Downloaded from SAE International by Univ of California Berkeley, Saturday, July 28, 2018
Derivation of the Force Interaction within Strongly
Coupled Systems - Application to Diesel Engine Oil
Pumps
Michael Thivant
Vibratec
pascal BOUVET PhD
VIBRATEC
Alexandre Carbonelli
Ecole Centrale de Lyon
ABSTRACT
Due to the increasing focus on noise and vibration for future
vehicles, there is a need for a clear definition of the
requirements between vehicle manufacturers and auxiliary
suppliers. Auxiliary characterisations are also needed as input
for structure-borne numerical prediction models. Strongly
coupled systems are amongst the most difficult structure-
borne noise issues, as the transmitted forces and powers are
strongly dependent upon the mobilities of both the vibration
source and receiver. The so-called “blocked forces” can be
used as intrinsic source descriptions. The challenge is then to
design auxiliary test benches perfectly rigid in the frequency
range of interest. The current paper is based on the French
research program MACOVAM dedicated to the vibro-
acoustic characterisation of oil pumps for truck engines. An
original test bench was designed to measure quasi-blocked
forces over the [150 Hz-2800 Hz] frequency range. Several
methods aimed at determining internal forces were tested and
compared in terms of practical implementation and result
accuracy. An inverse method was found to be the most
correlated with direct measurements of internal forces, and
easier to implement in case of multiple connections. A
specific post-treatment takes the test bench assembly
mobilities into account in order to derive blocked forces.
Finally, a validated numerical methodology is proposed for
the prediction of structure-borne noise induced by the
auxiliaries. The application on diesel engine oil pumps will
2011-01-1531
Published
05/17/2011
Copyright © 2011 SAE International
doi:10.4271/2011-01-1531
be carried out from test bench numerical validation up to
engine response computation using measured forces.
INTRODUCTION
Source characterisation within strongly coupled systems is
one of the most challenging structure born noise issues. Three
families of methods can be considered:
• Direct measurement of the internal force with force sensors.
This method should be applied on the real coupled system to
account for the influence of the receiver mobility. However it
is rarely used due to set-up difficulties and to instrumentation
costs, depending on the number of degrees of freedom to be
considered (in-plane forces and moments are particularly
hard to address). Although the coupling effect is taken into
account, the source characterisation is not intrinsic, and a
modification of receiver mobility would affect the interaction
internal forces.
• Free source velocity. The method consists in decoupling all
the contact areas and measuring its operational velocities.
This is an intrinsic but incomplete source description and
must be combined to both source and receiver mobility
matrices to predict the receiver response. Moreover the
experimental set-up might be challenging in case of strongly
coupled systems, as the source is generally supposed to work
with rather rigid supports. The free source velocity can be
combined with the source and receiver mobilities to derive
the transmitted power [9].
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Figure 1. Equivalent excitation schemes for the receiver (engine) Figure 1-a Response to the source in operation Figure 1-b
Response to blocked forces in presence of the passive source Figure 1-c Response to internal forces without the source
• Inverse methods are often preferred due to reduced
instrumentation cost and large application range (see [1], [2],
[3], [4], [5] and [14], [15], [16], [16]). However it requires
the inversion of a measured transfer matrix, possibly ill-
conditioned and therefore sensitive to measurement errors. It
requires skilled experts and adapted numerical algorithms.
Several variations exist and will be examined below.
Particularly the interaction forces addressed can be of two
types: internal interaction forces within the coupled system
and blocked forces.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This part deals with two possibilities of source
characterisation in terms of transmitted forces, their
measurement alternatives and their exploitation to predict
structure-born noise.
The most natural approach is to measure the internal
interaction forces applied by the source in operation onto the
final receiver, for each contact area between source and
receiver.
Alternatively, blocked forces can be measured on adequate
benches. They would be the forces transmitted by the source
in operation, to an infinitely rigid support.
RECEIVERS RESPONSE
From the characterisation of a source in terms of blocked
force or in terms of internal force transmitted to the real
receiver, the response of the real receiver can be derived form
the combination of the forces with the adequate transfer
functions. Figure 1 describes three equivalent schemes for the
description of the response of the receiver (a diesel engine)
excited by a source (an oil pump).
From internal forces
The response of the final receiver can be derived from the
combination of the internal forces with the transfer functions
either computed or measured with the source disconnected
[15].
