CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

High rates of alcohol consumption are correlated with adverse outcomes at

both individual and societal levels; well-documented examples include increased

rates of mortality, injuries, motor vehicle accidents, and criminal activity. The

regulation of alcohol consumption in developed countries has been shown to

causally affect at least some of these outcomes. However, there is little evidence on

the impacts of alcohol regulation in the context of developing countries, where

rapidly changing demographic trends and consumption patterns, combined with

weaker institutions, warrant a pressing need for a closer examination. suggestive

evidence that alcohol prohibition laws in Philippines are effective in reducing

consumption even with imperfect implementation and that prohibition significantly

reduces intimate partner violence, as well as some other crimes against women. The

effectiveness and effects of other (and perhaps less fiscally and politically costly)

regulatory measures, such as varying the minimum legal drinking age, however, are

still questions in need of answers.

In this paper, we combine a newly collected set of alcohol regulations and

prohibition status across in Caibiran, Biliran to assess their effects on violence and

crime. Throughout the history, there have been attempts to prohibit or limit drinking

of alcohol and beverages. Prohibition is normal in Islamic state where the religion

forbids the consumption of alcohol. Use range from a legal ban against the drinking

the luxury taxation on all alcoholic beverages. Most of these measures have little or

no effect. In the United States, constitutional amendments banning alcohol

beverages went into effect in 1920, but millions of Americans defied the prohibition

law (Reyes, 1993 quoted by Kimbungan, Mabini and Saltin, 2005). Further, there

were many protection rackets run by the notorious gangster during the period of

prohibition. Prohibition was repealed in 1933. Some government tried to control

individual drinking through rationing.

According to Nag (2017), alcohol is completely banned in many countries with

large Muslim populations. In Yemen, alcohol is completely as it is believed to be

against the principles of Islam. Yemenis are not allowed to consume alcohol in the

country and the sale of alcohol is illegal in all parts of the country with the exception

of Aden and Sana’a where the drink is sold in certain permitted restaurants, hotels,

and nightclubs. Foreigners who are non-Muslims are allowed to carry a limited

volume of alcohol into the country and drink in their private space.

In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than other parts of the

world. Data from recent decades show a steady increase in alcohol production and

consumption and in rates of alcohol-related conditions (Hao, Chen & Su, 2005;

Cochrane, Chen, Conigrave & Hao, 2003).

Drinking alcoholic beverages has been traditionally accepted in China

during major social events, such as the spring festival, wedding ceremonies and

birthday parties. However, the rapid growth in the Chinese economy has been

accompanied by noticeable changes in the drinking behavior of the Chinese

population (Tang, Xiang, Wang, Cubells, Babor & Hao, 2013).

Oakley (1987) specified that consumption of alcohol is associated with a

wide range of violent acts which include, accidents, suicide, sexual assault,

violence within the family, felony and homicide.

 The founding in 1970 of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and

Alcoholism (NIAAA) coincided with a large increase in Federal research funds for

studies of alcohol policies related to highway deaths and injuries, as well as injuries

flowing from alcohol-related crime and health problems resulting from heavy alcohol

consumption. Alcohol-related highway fatalities were at an all-time high in 1970, and

there were an estimated 100,000 alcohol-attributable deaths in the United States

(Modad et al. 2004; NIAAA, 1998). In the 40 years since the founding of NIAAA,

those losses have been substantially reduced through the implementation of laws

and public health policies growing out of research that has been summarized

in Alcohol Research & Health (AR&H). By 2001, alcohol-attributable deaths declined

to 75,766 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2004).

In Caibiran, Biliran, it was observed that there were several cases

happening such as troubles, disturbance to the tranquility of the night, physical

injuries, reckless driving and other offenses committed by those persons under

the influence of liquor. With these problems happening, the municipal councilors

and other municipal officials came to an agreement to pass an ordinance

regulating the selling and serving of alcoholic beverages in all sari-sari stores, and

other business establishment, serving and selling of any kind of alcoholic

beverages; thus, (Municipal Ordinance 41, s.2012).

In this context, the present study aimed to determine the impact of liquor ban

in crime rate in Caibiran, Biliran. This study is essential for the community to gain

better understanding about the influence of alchohol to individual and how the

preventive measure can be applied to prevent violence and crime.

Objective of the Study

The present study generally sought to analyze the impact of liquor ban on crime

reduction in Caibiran, Biliran.

Specifically, it sought to achieve the following:

1. Determine the socio – demographic profile of the respondents in terms

of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Occupation;

1.5 Rank/Job Position; and

1.6 Length of service.

2. What is the level of implementation of the Liquor ban Ordinance?

2.1 Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of implementation of the

Liquor ban Ordinance?

