THE 1896 REVOLUTION & • Dr.
Jose Rizal (End of Rizal’s October 7 - Rizal transferred to
RIZAL (PPT 1)
● 1895 - Cubans revolted
against the Spaniards.
● 1896 - Filipinos also staged
their revolt against spain.
● April 1896 - In montalban cave,
Bonifacio and Katipunan decided
to start the revolution
● May 2, 1896 - Dr. Pio
Valenzuela send by the KKK
Supreme Council to convince
Rizal in Dapitan to join and lead
the Katipunan
○ He was recognized leader and
savior of the Filipinos
○ He did not adhere the idea of
KKK, he believed the KKK
would fail to defeat the
powerful spanish army
○ He believed that it was not yet
time for a Revolution
○ Revolution must be prepared
for 5 to 10 years to ensure
victory
○ He advised Valenzuela to
seek the leadership of
Antonio Luna
○ KKK must seek Financial
support of the japanese
Reasons why Filipinos would
Fail according to Dr. Jose Rizal
1. The KKK does not have enough
weapons to fight against the
fully equipped Spaniards
2. The KKK members do not have
enough skills and training to
fight a professional army tested
in war
3. The KKK hierarchy lacks
credibility which would result
to confusion in the chain of
command
4. The enemy has allies which
necessitates that the
revolutionaries must have
foreign aid to ensure su cient
funds
5. Naval ships are needed,
especially in an archipelago
like the Philippines for
communication purposes
Antonio Luna
- A man of military
expertise
Isla de Luzon - barkong
sasakyan dapat ni rizal
Jacinto - introduced himself
and told rizal he would be
rescued
- Rizal refused the offer and say
he knew what he was doing
CASTILLA
- Inside the castilla,
Katipunan was
discovered
exile)
- Applied as volunteer war
physician to the Cuban
revolution (hoping to end his
Dapitan exile)
- July 31, 1896 - He left
dapitan together with
josephine, narcisa, three
nephews and niece on board
the steamer Espana
- His arrival in manila was
delayed and the Isla de Luzon
had left
- Rizal was told to wait for the
Isla de Panay which will arrive
in 28 days
- Rizal was transferred to the
Castilla, manned by Enrique
Santalo, where he would wait for
another 26 days
26th of the month (Bonifacio) -
raised the “Cry of Pugadlawin”
marked the start of Philippine
Revolution
August 30, 1896 - Rizal finally
received the letter of Gov
Blanco.
September 3 - Aboard the Isla
de Panay, he left for spain.
- Ship proceeded to
Singapore
- Pedro and Periquin
(co-passengers)
escaped.
- Rizal did not escape
because he didn’t want
to become a fugitive.
Discovery of KKK led to
uncovering of its secrets
● Bulk of documents were
uncovered
○ Pictures
○ Copies of Noli and
Fili
○ Documents
declaring Rizal as
the KKK honorary
president
Gov. Blanco and Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda - Gov. Ramon Blanco - designated
according to them, rizal was
ordered arrested and detained
inside the ship
September 30, 1896 ( Capt A.
Alemany ) - He followed the
order and kept rizal in his cabin
during the trip
October 6 - ship reach the
Barcelona
● Rizal was imprisoned at
Montjuich detention cell
Eulogio Despujol - Former
philippine governor who
banished him to dapitan
new ship, the SS Colon bound for
Manila
Ma. Regidor and Lopez - sent a
telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort
asking him to file a writ of
habeas corpus in Rizal’s behalf
Chief Justice Lionel Cox -
denied the writ for lack of
jurisdiction
THE INVESTIGATION AND
TRIAL
Preliminary Investigation
(Arraignment)
● Nov 20, 1896 -
preliminary
investigation of rizal
began
○ During the five day
investigation, rizal was
informed by the charges
against him before Judge
advocate Colonel
Francisco Olive
○ He was put under
interrogation without the
benefit of knowing who
testified against him.
● 2 kinds of evidences
○ Documentary - total of
15 exhibits for evidence
○ Testimonial -
compromised of oral
proofs by:
- Martin Constantino
- Aguedo Del Rosario
- Jose Reyes
- Moises Salvador
- Jose Dizon
- Domingo Franco
- Deodato Arellano
- Pio Valenzuela
- Antonio Salazar
Colonel Olive - endorsed the
evidence to Governor Ramon
Blanco.
Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the Judge
Advocate assigned with the task of
deciding what corresponding action
should be done
Capt. Rafael Dominguez -
transmitted the record to Don Nicolas
de la Peña.
Don Nicolas de la Peña - The judge
advocate general.
- Requested Gov. Polavieja
that the publication of The
Manifesto be prohibited.
Recommendations by Judge
Advocate General Pena:
● Rizal must be
immediately sent to trial
● He must be held in
prison under necessary
security
● His properties must be
issued with order of
attachment and as
indemnity
● Rizal had to pay one
million pesos
● Instead of a civilian
lawyer, only an army
o cer is allowed to
defend Rizal
Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade -
1st Lt. of the Spanish Artillery
chosen by Rizal to be his defense
lawyer.
- brother of Lt. Jose
Taviel de Andrade
(Rizal’s personal
body guard in
Calamba in 1887)
December 11, 1896 - charges
against Rizal were read.
● Rebellion - punishable
by death
● Sedition - also
punishable by death
● Illegal Association -
punishable with
reclusion perpetua or
lower
Rizal accused of being:
1. The principal organizer
and the living soul of
Filipino insurrection
2. Founder of societies,
periodicals and books
dedicated to fomenting
and propagating ideas of
rebellion
Rizal’s reaction on the charges:
1. He does not question the
jurisdiction of the court.
2. He had nothing to amend
except that during his
exile in Dapitan (1892),
he had not dealt in
Political matters.
3. He has nothing to admit
to the charges against
him.
