Computer Networks

1. What is a Network?
Ans: - A network consist of two or more devices that are linked
to share data, resources, computing power etc.

2. Types of Networks.
Ans: -
 PAN
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
3. Explain LAN.
Ans: - LAN is basically a small group of network sharing data,
resources etc. over a small area, building or campus.

4. What is VPN?
Ans: - VPN or Virtual Private Network is a private WAN built on
the internet. It allows creation of a private tunnel between
different network using the internet.
Uses: -
 Used to connect different locations remotely.
 Used to secure transactions and file transfer.
 Used for protection against malicious threat.
 Provide security by disguising the identity.

5. What are nodes and links?

Ans: -
Nodes – any communicating device is called a node. It can
send/receive data over a network.
Links – connection which connects two nodes .
 6. What is network topology?
Ans: - it is physical layout of a network.
E.g: - bus, star, mesh, tree, ring, hybrid etc.

7. What is an IP address?
Ans: - it is a 32-bit address of a node in a network.

8. What is IPv4 network?

Ans: - an IP 32-bit IP address divides into 4 octets of 8-bit each.
Furthermore, IPv4 is divided into classes A,B,C,D,E.

9. What are private IP addresses?

Ans: - for each class, some IP addresses are for private use only.
They are non-routable on the internet.
10. what are special IP addresses?
Ans: - IP range from 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 are network
testing address also called special IP address.

11. Describe OSI reference model.

Ans: - Open System Interconnections, it is a network architecture
model based on OSI standards. It is called OSI because it is for
systems which are open for communication.
There are: -
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data link
 Presentation
12. Describe TCP/IP reference model.
Ans: - it is a compresses version of OSI model with only 4 layers.
These are: -
 Application
 Transport
 Internet
 Link

13. Difference between OSI and TCP/IP.

Ans: -

OSI TCP/IP
7 layers 4 layers
Low in use Mostly in use
Vertically approached Horizontally approached
Delivery of package is Delivery of package is not
guaranteed. guaranteed.
Less reliable High reliable.

14. What are HTTP and HTTPs protocols?

Ans: - HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol defines the set of rules
and standards on how the information can be transmitted on the
internet.
HTTPs – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is an advance and
secure version of HTTP. It enables secure transactions by encrypting
the communication.

15. What is SMTP protocol?

Ans: - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, set the rules for
communication between servers. This set of rules help the
software to transmit mails on the internet. It is in always
listening mode on port 25.
16. What is DNS?
Ans: - Domain Name System is used to translate the domain
names to their corresponding IP address.
e.g: - interviewbit.com to 172.217.166.3

17. What is HTTPs?

Ans: - HTTPs is an advanced and secure version of HTTP which
uses SSL/TLS (Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security) to
provide safe communication between devices.

SSL/TLS are certificated provided by CS (Certificate Authority)

which has following: -
 Certificate authority name
 Certificate authority digital signature.
 Domain name
 Public key
 Issuance date
 Expiry date
It encrypts the connection between them using private key of
sender and sends the SSL certificate which contains public key,
so that the receiver can decrypts the message/file.
18. Types of cables
Ans: - Cables are used to connect different devices.
 Unshielded Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optics cable

19. Attenuation – when signal travels it slightly loses its strength, it is

called attenuation.
20. Repeater – it regenerates the strength of the signal (not
amplify it).

21. Bridge - used to connect different LAN’s. it contains source

MAC address and destination MAC address.

22. Switch – switch is multiport bridge, unlike bridge it connects

different-different devices, while bridge connects two LANs.
Sender sends the file and receiver’s MAC address; the switch is
responsible for delivering the data to right machine in a network.

23. Hub – a hub is a device which is used to forward data from one
device to another. Hub acts as a dumb switch, which doesn’t know
which data to be forwarded where, so it broadcast it to all the
nodes.

24. Router – it is a networking device which forward data

between networks. It checks source and destination’s MAC
address and it responsible for delivering the file to its right
receiver.