3. What is the level of effectiveness of the strategies used in the implementation

of liquor ban ordinance?

3.1 Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of effectiveness of the

strategies used in the implementation of liquor ban ordinance?

3. What is the level of implementation of the strategies used in the implementation

of liquor ban ordinance?

 3.1 Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of implementation of the

strategies used in the implementation of liquor ban ordinance?

4. Is there a correlation between the level of effectiveness and implementation of

the strategies used on the liquor ordinance?

Hypothesis

The following hypotheses were tested:

HO1. There is a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of implementation of the

Liquor ban Ordinance.

HO2. There is a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of effectiveness of the

strategies used by law enforcers in the implementation of liquor ban ordinance.

HO3. There is a significant difference between the perceptions of

implementers and community residents on the level of implementation of the

strategies used in the implementation of liquor ban ordinance.

HO4. There is a high correlation between the level of effectiveness and

implementation of the liquor ban ordinance.

Framework of the Study

Theoretical Framework

Municipal Ordinance of Caibiran, Biliran is an ordinance prohibiting the

drinking, taking in, alcoholic or intoxicating beverage, wine and liquor such as

whiskey, gin, brandy, rhum, beer, basi, tuba, tapey, etc., whether foreign-brewed or

locally manufactured in the community, within a radius of two hundred (200) lineal

meters from any public buildings, educational institutions and/or churches; and

prohibiting the drinking, taking, taking in of such alcoholic or intoxicating beverage,

wine and liquor in the immediate edge of road ways of any public roads and in any

place within the territorial jurisdiction of the municipality of Caibiran.

With the aforementioned devastating effects of alcohol, therefore, it must be

controlled. Solely treating people with medication cannot control problem drinking

and alcoholism. Treatment should be coupled with proper education both in the

schools and in adult community to develop the nation habits of moderation in the use

of alcoholic beverages. It requires investigation and testing of social policies on the

control of distribution of alcohol as well as the effective implementation of this policy.

Thus, this research will be conducted in Caibiran, Biliran.

Conceptual Framework

The interplay of the variables is presented. The implementation of Liquor ban

Ordinance, effectiveness of the Strategies used by Law Enforcers in the

Implementation of Liquor ban Ordinance, implementation of strategies and

correlation between effectiveness and strategies used in implementing liquor ban

ordinance composed the independent variables while the dependent variables are

the level of implementation of liquor ordinance, level of effectiveness of the

strategies, level of implementation of strategies and high correlation between

effectiveness and strategies. Implementers and community residents are the

moderator variables.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. Implementation of 1. Level of
Liquor ban Ordinance implementation of
liquor ordinance

2. Effectiveness of
the Strategies used by
Law Enforcers in the
Implementation of
Liquor ban Ordinance
3. Implementation of
strategies
4. Correlation between
effectiveness and
implementation of the
strategies used in on
liquor ban ordinance
2. Level of
effectiveness of the
strategies
3. Level of
implementation of
strategies
4. High correlation
between effectiveness
and implementation of
the strategies used on
liquor ban ordinance

Moderator Variables

1. Implementers

2. Community

Residents

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

The findings on the importance of implementing liquor ban ordinance,

knowing the strategies used, the support given by the various sectors and the

problems encountered are important to the following:

PNP Personnel. It will serve as a guide to improve and promote peace and

order within their jurisdiction.

Municipal and Barangay Officials. They can be able to evaluate the

effectiveness of the ordinance; thus, they can make revisions as to its content and

implementation.

Community Residents. They will benefit from the findings because a liquor-

free community assures them of living peacefully. This study will also give them the

opportunity to be involved in the evaluation of the ordinance, through their barangay

officials.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as their basis to conduct similar

studies about the implementation of liquor ordinance.

The Researcher. Being a future police officers, this study will provide

additional information on how to deal with persons affected by the ordinance.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The study determined the impact of Liquor ban Ordinance in the crime rate

in Caibiran, Biliran during the School Year 2023-2024.

It was delimited to the level of implementation of the Liquor ban Ordinance,

level of effectiveness of the strategies used in the implementation of liquor ban

ordinance, level of implementation of the strategies used in the implementation of

liquor ban ordinance, and the correlation between the level of effectiveness and

implementation of the ordinance.

Definition of Terms

Important terms used in this study are defined according to how they were

used:

Area. This refers to the barangays covered by the municipality of Caibiran,

Biliran.

Community residents. This refers to the people residing in the barangays

covered by the municipality of Caibiran Biliran.

Implementers. This pertains to the PNP personnel, SB members and

barangay officials.