4. He had nothing to admit
on the declarations of
the witnesses, he had not
met nor knew, against
him
Governor Camilo de Polavieja -
Blanco’s successor (rizal’s cased
was endorsed to him)
- had a authority to
command that the case
be court martialed
4. If he was guilty, he
December 15 - Rizal wrote a should have left the
controversial letter (inside his country while in exile; he
cell at fort santiago), The
shouldn’t built a home,
Manifesto addressed to his
countrymen bought a parcel of land
or established a hospital
The Manifesto - a letter in Dapitan
denouncing bloody struggle, 5. If he was really the
promoting education and leader of the revolution,
industry as the best means to the revolutionists should
acquire independence.
have consulted him.
December 26 (8AM) - 6. He did not deny that he
court-martial of Rizal wrote the by-laws of the
commenced. La Liga Filipina, but to
- The hearing was actually make things clear,
kind of moro moro, a organization was a civic
planned trial wherein
association not a
Rizal, before hearing his
verdict, had already been revolutionary society
prejudged. 7. After the first meeting of
- Rizal is not allowed to La Liga, the association
know the people who banished because of his
witnessed against him exile in Dapitan, thus did
not last long.
Cuartel de España - Trial place,
8. If the La Liga was
a military building with court
composed of seven military recognized nine months
o cers headed by Lt. Col. Jose later, he had no idea
Togores Arjona about it
9. If the La Liga had a
Presents at the courtroom: revolutionary purpose,
1. Jose Rizal
the Katipunan should
2. Six others o cers in
not have been organized.
uniform
3. Lt. Taviel de Andrade - 10. If the Spanish authorities
who took the floor to found his letter, it was
read his speech defense because in 1890 his
of Rizal family was being
4. Judge Advocate Capt. persecuted resulting in
Rafael Dominguez -
their dispossession of
opened the trial
5. Lt. Enrique de Alcocer - properties and
Prosecuting Attorney / deportation of all his
urging the court that the brothers in law.
latter be punished by 11. He lived an exemplary
death. life in Dapitan, the
6. Number of spectators,
politico-military
including Josephine
commanders and
Bracken
missionary priests in the
province could attest to
According to Rizal there are 12
that.
points to prove his innocence:
12. If according to witnesses
1. As testified by Pio the speech he delivered at
Valenzuela, Rizal Doroteo Ongjunco's house
was against had inspired the
rebellion revolution, then he want to
2. He had not written a confront these persons. If
letter addressed to he really was for the
the Katipunan revolution, then why did
the Katipunan sent an
comprising
revolutionary unfamiliar emissary to
elements him in Dapitan? It is so
3. Without his because all his friends
knowledge, his name were aware that he never
was used by the advocated violence.
Katipunan; if he really
was guilty, hencould
have escaped while he
was in Singapore
 THE FINAL VERDICT - Rizal’s
Last Hours
December 29. 1896 (6AM) -
Capt. Dominguez read before
him the o cial notice of his
execution, scheduled next day
December 30. 1896 - Rizal was
sentenced to be shot in musketry
until death at 7 AM in
Bagumbayan Field (Laguna)
- Decision was submitted
to the Gov. Polaveija who
immediately sought the
opinion of Nicolas de la
Peña - the latter found
the verdict just and final.
- 2 days later, Governor
General signed the
court’s decision and
ordered Rizal’s
execution.
- Rizal knew that there’s
no way he can prove his
innocence and accepted
his fate.
- Rizal was transferred to
prison chapel where he
spent his last hours on
earth. He busied himself
by writing
correspondences to
friends and family,
bidding everyone
farewell.
His Jesuit Priest Friends
● Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata
- Rector of the Ateneo
Municipal; arrived in the
prison early in the
morning.
● Fr. Luis Viza - came with Fr.
Mata; the priest to whom Rizal
asked for the image of the
Sacred Heart of Jesus which he
made during his stay in
Ateneo.
● Fr. Antonio Rosell -
Friend of rizal who gladly
eaten a fine breakfast
with him; returned in the
afternoon to resume his
talk with rizal
● Fr. Federico Faura - had
prophesied earlier rather
comically that Rizal would lose
his head by writing Noli Me
tangere and the latter
“congratulated” the priest for
being right.
● Fr. Jose Villaclara - Rizal’s
former teacher in ateneo: ate
lunch with him.
● Fr. Vicente Balaguer -
accompanied Fr. Villaclara ate
lunch with Rizal as well.
● Lt. Taviel de Andrade - Rizal
extended his appreciation for
andrade’s service as his
defense counsel.
Visitors
● Santiago Mataix --
Contributor of El Heraldo de
Madrid
● Teodora Alonzo - Rizal knelt -
before his beloved mother,
begging for forgiveness and
understanding.
● Trinidad - arrived when
Teodora left the chapel; Rizal
handed down a cooking stove
and whispered that something
was inside it (His last piece;
the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a
small paper.
● Gaspar Castaño - fiscal of the
royal audiencia; had a good
conversation with Rizal.
Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda - at 10PM he prepared -
a retraction letter and presented
it to rizal. (but it was rejected for
being too long)
Fr. Balaguer - showed another
draft from Fr. Pio (rizal like it
but wanted some parts to
changed)
Rizal wrote and signed the
retraction letter in which he
renounced the mason
movement. Witnesses to this
event were:
1. Juan del Fresno -
Chief of the Guard
Detail
2. Eloy Moure - his arms.
Assistant of the Plaza
Anti retractions’ contention:
- If Rizal was a Catholic
before he died, why then
was he not given a Catholic
burial? Where is the death
certificate?
- If Josephine Bracken were
married before the former’s
execution, where then is
the marriage certificate?
- Where are the books that
Rizal signed?
- There is an allegation that the
retraction document was a forgery.
- Senator Radael Palma - Former
president of UP and a prominent
mason, argued that a retraction is
not in keeping with Rizal
character and mature beliefs.
He called the retraction story a
“pious fraud”
Retractions’ contention:
Historian such as: of UP state that
the retraction document was
deemed authentic by Rizal expert,
Teodoro Kalaw
- Austin Craig
- Gregoria Zaide
- Ambeth Ocampo
- Joaquin
- Leon Maria Guerrero III
- Nicolas Zafra
- They also refer to the 11
eyewitnesses present when Rizal
wrote his retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book, and recited
Catholic prayers, and the multitude
who saw him kiss the crucifix
before his execution.
Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral
courage...to recognize his
mistakes," his reversion to the
"true faith," and thus his "unfading
glory," and a return to the "ideals
of his fathers" which brings his
stature as a patriot to the level of
greatness.
6AM - Rizal march to Bagumbayan
commenced.
- He is in his black suit, Black
necktie, Black hat, Black shoes
and white vest.
- He was with Lt. Taviel on one side,
and Father Estanislao March and
Jose Villaclara, on the other side.
- He was tied elbow to elbow,
still had the freedom to move
- In his right arm was a rosary
which he kept on holding until
his final breath.
In Bagumbayan Field:
- Rizal shook the hands of 2 priest
and his defender, bidding them a
farewell.
- Priest blessed and offered him
a crucifix ehich he gently
kissed.
Rizal’s request:
- Shot him facing the firing squad,
however, the vain since the
captain of the squad ordered a
back shot.
Dr. Filipe Ruiz Castillo - physician,
amazed that Rizal’s vital sign were
normal, particularly his pulse rate.
Brisk Command:
- Preparar! Apunte!
- Fuego! - guns of the squad
flared.
Spaniards shouting
- Viva España (Long Live
Spain)
- Morir el traidores (Death to
traitors)
Jose Rizal died exactly 7:03 in
the Morning - December 30
Manuel Luego - Civil Governor
of Manila, took pity’s on Rizal’s
mother and gave permission to
take the body after the
execution.
Narcisa - Rizal’s sister who
made arrangements for co n
and transportation.
BONIFACIO AND THE
KATIPUNAN 1892-1896 (PPT 2)
The failure of the reform
movement led even a reformist
like Marcelo H. Del Pilar to think
of revolution. “Insurrection”,
Del Pilar wrote in La
Solidaridad, “is the last remedy,
especially when the people have
acquired the belief that peaceful
means to secure the remedies
for evils prove futile.
The Founding of the Katipunan
• On July 7, 1892, the
newspapers published the news
about the arrest of Rizal the
previous night and the
governor-general’s order to
banish him to Dapitan.
• Patriotic Filipinos met at a
house on Azcarraga Street,
Manila (now Claro M. Recto
Ave.) these men were Andres
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,
Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa,
Deodato Arellano.
• They organized the secret
society called “Kataastaasan
Kagalanggalangang na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan KKK or Katipunan)
The Aims and Structure of the
Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio laid down three
primary objectives of the
Katipunan: civic, political, and
moral.
Civic – was based on the
principle of self-help and the
defense of the weak and the
poor.
Political – was the separation of
the Philippines from Spain to
secure the independence of the
colony.
Moral – focused on the teaching
of good manners, hygiene, and
good moral character.
The Katipunan Government The Katipunan Flags
• The Katipunan had three • Aside from the secret codes,
governing bodies: The Bonifacio also wanted a flag to
Kataastaasang Sanggunian or be used by the members as a
Supreme Council, the symbol of their unity.
Sangguniang Bayan or
Provincial Council, and • With the help of his wife
Sangguniang Balangay or Gregoria de Jesus, a flag was
Popular Council. made.
• Respectively, they were the The Teachings of the Katipunan
equivalent of the central
government, the provincial 1. Love God with all your heart.
government, and the municipal 2. Bear always in mind that the
government. love of God is also love of
Country, and this, too, is love
• Judicial Council –
Sangguniang Hukuman one’s fellowmen.
3. Engrave in your heart that the
• Katipunan Assembly – was true measure of honor and
composed of the members of the happiness is to die for the
Supreme Council and the freedom of your country.
presidents of the Provincial 4. All your good wishes will be
Council.
crowned with success if you
have serenity, constancy,
• Secret Chamber –
reason, and faith in your acts
Composed of Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, and Pio and endeavor.
Valenzuela. 5. Guard the mandates and aims
of of the KKK as you guard your
• The Chamber sentenced honor.
members who exposed the 6. It is the duty of all to defend,
secrets of the Katipunan. at the risk of their own lives and
wealth, anyone who runs great
The Katipunan Elections risks in the performance of his
duty.
• The elected o cers of the
7. Our responsibility to ourselves
first Supreme Council were
the following: Deodato and the performance of our
Arellano, president or duties will be the example set for
supremo; Andres Bonifacio, our fellowmen to follow.
comptroller; Ladislao Diwa,
fiscal; Teodoro Plata,
secretary; and Valentin Diaz, 8. Insofar as it is within your power,
treasurer. share your means with the poor
and the unfortunate.
• The o cers in the second
Supreme Council were as 9. Diligence in the work that gives
follows: Roman Basa,
sustenance to you is the true basis
supremo; Bonifacio, fiscal;
of love – love for your own self, for
Jose Turiano Santiago,
secretary; and Vicente your wife and children, and for
Molina, treasurer. The elected your brothers and countrymen.
councilors were Briccio
Brigido Pantas,
Restituto Javier, Teodoro 10. Punish any scoundrel and
Plata, traitor and praise all good work.
Teodoro Gonzales, and
Believe, likewise, that the aims of
Ladislao Diwa.
the KKK are God-given, for the will
Membership Three kinds: the of the people is also the will of God
first grade was called
katipon; the second grade Kartilla ng Katipunan
was kawal; and the third 1. Life which is not consecrated to a
grade was bayani. lofty and sacred cause is like tree
without a shadow, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. A good deed that springs from a
desire for personal profit and not
from desire to do good is not
kindness.
 3. True greatness consists in
being charitable, in loving one’s
fellowmen and in adjusting
every movement, deed and word
to true reason.
4. All men are equal, be the color
of their skin black or white. One
may be superior to another in
knowledge, wealth, and beauty
but cannot be superior in being.