Indeed the internal forces replace the source in terms of
action on the receiver (Figure 1-c). Thus the dynamic
response of the receiver (e.g. the acceleration areceiver) can be
computed from the combination (equation 1) of the internal
forces Finternal with the transfer accelerance matrix Hreceiver
of the receiver alone, either computed or measured with the
source disconnected.
(1)
From blocked forces
The response of the final receiver can also be derived from
the combination of the blocked forces with the transfer
functions either computed or measured with the source
connected but not operated. This is the concept of the in-situ
source characterisation method proposed by Eliott and
Moorhouse [11].
The blocked forces must be applied on the interface between
the source and the receiver with the source connected (Figure
1-b). Thus the dynamic response of the receiver can be
computed from the combination (equation 2) of the blocked
forces Fblocked with the transfer mobilities Hreceiver+source of
the receiver, either computed or measured with the source
connected.
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(2)
The derived blocked forces are theoretically not dependant on
the mobilities of the receiver (or bench), as far as a
representative source operation is ensured.
Thus an intrinsic characterisation of the auxiliary excitation is
derived, which can be specified in auxiliary requirement,
independently from the engine mobilities. This clarifies the
responsibilities of the auxiliary supplier (blocked force) from
those of the engine maker (mobilities at fastening point).
Moreover the presence of the receiver (the engine) is not
required for the derivation of the blocked force in the
auxiliary supplier's test bench.
SOURCE CHARACTERISATION:
BLOCKED FORCE - INTERNAL FORCE
Dealing with strongly coupled systems, it seems reasonable
to characterise vibrating sources by the forces they impose at
the connections with the receivers, rather than by their free
velocities, which requires disconnecting the fastening areas
and might therefore change not only the vibration boundary
conditions but also the source running conditions. On the
contrary, force characterisation requires fastening the source
during operation, and thus modal behaviour and operational
conditions are much closer to normal operation in case of
rigidly fixed sources.
Internal forces
Measurements must be carried out with the source operating
on the final receiver (e.g. on the engine supporting the
auxiliary to be characterised). Two methods can be used to
derive the interaction internal forces:
• Direct measurements using force transducer, when the setup
is possible and affordable.
• Inverse method, requiring operational acceleration
measurements at observation points on the receiver, and
transfer measurements between the contact areas and the
observation points, measured in a direct or reciprocal way on
the receiver alone, the source being removed. Equation (3) is
used to derive the internal interaction forces on a receiver,
using an inverse method:
(3)
Where {abench} is the acceleration vector of observation point
on the receiver
[Hbench] is the transfer matrix between excitations on
fastening points (forces and moments) and acceleration
response of observation points on the receiver, with the
source disconnected.
The superscript+ denotes a matrix inversion at a given
frequency step, or a pseudo-inversion in case of an over-
determined problem. Theoretical details are given in §
‘Inverse Method’.
However the internal forces derived from measurements on
an inadequate bench might strongly differ from the internal
forces acting on the final receiver.
The derivation of the real internal forces would require the
availability of the final receiver, as the forces strongly depend
upon the mobility of the receiver in case of strong coupling.
Moreover the derived forces are not an intrinsic
characterisation of the source, as setting the source on a
receiver with different mobilities would change the
transmitted operational forces.
In the present context of an auxiliary manufacturer willing to
characterise its component on its own bench, the installation
of the engine in the auxiliary test bench is not possible.
Furthermore, an intrinsic characterisation of the source is
sought, in order to separate the responsibilities of the
manufacturers of the auxiliaries and the engine. An
alternative characterisation based on the derivation of the
blocked forces was then preferred.
Blocked forces
Again, two approaches can be applied:
• Direct measurements using force transducer, the source
being set on an infinitely rigid support. Of course such
receiver will never be found in the universe we know, but
some stiff structure without significant mode in the frequency
range of interest might be a good approximation. For sources
presenting excitation in the low frequency range, like the first
orders of an engine on its mounts, or for a rolling stock, the
bench shall be rigidly fixed on the ground. Convenient
stiffness can be obtained up to 200 Hz or 500 Hz but then
support modes can hardly be avoided. For smaller sources
with excitations located at higher frequencies, it might be
preferable to design a compact structure with first modes in
high frequencies and decoupled from the supporting structure
at very low frequencies. The bench used for the present study
is describe in § ‘Experimental set-up’.
