1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Load Frequency Control

As the Power demand of the consumer is increasing day by day, there is definite need
of local generation. The local generation is possible with the advent of Microgrids. These
Microgrids is the union of distributed generators (DGs) which can fulfills the need of load
requirements. In the present work, two Microgrids are interconnected to structure a load
frequency control problem in Microgrids. Each Microgrid is the combination of the diesel
generator, the PV generation and the wind generation. A Two Degree of Freedom PID con-
troller (2DOF-PID) is incorporated into an interconnected Microgrid to mitigate the time
variable step changes in DG inputs and load disturbances. The controller parameters are op-
timized using Mountain Gazelle Optimizer (MGO). The system responses with MGO-tuned
2DOF-PID controller are compared with PSO/MGO optimized PID, Fractional Order PID,
and PSO-tuned 2DOF-PID and it is identified that 2DOF-PID controller shows superior
performance when it is tuned using MGO when compared with the other combinations. As
the world is moving towards the renewables like wind and solar power to reduce carbon
emissions, there is a need for distributed generation in the power systems. The DGs are
integrated to form a microgrid system which is a source of bulk energy at the load side to
meet the consumer load challenges.A microgrid system provides hassle-free power transfer to
the load unless the conventional power system needs a transmission system that steers the
power in the form of heat. Thus, a city or a town is the integration of various microgrids and
consumer loads. The severe issue in the Microgrid is its intermittency nature. The intermit-
tency can be overcome by the interconnection among the Microgrids and also with the main
grid. If there is mismatch between the power generation with the load requirements, import
and export of power take place among the Microgrids and thus the frequency is maintained
at its rated value.Along with the interconnections a storage unit in every Microgrid play a
vital role in maintaining the system stability by storing the excess power generation and pro-
vide reliable supply during peak hours. The layout of two area system considered is shown
in the Fig. 1.

1.2 System Model

For studying the load frequency problem, a system with two area is considered where
the area-1 is of conventional generators like thermal reheat generator, Hydel generator and
gas power plant. The area-1 is interconnected to Area-2 with the help of a tie-line and also

1
 Figure 1: Layout of Two Area System

Inertia Emulated strategy is taken in to account where this model helps to increase the system
inertia. The area-2 considered is a microgrid which consists of distributed generators like
wind generation, solar and diesel generator. Where the diesel generator works continuously
in the microgrid but the solar and wind generations are intermittent in nature and depends
on the climatic conditions like solar irradiation and wind velocity. Along with the DGs
an aggregated electric vehicle model is placed in the area-2, which can store excess power
available in the battery with the help of G2V operation. During power deficits the battery in
the EV discharge its energy to the grid with the help of V2G operation thus the intermittency
and inertia of the microgrid i.e., area-2 is improved. The microgrid performance is further
enhanced by the interconnection with area-1. Here Area-1 is considered as main-grid where
area-2 is a microgrid. Thus a model with microgrid integration with the main grid is depicted.
The load disturbances and power mis-matches in the system can overcome with the help of
storage unit i.e., EV model and also with the help of interconnection between the two areas.
Thus the system can perform reliably and stably even during any disturbances. Further to
improve the performance an advanced powerful controllers are incorporated in both the areas
which helps in reducing frequency fluctuations during power mismatches and also keeps the
tie-line power exchanges as constant.

1. Boiler Dynamics : The purpose of boiler is to convert water into steam in reheat