5. He who is noble prefers honor
to personal gains; he who is
mean prefers personal profit to
honor.
6. To a man with a sense of
shame, his word is inviolate.
7. Don’t fritter away time; lost
riches may be recovered, but
time lost will never come again.
8. Defend the oppressed and
fight the oppressor.
9. An intelligent man is he who
is cautious in speech and knows
how to keep the secrets that
must be guarded.
10. In the thorny path of life,
man is the guide of his wife and
children; if he who guides
moves toward evil, they who are
guided likewise move toward
evil.
11. Think not of woman as a thing
merely to while away time with,
but as a helper and partner in
the hardships of life. Respect her
in her weakness, and remember
the mother who brought you
into this world and who cared
for you in your childhood.
12. What you do not want done to
your wife, daughter, and sister,
do not do to the wife, daughter
and sister of another.
13. The nobility of a man does not
consist in being a king, nor in
the highness of the nose and in
the whiteness of the skin, nor in
being a priest representing God,
nor in the exalted position on
this earth, but pure and truly
noble is he who, though born in
the woods is possessed of an
upright character; who is true to
his words; who has dignity and
honor; who does not oppress
and does not help those who
oppress; who knows how to look
after and loves the land of his
birth.
• The Women of the Katipunan
Women Katipunan members were:
Josefa Rizal, president; Gregoria de
Jesus, vice president; Marina Dizon,
secretary; and Angelica Lopez Rizal,
Rizal’s niece as fiscal.
The Kalayaan • He felt sad and angry when
• Jacinto purchased some Rizal executed on December 30,
templates to be used in printing 1896 because great Filipino was
the Katipunan newspaper. Other executed.
templates were stolen from
Spanish printing press. • Bonifacio was anti-friar and
• Ulpiano Fernandez and anti-Spanish. To him, they were
Faustino Duque both all the same: greedy, immoral,
Katipuneros managed the press. cruel, and lazy.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested the
name of the newspaper, • His poems in Tagalog,
Kalayaan. “Tapunan ng Lingap and Ang
• To mislead the Spanish Mga Cazadrones attacked the
authorities, they put Yokohama Spaniards furiously.
as the place of publication and
Marcelo H. Del Pilar as the • He called the Spaniards “White
editor. Cattle”.
• Jacinto’s Pahayag (Manifesto)
and Bonifacio’s poem, Pag-Ibig • His poem “Huling Hikbi ng
sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Pilipinas” openly called for
Country) were published in the independence from colonial
issue of the Kalayaan. rule.
• Jacinto used the pen names
Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw; Bonifacio found a twin soul in
Bonifacio used Agapito the Katipunan – the younger
Bagumbayan; and Valenzuela and intelligent Emilio Jacinto.
used MadlangAway. Born in Tondo, Manila on
December 15, 1875. Jacinto lived
Twin souls of the Katipunan a hard life when he was young
like Bonifacio. His father died
• Andres Bonifacio and Emilio early which compelled his
Jacinto mother to send him to his
uncle’s house for support. He
• Its founder Andres
first studied at San Juan de
Bonifacio was born on
Letran and later transferred to
November 30, 1863 in
the University of Santo Tomas
Azcarraga St. near Manila
where he studied Law. At 18,
Railroad Station.
Jacinto joined at the Katipunan
leaving his studies.
• His parents Santiago
Bonifacio and Catalina de • Bonifacio warmed up to him
Castro, belonged to the lower and a deep friendship developed
middle class. between the two, then greatly
influenced the Katipunan.
• Has 3 brothers: Ciriaco,
He wrote in Tagalog, the
Procopio, and Troadio
language of the masses,
except one poem in Spanish, A
• Has 2 sisters: Espiridiona Mi Patria (Country)
and Maxima
• Jacinto believed that the
people, the masses, could be
• He sold canes and paper fans reached only through their
in his early years. own language, so they both
wrote in Tagalog.
• He worked as a messenger of
• It is for this reason that
J.M. Fleming and Co., an Bonifacio and Jacinto succeeded
English trading firm; and in uniting the people behind
later, as an agent of the them.
German.
• He also wrote Kartilla,
Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa
• At night, he read Mga Kababayan and others.
newspapers and books , • Bonifacio assigned him to lead
which were all written in the rebels in Laguna.
Spanish. He taught himself • He died in Mahayhay,
to read and write in this Laguna on April 6, 1899 at the
language and in time he young age of twenty-four
became literate in Spanish.
 THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF In March 1897, the CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
ANDRES BONIFACIO (PPT 3) tension between Bonifacio and (PPT 4)
Aguinaldo reached a critical
point during the Tejeros Aim of the Propaganda Movement
Andres Bonifacio, often
Convention, a gathering • Philippines as province of
considered a national hero in intended to establish a unified Spain
the Philippines, played a leadership structure for the • Equal right of the Spaniards &
significant role in the country's revolution. The convention the Filipinos
struggle for independence from ultimately led to Bonifacio's • Representative in Spanish
Spanish colonial rule in the late removal from power as the Cortes
19th century. However, his story Supremo and his demotion to • Secularization & Pilipinisasyon
the position of Director of the • Human Rights
ends tragically with his trial and
Interior. Bonifacio and his
execution. Here is an overview supporters viewed this as an act Jose Rizal: Great Thinker
of the events leading to his trial of betrayal. - “Noli Me Tangere” & “El
and subsequent execution: Following his ousting, Filibusterismo"
Bonifacio formed his own Graciano Lopez Jaena: Great
revolutionary government in Orator
Naic, Cavite, to challenge - “Fray Botod”, “Esperanza”
Aguinaldo's authority. However, & “La Hija del Fraile”
the situation quickly Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Great
deteriorated, and Bonifacio was Political Analyst & Journalist
captured by Aguinaldo's forces - “Caiigat Cayo”. “Dasalan at
in the mountains of Toksohon” and “10
Maragondon. Kautusan ng mga Prayle”,
Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio were put on trial by a The newspaper of the
revolutionary court-martial Propaganda Movement
The Katipon (member) wears a black convened by Aguinaldo's
hood that is marked by a white government. The charges Features the conditions of the
triangle-shaped robbin with letters against them included treason Philippines
Z, Ll, and B inside. and sedition. The trial was
- 1st grade or lowest pass controversial, as some La Solidaridad: 1st edition:
word: “Anak ng Bayan” historians argue that it lacked February 15 1889; Last edition:
due process and was influenced November 15 1895
The Kawal (Soldier) wears a green by political rivalries.