• An inverse method can also be used when the bench is not
fully rigid in the frequency range considered or when direct
force measurements on the bench are not possible.
Operational accelerations are measured at observation points
on the receiver. Transfer functions are measured between the
fastening points and the observation points, in a direct or
reciprocal way, on the receiver with the source fasten onto it.
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Theoretical details are given in § ‘Inverse Method’ and in
[11].
INVERSE METHOD
An inverse method based on the measurement of the cross-
spectra matrix of vibration responses can used to derive an
equivalent force tensor characterising the source excitation.
For a linear mechanical system, the accelerations aj (j=1,2,…
N) at a series of locations are related to the operational forces
Fi(ω) (i=1,2…M) by a frequency response function
Hji(ω)defined by:
(4)
Fi(ω) and aj(ω) corresponding respectively to the Fourier
transform of the force Fi and the vibratory response aj. The
vibratory response aj can be written:
(5)
or under a matrix form:
(6)
Based on this equation, if the complex vibratory responses [a]
and the FRF matrix [H] are known, the complex Fourier
transform of the forces [F] are determined by:
(7)
where []+ is defined as the general inverse operation (pseudo
inverse) of a rectangular matrix, obtained when the number of
vibratory responses is more important than the number of
forces to identify (over-determined matrix). Hence equation
(7) enables to identify forces from measurements of the
operational acceleration and transfer functions. This method
can be applied to derive either internal or blocked forces,
depending on the transfer matrix [H] being used.
TRANSFER FUNCTION
MEASUREMENTS
The present application consists in determining internal and
blocked forces applied by a diesel engine oil pump via its 4
fastening points. The theoretical force components are 12
translation forces and possibly 12 moments. But all these
degrees of freedom are clearly not independent. Considering
that the 4 fastening point form a rigid interface plane, the
internal or blocked forces can be synthesised into an
equivalent 6 d.o.f. force tensor (3 translation forces and 3
moments), arbitrary located in the geometrical centre of the
fastening points. This will greatly improve the conditioning
of the inverse problem, by seeking a unique solution of the
problem.
In order to identify the dynamic loads tensor at the geometric
centre of the fastening points, it is necessary to measure the
accelerance matrix [Hcentre], which relates the accelerations
{am} measured on the bench (9 to 18 accelerometers) to the 6
equivalent forces and moments at the centre.
From a practical point of view, a moment excitation is too
difficult to implement. An indirect approach is preferred,
which consists in impact excitations at several locations off
centred from the centre, while measuring the vibration
responses {am} at the observation points. A first accelerance
matrix [Hinit] is obtained:
(8)
Where Fini denotes the force amplitude applied by the impact
hammer in the direction
The force tensor at the fastening centre corresponding to an
off centred point force Fini is:
(9)
Where xi, yi, zi are the coordinates of the point where the
force is applied by the hammer, the origin being the tensor
reduction point. The relation (9) assumes that the fastening
centre has a rigid body motion (no elastic deformation in the
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Figure 2. Model of quasi-blocked bench
frequency range of interest). This can be assumed for the
present bench (massive aluminium block with first
deformation at 3200 Hz). Multiplying the number of
excitation points on the fastening neighbourhood, one obtains
the following matrix relation:
(10)
After inversion of the transformation matrix [ΩF], one
obtains from equations (8) and (10):
(11)
Where [ΩF]+ is the pseudo-inverse matrix of [ΩF], and
[Hcentre] the transfer function matrix relating the vibration
responses {am} to the forces and moments at the fastening
centre {Fcentre}.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
In order to derive intrinsic characterisation of a truck engine
oil pump (source) in terms of forces transmitted to the engine
(receiver) at fastening points, and due to the impossibility to
set the real engine in the oil pump supplier test rig, a bench
has been designed to assess blocked forces.
As the main oil pump excitation (gear orders) are spread over
a [150 Hz-2800 Hz] frequency range, it is unrealistic to
design a supporting structure without modes within the whole
frequency range. Therefore direct measurements of quasi-
blocked forces are carried out on a “quasi-blocked bench”,
and an inverse method inspired by [11] is deployed to derive
the exact blocked forces.
