COMSATS University Islamabad

Abbottabad, Pakistan

Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability

System using Blockchain.

By

Zain Malik CIIT/FA19-BCS-107/ATD

Tehreem CIIT/FA19-BCS-113/ATD
Sughra CIIT/FA19-BCS-205/ATD

Supervisor
Dr. Kashif Bilal

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (2019-2023)

The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and appropriate
credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others.
 COMSATS University, Islamabad Pakistan

Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability

System using Blockchain.

A project presented to
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (2019-2023)

By

Zain Malik CIIT/FA19-BCS-107/ATD

Tehreem CIIT/FA19-BCS-111/ATD
Sughra CIIT/FA19-BCS-205/ATD

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this software, neither whole nor as a part has been copied out from any
source. It is further declared that we have developed this software and accompanied report
entirely on the basis of our personal efforts. If any part of this project is proved to be copied
out from any source or found to be reproduction of some other. We will stand by the
consequences. No Portion of the work presented has been submitted of any application for any
other degree or qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning.

Zain Malik Tehreem Sughra

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is to certify that the final year project of BS (CS) “Vegetables/Fruits Supply Chain
Traceability System using Blockchain” was developed by
Zain Malik (CIIT/FA19-BCS-107), Tehreem (CIIT/FA19-BCS-113) and Sughra
(CIIT/FA19-BCS-205) under the supervision of “DR. KASHIF BILAL” and that in his
opinion; it is fully adequate, in scope and quality for the degree of Bachelors of Science in
Computer Sciences.

Supervisor

External Examiner

Head of Department
(Department of Computer Science)

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The typical traceability system suffers from issues with centralized management, unreliable
data, and simple information creation. This project suggests a blockchain-based traceability
system to locate product information in the supply chain of vegetables and fruits to address the
aforementioned issues. The transparency and reliability of traceability information have
improved by utilizing the decentralization, un-falsifiability, and traceability properties of
blockchain technology. The results show that our system improves transparency and
traceability, secures private information, ensures trust high and reliable data in supply chain
management, and meets the requirements of the real world. In addition, we will design a smart
contract to motivate network nodes to upload traceability records, and we will provide
analysis/report of every transaction and real-world mobile phone application.

In this system, farmers can easily upload information about their crops, such as the variety,
quantity, and harvest date. Customers, on the other hand, can use this information to make
informed decisions about the products they want to buy, and they can also view the crops in
real-time through a web application.

One of the key benefits of this system is that it promotes transparency and reduces the chances
of fraud. With blockchain technology, all transactions are recorded and verified, making it
nearly impossible for bad actors to tamper with the data. Additionally, smart contracts can be
used to incentivize farmers to upload accurate and timely information about their crops, while
also rewarding customers for providing feedback and reviews.

Furthermore, this system can also provide real-time communication channels between farmers
and customers. This can be achieved through an integrated chat feature that allows both parties
to exchange messages. This can help build trust and enhance the customer experience.

Overall, a blockchain-based traceability system that establishes a direct connection between

farmers and customers can provide numerous benefits for both parties. By enhancing
transparency, promoting collaboration, and enabling real-time communication, this system can
help create a more sustainable and efficient supply chain for fruits and vegetables.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is to Almighty Allah who bestowed upon us a minute portion of His boundless
knowledge by virtue of which we were able to accomplish this challenging task.

We are greatly indebted to our project supervisor “Dr. Kashi Bilal”. Without their personal
supervision, advice and valuable guidance, completion of this project would have been
doubtful. We are deeply indebted to them for their encouragement and continual help during
this work.

And we are also thankful to our parents and family who have been a constant source of
encouragement for us and brought us the values of honesty & hard work.

Zain Malik Tehreem Sughra

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 ABBREVIATIONS

SRS Software Require Specification

PC Personal Computer
FR Functional Requirement
NFR Non-Functional Requirement
API Application Programming Interface
UC Use Case

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Brief........................................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Relevance to Course Modules ................................................................................... 11
1.3 Project Background ................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Analysis from Literature Review .............................................................................. 12
1.6 Methodology and Software Lifecycle for This Project ............................................. 12
1.6.1 Rationale behind Selected Methodology ............................................................. 12
1.6.2 Rationale behind Selected Software Process Model ............................................ 12
2 Problem Definition ......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Deliverables and Development Requirements .......................................................... 13
3 Requirement Analysis.................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Use Cases Diagram(s) ............................................................................................... 14
3.2 Detailed Use Case ..................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Functional Requirements........................................................................................... 19
3.4 Non-Functional Requirements .................................................................................. 23
4 Design and Architecture ................................................................................................ 24
4.1 System Architecture .................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Data Representation [Block Diagram] ...................................................................... 24
4.3 Process Flow/Representation[Acticity Diagram] ...................................................... 25
4.4 Design Models [along with descriptions].................................................................. 28
5 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 32
5.1 Algorithm .................................................................................................................. 32
5.2 External APIs ............................................................................................................ 32
5.3 User Interface ............................................................................................................ 33
6 Testing and Evaluation .................................................................................................. 43
6.1 Manual Testing ................................................................................................... 43
6.1.1 System testing ...................................................................................................... 43
6.1.2 Unit Testing ......................................................................................................... 43
6.1.3 Functional Testing ............................................................................................... 44
6.1.4 Integration Testing ............................................................................................... 45
6.2 Automated Testing: .............................................................................................. 47
6.2.1 Tools used: ........................................................................................................... 47
7 Conclusion and Future Work ....................................................................................... 48
7.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 48
7.2 Future Work .............................................................................................................. 49
8 References ....................................................................................................................... 50

