SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Physics, Earth and Space Science)
Midterm’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2023-2024

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor

COMPETENCY # 10: Different Types of Rocks, The Rock Cycle, Properties and Classification of Minerals
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Describe the processes that take place in the rock cycle.

 Compare and contrast the characteristics of the different types of rocks and minerals.
 Appreciate the importance of rocks and minerals.

MOTIVATION

Try to answer this simple activity and afterwards, share your answer to the class.

INTRODUCTION
 The earth is made of rocks. We use them on a daily basis, usually by walking or driving on them. Did
you see a are often made of rock materials, bricks as referred clays, walls as reworked gypsum, dining utensils
such as plates, cups and saucers, counter tops and floors as slabs of rocks of various origins.

Rocks and mineral have many uses in our everyday lives. From everything from using diamond in
industry to various mineral. We could not live in this industrial and technology age without minerals of all
types. Can you see thing of any use for rocks or minerals?

Minerals are identified by several techniques or characteristics of the minerals. These characteristics
include cleavage, fracture, luster, color, streak color, hardness and reactivity with an acid.

CONTEXT

What Is a Rock?
To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have
been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals may or may not have been formed at the same time.
What matters is that natural processes glued them all together.

Types of Rocks
Extremely common in the Earth's crust, igneous rocks are volcanic and form from molten material.
They include not only lava spewed from volcanoes, but also rocks like granite, which are formed by magma
that solidifies far underground.
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens.
Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in
this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike.
Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the
rock.

Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. There are two basic types.
Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows
large crystals to form. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite,
and peridotite.
Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Some
cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass. These rocks
include andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded fragments of other rocks or even from the remains of
plants or animals. The fragments accumulate in low-lying areas—lakes, oceans, and deserts—and then are
compressed back into rock by the weight of overlying materials. Sandstone is formed from sand, mudstone
from mud, and limestone from seashells, diatoms, or bonelike minerals precipitating out of calcium-rich water.
Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock.
Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily.
Fossils are most frequently found in sedimentary rock, which comes in layers, called strata.
 Metamorphic rocks are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by pressure, heat,
or the intrusion of fluids. The heat may come from nearby magma or hot water intruding via hot springs. It can
also come from subduction, when tectonic forces draw rocks deep beneath the Earth's surface.
Marble is metamorphosed limestone, quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone, and gneiss, another common
metamorphic rock, sometimes begins as granite.
Metamorphic rocks are classified according to texture. They are classified as foliated and nonfoliated.

Foliated rocks are massive and have banded or layered appearance. Examples include slates, pyllites, schist
and gneiss.

Nonfoliated rocks are massive and

lack banded or layered appearance.
These rocks usually contain only one
mineral. It includes marble and
quartzite.

SAQ #1: How do various rocks differ

and similar from each other? What
are the importance of rocks? (5
points)

The Rock or Petrogenic Cycle

Rocks are the basic materials that
compose the lithosphere. They are
solid mixtures of one or more
minerals. Rocks are hard. This
hardness keeps the shape of the Earth despite the forces acting on it. Petrology is the science that deals with
the study of rocks.
Rocks change as a result of natural processes that are taking place all the time. Most changes happen very
slowly; many take place below the Earth’s surface, so we may not even notice the changes. Although we may
not see the changes, the physical and chemical properties of rocks are constantly changing in a natural, never-
ending cycle called the rock cycle.

The concept of the rock cycle was first developed by James Hutton, an eighteenth century scientist
often called the “Father of Geology”. Hutton recognized that geologic processes have “no [sign] of a beginning,
and no prospect of an end.” The processes involved in the rock cycle often take place over millions of years. So
on the scale of a human lifetime, rocks appear to be “rock solid” and unchanging, but in the longer term,
change is always taking place.

Arrows connecting the three rock types show the processes that change one rock type into another.
The cycle has no beginning and no end. Rocks deep within the Earth are right now becoming other types of
rocks. Rocks at the surface are lying in place before they are next exposed to a process that will change them.

Processes of the Rock Cycle

Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are
crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.

Crystallization
Magma cools either underground or on the surface and hardens into an igneous rock. As the magma cools,
different crystals form at different temperatures, undergoing crystallization. For example, the mineral olivine
crystallizes out of magma at much higher temperatures than quartz. The rate of cooling determines how much
time the crystals will have to form. Slow cooling produces larger crystals.

Erosion and Sedimentation

Weathering wears rocks at the Earth’s surface down into smaller pieces. The small fragments are called
sediments. Running water, ice, and gravity all transport these sediments from one place to another
by erosion. During sedimentation, the sediments are laid down or deposited. In order to form a sedimentary
rock, the accumulated sediment must become compacted and cemented together.

Metamorphism
When a rock is exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the Earth but does not melt, the rock becomes
metamorphosed. Metamorphism may change the mineral composition and the texture of the rock. For that
reason, a metamorphic rock may have a new mineral composition and/or texture.