Liquor. This refers to all intoxicating beverages such as whiskey, brandy,

gin, vodka, and other kinds of foreign and domestically fermented drinks to include

beer and native wines (Orig, 1997).

Municipal Ordinance. It is a law of a particular city, municipality made for its

internal practice and good government.

Review of Literature
 This section presents the review of literature, related readings, and related

studies relevant to the current conduct of the study.

Article 155 paragraph 4 of the Revised Penal Code state that, any

person who, while intoxicated or otherwise, shall cause any disturbance or scandal

in public places shall be penalized of not exceeding 200 pesos or suffer arrest menor

(Reyes, 1993).

The police officer, in the performance of his multifarious task is charged with

bringing all law-breakers to court, but while doing so, he is compelled to observe

their constitutional rights. Thus, it can be observed that the police officers are the

prime mover of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) that without the police, the system

is at stand-still.

Law enforcer being the first major component in the operation of the CJS, is

responsible for accomplishing the enforcement of laws, decrees, and ordinances; the

prevention of crime; the protection of life and property; the preservation of peace and

order, and the safeguarding of the rights of the citizens.

On account of a number of conditions simulating the conditions of intoxication,

a physician must exercise due care and diligence in the history taking, physical

examination and in the observation of the signs and symptoms coupled with the

appropriate and available laboratory examination before the diagnosis of

drunkenness is entertained (Solis, 1987).

Among the strategies used to prevent drinking are school based, involving

curricula targeted at preventing alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana use. Other

approaches are extracurricular, offering activities outside of school in the form of

social or life skills training or alternative activities.

 The goal of many school-based programs is to reduce the onset and

prevalence of adolescent alcohol use by decreasing personal and social risk factors

and strengthening personal and social protective factors. Several successful

tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana prevention curricula exist, including Life Skills

Training (Botvin et al., 1995), Project Northland (Perry et al., 1996), the Midwestern

Prevention Project (Pentz et al., 1989), Project SMART (Hansen and Graham,

1991), and Project ALERT (Ellickson et al., 1993). These programs have given

researchers a better understanding of important components for classroom-based

programs.

There is a consensus that today a general decay of discipline exists in this

country, both the individual and national levels. Evidence of undisciplined and a

rebellion to ethical rules are very noticeable to private as well as in the public places.

Hostility to laws, customs and traditions are very patent and a local disregard of good

manners and right conduct is fast being accepted. The perverted concept of liberty

that “a person may do whatever he pleases” and the mistaken notion of democracy

that “the least of government is the best,” is constituting immensely to the breakdown

of discipline. The youth of today seem to revolt against anything that restrains the

expression of their ego and their emotions. So much of that restrictive legislation for

public officials employees and the constituent members of the society have been

passed to regulate the personal conduct of people in public as well as in public

places (Tradio, 1990).

Observations have shown that many liquor establishment owners are not

following the rules and regulations such as violations of the curfew hours. They are

allowing their customers consume alcohol beyond eight o’clock in the evening from

Monday to Saturday and even during Sundays and holidays. On the part of the law
enforcers, the implementation of the liquor ordinance is very weak because they are

not doing it every night making the owner of liquor establishments serve alcohol

beyond the curfew hours.

In Naval, Biliran, the municipal government would intensify the implementation

of a local ordinance that has prohibited residents from drinking alcoholic beverages

out in the streets. Based on ordinance no. 0937 series of 2005, anyone that will be

caught having booze on the street will be promptly arrested by authorities, risking

possible jail time and payment of fine (Calleja, 2011).

According to Tordecilla (2016), selling booze and drinking in public places in

Davao City are banned from 1 a.m. to 8 a.m. Duterte’s spokesperson says the liquor

ban will give hotel and restaurant employees enough time to rest and allow them to

go back to work the next day. Violators face a hefty fine: Php 3,000 for the first

offense, Php 5,000 or a three-month jail time for the second offense, and Php 5,000

and one year in jail, including the revocation of the establishment’s business permit,

for the third offense.

