GLOBAL POLITICS

- BOTH WHAT GOES ON WITHIN STATES AND WHAT GOES ON BETWEEN STATES IMPACT ON ONE
ANOTHER TO A GREATER DEGREE THAN EVER BEFORE

- INCREASED PROPORTION OF POLITICS NO LONGER TAKES PLACE SIMPLY IN AND THROUGH THE STATE.

IR = INTER-STATE POLITICS

STATES- THE KEY ACTORS ON THE WORLD STAGE - STATE-CENTRIC

(CONVENTIONAL APPROACH)

ORIGINATED FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

OTHER ACTORS:

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION (TICS) AND INGOS

INCREASED INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS

* STATE-CENTRIC IS OFTEN ILLUSTRATED THROUGH THE SO-CALLED "BILLIARD BALL MODEL”

* STATES, LIKE BILLIARD BALLS ARE IMPERMEABLE.

* POWER AND SURVIVAL ARE THE PRIMARY CONCERNS OF STATES.

FORMS OF STATE INTERACTION

- WAR AND PEACE WITH DIPLOMACY AND POSSIBLY MILITARY ACTION.

IMPLICATIONS OF "BILLIARD BALL MODEL"

- IMPLIES THAT PATTERNS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION WITHIN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM ARE
LARGELY DETERMINED BY THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS AMONG STATES.

BBL WAS PRESSURED BY CURRENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS

SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH IN CROSS-BORDER, OR TRANSNATIONAL FLOWS AND TRANSACTIONS

(ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBALIZATION)
"COBWEB MODEL"

THE GROWING INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS - STATES ARE DRAWN INTO

COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION BY FORCES SUCH AS CLOSER TRADING AND OTHER ECONOMIC
RELATIONSHIP WHICH IS ILLUSTRATED

FROM INTERNATIONAL ANARCHY TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

ASSUMPTION

- STATE OPERATES IN THE CONTEXT OF "ANARCHY".

- STATES RELY ON "SELF-HELP".

- CONFLICT IS CONSTRAINED BY BALANCE OF POWER.

CHALLENGE TO STATE CENTRIC

ANARCHICAL SOCIETY HAVE BECOME MORE DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN BECAUSE OF THE EMERGENCE OF
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE:

UN, IME, WTO, EU AND THE LIKE - THIS CHALLENGED THE STATE-CENTRIC IMAGE OF THE WORLD
POLITICS.

1. GLOBALITY - IS THE CONDITION

2. GLOBALISM - AS AN IDEOLOGY

HELD & MCGREW DEFINED GLOBALIZATION AS THE WIDENING, INTENSIFYING, SPEEDING UP, AND
GROWING IMPACT OF WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS.

SEPARATENESS OF I.R. IS ARTIFICIAL IR is the study of something out there.

Inter - NATIONAL - Relations

the relations between nations (nation-states).

Nation-States = Sovereign States

Territorially bounded political units like the US, France and Philippines.
Transnational Relations and Transnational Interactions

Transnational Interaction is the movement of tangible or intangible items across state boundaries when
at least one actor is not an agent of a government

International organizations.

Example:

Activities of NGOs &

individuals which include international trade and commerce, international sports and events, world news
reporting Keohane and Nye

Transnational relations is broader. This includes interactions involving government sub-units, and
international organizations sub-units as well as non-governmental actors.

Example: ceremonial visits, by heads of state and other official representatives, diplomatic negotiations
and conferences, government grants of capital and technical services, espionage etc.

- IR is a general descriptor for a complex, multidisciplinary subject area.

- To study IR is to become a generalist and not a specialist (it won't make one an expert in the field).

Discuss the birth of sovereignty and the modern state (as primary actor of IR).

Keywords: Christendom, Catholicism, Protestantism, Treaty of Augsburg, Thirty Years War, Treaty of
Westphalia

Modern period is associated with the development of the territorial, sovereign state.

What were the immediate and ultimate effects of Reformation?

The immediate effect was the strengthening of the authority of the state.

1. The birth of modern state; and

2. It marked the inauguration of the era of absolute monarchies.

The ultimate effect was to further the individual liberty and democracy.
Since the Treaty of Westphalia much has happened (Important aspects of the modern period)

The secularization of world politics

The development of the principles and instruments of international law;

V The generation of international governmental organizations such as the Congress of Vienna (1815),
League of Nations, and the United Nations (1945)

Relevance of this period of History in IR

- Historical approach is not simply retelling of the past. In seeking to explain and understand (objective of
political science and IR) the most important features of the world politics from the birth of the modern
state (Peace of Westphalia), historians and political scientists have made choices about which aspects of
history are the most notable (specialization in security, international law, regional politics etc.)

Political Science and International Relations

Political Science is the systematic study of state and government (modern definition).

International Relations - Activities done by private individuals or states (traditional and contested
because it used to denote only transactions of political entities called states).

International Relations (historically speaking) emphasizes the role of sovereign states in modern world
politics.

Realism vs. Idealism

Traditionalism vs. Behaviouralism

Neo-realism vs. Neo-Liberalism

Rationalism vs. Reflectivism

Structuralism

Structuralists start out with the assumption that human behavior cannot be understood merely by
examining an individual's motivation and intention, because when these factors are combined, human
behavior creates structures that individuals may not be aware of.
EXAMPLE

When people walk across a field, they may create a path unintentionally and others who follow the path
then reproduce it. This process of reproduction is neither conscious nor intentional. Thus, structuralism
is based on holist methodology, which argues that SOCIAL INTERACTION CREATE SYSTEMS THAT ARE
DEFINED BY ENDURING CHARACTRISTICS (Toma and Gorman, 1991).