hood marked by a triangle of white On May 10, 1897, the Members of the Propaganda
lines with letters, Z, Ll, and B placed court-martial found Bonifacio movement
at three angles. The Kawal also guilty and sentenced him to
wears a triangular medallion with death. Despite pleas for Members outside the country
the Baybayin (letter image above) clemency from various • Filipinos mostly in Spain had
engraved in the middle. individuals, including enjoy the freedom of the said
- 2nd grade Password: Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de country
“GomBurZa” Jesus, Aguinaldo upheld the • but still used a different name
verdict. On May 10, 1897, (penname)to protect their
Bonifacio and his brother family in the Philippines
The Bayani (Patriot) wears a red Procopio were executed by a
mask with a white triangle firing squad in the mountains of Members inside the country
containing the letters K, K, K, Zz, Ll, Maragondon. - Secretly supporting the
and B. The Bayani also wears a red The execution of propaganda movement in
sash with green borders. Andres Bonifacio sparked Spain
- 3rd grade Password: outrage among many
- Give financial assistant in
“Rizal” Filipinos who saw him as a
martyr for the cause of the publication of La
independence. Despite the Solidaridad as well as
Bonifacio's leadership within the
Katipunan earned him the title of controversies surrounding information regarding the
Supremo or supreme leader. He was a his trial and execution, country
charismatic figure who advocated Bonifacio's contributions to - responsible for the
for a revolution to overthrow the the Philippine revolution and distribution of La Solidaridad
Spanish authorities and establish an his efforts to fight for the
independent Philippine republic. country's freedom continue Penname
However, Bonifacio's leadership faced to be remembered and • Jose Rizal: Dimasalang at
challenges from within the celebrated. Laon-Laan
Katipunan. A faction led by Emilio • Marcelo H. del Pilar: Plaridel
Aguinaldo, another revolutionary • Mariano Ponce: Naning,
leader, emerged and questioned Tikbalang at Kalipulako
Bonifacio's leadership and • Jose Ma. Panganiban : Jomapa
strategy. The tension between • Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog
Bonifacio and Aguinaldo escalated,
resulting in a split within the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino
revolutionary movement. • Headed by Miguel Morayta
• Teaching of Spanish
compulsory
• Abolition of the tobacco
monopoly
• Maura Law (autonomy to
municipal governments)
 Freemasonry
• Advocated good government
• Anti-Church
• Founded in lodges
La Liga Filipina
- A Civic Society proposed by Dr.
Jose Rizal in his return to the
Philippines. Founded in the
house of Doroteo Ongjungco
Unus Instar Omnium (One Like
All) Joined by other patriotic
Filipino like: Ambrosio Salvador
(President), Agustin dela
Rosa(fiscal), Bonifacio Arevalo
(treasurer), Deodato Arellano
(secretary) & members like
Andres Bonifacio.
Aims of La Liga Filipina
1. To unite the whole
archipelago into a compact,
vigorous and homogenous body
2. To give mutual protection
against all cases of pressing
necessity
3. To encourage agriculture,
commerce and education
4. To defend the members
against any kind of violence &
injustice
5. To study and apply reforms
The society was to be
governed by a supreme council,
a provincial council and popular
council.
The members of the
society were to pay a monthly
due of ten centavos.
Use of money
1. To support the son of the
member of the society
2. To support the poor against
the rich and the powerfully
3. To give financial help to any
member who suffered losses
4. To open stores &shops which
with sell goods to members at a
low price
5. To introduce machines in order
to promote industries.
First meeting in July 3, 1892,
After 3 day (July 6) Rizal was
arrested. The government saw as
an organization capable of uniting
the Filipinos for self-reliance and
defence. They view the civic
organization to be dangerous.
Reorganized as Cuerpo de
Compromisarios (Body of the
Committed)
Why the reform movement
failed
- Spain is too busy on their
own problems
- Financial di culties
- Reformist are not united
The failure of the
Propaganda movement led
others to believe the
ineffectiveness of continuing
a peaceful movement.
Andres Bonifacio had a
different idea he would teach
the people to defend themselves.
He establish a society that would
not anymore clamour for
reforms but one that was ready
for revolution .
Teodora Plata, Valentin
Diaz, Deodato Arellano and
Andres Bonifacio who belonged
to lower class of society
gathered and organized a
society called: Kataastaasang
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK).
They performed the
ancient Filipino custom of
sealing friendship and that
SANDUGUAN.
Recruitment of members:
Triangle system
● Jose will recruit Pedro &
Juan The new members
knew Jose but did not
knew each others
New system was use: To speed
up the process of enlisting
members Recruitment of
members.
● All members also agree
to pay a membership &
monthly dues
Aims of the Katipunan
Civic Aim: Principle of self-help
and the defence of the weak and
poor
Political Aim: Separation of the
Philippines from Spain
Moral Aim: Teaching of good
manners hygiene and good
moral character.
Supremo of Katipunan
- Deodato Arellano
- Roman Basa
- Andres Bonifacio
Of f cial newspaper of the
Katipunan
• Andres Bonifacio-
Agapito Bagumbayan
• Emilio Jacinto – Dimas Ilaw
• Pio Valenzuela – tear them to pieces to show that
Madlang Away
The Revolution
Conditions before the revolution
• Spanish authorities were
already suspecting a brewing
unrest related to an
underground society whose
purpose was to end Spanish
rule -Cuerpo de Vigilancia
• Friars informed the
governor-general about their
suspicions but the
governor-general did not believe
them
• Secret gathering in Batangas
where rifles & other weaponry
were being smuggled
occasionally along the coast of
the province.