QUASI-BLOCKED BENCH
As a supporting structure without modes up to 3000 Hz is
quite unrealistic in the industrial context, and as the main
source excitations are above 150 Hz, the solution of a
metallic supporting mass decoupled in low frequencies was
chosen to ensure sufficient stiffness over the whole frequency
range of analysis.
The aluminium bloc, the four silent blocs and the supporting
steel frame have been designed and validated with a Finite
Element model (Figure 2) in order to optimise the mode-free
frequency range, within which the forces transmitted by
operating oil pump onto the bloc should be as close as
possible to exact blocked forces.
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Table 1. Global RMS levels of internal forces on the bench - Comparison of inverse / direct methods
BENCH VALIDATION
The 42 kg aluminium massive bloc presents its first
deformation modes at 3200 Hz, which shall hopefully be
sufficient to measure up to 2800 Hz.
Suspension modes on silent blocks are located below 20 Hz
and the ratio of stiffness between the supporting frame and
the silent blocs is above 30, which ensures a correct
decoupling of the aluminium bloc from the frame: according
to preliminary modal response computation, the velocity ratio
between the mass and the frame supporting points stays
above 20 dB on the whole [150 Hz-2800 Hz] frequency
range.
The maximal static displacement due to gravity is 3 mm and
can be compensated by the adjustment of the silent blocs to
ensure a correct alignment of the pump to the shaft of the
electric driving engine.
The static displacement of the driven gear under maximal
torque is below 0.1 mm. A torsional spring has been designed
by the pump supplier to allow this displacement and avoid
vibrations path from the driving shaft.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experimental setup allows the measurement of 3 sets of
transmitted forces listed below. As the aluminium bloc can be
considered as rigid up to 3000 Hz (below first deformation
modes), rigid body relations can be used between the four
fastening points and a 6 d.o.f. force tensor can be derived
instead of the 24 potential d.o.f. (3 translations and 3
rotations, times 4 fastening points). Indeed 6 d.o.f. are
necessary and sufficient to describe the movement of the
suspended quasi-rigid mass. A 6 d.o.f. force tensor is thus
derived by reducing the forces at the geometrical centre of the
fastening points. The three sets of force tensor are the
following:
1. Quasi-blocked forces from direct measurement of the
forces transmitted onto the aluminium block, using tri-axles
force transducers on each of the 4 fastening points. Forces are
then combined into an equivalent 6 d.o.f. tensor on the
geometric centre of the fastening points.
2. Quasi blocked forces from a conventional inverse method,
using operational acceleration measurements on the
aluminium bloc and the accelerance matrix reduced
at the geometric centre. The transfers are measured with the
source disconnected in order to derive the transmitted internal
forces (relative to the quasi-blocked bench). This second set
of quasi-blocked forces can be compared to the directly
measured quasi-blocked forces (§ ‘Quasi blocked force
comparison’), as a validation of the inverse method.
3. Blocked forces from an inverse method, using the same
operational acceleration measurements on the aluminium bloc
but a different accelerance matrix . The
transfers are now measured with the source connected in
order to derive the source-intrinsic blocked forces. The
comparison with both sets of quasi-blocked forces quantifies
the approximation realised with a suspended block instead of
a fully rigid bench, which would not be industrially feasible
up to 2800 Hz.
QUASI BLOCKED FORCE
COMPARISON
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show respectively the 3 transmitted
forces and the 3 moments of the tensor.
The comparison of the inverse method (blue lines) and the
direct method (green line) is very encouraging, particularly
for third-octave band spectra. The highest discrepancies
appear above 1000 Hz for My (moment around y-axis), and
may be due to variations of the altitude z of impacts in x
direction during transfer function measurements, which could
have generated important lever arm differences relatively to
the short altitude difference Δz between fastening points,
amplifying the discrepancies between Fx values.
Global RMS values are listed in Table 1 with a normalisation
at 100 N for Fx. The comparison of direct and inverse
measurements show only 20% maximal differences, on Fx et
My.
