EM3015/2018-19

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN SESSION 2018-19

EM3015
Degree examination in EM3015/EG3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

Monday 10 December 2018 Time: 09.00-12.00

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING

(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly permitted in the
rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted, such material must not be
amended, annotated or modified in any way.

(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as giving you an
advantage in the examination.

(iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the exam, either orally or by
passing written material, or by showing material to another candidate, nor must you attempt to
view another candidate’s work.

(iv) You must not take to your examination desk any electronic devices such as mobile phones or other
“smart” devices. The only exception to this rule is an approved calculator.

Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to disciplinary action as
indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook.

Notes: (i) Candidates ARE permitted to use an approved calculator

(ii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use Engineering Mathematics Handbook

(iii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use GREEN or RED pen in their exam booklet.

(iv) Formulae sheets are attached to the paper.

Candidates should attempt ALL FIVE questions.

All questions carry 20 marks each

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1. (a) Describe briefly what you understand by the term plane stress, and
state the underlying assumptions that this term implies.
[5 marks]

(b) The state of stress at a given material point in an engineering component

that is subject to plane stress conditions is given by: 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 25 MPa,
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 35 MPa, and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 15 MPa.

(i) Determine the magnitude of the in-plane principal stresses and the
in-plane maximum shear stress. [6 marks]

(ii) If the engineering component is made from a material with Young’s

modulus E = 210 GPa and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3, determine the
volumetric strain associated with the given stress state.
[4 marks]

(c) A welded thin plate is to be used in the fabrication of an engineering

structure. The plate is subject to a biaxial stress state σx = 75 MPa and
σy = 20 MPa, as shown in Figure Q1c. Determine the required inclination
Φ of the weld if the direct stress perpendicular to the plane of the weld
must not to exceed 50 MPa. [5 marks]

20 MPa

Weld 75 MPa y x’
Φ
75 MPa θ
x
20 MPa

Figure Q1c [Question 1(c)]

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2. (a) Electrical strain gauges are commonly used to measure surface strains in
engineering components. List any two other methods for measuring
surface strains and comment briefly on their characteristics.
[4 marks]

(b) The strains at a point on the surface of an engineering component are

measured using an electrical strain gauge rosette similar to that shown in
Figure Q2b. The strains in the directions marked a, b and c are denoted
by εa, εb and εc.

(i) If the x-axis of the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system

chosen to analyse the strains is parallel to gauge a as shown in
Figure Q2b, show that:

2(𝜀𝜀𝑏𝑏 +𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐 )−𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐 −𝜀𝜀𝑏𝑏

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎 ; 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = ; and = .
3 2 √3

[7 marks]

(ii) Upon loading, the readings from the gauges are: εa = 80µ,
εb = 180µ, and εc = 300µ. Determine the in-plane principal
strains. [6 marks]

(iii) The strain associated with temperature change is to be eliminated

from the strain gauge measurements. Sketch the Wheatstone
bridge diagram of the experimental set-up for one of the strain
gauges to ensure temperature effects are eliminated from the
strain measurements. [3 marks]

y
60o c x’
b 60 o
θ
a x
FIGURE Q2b [Question 2(b)]

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3. (a) Figure Q3a shows a twist drillbit held vertically in a chuck. The diameter
of the drillbit is 10 mm, and it protrudes 120 mm from the chuck. In order
to penetrate the workpiece, an axial compressive force with magnitude
F = 5 kN and a torque of T = 40 Nm are applied to the drill. In addition, a
horizontal force P = 300 N is applied to the workpiece. Neglect buckling
of the drillbit.

(i) Determine the maximum stress in the drillbit due to each of the
applied loads: axial compressive force F = 5 kN, torque T = 40 Nm
and horizontal force P = 300 N. [6 marks]

(ii) Hence, determine the yield stress of the material from which the
drillbit should be made, to avoid plastic yielding of the drillbit when
the loads above are simultaneously applied. Assume von Mises
yield criterion and a design safety factor of f = 1.5.
[7 marks]

(b) A graduate engineer has designed and manufactured a brace for

tightening bolts and nuts. The brace has a “T” configuration as shown in
Figure Q3b(i). The socket A is connected to the handle CD at B by
welding the shaft AB to the handle. The handle CD is a solid circular rod
with a diameter of 60 mm while shaft AB has the rectangular cross-
section shown in Figure Q3b(ii). The brace is made using a material with
a uniaxial yield stress Y = 310 MPa. In use, the loads applied to the
handle are equal and opposite forces of magnitude P, as shown in Figure
Q3b(i).