• The Governor-General in order
to pacify the friars, ordered the
banishment of some prominent
citizens of Batngas & Bulacan.
• Money was di cult to get,
very few Filipinos are employed
• There was no starvation but
the life of Filipino was far from
prosperous
• They suffered from heavy
taxation, from abusive friars &
civil authorities and lack of
economic opportunities
• The government was spending
millions of pesos for the army &
navy, the amount should have
spent for public improvement is
small
• Of all the causes of people
dissatisfaction were the abuses
of the Spaniard - friars & civil
authorities. Natives experienced
physical maltreatment in public
places and unjustly ordered to
be executed or banished to
faraway places like Guam, Jolo
and Palawan
• Rizal is against the revolution
because they lacked able
leadership and arms.
• “Must undergo a long process
of preparation called education”
Discovery of Katipunan
Teodoro Patiño - Sister - Madre
Portera - Padre Mariano Gil
Bonifacio asked his men
whether they were prepared for
freedom & independence.
Everyone shouted they were
prepared to die.
“Bring out your cedulas &
we are prepared to take up arms!”
-Andres Bonifacio Long live the
Philippines! Long live Katipunan -
Katipuneros.

Tearing of Cedula Personal in
Pugad Lawin
• Attack the polvorin (powder
magazine) in San Juan del
Monte and general uprising in
Manila after the extinguishing
of lights in Bagumbayan •
Bonifacio overslept; waked at
4am
• KKK Cavite seized the
townhalls from the Spaniards.
August 30 Martial Law in the 8
province which rose an arm
against the Spaniards.
(Gob. Hen. Ramon Blanco)
● Rizal
● Bulacan
● Cavite
● Laguna
● Tarlac
● Pampanga
● Batangas
● Nueva Ecija
Blanco’s Policy of Attraction
• Those who would surrender
within 48 hours after the
publication of decree would not
be subjected to military court
• Intended to win over the
Filipinos to the side of the
government and thus end the
rebellion
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela and his
companions took advantage of
this provision and surrender to
the government.
When Katipunan was
discovered on Aug. 19 Bonifacio
was in Caloocan he decided to
move to Balintawak.
He ordered to inform the
Katipuneros that there would be
meeting in Balintawak in Aug.
24.
Bonifacio reached
Balintawak in the afternoon and
arrived the following day at the
next sitio called Pugad Lawin
Rizal’s Trial & Execution
- Emilio Aguinaldo led the rebels
against the Spaniard in Kawit.
- He won victory after victory and
people admired his qualities as a
military leader called him Heneral
Miong
2 factions of Katipunan in
Cavite
Magdalo
● Led by Baldomero
Aguinaldo counsin of
Emilio Aguinaldon.
(Kawit)
● Favored the change in
the Katipunan structure
Magdiwang
● Led by Mariano Alvarez.
(Naic)
● Favored the retention of
Katipunan
Nothing was resulted form this
meeting
The rivalry between the two
factions the led to several
defeats of the revolutions.
Accompanied by his wife and
Bonifacio brothers arrived in
Cavite toward the end of Dec.
1896, he was asked to mediate
between the factions.
An assembly was held in Imus
Dec. 31 1896 to determine
whether Katipunan should be
transformed into another body
of government.
Katipunan Names
• Noveleta-Magdiwang
• San Francisco de Malabon –
Mapagtiis
• Rosario- Salinas
• Sta Cruz de Malabon –
Pangwagni
• Naik – Magwagni
• Maragondon – Matagumpay
• TernateKatatua/Moloucas
• Indang – Walangtinag
• Alfonso –Naghapay kay
Alfonso
• Cavite Viejo – Magdalo
• Imus – Haligne
• Bacoor – Gargano
• Perez Dasmarianas – Magpuri
• Silang – Bagongsinag
• Amadeo - Magpaibig
The Tejeros Convention
On March 22, 1897 a
convention was held at the
estate house in Tejeros (now
General Trias) led by Jacinto
Lumbreras a Magdiwang.
The 1st part did not went
well, on 2nd part Bonifacio with
Artemio Ricarte presided the
convention
Present members agreed to
form a new government, o
cial will be elected by the those
present in the convention
They agree to respect the
outcome of the election.
The result of the election
placed the following
Katipuneros into of f ce:
• President – Emilio Aguinaldo
• Vice President – Mariano Trias
• Captain General – • 400,000
Artemio Ricarte
• Director of War – • 200,000
Emiliano Riego de Dios
• Director of the Interior
– Andres Bonifacio
When Bonifacio was
being proclaimed Daniel
Tirona (Magdalo) stood up &
said that Jose del Rosario an
attorney from Cavite was
more qualified for the
position and should be
elected
Hurt by the protest, Bonifacio
demanded Tirona took back what
he said but the latter refused.
Bonifacio took out his pistol &
aimed at Tirona, Ricarte was able to
quickly held his hands.
The angry Bonifacio being the
incumbent Supremo of the
Katipunan, declared the result of
the election as null & void. Then he
& his men hurriedly left the place
The Tejeros Resolution (Acta de
Tejeros)
• Bonifacio and co. enumerated
their reasons for not accepting
the results of the election
Naik Military Agreement
• Bonifacio and his supporters
formed a new army under Pio
del Pilar.
• Artemio Ricarte and Del Pilar
joined back Aguinaldo’s group
• Bonifacio brothers were
arrested
Execution of Bonifacio brothers
The Bonifacio brothers was
sentenced to be shot to death on
Mayo 10, 1897.
