions are
summarized in the results for considering V and f
for stabilization.
Index terms-Conventional Energy, Non-
conventional energy, Controllers, STATCOM,
ELC
1. Introduction
The rapid depletion and increased cost of
conventional fuel and their storage have given a
thrust in the utilization of non-conventional
sources like wind, hydro, solar, etc. the Induction
generators as alternative power source use at the
remote end & to surplus the energy connected to
the grid which reduces the stress on the existing
cal based thermal power plant. It supplies the
electricity in the local rural area where the
population is very small. The frequency variation
of +2% and terminal voltage variation of +5%
from their nominal rated values are generally
acceptable.
Use of Induction generator is
increasingly becoming more popular in MHP
and PHP application because of its simpler
excitation system, lower fault level, lower capital
cost and less maintenance requirement, but
Induction generators are incapable of controlling
voltage by themselves and require an external
source of reactive power to swing into a
generating action at required voltage level and
load, hence the advanced FACTS controller are
implemented. FACTS controllers modify the
series and parallel impedence of the the
transmission lines. The way a FACTS controller
is connected to an ac power system has a direct
effect on the transfer of active and reactive
power within the system. Series connected
controllers are usually employed in active power
control and to improve the transient stability of
power system. Shunt connected controllers
govern the reactive power and improves the
dynamic stability.
In the parallel operation of Induction
generator and synchronous generator [1]
controllers (STATCOM) are required to control
the terminal voltage and frequency. While in
parallel operation of Asynchronous generators
STATCOM is used for controlling the voltage
and ELC for controlling active power which in
turn maintains the system frequency constant [2].
Regulating the voltage during load variation , a
continuous and varying reactive power demand
of generators and loads is fulfilled by
STATCOM, while an ELC absorbs additional
generated power which is not consumed by the
consumer loads so that total generated power at
the generators terminals remain constant which
in turn regulates the system frequency.
2. Schemes
2.1Block Diagram of Scheme [1]
Fig.1.Schematic diagram of scheme
Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram of proposed
scheme. The synchronous generator has an
exciter, which provides a constant excitation to
produce normal rated terminal voltage at full
resistive load and it is capable of generating
some reactive power also. It is driven by constant
mechanical power input of 1 pu. The induction
generator has neither exciter nor speed controller
and it is also driven by constant mechanical
power input of 1pu.The STATCOM is connected
to the common bus which control the terminal
voltage as well as frequency.
In absence of STATCOM, the
synchronous generator is required to generate the
reactive power demanded by the load. The
STATCOM supplies the reactive power
demanded by the load so that the reactive power
generation of the synchronous generator does not
exceed its capability limit. Since The induction
generator does not have speed controller, it is
bound to follow the synchronous generator and
runs above the synchronous speed with negative
slip corresponding to full load. When consumer
load changes, the chopper on the DC side of the
STATCOM controls the active power consumed
by the dump load so that the total load on the
synchronous generator remains constant and
equal to its full load capacity thus by resulting in
constant speed operation.
2.2 Schematic Diagram of VF controller for
Isolated Asynchronous generators [2]
Fig.2.Schematic diagram of VF controller for an isolated
asynchronous generators
Fig.2 shows schematic configuration of parallel
operated IAGs with individual excitation
capacitors, proposed voltage and frequency
controllers and consumer loads. The value of
excitation capacitors for both generators is
selected for generating the rated voltage at no
load. STATCOM acts as a source of lagging or
leading current to maintain constant terminal
voltage and it also works as a harmonics
eliminator and load balancer and fulfill the
reactive power requirement.
The output of VSC is connected
through the AC filtering inductors to point of
common coupling .The DC bus capacitor is used
as an energy storage device and provides self
supporting DC bus of STATCOM. For
regulating frequency, an ELC is used which
consist of diode bridge rectifier and a chopper at
DC link with auxiliary load which absorbs the
additional generated power not consumed by the
consumer load by varying the duty cycle of the
chopper, so that the controller effectively
controls the generated voltage and frequency of
the proposed scheme.
3. Modelling of proposed scheme
3.1 Modelling of ynchronous and Induction
machine [1]
The synchronous and induction
machine models available in the MatLab-
Simlink are used for performing the transient
analysis of the proposed scheme. The d-q
equivalent circuit models in the simulation
model, which takes care of dynamics of stator,
field and damper windings. Stator windings of
synchronous and induction generators are
assumed to be connected in star with grounded
neutral.
3.2 Modelling of STATCOM
Fig.3.STATCOM with hysterisis band current control PWM
inverter
STATCOM is widely used for
reactive power compensation. Basically
STATCOM is an inverter connected to the
system bus and controlled to draw leading
current in order to compensate the lagging
current by the load from the bus. STATCOM
proposed in this scheme draws active power flow
through the dump load. The Volt-amp capacity
of this type of STATCOM is equal to the sum of
active power to be dissipated in the dump load
and reactive power to be injected in the bus.
Simulink model of STATCOM is developed as a
current-controlled inverter with the hysterisis
band current control principle pulse width
modulation (PWM) inverter which can control
reactive power as well as active power.
4. MATLAB Based Modelling
4.1 Parallel operated synchronous generator and
induction generator [1]
 Fig.4. Simulation model for parallel operation of Synchronous generator & Induction generator
The simulation model of parallel
operation of synchronous and induction
generator with STATCOM is shown in Fig.4.It
consist of 16 kVA synchronous generator and 4
kW induction generator. The excitation voltage
Vf of synchronous generator is limited to 2 pu. In
such a situation STATCOM is responsible for
generating reactive power demanded by the load.
