EE042-3-2-IES Introduction to Electrical Systems (VE2)

Topic 1 : DC Generators

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 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Calculate emf generated by considering the construction of dc generator
2. Calculate losses and power stages of dc generator
3. Calculate efficiency of dc generator

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 Contents & Structure

• EMF Equation
• Losses
• Power Stages
• Efficiency

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 Recap From Last Lesson

• Construction of dc machines
• Armature and field windings
• EMF equations
• Classification of DC machines
• Characteristic of DC generator

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 Armature Winding

• A turn consists of 2 conductors connected to one end by an end connector.

• A coil is formed by connecting several turns in series.
• A winding is formed by connecting several coils in series.
• The most commonly used winding is the two-layer winding, in which no. of coils
is equal to no. of armature slots. End connection

Conductor

S F S F S F
Turn Coil Winding

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 Armature Winding

The group of wires constituting coil side is

wrapped with a tape as a unit
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 Armature Winding

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 Types of Armature Winding

Lap Winding Wave Winding

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 Types of Armature Winding

Lap Winding (A=P)

• In a lap winding, the number of
parallel paths (A) is always equal to
the number of poles (P) and also to
the number of brushes.
Wave Winding (A=2)
• In wave windings, the number of
parallel paths (A) is always two and
there may be two or more brush
positions.

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 Lap Winding

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 Lap Winding

• The number of parallel paths is equals to the number of poles (A=P).

• Each path takes 1/P times the load current.
• (P = no. of poles)

• Lap winding has many parallel paths; thus, it is more suited to high-current, low-
voltage dc machines.

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 Wave Winding

• The number of parallel paths is always 2 (A=2).

• Each path takes 1/2 of the load current.

• Because wave windings have only two parallel paths, this winding is more suited
for high voltage, low-current dc machines.

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 EMF Equation

ΦPN 𝑍
Eg = ×
60 𝐴
• Φ = flux/pole
• Z = total number of armature conductors
= no. of slots x no. of conductors/slot
• P = no. of generator poles
• A = no. of parallel paths in armature
= 2 (simplex wave-wound generator) or P (simplex lap-wound generator)
• N = armature rotation in rpm
• Eg = emf induced in any parallel path in armature
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 EMF Equation

Faraday’s law: The magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of
flux-linkages
𝑑𝛷
Average EMF generated/conductor =
𝑑𝑡
Flux cut/conductor in one revolution, 𝑑𝛷 = 𝛷𝑃
No. of revolutions/second = 𝑁Τ60
Hence, time for one revolution, 𝑑𝑡 = 60Τ𝑁
Therefore,
𝑑𝛷 𝛷𝑃𝑁
EMF generated/conductor = =
𝑑𝑡 60

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 EMF Equation

EMF of generator, Eg = EMF per parallel path

= EMF/conductor x No of conductor in series per parallel path
Hence,
ΦPN 𝑍
Eg = ×
60 𝐴

For simplex wave-wound generator, A = 2

For simplex lap-wound generator, A = P

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 Example 1.5

A four-pole generator, having wave-wound armature winding has 51 slots, each slot
containing 20 conductors. What will be the voltage generated in the machine when
driven at 1500 rpm assuming the flux per pole to be 7.0 mWb?

[357 V]

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 Example 1.6

An 8-pole DC generator has 500 armature conductors, and a useful flux of 0.05 Wb
per pole. What will be the emf generated if it is lap-connected and runs at 1200
rpm? What must be the speed at which it is to be driven produce the same emf if it is
wave-wound?

[500 V, 300 rpm]

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 Example 1.7

An 8-pole DC shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature conductors and

running at 500 rpm supplies a load of 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of 250 V.
The armature resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field resistance is 250 Ω. Find the
armature current, the induced emf and the flux per pole.

[21 A, 255.04 V, 9.83 mWb]

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 Example 1.8

A 4-pole lap-connected armature of a DC shunt generator is required to supply the

loads connected in parallel:
• 5 kW Geyser at 250 V
• 2.5 kW Lighting load also at 250 V
The generator has an armature resistance of 0.2 Ω and a field resistance of 250 Ω.
The armature has 120 conductors in the slots and runs at 1000 rpm. Allowing 1 V per
brush for contact drops and neglecting friction, find flux per pole and armature
current per parallel path.