Aguinaldo established a republic
government at
Biak-na-Bato called
Biak-na-Bato Republic
- Biak na Bato in San
Miguel, Bulacan
- Katipuneros in Biak na Bato
Aguinaldo ordered the
preparation for a constitution for
the republic Felix Ferrer & Isabelo
Artacho copied word for word the
Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayun
except for one article the Preamble
declared the aim of the revolution
for the separation of the Philippines
from Spain
A Filipino of Chinese ancestry
offered himself as mediator and
approached Govenor Primo Rivera
Truce in Biak na Bato
The Agreement provided the
following:
1. Aguinaldo & his men would go to
voluntary exile
2. Primo de Rivera would pay
Aguinaldo the sum 800,000 in 3
installment.
upon his
departure from the Philippines
when arms
surrendered to the Spanish
authorities
• 200,000 when general
amnesty had been proclaimed
3. Primo de Rivera pay an
additional 900,000 to families of
non-combatant Filipino who
suffered during the revolution
 Aguinaldo in Hongkong
Felipe Agoncillo proposed that the
US provide the Filipinos with
weapons in exchange for two
provinces of the Philippines and
Manila Customs house as security
• Artacho wanted the the second
and third installment of the
money to be divided among the
leaders.
• He sued Aguinaldo before the
HK Supreme Court but the latter
left already for Singapore
• Artacho served as a double
agent for the Spaniards
• Aguinaldo ordered Artacho’s
arrest upon his return to the
Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
(PPT 5)
Though a bullet pierced or
destroyed your skull, your idea
destroyed an empire.
The Revolution
• began in 1896 and really
ended only in 1901.
• At first it was a war of
independence against the
SPAIN.
The Revolution Begins
• After the discovery of the
katipunan, Bonifacio
gathered his men in the hills of
balintawak.
• August 26, 1896, the fiery
Bonifacio stopped all the
talking. “there is no other
way,” he told them,
“enough is enough!
Causes of the Revolution
● the abuses of Spanish
o cials and priests
● Persecution of Filipino
leaders who defended
the rights of their fellow
countrymen
● Filipinos desire to regain
their independence
● Discovery of the
Katipunan and
Bonifacio’s call for
revolution.
The Discovery of the Katipunan
● Father Mariano Gil was
the parish curate of
Tondo Manila. He was
one of the friars who had
earlier warned the
Spanish civil authorities
about the existence of a
secret society.
● He immediately rushed
to the headquarters of
the Manila Police.
The Cry of Pugadlawin • The Spaniards were
outnumbered and weak. But
reinforcements turned
• Bonifacio wanted the wealthy
the tide in their favor. The
Filipinos to help finance the
Katipunan in its struggle to Katipuneros were forced to
free the country from Spain. retreat. They left more than
He ordered some of his trusted 150 Katipuneros dead and
men to approach the rich many more captured.
Filipinos Like Francisco
Roxas.Some refused to help • The revolution spread to several
the Katipunan,with a few Luzon provinces nearby. This
exceptions like the physician prompted Governor-General
,Dr. Pio Valenzuela Ramon Blanco to place the
first eight provinces to revolt
• Bonifacio decided to move to against Spanish sovereignty
Balintawak. He ordered his under martial law. They were
“Runners” to inform all Manila, Laguna, Bulacan,
Katipuneros that there would be Batangas, Cavite,
a meeting in Balintawak with Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva
about 500 Katipuneros . Ecija.
• This event which happened • Governor-General Blanco also
on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of included in the decree
Pugadlawin. It symbolized the the condition that anyone
determination of the who would surrender
Filipinos to fight for within 48 hours after its
independence even unto publication would not be
death tried in military courts. Some
Katipuneros were duped into
The Fighting Begins surrendering, only to be
subjected to torture. Due to
• Bonifacio advised his men to torture, some Katipuneros
retreat to another sitio called revealed the names of some
Pasong Tamo. The rebels,
of the other Katipuneros.
believing their weapons were
inferior to those of the civil • Hundreds of suspects were
guards, also retreated arrested and imprisoned. Those
towards Balara, From here from the provinces were
they proceeded to Marikina brought to Manila. Fort
and on to Hagdang Bato. Santiago became so crowded
that many Filipinos who
• On Aug 28, Bonifacio issued were thrown there for
a manifesto telling the suspicion of involvement in
people to take up the the revolution were
Filipino cause.He also set the suffocated to death.
attack on the city of Manila Hundreds of heads of
for Aug 29, 1896 familieswere transported to
the Carolines or to the
Martial Law Spanish penal colony in
faraway Africa.
• The first shots of the
Philippine Revolution were
fired the next day between Aguinaldo and Filipinos victory
several Katipuneros and a
patrol of Spanish civil guards. ● The greatest victory in battle of the
That happened in the sitio of Filipino was won by Emilio
Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. Aguinaldo in the battle of
However, the first real battle Binakayan, Cavite on November 9
of the revolution took place to 11, 1896
on August 30, 1896. ● The Filipinos freedom fighters
fought with crude weapons;
• Bonifacio, with about 800 bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo
Katipuneros, attacked the spears, old muskets, and
Spanish arsenal in San homemade guns (paltik).
Juan del Monte, which is
now the municipality of
San Juan in Metro Manila.
 Tejeros Assembly Another Meeting at Tejeros
Emilio Aguinaldo
● On March 22, 1897, the • Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong
Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas,
● At 17 years old, he was elected a Magdiwang and Magdalo
was notified the following day of
barangay head (cabeza de councils met once more, this
his election to the Presidency. At
barangay) time at the friar estate house in
first, he refused to leave his men
Tejeros, a barrio of San who were preparing to fight the
● At 26 years old he became the Francisco de Malabon. This enemy, but his elder brother,
captain (municipal mayor) of convention proved even Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him
Kawit, like his late father stormier than the Imus meeting to take the oath of o ce,
and, as in Imus, the declared promising to take his place and
● He was also elected as a objective of the meeting was not would not allow the enemy to
President of the first even discussed. overrun the place without dying in
Revolutionary Government by its defense. Aguinaldo then acceded
the Tejeros Assembly ● According to Jacinto to his brother's request and
Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and proceeded to Santa Cruz del
● On November 1, 1897, first presiding of f i cer of the Malabon (now Tanza), where he
Aguinaldo was again elected Tejeros convention, the and the others elected the previous
day, with the exception of
President of the Biak-nabato meeting had been called to
Bonifacio, took their oath of
Republic. adopt measure for the defense
of f i ce.
of Cavite. Again this subject
● On June 23,1898 to January 23, was not discussed, and • Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his
1899 he became president of instead, the assembled men, numbering forty-five, again
the second revolutionary leaders, including the met at the estate-house of Tejeros
Government Magdiwangs, decided to elect on March 23. All of them felt bad
the of f i cers of the about the results of the previous
● January 23, 1899 he became revolutionary government, thus day's proceedings, for they
president of the first Philippine unceremoniously discarding the believed that anomalies were
Republic Supreme Council of the committed during the balloting.