 Appendix A

Questionnaire

Personal Data:

Please check if: ___ Resident

___ Implementor

Name (Optional):

Age: ______________

Gender: ___________

Civil Status: _______________

Occupation: _____________________________________

Rank/Job Position: _______________________________

Length of service: _________________________________

Part I. Level of Implementation of the Liquor Ordinance

Direction: Please check the column of your perception on the level of

implementation of the liquor ban ordinance in Caibiran, Biliran, using the legend

below:

4 – Fully Implemented (FI)

3 – Moderately Implemented (MI)

2 – Slightly Implemented (SI)

1 – Not Impelemented (NI)

Liquor ban Ordinance 4 3 2 1

FI MI SI NI

Section 1. No alcoholic or intoxicating beverage,

wine and liquor, such as whiskey, gin, brandy,

rhum, beer, basi, tuba, tapey and the like whether

foreign-brewed or locally manufactured shall be

sold, displayed, offered to customers, drank,

taken in, and/or consumed, brought in any sari-

sari stores, restaurants, carinderias, and other

similar establishments within a radius of two

hundred (200) lineal meters from any public

buildings, educational institutions and/or

churches. And, no such alcoholic or intoxicating

beverage, wine and liquor shall be sold, brought

by any person in any residential building, other

private-owned building within the same distance

from any public building, educational institutions

and/or churches.

4 3 2 1

FI MI SI NI

Section 2. No alcoholic or intoxicating beverage,

wine and liquor shall be drank, taken in and/or

consumed in the immediate edge of road ways,

within road ways of any public roads within the

territorial jurisdiction of Caibiran Municipality.

Section 3. Duly licensed sari-sari stores, grocery

stores, restaurants, tiendas, carinderias, and

other similar establishments shall sell alcoholic or

intoxicating beverage, wine and liquor only from

8:00AM to 8:00PM from Mondays to Saturdays

and on town fiestas then from 9:00AM to 2:00PM

on Sundays, legal or special holidays.

Section 4. No alcoholic or intoxicating beverage,

wine and liquor whether foreign brewed or locally

manufactured shall be sold, offered, dispensed,

and/pr given to person below 21 years of age.

In case of doubt, owners proprietors and/or

keepers of stores, rerstaurants and other similar

establishments duly licensed to sell alcoholic or

intoxicating beverage, wine and liquor must

demand the production of the customer’s

residence certificate.

Section 5. No person below 21 years of age shall

carry, keep and/or conceal any alcoholic or

intoxicating beverage, wine and liquor whether

foregin-brewed or locally manufactured within a

radius of two hundred (200) lineal meters from

any public buildings, educational institutions

and/or churches.
 4 3 2 1

FI MI SI NI

Section 6. Any person or persons violating any

provisions of Sections 1,2,3 and 4 of this

Ordinance shall be punished by a fine of not less

than five hundred pesos (PHP500.00), for the first

offense, one thousand pesos (PHP1,000.00) for

the second offense and two thousand five

hundred pesos (PHP2,500.00) for the third

offense, or an imprisonment of not less than three

(3) months and not exceeding six (6) months, or

both at the discretion of the court. If the recidivist

is the owner, proprietor, manager or any person

entrusted with the operation or administration of

an establishment, in addition to the fine or

imprisonment prescribed above, or both, the

permit/license for the operation of his/her

establishment be automatically revoked and the

operation shall likewise be automatically closed.

Such revocation shall forfeit all sums which may

have been paid in respect for said privileges.

Part II. Level of Effectiveness of the Strategies Used in the Implementation of Liquor

Ordinance

Direction: Please check the column of your perception on the level of

effectiveness of the strategies used by law enforcers in the implementation of the

liquor ban ordinance in Caibiran, Biliran, using the legend below:

4 – Highly Effective (HE)

3 – Moderately Effective (ME)

2–SlightlyEffective(SE)

1 – Not Effective (NE)

Strategies 4 3 2 1

HE ME SE NE

1. Inspection by members of the

Police officers of all

establishments that are

liquor-oriented

2. Periodic inspection of the

task force created by the

Municipal Mayor to strengthen

Inspections made by the

Police officers

3. Implementation of the

ordinance by the barangay

 officials in their respective

barangays

4. Information campaign

5. Patrolling

6. Partnering with other Law Enforcement

Agencies, NGOs/NGAs, Force Multipliers

and others

7. Others, please specify

Part III. The level of implementation of the Strageies Used in Liquor ban Ordinance

in Caibiran, Biliran.

Direction: Please check the column of your perception on the level of

implementation of the strategies, using the legend below:

4 – Fully Implemented (FI)

3 – Moderately Implemented (MI)

2 – Slightly Implemented (SI)

1 – Not Implemented (NI)

Liquor ban Ordinance 4 3 2 1

FI MI SI NI

1. Inspection by members of the

Police officers of all

establishments that are

liquor-oriented

2. Periodic inspection of the

task force created by the

Municipal Mayor to strengthen

Inspections made by the

Police officers

3. Implementation of the

ordinance by the barangay

officials in their respective

barangays

4. Information campaign

5. Patrolling

6. Partnering with other Law Enforcement

Agencies, NGOs/NGAs, Force Multipliers

and others

7. Others, please specify

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