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Mathematics For Engineers PDF Ebook-1016-1020
Mathematics For Engineers PDF Ebook-1016-1020
A = v0
gt2
So the particular solution is y = - + v0 t.
2
d4H
K = w
dx4
Figure 1.3 (a)
(a) An unloaded
beam of length L;
(b) beam bending L
under load (it is (b) y
fixed at both ends);
w
(c) displacement of
the beam.
x
(c) w
where K is known as the structural rigidity of the beam and is assumed to be con-
stant. It is the product of Young’s modulus and the moment of inertia of the beam
about its central axis.
(a) If w is constant, find an expression for the displacement of the beam.
(b) The beam is fixed rigidly at both ends. Hence when x ⫽ 0 and x ⫽ L the
displacement is zero, that is H(0) ⫽ H(L) ⫽ 0. Additionally at these end-points
the gradient of the beam remains zero, so H¿(0) = H¿(L) = 0. Find the
displacement at any point x.
(c) Show that the maximum displacement of the beam occurs half-way along its length.
M20_CROF5939_04_SE_C20.QXD 9/27/18 12:44 PM Page 992
Solution
(a) We are given
d4H
K = w
dx4
d3H w
= x + A (1)
dx3 K
d2H w x2
= + Ax + B (2)
dx2 K 2
dH w x3 x2
= + A + Bx + C (3)
dx K 6 2
w x4 x3 x2
H(x) = + A + B + Cx + D (4)
K 24 6 2
w L4 L3 L2
0 = + A + B (5)
K 24 6 2
w L3 L2
0 = + A + BL (6)
K 6 2
Equations (5) and (6) can be solved to express A and B in terms of the known
constants w, K and L. This produces
wL wL2
A = - , B =
2K 12K
Replacing the expressions for A and B and the values of C and D into equation
(4) and simplifying produces
wx2 2 wx2
H(x) = (x - 2Lx + L2) = (x - L)2
24K 24K
M20_CROF5939_04_SE_C20.QXD 9/27/18 12:44 PM Page 993
dH wx
= (2x - L)(x - L)
dx 12K
d 2H wL2
(L>2) = -
d x2 24K
We note that this is negative and so H is a maximum at x = L>2. Hence the max-
imum displacement occurs at x = L>2, that is half-way along the beam. This
accords with intuition.
Exercises
1 Obtain the general solutions of the following 2 Find the particular solution of
differential equations:
dx
dy dy = t2
(a) = 3x + 2 (b) = e3x dt
dx dx
that satisfies the condition x(3) = 0.
d2y d2y
(c) 2 = k, constant (d) 2 = -sin x
dx dx
M20_CROF5939_04_SE_C20.QXD 9/27/18 12:44 PM Page 994
Solutions to exercises
dy
1 If y = Ae2x is the general solution of = 2y, 3 Show that x(t) = 7 cos 3t - 2 sin 2tis a
dx solution of
find the particular solution satisfying y(0) = 3.
What is the particular solution satisfying d2x
+ 2x = -49 cos 3t + 4 sin 2t
dy dt2
= 2 when x = 0?
dx
4 The general solution of
2 Identify the dependent and independent
variables of the following differential d2x
equations. Give the order of the equations = -v2x
dt2
and state which are linear.
dy is x = Ae jvt + Be-jvt, where j2 = -1. Verify
(a) + 9y = 0
dx that this is indeed a solution. What is the
d2y particular solution satisfying x(0) = 0,
(b) a b a 2 b + 3
dy dy
= 0 dx
dx dx dx (0) = 1? Express the particular solution
dt
d3x dx and the general solution in terms of
(c) + 5 = sin x
dt3 dt trigonometrical functions.
Solutions to exercises
Separation of variables
BLOCK 2
2.1 Introduction
In this section we consider differential equations that can be written in the form
dy
= f (x)g(y)
dx
dy dy dy
= x2y3, = y2 sin x and = (ln x)(sec y)
dx dx dx
You may have to think carefully about some equations to recognise this form. For
example, the equation
dy y
=
dx x + 1
can be written as
= a by
dy 1
dx x + 1
dy
and so is of the form = f (x)g(y).
dx