Katipunan under whose Convinced that the election held
was invalid, they drew up a
● President Aguinaldo was standard the people had been
document, now called the Acta de
captured by the fighting and would continue
Tejeros, in which they gave their
Americans at Palawan, Isabela to fight. reasons for not adopting the
on March 23, 1901.He results of the convention held the
surrendered and the Philippine previous day.
became a colony of the United
states • From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his
men proceeded to Naik in order to
● Hilaria del Rosario-The first be as far as possible from Magdalo
wife of Aguinaldo. They had men who, they thought, were
responsible for the commission of
seven children.
anomalies during the Tejeros
election. Aguinaldo, wanting to
● After his first wife died, he bring back Bonifacio to the fold,
married Maria Agoncillo. sent a delegation to him to
persuade him to cooperate with
● President Aguinaldo died at the newly constituted government.
the Veterans Hospital in But Bonifacio refused to return to
Quezon City on February the revolutionary fold headed by
Aguinaldo.
6, 1964, at the age of 95.

● His mansion at Kawit Cavite

is now a national shrine.

Melchora Aquino

● Melchora' Aquino de Ramos

(January 6, 1812 – March 2,
1919) was a Filipina
revolutionary who became
known as "Tandang Sora"
("Elder Sora") because of her
age.

● She is also known as the "Grand

Woman of the Revolution" and
the "Mother of Balintawak" for
her contributions.
 The Naik Military Agreement
● Bonifacio's anger over what
he considered an irregular
election and the insult
heaped on him by Daniel
Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for
long. At Naik, they drew up
another document in which
they resolved to establish
government independent
of, and separate from, that
established at Tejeros. An
army was to be organized
"by persuasion or force"
and a military commander
of their own choice was to
take command of it.
● Among the forty-one men
who signed it were Bonifacio,
Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar
and Severino de las Alas. The
document posed a potential
danger to the cause of the
Revolution, for it meant a
definite split in the ranks of
the revolutionists and an
almost certain defeat in the
face of a united and well-
armed enemy.
The Biak-na-bato Republic
● Maragondon, Cavite, became
the new rebel capital after the
Spanish forces had captured
Naic. However, many of the
Spanish soldiers had just
arrived from Spain and they
suffered greatly from the
tropical climate.
● General Camilo de Polavieja
requested that he be relieved as
governor-general. On April 23,
1897, he was replaced by
former governor-general of the
Philippines, Fernando Primo de
Rivera. Against Primode Rivera,
Aguinaldo and his men were
forced to retreat to Batangas
Province by Spanish forces.
● The Spaniards gained control of
practically the whole of Cavite.
Thus, Primo de Rivera extended
a decree granting pardon for
those Filipinos surrendering
beyond the initial deadline of
May 17. There were some
Filipinos who took
advantage, but the others
continued their fight.
● After the death of Bonifacio, the
revolutionary went from bad to
worse for the filipinos.
● Lasted only a short time, from
November 1 to December 30,
1897.
● Aguinaldo was again elected as
President of the biak-na-bato
Republic
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
● The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed
on December 14, 1897, created a
truce between Spanish colonial
Governor-General Fernando
Primo de Rivera and the
revolutionary leader Emilio
Aguinaldo to end the Philippine
Revolution. Aguinaldo and his
fellow revolutionaries were
given amnesty and monetary
indemnity by the Spanish
Government, in return for
which the revolutionary
government would go into
exile in Hong Kong.
Aguinaldo had decided to use
the money to purchase
advance firearms and
ammunition later on return
to the archipelago
● The Filipino negotiators for
the Pact of Biak-naBato.
Seated from left to right:
Pedro Paterno and Emilio
Aguinaldo with five
companions
The Failure of the Truce
● The death of Bonifacio was a
turning point in the Revolution.
The stewardship of the Revolution
was left to Aguinaldo and the
elite. But the Filipinos and the
Spaniards faced a long haul.
Aguinaldo’s troops were being
routed in Cavite and, thus, his
revolutionary government moved
to the moresecluded Biak-
na-Bato in Bulacan. At this time,
Aguinaldo’s commitment to the
revolutionary cause became
suspect. His military advisers
persuaded him to issue a
declaration that his Biak-na-Bato
government was willing to return
to the fold of law as soon as
Spain granted political reforms.
These reforms included the
expulsion of the hated Spanish
friars and the return of lands
they appropriated from the
Filipinos; Filipino representation
in the Spanish Cortes; freedom
of the press and religious
tolerance; equality in treatment
and payment for both
peninsular and insular civil
servants; and equality for all
before the law. This
pronouncement by Aguinaldo
proved that he and the
ilustrados were willing to
return to the Spanish fold
provided there were reforms
and the ilustrado interests were
met.
● The standoff in the battlefield
prompted both sides to agree to an
armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-
Bato stipulated that Spain would
pay financial remuneration to
the Filipino revolutionaries
in exchange for the
surrender of arms and the
voluntary exile abroad of
Aguinaldo and the other leaders.
Toward the end of December 1898,
Aguinaldo and the other
revolutionary leaders went into
voluntary exile in Hong Kong and
they were given the initial sum of
400,000 pesos, most of which were
deposited in a Hongkong bank and
used later on to purchase more
weapons. Distrust on both sides
resulted in the failure of the truce.
Both sides were only biding time
until they could launch another
offensive.