Current results for the inverse method (blue lines) are
computed using acceleration response for 6 points on the
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Figure 3. Internal forces (N) - Comparison inverse / direct methods - 100 dB dynamic range

Figure 4. Internal moments (N.m) - Comparison inverse / direct methods -100 dB dynamic range

aluminium bloc (3 d.o.f. per point). As the 6 independent Mechanical conclusions can also be drawn from these
d.o.f. of the force tensor are sought, a minimal of 6 response measurements:
d.o.f. must be considered. However an over determination is
preferable to improve the results: a minimum 9 d.o.f. • The gear orders (H1, H2, H3) dominate the spectra in all
response d.o.f. is found to conserve an accuracy equivalent to directions
Figure 3, Figure 4 and Table 1. • The bottom line spectra must be due to the modal behaviour
of the pump
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Table 2. Global RMS levels of internal / blocked forces from the inverse method

Figure 5. Internal / blocked forces from inverse method (N) - 100 dB dynamic range

• The orders of magnitude of all 3 translational force frequency, where the first deformation mode of the
directions are equivalent, and the normal direction Fx is not aluminium block starts influencing the interaction between
predominant. the pump and its support.

BLOCKED FORCE
In this section the blocked forces are derived by an inverse
method, using the same operational acceleration
measurements on the aluminium bloc but a different
accelerance matrix : the transfers are now
measured with the source connected in order to derive the
source-intrinsic blocked forces.
A comparison with previously derived internal forces
(relative to the bench) shows the same spectral shapes up to
2500 Hz, which indicates that the bench is suitable for the
direct measurement of quasi-blocked forces from the
decoupling frequency (around 100 Hz) up to this upper
The global levels, which are mostly related to the first pump
harmonic H1 at 750 Hz however vary by up to a factor 2
between blocked and internal forces (Table 2).
RECEIVER RESPONSE
Figure 7 shows the acceleration measurement on a target
point (blue lines) which has not been used for the inverse
method, and a comparison with the reconstruction from either
internal (red lines) or blocked (green lines) forces and the
corresponding accelerance matrices (respectively measured
without or with the pump). The reconstruction is excellent for
both inverse methods, although the bottom line of the spectra
is affected by measurement noise.
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Figure 6. Internal / blocked moments from inverse method (N) -100 dB dynamic range

Figure 7. Acceleration on target points: direct measurement /from internal force tensor /from blocked force tensor - 100 dB
dynamic range

The next step is the reconstruction of the response of the real
engine to the pump excitation, using the blocked force tensor
measured on the bench and the accelerance matrix including
the engine and the oil pump, either measured or computed
with a Finite Element model.
CONCLUSION & PERSPECTIVES
The current paper is based on the French research program
MACOVAM dedicated to the vibro-acoustic characterisation
of oil pumps for truck engines. An original test bench was
designed to measure quasi-blocked forces over the [150
 Downloaded from SAE International by Univ of California Berkeley, Saturday, July 28, 2018
Hz-2800 Hz] frequency range. Several methods aimed at
determining interaction forces were tested and compared in
terms of practical implementation and result accuracy. An
inverse method synthesized on the centre of fastening points
was found to be the most correlated with direct measurements
of transmitted forces, and easier to implement in case of
multiple connections. An adaptation of the inverse method
allows deriving blocked forces tensor as an intrinsic
characterisation of the source excitation. The comparison of
direct force measurement with the results of the inverse
method show very good agreement, as well as the
reconstruction of the acceleration at target point, which
validates the methodology. Finally, a validated numerical
methodology is proposed for the prediction of vibration and
structure-borne noise induced by vibrating sources, which
requires the experimental or numerical determination of the
response of the source-receiver assembly.
The modelling or the measurement of this assembly shall be
carried out by the engine manufacturer, requiring the
following data from the auxiliary supplier: the blocked forces
as an intrinsic active characterisation, and also a passive
characterisation of the assembly, consisting of either:
• A tuned Finite Element model of the engine-auxiliary
assembly
• Measurements of accelerance matrix of the assembly
In order to facilitate the data exchange between the engine
assembler and the supplier, VIBRATEC is working in a
parallel project on a methodology for assembling the results
of experimental modal analysis of the auxiliary alone, with
the Finite Element model of the engine alone.
This global methodology, aimed at characterising
intrinsically the auxiliary in terms of both active and passive
behaviour and inserting the results in the engine Finite
Element model, shall help the dialog between auxiliary
supplier and engine assembler by clarifying the requirements,
and allow independent yet interactive development of either
part.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been carried out within the French research
program MACOVAM, with the support of the French FUI
research funds, Région Rhône-Alpes, and in partnership with
Renault Trucks, Pierburg Pump Technology and the
Laboratoire Vibration Acoustique of INSA de Lyon.
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