[129.1 mWb, 7.75 A]

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 Type of Losses

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 Copper Losses

Armature Copper Loss = 𝑰𝟐𝒂 𝑹𝒂

• 𝑅𝑎 = resistance of armature, interpoles, series field winding, etc.
• Contribute 30% to 40% of full-load losses.
Field Copper Loss
• Shunt = 𝐼𝑠ℎ
2
𝑅𝑠ℎ (practically constant)
• Series = 𝐼𝑠𝑒
2
𝑅𝑠𝑒
• Contribute 20% to 30% of full-load losses.

Loss due to the brush contact resistance. Usually included in armature copper loss.

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 Iron Losses

• Due to the rotation of the iron core of the armature in the magnetic flux of the
field poles, there are some losses taking place continuously and they are iron
losses or core losses.
• Two types of Iron Losses
– Hysteresis Loss (𝑊ℎ )
– Eddy Current (𝑊𝑒 )
• Practically constant for shunt and compound wound generators, because in these
cases, field current is approximately constant.
• Contribute 10% to 20% of full load losses.

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 Hysteresis Loss

• Hysteresis loss in form of heat when magnetization of the material is made to

exchange with respect to time
• This is because the work has to be done to change the magnitude and the
direction of the magnetic field in the core
• The hysteresis loss is minimized by using soft iron as soft iron can easily be
magnetized of demagnetized
• The loss depends on the volume and grade of the iron.

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 Eddy Current

• When the armature core rotates in the magnetic field, an emf is also induced in
the core (just like it induces in armature conductors), according to the Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction.
• Though this induced emf is small, it causes a large current to flow in the body due
to the low resistance of the core.
• This current is known as eddy current. The power loss due to this current is known
as eddy current loss.
• Eddy current loss occurs because of the relative motion between the core and the
magnetic flux.

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 Eddy Current

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 Mechanical Losses

• Friction loss at bearing and commutator.

• Air-friction or windage loss of rotating armature.
• Contribute 10% to 20% of full load losses.

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 Stray Losses & Constant Losses

Stray Losses
• Usually, magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively known as stray losses.
• These are also known as rotational losses for obvious reason.

Constant Losses
• Stray losses
• Field copper losses for shunt and compound generators

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 Losses for Shunt Generators

• Total losses of dc shunt generator:

Armature copper loss + 𝑊𝑐
= 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐
= (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ)2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐

• Armature copper loss, 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 , is considered as variable loss because it varies with
the load current.

Total Loss = Variable Loss + Constant Loss

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 Power Stages

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 Example 1.9

A 10 kW, 250 V, DC, 6-pole shunt generator runs at 1000 rpm when delivering full
load. The armature has 534 lap-connected conductors. Full-load copper loss is 0.64
kW. The total brush drop is 1 V. Determine the flux per pole. Neglect shunt current.

[30 mWb]

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 Example 1.10

A shunt generator delivers 195 A at 250 V. The armature resistance and shunt field
resistance are 0.02 Ω and 50 Ω respectively. The iron and friction losses equal 950 W.
Calculate
a) EMF generated
b) Copper losses
c) Output of the prime mover
d) Mechanical, electrical and commercial efficiencies

[254 V, 2050 W, 51 750 W, 98.2%, 95.9%, 94.2%]

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 Example 1.11

A long-shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 kW at a terminal voltage of 220

V. The resistances of armature, shunt field and the series field are 0.05 Ω, 110 Ω, and
0.06 Ω respectively The overall efficiency at the above load is 88%. Find
a) Total Cu losses
b) Iron and friction losses

[1584.5 W, 1415.5 W]

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 Example 1.12

A 4-pole DC generator is delivering 20 A to a load of 10 Ω. If the armature resistance is

0.5 Ω and the shunt field resistance is 50 Ω, calculate the induced emf and the
electrical efficiency of the machine. Allow a drop of 1 V per brush.

[214 V, 77.9%]

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 Review Questions

• Distinguish between the lap and wave winding of armature windings.

• How to calculate the emf generated considering lap and wave windings?
• Describe different types of losses.
• Define stray losses and constant losses.
• Draw the power stages of dc generator.

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 Summary / Recap of Main Points

• What was covered:-

– EMF Equation
– Losses
– Power Stages
– Efficiency

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 What To Expect Next Week

In Class Preparation for Class

• DC Motor

OneNote

Calculator

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