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1 Use Case Diagram ....................................................................................................... 14

Fig 4.1 System Architecture .................................................................................................... 24
Fig 4.2 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................. 24
Fig 4.3 Activity Diagram for Admin ....................................................................................... 25
Fig 4.4 Activity Diagram for Farmer ....................................................................................... 26
Fig 4.5 Activity Diagram for Buyer ......................................................................................... 27
Fig 4.6 Class Diagram.............................................................................................................. 28
Fig 4.7 Sequence Diagram for Admin ..................................................................................... 28
Fig 4.8 Sequence Diagram for Farmer ..................................................................................... 29
Fig 4.9 Sequence Diagram for Buyer....................................................................................... 29
Fig 4.10 System Sequence Diagram for Admin ...................................................................... 30
Fig 4.10 System Sequence Diagram for Farmer ...................................................................... 30
Fig 4.10 System Sequence Diagram for Buyer ........................................................................ 31
Fig 5.1 Create Account ............................................................................................................ 33
Fig 5.2 Login ............................................................................................................................ 33
Fig 5.3 Login as Farmer ........................................................................................................... 34
Fig 5.4 Add Crops .................................................................................................................... 34
Fig 5.5 View crops on famer portal ......................................................................................... 35
Fig 5.6 Order Status(Dispatched) ............................................................................................ 35
Fig 5.7 Order Status(Reach your city) ..................................................................................... 36
Fig 5.8 Order Status (Delivered) .............................................................................................. 36
Fig 5.9 Login as Buyer............................................................................................................. 37
Fig 5.10 Buyer Address Details ............................................................................................... 37
Fig 5.11 View Crops by Buyer ................................................................................................ 38
Fig 5.12 Add Crops to Cart ...................................................................................................... 38
Fig 5.13 Buyer Orderes Status(Ordered) ................................................................................. 39
Fig 5.14 Buyer Orderes Status(Delivered) ............................................................................... 39
Fig 5.15 Login as Admin ......................................................................................................... 40
Fig 5.16 View Buyer details .................................................................................................... 40
Fig 5.17 Admin View Crop Details ......................................................................................... 41
Fig 5.18 Admin View Block List ............................................................................................. 41
Fig 5.19 After Approval ........................................................................................................... 42
Fig 5.20 Before Approval ........................................................................................................ 42

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Deliverablities and Development Requirements ..................................................... 13

Table 3.1 UC Register.............................................................................................................. 14
Table 3.2 UC Login ................................................................................................................. 15
Table 3.3 UC Add Crops ......................................................................................................... 16
Table 3.4 UC Make Payment ................................................................................................... 17
Table 3.5 UC Manage Chat ..................................................................................................... 17
Table 3.6 UC View Crops ........................................................................................................ 17
Table 3.7 UC Add to Cart ........................................................................................................ 18
Table 3.8 UC Receive Payment ............................................................................................... 18
Table 3.9 UC Manage Users .................................................................................................... 19
Table 3.10 FR Register ............................................................................................................ 19
Table 3.11 FR Login ................................................................................................................ 20
Table 3.12 FR Add Crops ........................................................................................................ 20
Table 3.13 FR Make Payment ................................................................................................. 20
Table 3.14 FR Manage Chat .................................................................................................... 21
Table 3.15 FR View Crops ...................................................................................................... 21
Table 3.16 FR Add to Cart ....................................................................................................... 22
Table 3.17 FR Receive Payment .............................................................................................. 22
Table 3.18 FR Manage Users................................................................................................... 23
Table 5.1 Axious External API ................................................................................................ 32
Table 6.1 Login Unit Test Case ............................................................................................... 43
Table 6.2 Edit Profile Uni Test Case ....................................................................................... 44
Table 6.3 Login Functional Test Case ..................................................................................... 44
Table 6.4 Integration Test Case ............................................................................................... 45
Table 6.5 Tools used ................................................................................................................ 47

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

1. Introduction
Our project is on a fruit/vegetable supply chain management system, and we are building
an open market for the sale and purchase of fruits/vegetables without intermediates. The
intermediates are basically distributors and businessmen who played a very important role
in making the prices higher than the government rate in such a way that businessmen
purchased fruits/vegetables from the farmers at very low prices and sent them to market.
When fruits/vegetables in large amount reached the market for selling, these businessman
increases the prices of the products on their own and make millions of profits without being
stuck into the FBR tax net. This open market helps the buyer and farmer to interact directly
and removes the role of intermediates in the fruits/vegetables supply chain. It helps to
maintain stability in the vegetable market and is useful for preventing unexpected rises in
prices.