Assuming the socket end A of the brace is fixed, determine the maximum
force P that may be applied to the brace to ensure the deformation of
shaft AB remains elastic, according to Tresca yield criterion and design
safety factor of 1.2. [7 marks]

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Figure Q3a [Question 3(a)]

A 4 mm
350 mm
C Weld
60 mm
4 mm
B Weld 4 mm 90 mm
P
4 mm
P D
300 mm
70 mm

(i) (ii)

Figure Q3b [Question 3(b)]

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4. A thick-walled circular cylinder has an internal radius a and an external radius b.

The cylinder is simultaneously subjected to an internal pressure Pi and an external
pressure Pe.

(a) State the load boundary conditions. [2 marks]

(b) Hence, show that the radial stress, σr, and tangential stress, σθ, at a
radial distance r from the centre of the cylinder are given by:

1 𝑏𝑏2
𝜎𝜎𝑟𝑟 = �𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 − (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 ) 2 �,
𝑘𝑘 2 −1 𝑟𝑟

1 𝑏𝑏2
𝜎𝜎𝜃𝜃 = �𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 + (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 ) 2 �;
𝑘𝑘 2 −1 𝑟𝑟

where k = b/a.
[10 marks]

(c) A circular cylindrical pipe with an external radius b = 0.2 m and internal
radius of a = 0.15 m is to be used to transport high-pressure crude oil
from one subsea wellhead to another. The pipe is laid horizontally on the
seabed at a depth of 600 m below sea level. Determine the maximum
allowable pressure of the crude oil if the hoop stress in the pipe is not to
exceed 100 MPa. Assume the water density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and
acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2. [8 marks]

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5. (a) By using a stress-strain curve in uniaxial tension, distinguish between

the strain energy density stored in a material and the complementary strain
energy density. [3 marks]

(b) A mass m = 500 kg is attached to one end of a curved solid steel beam
via a rigid rod CD, while the other end of the curved beam is built-in, as
shown in Figure Q5b. The beam has a circular cross-section with a
second moment of area 𝐼𝐼 = 1.5 × 10−8 m4, and it is made from a material
with Young’s modulus of E = 210 GPa. The radius of curvature of the
curved beam is R, and the gravitational acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s2.

(i) Draw a properly annotated free-body diagram showing all the

internal forces and moment at an arbitrary cross-section a-b.
[3 marks]

(ii) Show that the elastic strain energy due to bending in the beam is
given by.
𝑊𝑊 2 𝑅𝑅 3 3𝜋𝜋
𝑈𝑈 = � 4 − 2�,
2𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

where W = mg. [8 marks]

(iii) What is the maximum value of the radius of curvature R of the

beam required to ensure the vertical deflection of the beam at
location C does not exceed 5 mm? Assume a linear elastic
deformation in the curved beam. [6 marks]

b
R
a Section AB
θ
C
D

W = mg

Figure Q5b [Question 5(b)]

END OF PAPER

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EM3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

FORMULAE HANDOUT

1. Stress equilibrium equations

∂σ x ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz
+ + + By = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
+ + + Bz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

where (x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and (Bx, By, Bz) are the corresponding
components of the body force.

2. Two-dimensional Strain-Displacement relations (only for small displacements)

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
εx = ; εy = ; γ xy = + ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

where u and v are respectively the displacements parallel to rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate
axes x and y.

3. Stress and strain transformation equations

σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y' = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y −σ x
τ x' y' = sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
where x' is inclined at an angle of θ anticlockwise from x.

For corresponding strain transformation equations, replace (σx', σy', τx'y') by (εx', εy' γx'y'/2),
and (σx, σy, τxy) by (εx, εy, γxy/2) in the above equations.

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4. Principal stresses and strains in 2D

2 2 2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y  εx +εy εx −εy   γ xy 
σ 1,2 =
2
± 
2  ( )
 + τ xy 2
;
ε 1,2 =
2
±   +
  2 

.
   2   

5. Maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain in 2D

2 2 2
σ x −σ y  γ max εx −εy  γ 
τ max = ± 
2
 + τ xy
 ( ) 2
;
2
= ±   +  xy
  2

 .
   2   

6. Stress-elastic strain relations

1 τ xy
E
(
ε x = σ x − νσ y − νσ z ; ) γ xy =
G
;

1 τ yz
E
(
ε y = σ y − νσ x − νσ z ; ) γ yz =
G
;

1 τ xz
(
ε z = σ z − νσ x − νσ y ;
E
) γ xz =
G
.