SAQ #2: Describe how igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks formed in a rock cycle. (5 points)

Minerals

Minerals are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more
elements combined together (chemical compounds).

To meet the definition of "mineral" used by most geologists, a substance must meet five requirements:
naturally occurring
inorganic
solid
definite chemical composition
ordered internal structure

"Naturally occurring" means that people did not make it. Steel is not a mineral because it is an alloy
produced by people.
"Inorganic" means that the substance is not made by an organism. Wood and pearls are made by
organisms and thus are not minerals.

"Solid" means that it is not a liquid or a gas at standard temperature and pressure. Water is not a
mineral because it is a liquid.

"Definite chemical composition" means that all occurrences of that mineral have a chemical
composition that varies within a specific limited range. For example: the mineral halite (known as "rock salt"
when it is mined) has a chemical composition of NaCl. It is made up of an equal number of atoms of sodium
and chlorine.
 "Ordered internal structure" means that the atoms in a mineral are arranged in a systematic and
repeating pattern. The structure of the mineral halite is shown in the illustration on this page. Halite is
composed of an equal ratio of sodium and chlorine atoms arranged in a cubic pattern.

Physical Properties of Minerals

Color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form are the most useful physical
properties for identifying most minerals. Other properties-such as reaction with acid, magnetism, specific
gravity, tenacity, taste, odor, feel, and presence of striations-are helpful in identifying certain minerals.

Luster
Luster describes the appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its surface. Is it shiny or dull:
does it look like a metal or like glass? Generally the first thing you notice when identifying an unknown sample
is the mineral’s luster.

Minerals with a metallic luster look like a metal, such as steel or copper. They are both shiny and
opaque, even when looking at a thin edge. Many metallic minerals become dull or earthy when they are
exposed to the elements for a long time (like silver, they tarnish). To determine whether or not a mineral has a
metallic luster, therefore, you must look at a recently broken part of the mineral.

Minerals with an earthy luster look like earth, or dirt. Like metallic minerals these are completely
opaque, but dull. Again, think of rust on iron or tarnish that forms on precious metals.

Vitreous luster- is like that of glass, shiny and translucent to transparent. Remember that glass can be
almost any color, including black, so don't be fooled by the color. Also, a dark piece of glass may appear to be
opaque if it is thick enough. If you hold a thin edge up to the light you should be able to see light bleeding
through.

Minerals with a waxy luster look like paraffin, typically translucent but dull. while minerals with pearly
luster have an appearance similar to a pearl or the inside of an abalone shell – translucent and shiny but with
a bit of light refraction, producing a rainbow effect on the surface (similar to an oil slick).

Color
Color is one of the most obvious properties of a mineral but it is often of limited diagnostic value,
especially in minerals that are not opaque. While many metallic and earthy minerals have distinctive colors,
transucent or transparent minerals can vary widely in color. Quartz, for example, can vary from colorless to
white to yellow to gray to pink to purple to black. On the other hand the colors of some minerals, such as
biotite (black) and olivine (olive green) can be distinctive. Never use color as a final diagnostic property --
check other properties before making an identification.

Streak
Refers to the color of the mineral in its powdered form, which may or may not be the same color as the
mineral. Streak is helpful for identifying minerals with metallic or earthy luster, because (with a few
exceptions) minerals with nonmetallic luster generally have a colorless or white streak that is not diagnostic,
Streak is obtained by scratching the mineral on an unpolished piece of white porcelain called a streak plate.
Because the streak plate is harder than most minerals, rubbing the mineral across the plate produces a
powder of that mineral. When the excess powder is blown away, what remains is the color of the streak.
Because the streak of a mineral is usually the same, no matter what the color of the mineral, streak is
commonly more reliable than color for identification.

Hardness
The resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion by other materials. Hardness is determined by
scratching the surface of the sample with another mineral or material of known hardness. The standard
hardness scale, called Mohs Hardness Scale consists of ten minerals ranked in ascending order of hardness
with diamond, the hardest known substance, assigned the number 10.
The following is a listing of the minerals of the Mohs scale and their rating:
1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10. Diamond

The Mohs scale was developed by Friedrich Mohs in 1822 as a diagnostic tool. One measure of
absolute hardness is an indentation test in which a diamond-tipped tool is impressed into a sample with a
fixed amount of pressure and the depth of the resulting groove is measured.

To determine hardness, run a sharp edge or a point of a mineral with known hardness across a smooth
face of the mineral to be tested. Do not scratch back and forth like an eraser, but press hard and slowly
scratch a line, like you are trying to etch a groove in glass. Sometimes powder of the softer mineral is left on
the harder mineral and gives the appearance of a scratch on the harder one. Brush the tested surface with
your finger to see if a groove or scratch remains.