A fixed capacitor of 1.5 kVar is connected across
the induction generator terminals for the self
excitation at no load.
4.2 Parallel operation of isolated Asynchronous
generators[2]
Fig.5. MATLAB based simulation model of the electrical
system with controller
The proposed controller for parallel
operated isolated asynchronous generators are
modeled and simulated for supplying
balanced/unbalanced, linear/ non-linear loads on
MATLAB along with Simulink and PSB
toolboxes. Fig.5. shows the complete model of
the proposed electrical generating system. The
system is modeled using 15 kW, 415 V, 50 hz,
Y- Connected asynchronous machines. Two
delta connected capacitor banks of rating of 9
kVar and 5 kVar are used for generating the
rated voltage at no-load. The STATCOM is
realized with IGBT based VSC using universal
bridge with capacitor at DC link, while an ELC
is realized using diode bridge rectifier and an
IGBT based chopper switch with an auxiliary
load at DC bus.
5.Simulation Results
Model [1] is simulated with initial load
(12 + j8)kVA on the system bus. The induction
generator is connected after 3 s of the initial load
switching and additional load of 4 kW is
connected after 6s. The simulation results of the
program run for 10 s are shown in Fig.6
The simulation results shows that there
are some transients because of switching on
induction generator at 3s an load at 6 s .Initially
synchronous generator is supplying active power
demanded by the load whereas synchronous
generator together with STATCOM is supplying
reactive power demanded by the load. There is
balance between generation and consumption of
active and reactive power in the scheme resulting
constant speed operation at 0.996 pu and
constant terminal voltage of 1 pu from 0 to 3 s.
When induction generator is freely running at
the speed of 1.25 pu is connected at t = 3 s, it
suddenly draws the reactive power from the
synchronous generator resulting in a voltage dip
in the stator terminal voltage.
Fig.6. Simulation results of program run for 10 s.

a: Terminal voltage of synchronous generator

b: Stator current of synchronous generator
c: speed response of synchronous generator
d: active power output of synchronous generator l: reactive power generated by STATCOM
e: Reactive power output of synchronous m: inverter output voltage
generator n: STATCOM current
f: Terminal voltage of Induction generator o: STATCOM current & reference current
g: Stator current of Induction generator p: active power consumed by load
h: speed response of Induction generator q: reactive power consumed by load
i: active power output of Induction generator
j: reactive power consumed by Induction
generator
k: active power consumed by STATCOM branch
 Fig.7.Transient waveforms of parallel operated IAGs controller feeding with Linear Load
The performance of the controller for
parallel operated isolated asynchronous
generators system [2] is simulated and transient
waveforms of the generators voltage (Vabc) and
generators currents ( iabc1, iabc2), load
currents(i1abc), STATCOM currents (icabc), ELC
current (ida),amplitude of terminal voltage
(Vt),the DC link voltage (Vdc), generator
speed(w1,w2), frequency and variation of
generator power (Pgen1,Pgen2) consumer and
auxiliary load power( Pload and Pauxillary) etc are
shown in Fig.7.
A) Performance of system feeding Linear
Loads
Fig.7 shows the performance of the
proposed system with balanced/unbalanced
resistive loads. At 2.6 s a balanced delta
connected full load of 22.5 kW is applied then
the power is drawn by a auxiliary load (Pdump)
reduces to almost zero value. With opening of
one phase at 2.75 s, and another phase at 2.85 s ,
the load becomes unbalanced and load balancing
aspect of the controller demonstrated along with
the voltage and frequency regulation. At 2.95 s
full active power is generated by the generator,
which shows that the controller maintains the
constant value of the voltage and frequency of
the generator.
B) Performance of the system Feeding Non-
Linear Loads
Similarly Fig.8. demonstrated the
capability of the proposed controller for parallel
operated IAGs with balanced/unbalanced
nonlinear loads. At 2.6 s around 80% consumer
loads os applied and it is observed that the ELC
current ( ida) is reduced for maintaining constant
power at the generator terminal which in turn
regulates the system frequency. At 2.8 s one
phase of the load is opened and the load on the
generators by maintaining balanced voltage and
current at the generators terminal which shows
its load balancing aspects. At 2.9 s phase ‘b’ of
the load is again closed and it observed that the
ELC current again reduces for maintaining
constant power, While at 3.0 s the load is
removed and the ELC absorbs the full power to
regulate the frequency while regulation of the
voltage is achieved by the STATCOM.
 Fig.8.Transient waveforms of parallel operated IAGs controller feeding with Non-Linear Load
6.Conclusion
The simulation results [1] show that
when an induction generator driven by constant
mechanical power input is connected in parallel
with the synchronous generator, the induction
generator is bound to follow the synchronous
generator with a speed just above the
synchronous generator with negative slip of
about 0.035 pu. The transients in stator terminal
voltage, stator current of synchronous generator
and induction generator at the switching instants
are found to be a within limit. The speed
deviation of synchronous generator because of
induction generator is also found to be very
small and settle down to steady-state speed
within fraction of a second.
Similarly the performance of the
proposed controller for parallel operated isolated
asynchronous generators [2] in constant power
application driven by controlled pico hydro
turbines. It is observed that the controller is
having capability of voltage and frequency
regulation. In comparison to the other voltage
and frequency controllers the proposed controller
controls the active and reactive currents so that
the cost and rating of the VSC of STATCOM is
comparatively reduced.
7.References
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‘Voltage and frequency control of parallel operated
synchronous generator and induction generator with
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