Neo realism

Offered empirical research into the nature of power politics that offers predictions about how states will
act given the inherently ANARCHICAL CONDITION of world affairs.

Neo-realism came to dominate the discipline, almost unchallenged, particularly in the USA until the end
of the Cold War.

Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism (dominated the US IR since 1980)

Neo-liberalism (as institutionalism)

institutionalists (Robert Keohane) accepted the scientific epistemology and the methodology of neo-
realists) Nevertheless, they argued that neo-realists had underestimated the importance of

*TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS

QUESTION POSTED

BY NEO-LIBERALISM

How, asked the neo-liberals, does the reality of the global economy, thought of as a context in which
states interact, effect the way that states will act?

REFLECTIVISTS

They claimed that the realist-idealist debate and even the neorelist-neoliberal debate is something of a
myth.

They call themselves - Reflectivists

Three - Mile Rule (Obsolete)

12 - Nautical Mile

200 - Exclusive Economic Zone

How does Philippines implement its foreign policy on territorial integrity vis-a-vis China's aggressiveness
in the West Philippine sea? Through neorealist and neoliberalist actions

REALISM

Human Nature: Selfishness (eguism) - states, as represented by its decision-makers in international arena
are egoistic (imagine each state as a human being).

International system is anarchic: Absence of international government (no government that regulates
their interactions) - requiring the primacy in all political life of POWER and SECURITY (Donnelly, p.30).

My inferences:

1. International relations is the interactions of egoistic states in an anarchic system;

2. Anarchic system requires states to become powerful for security purposes;

3. Power is the ultimate objective of states in interacting with other states;

4. The most powerful state is the most secured state.

For realists

Spratlys conflict is a conflict among vested interest states living in an anarchic system.

Capacitate the Philippines to exercise full sovereignty over its territory and provide protection to its
maritime and other strategic interests:

* promote external harmonious relationships with our neighbors and the world at large;

* pursue regional cooperation in various areas;

* enhance our cooperative security arrangements with allies and neighbors;

* develop defense capability to protect our sovereignty and strategic maritime interests.

- Philippine foreign policies conform with the demand of time (as they they address the threats post by
assertiveness claimants);

- Philippines has good foreign policies in relation to the protection of Philippine territorial integrity but it
lacks the power to implement its policy decisions
- The Philippine territorial integrity is threatened by China's assertiveness in the West Philippine Sea;
China's aggressiveness is due to its interest on oil, natural gas and other resources which is hard to
contain

Recommendation

* There is a need to de-escalate the tension by discussing with China rules of engagement (Kraft, 2012);

* Possible joint management of the area;

* Improve and increase Philippine trade relations with China

The Philippines has taken a number of neoliberal actions in the Spratlys conflict, including:

* Economic cooperation: The Philippines has engaged in economic cooperation with China, such as
through trade and investment. This is aimed at reducing tensions and building trust between the two
countries.

* Joint development: The Philippines has proposed joint development projects with China in the
Spratlys. This is aimed at sharing the resources of the region and avoiding conflict.

Multilateralism: The Philippines has worked with other countries in the region to promote cooperation
and dialogue on the Spratlys conflict. This is aimed at finding a peaceful solution to the conflict.

The Philippines has taken a number of neorealist actions in the Spratlys conflict, including:

• Military buildup: The Philippines has increased its military presence in the Spratlys, including by
deploying ships and aircraft to the region. This is aimed at deterring Chinese aggression and protecting
Philippine sovereignty.

Alliances: The Philippines has strengthened its alliances with other countries, such as the United States,
Japan, and Australia, in order to counter China's growing power in the region.

• Legal challenges: The Philippines has filed a number of legal challenges against China's claims in the
Spratlys with the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This is aimed at legitimizing the Philippines' claims
under international law.

How, asked the neo-liberals, does the reality of the global economy, thought of as a context in which
states interact, effect the way that states will act?

Neoliberals believe that the global economy, characterized by free markets and free trade, has a
significant impact on the way that states interact. They argue that the global economy creates a number
of interdependencies between states, which makes it more difficult for states to pursue conflictual or
aggressive policies.

Here are some of the ways that the global economy affects the way that states act:
* Economic interdependence: The global economy has led to a high degree of economic
interdependence between states. This means that states are reliant on each other for trade and
investment. This interdependence can deter states from engaging in conflict, as they fear the economic
consequences of doing so.

* Trade and investment: Trade and investment can help to build trust and cooperation between states.
When states trade and invest with each other, they become more interconnected and less likely to go to
war.

* International institutions: The global economy is governed by a number of international institutions,

such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These
institutions provide a framework for cooperation and dispute resolution between states. This can help to
prevent conflict and promote peace and stability.

Neoliberals also argue that the global economy promotes democracy and good governance. They argue
that democratic states are more likely to be economically prosperous, and that economic prosperity can
help to promote democracy and human rights.

However, it is important to note that the global economy has also been criticized for its negative effects
on states. For example, some critics argue that the global economy has led to increased inequality and
poverty within states. They also argue that the global economy has eroded state sovereignty and made it
more difficult for states to regulate their economies.

Overall, neoliberals believe that the global economy has a positive impact on the way that states
interact. They argue that the global economy creates a number of interdependencies between states,
which makes it more difficult for states to pursue conflictual or aggressive policies. However, it is
important to note that the global economy has also been criticized for its negative effects on states.