A piece of glass is provided in the hardness kits as a standard for determining hardness. There are several
reasons for this: • it is easy to see a scratch on glass; • the hardness of glass (5 to 5½) is midway on the Mohs
scale; and • glass is inexpensive and easily replaced.

Cleavage and Fracture

The way in which a mineral breaks is determined by the arrangement of its atoms and the strength of
the chemical bonds holding them together. Because these properties are unique to the mineral, careful
observation of broken surfaces may aid in mineral identification. A mineral that exhibits cleavage consistently
breaks, or cleaves, along parallel flat surfaces called cleavage planes. A mineral fractures if it breaks along
random, irregular surfaces. Some minerals break only by fracturing, while others both cleave and fracture.
Cleavage quality is described as perfect, good, and poor. Minerals with a perfect or excellent cleavage
break easily along flat surfaces and are easy to spot. Minerals with good cleavages do not have such well-
defined cleavage planes and reflect less light. Poor- cleavages are the toughest to recognize, but can be
spotted by small flashes of light in certain positions.
Finally, fracture surfaces can cut a mineral grain in any direction. Fractures are generally rough or
irregular, rather than flat, and thus appear duller than cleavage surfaces. Some minerals fracture in a way that
helps to identify them. For example, quartz has no cleavage but, like glass, it breaks along numerous small,
smooth, curved surfaces called conchoidal fractures.

Crystal Form
A crystal is a solid, homogeneous, orderly array of atoms and may be nearly any size The arrangement
of atoms within a mineral determines the external shape of its crystals. Some crystals have smooth, planar
faces and regular, geometric shapes; these are what most people think of as crystals. These crystals occur only
rarely in nature however, because in order to develop those beautifully-shaped faces the mineral must have
unlimited space in which to grow.

When a mineral begins to solidify, either due to the cooling of molten material or due to precipitation
from a solution, microscopic crystals always form and grow. These tiny crystals will continue to grow until they
run out of space. At this point their external shape will simply reflect the shape of the void which they grew. If
the growing crystal runs out of material before it runs out of space, you will be left with a nicely shaped crystal
within an otherwise empty void such as a geode.

Additional Properties
Special properties help identify some minerals. These properties may not be distinctive enough in most
minerals to help with their identification. or they may be present only in certain minerals.

Magnetism
Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet. To test a mineral for magnetism, just put the magnet
and mineral together and see if they are attracted. Magnetite is the only common mineral that is always
strongly magnetic.

Reaction with Acid

Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric
acid [HCl] is used.) When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or
effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide. BE CAREFUL when using the acid -- dilute acid can burn your skin
(especially if you have a cut) or stain or put a hole in your clothing. Only a small drop of acid is needed to see
whether or not the mineral bubbles. When you finish making the test, wipe the acid off the mineral
immediately. Should you get acid on yourself, wash it off right away; if you get it on your clothing, rinse it out
immediately.

Striations
Plagioclase feldspar can be positively identified and distinguished from potassium feldspar by the
presence of very thin, parallel grooves called striations (Figure 19). The grooves are present on only one of the
two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a hand lens. They may not be visible on all parts of a cleavage
surface. Before you decide there are no striations, look at all parts of all visible cleavage surfaces, moving the
sample around as you look so that light is reflected from these surfaces at different angles.

Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of a mineral is the weight of that mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume
of water. The specific gravity of water equals 1.0, by definition. Most silicate, or rock-forming, minerals have
specific gravities of 2.6 to 3.4; the ore minerals are usually heavier, with specific gravities of 5 to 8. If you
compare similar sized samples of two different minerals, the one with the higher specific gravity will feel the
heaviest; it has a greater heft. For most minerals, specific gravity is not a particularly noteworthy feature, but
for some, high specific gravity is distinctive (examples are barite and galena).
Taste, Odor, Feel
Some minerals have a distinctive taste (halite is salt, and tastes like it). some a distinctive odor (the
powder of some sulfide minerals, such as sphalerite, a zinc sulfide, smells like rotten eggs), and some a
distinctive feel (talc feels slippery).

SAQ #3: What are minerals? How do they differ from rocks? What are the characteristics that should be
present in an object to be considered it as a mineral? (5 points)

Classes of Minerals

Minerals are classified according to their chemical properties. Except for the native element class, the
chemical basis for classifying minerals is the anion, the negatively charged ion that usually shows up at the end
of the chemical formula of the mineral. For example, the sulfides are based on the sufur ion, S 2–. Pyrite, for
example, FeS2, is a sulfide mineral. In some cases, the anion is of a mineral class is polyatomic, such as (CO 3)2–,
the carbonate ion. The major classes of minerals are:
 silicates

 sulfides
 carbonates
 oxides
 halides
 sulfates
 phosphates
 native elements
Mineral Classification

Native Elements This is the category of the pure. Most minerals are made up of
combinations of chemical elements. In this group a single element like the copper
shown here are found in a naturally pure form.