OR

( )
σ x = 2Gε x + λ ε x + ε y + ε z ; τ xy = Gγ xy
σ y = 2Gε y + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ yz = Gγ yz
σ z = 2Gε z + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ xz = Gγ xz

where E is the Young's modulus, ν is the Poisson's ratio, G is the shear modulus,
(x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and
νE
λ=
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
7. Relationships between elastic moduli
E
Shear modulus (G) − Young's modulus (E) relation: G =
2(1 + ν )

E
Bulk modulus (K) − Young's modulus (E) relation: K =
3( 1 − 2ν )

8. von Mises effective stress, σe

σe =
1
2
[(σ 1 − σ 2 ) + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) + (σ 1 − σ 3 )
2 2
]
2 1/ 2

where σ1, σ2, and σ3 are principal stresses.

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9. Bending Stress

My
σ=
I
where M is the bending moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis to the
point where the stress is being evaluated, and I is the second moment of area of
the cross-sectional geometry. I = πR4/4 for a solid circular cross-section with
radius R.

10. Torsion of a closed circular cross-section

T τ Gφ
= =
J r L

where r is the radial distance from the centre to where the shear stress τ is being
( )
evaluated, and J is the second polar moment of area. J = 0.5π Ro4 − Ri4 for a hollow
circular cross-section with outer radius Ro and inner radius Ri, and J = 0.5πRo4 for a
solid circular cross-section with radius Ro.

11. Torsion of a closed, thin-walled circular and non-circular cross-section

T
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
2t i A
φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: = −1
L s 
2
4GA  ∑ i 
 ti 
where T is the applied torque, A is the area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the cross-
section, si is the mean perimeter of the section with wall thickness ti, and G is the shear
modulus of the material.

12. Torsion of thin-walled open sections

Tt i
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
Jo

φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: =
L GJ o

( )
where J o = ∑ 1 bi t i3 , bi is the length of the section with wall thickness ti, T is the
3
applied torque and G is the shear modulus of the material.

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13. Stresses and displacements in a thin circular disc subject to axisymmetric loading

B 3 +ν B 1 + 3ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8 r2 8
2 2 3
 1 −ν   1 + ν  B  1 − ν  ρω r
ur =   Ar +   −
 E   E  r  E  8

where r is the radial distance from the centre of the disc, E and ν are the Young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density
of the material, and A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or
displacement boundary conditions.

14. Stresses and displacements in shafts or thick-walled cylinders subject to axisymmetric

loading

B 3 − 2ν B 1 + 2ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8(1 - ν ) r2 8(1 - ν )

ur =
(1 + ν ) (1- 2ν )Ar + B −  1 − 2ν  ρω 2 r 3 
   
E  r  1 - ν  8 

where r is the radial distance, E and ν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,
respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density of the material, and
A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or displacement
boundary conditions.

15. Stresses in an elastic/plastic thick-walled cylinder

  r  b2 − c2    r  b2 + c2 
σ r = Y ln  − 2 
; σ θ = Y ln  + 2 
  c  2b    c  2b 
where r (< c) is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where
the stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, c is the radial
distance of the elastic/plastic boundary, and Y is the uniaxial yield stress of the material.

16. Stresses in a fully plastic thick-walled cylinder

r   r 
σ r = Y ln ; σ θ = Y 1 + ln 
b  b
 
where r is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where the
stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, and Y is the uniaxial
yield stress of the material.

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17. Stresses in a thin-walled cylinder with closed ends

PRi
PRi
σ r = 0; σθ = ; σz =
2t
t
where P is the applied internal pressure, Ri is the internal radius and t is the wall
thickness.

18. Elastic strain energy per unit volume

1
(
U o = σ x ε x + σ y ε y + σ z ε z + τ xy γ xy + τ yz γ yz + τ xz γ xz
2
)
19. Strain energy due to bending moment M,
L
M2
U=∫ dx for a straight beam
0 2 EI

θ max
M2
U= ∫0
2 EI
R.dθ for a curved beam with a radius of curvature R.

20. Strain energy due to axial force F, and shear force V

L
F2
U =∫ dx for a straight beam
0
2 EA
L
V2
U =∫ dx for a straight beam
0
2GA
where A is the cross-sectional area, E is the Young’s modulus and G is the shear modulus

21. Some mathematical formulas

sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ; cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x

1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x = ; cos 2 x =
2 2
d d
cos x = − sin x ; sin x = cos x ;
dx dx
d d n
tan x = sec 2 x ; x = nx n −1
dx dx

∫ cos x dx = sin x ; ∫ sin x dx = − cos x ;

x n +1 1
∫ tan x dx = − ln cos x ; ∫ x dx = ∫ xdx = ln x
n
(if n ≠ −1 );
n +1

The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has real solutions if b 2 ≥ 4ac and they are:
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

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