Silicates This is the largest group of minerals. Silicates are made from metals
combined with silicon and oxygen. There are more silicates than all other minerals
put together. The mica on the left is a member of this group.
Oxides
Oxides form from the combination of a metal with oxygen. This group ranges from
dull ores like bauxite to gems like rubies and sapphires. The magnetite pictured to
the left is a member of this group.

Sulfides
Sulfides are made of compounds of sulfur usually with a metal. They tend to be
heavy and brittle. Several important metal ores come from this group like the
pyrite pictured here that is an iron ore.

Slufates are made of compounds of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen. It is
a large group of minerals that tend to be soft, and translucent like this barite.

Halides form from halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine
combined with metallic elements. They are very soft and easily dissolved in water.
Halite is a well known example of this group. Its chemical formula is NaCl or
sodium chloride commonly known as table salt.
 Carbonates are a group of minerals made of carbon, oxygen, and a metallic
element. This calcite known as calcium carbonate is the most common of the
carbonate group.

Phosphates are not as common in occurrence as the other families of minerals.

They are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering. They
are often brightly colored.

Mineraloid is the term used for those substances that do not fit neatly into one of
these eight classes. Opal, jet, amber, and mother of pearl all belong to the
mineraloids.

How to Identify Minerals

First, you need good light and a hand lens or magnifying glass. A hand lens is a small, double-lens
magnifying glass that has a magnification power of at least 8× and can be purchased at some bookstores and
nature stores.

Minerals are identified on the basis of their physical properties, which have been described in the the
previous section. To identify a mineral, you look at it closely. At a glance, calcite and quartz look similar. Both
are usually colorless, with a glassy luster. However, their other properties they are completely different.
Quartz is much harder, hard enough to scratch glass. Calcite is soft, and will not scratch glass. Quartz has no
mineral cleavage and fractures the same irregular way glass breaks. Calcite has three cleavage directions
which meet at angles other than 90°, so it breaks into solid pieces with perfectly flat, smooth, shiny sides.
When identifying a mineral, you must:
 Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects light
 Test its hardness
 Identify its cleavage or fracture
 Name its luster
 Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine the mineral’s identity
In the minerals tables that accompanies this section, the minerals are grouped according to their luster and
color. They are also classified on the basis of their hardness and their cleavage or fracture. If you can identify
several of these physical properties, you can identify the mineral.

SAQ #4: Describe the different kinds of minerals. What are the characteristics that distinguish them from
one another? (5 points)

Summary:

 Rocks is naturally occurring solid substance that is normally made of mineral. They have three types
of rocks including, Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.
 Igneous Rocks are formed the solidification of molten rocks material
 Sedimentary Rocks are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particle at
the earth surface, follow by cementation
 Metamorphic Rocks is a transformation of existing new rocks to new types of rocks, in a process
called metamorphism.
 Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock
cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.
 Crystallization is the process by which a solid form, whether the atoms or molecules are highly
organized into a structure known as a crystal.
 Erosion - the removal of soil, sediment, regolith, and rock fragments from the landscape.
 Sedimentation is a tendency of particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are
entrained and come to rest against in barrier.
 Metamorphism are rocks that have been changes by heat, pressure, fluid and strain.
 Minerals are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more
elements combined together (chemical compounds).
 To meet the definition of "mineral" used by most geologists, a substance must meet five
requirements: naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition and ordered
internal structure
 Properties of Mineral including Color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form
are the most useful physical properties for identifying most minerals. Other properties-such as
reaction with acid, magnetism, specific gravity, tenacity, taste, odor, feel, and presence of
striations-are helpful in identifying certain minerals
 Minerals are classified according to their chemical properties. Except for the native element class,
the chemical basis for classifying minerals is the anion, the negatively charged ion that usually
shows up at the end of the chemical formula of the mineral.
References:

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-earthscience/chapter/types-of-rocks/
 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/inside-the-earth/rocks/
 https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/rock-cycle/
 https://geology.com/rocks/igneous-rocks.shtml
 https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jrepka/notes/GEOmineralLAB_1.pdf
 https://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/properties_of_minerals.html
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-classifying-minerals/
  https://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/mineral_classification.html

ASSIGNMENT

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

 Competency # 10 Answer Sheet
Different Types of Rocks, The Rock Cycle, Properties and Classification of Minerals

SAQ #1: How do various rocks differ and similar from each other? What are the importance of rocks? (5
points)

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SAQ #2: Describe how igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks formed in a rock cycle. (5 points)
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SAQ #3: What are minerals? How do they differ from rocks? What are the characteristics that should be
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SAQ #4: Describe the different kinds of minerals. What are the characteristics that distinguish them from
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ASSIGNMENT