1.1. Brief
This project covers the development of a Blockchain based Vegetable supply-chain
Which Provide a Secure and Transparent, decentralized record of a product and shows
how blockchain technology is well-positioned to overcome the issues of traditional
traceability systems.

1.2. Relevance to Course Modules

The blockchain-based traceability system project in BCS program involves the use of
data structures, database management systems and software engineering to create a
decentralized network for tracking the movement of fruits and vegetables from the
farmer to the consumer, while enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency of the
supply chain.

1.3. Project Background

The idea behind our project is to address the problems of centralized management and
untrustworthy data in the supply chain of fruits and vegetables. The project intends to
provide a safe and effective system for tracing the transportation of goods from the
farm to the customer by utilizing the benefits of blockchain technology, such as
decentralization, immutability, and transparency.

1.4. Literature Review

There is a growing interest in blockchain-based traceability systems for supply chains,
particularly in the food and agriculture industry. Several companies and organizations
have already developed blockchain-based traceability solutions to address issues such
as food safety, supply chain transparency, and sustainability. For example, Walmart
has implemented a blockchain-based traceability system for tracking the supply chain

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

of leafy greens, while IBM has developed a blockchain-based platform for tracking
food supply chains.

1.5. Analysis from Literature Review

Our project aligns with the current trend towards the development of blockchain-based
traceability systems for supply chains, particularly in the food and agriculture industry.
We propose a decentralized and un-falsifiable blockchain-based traceability system for
the supply chain of fruits and vegetables, which enhances transparency of the
traceability information. Our system also incorporates a smart contract system to
incentivize network nodes to upload accurate and timely information, and a web
application for customers to view crops in real-time. Additionally, we propose the use
of anomaly detection to detect unnecessary prices and human errors, which is an
innovative feature not explored in the literature review. Overall, our project aligns with
the existing literature and proposes innovative features that can add value to the
development of efficient and reliable traceability systems for supply chains.

1.6. Methodology and Software Lifecycle for This Project

We use OOP as design methodology. Each fruit/vegetable could be represented as an
object with properties such as type, size, weight, and location. Each farmer could be
represented as an object with properties such as location, size, and types of vegetables
grown. We will use the mixture of both Incremental and Iterative software Design and
development methodology first we use Iterative approach to make the blueprint of our
project and then we use Incremental approach because our members working on
different modules to complete.
1.6.1. Rationale behind Selected Methodology
Using OOP, the system could track the movement of fruits/vegetables through
the supply chain by updating the location property of each vegetable object as
it moves from farmer to buyer. The system could also use OOP to track other
information about the vegetables/fruits. OOP can help to create a more
organized and efficient vegetable traceability system by allowing developers to
represent the various objects in the supply chain as clearly defined entities with
specific properties and behaviors.
1.6.2. Rationale behind Selected Software Process Model
SDLC is use the mixture of both Incremental and Iterative software process
methodology.in iterative process methodology first it makes the blueprint of an
object/software and then works on it to make a proper product but in
Incremental process methodology, it takes one piece of an object and complete
it and then further move towards further pieces to complete. In simple words we
can say that it works on modules.

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

2. Problem Definition
Our study focuses on the issue of the transparent and unreliable fruit and vegetable supply
chain, which lowers customer happiness, decreases efficiency, and increases waste.
Traditional traceability systems are centralized, generate untrustworthy data, and lack
transparency, which makes it difficult to track the source of products and verify their
authenticity. This project proposes a blockchain-based traceability system that leverages
the decentralization and un-falsifiability features of blockchain technology to provide a
transparent and credible source of information for the supply chain.

2.1. Problem Statement

Fruits/Vegetables are crucial food products consumed by every individual on earth. The
demand as well as production is always increasing where healthy lifestyle awareness is
moving people to buy fresh fruits/vegetables at best prices. However, two notable
problems are faced in the supply and sale of these products from farmer all the way up
to customer. (1) The supply chain of these products is often very unbalanced because
from farmer to consumer many organisations and personnel involved in the supply
chain process manipulate prices & make unethical profits no matter the ever-changing
initial price of the product. (2) The harvest date and expiry date are also changed by
sellers to sell product as fresh.

2.2. Deliverables and Development Requirements

Table 2.1 Deliverables and Development Requirements

S. No. Specification Required

1 Programming Languages React, Solidity, NodeJS
2 Database MongoDB, IPFS
3 Hardware Platforms Computer/Laptop
4 IDE Visual Studio, Remix
5 Blockchain Ethereum
6 Wallet MetaMask
7 Operating System Windows 7, 8 or 10

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

3. Requirement Analysis
3.1. Use Case Diagram
The Use Case Diagram is show in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 Use Case Diagram

3.2. Detailed Use Case

Register:
Detail Use Case of Register Users is shown in Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Register
S. No.
1 Use Case ID: UC-1

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.
2 Use Case Name:
3 Actors:
4 Description:
5 Trigger:
6 Preconditions:
7 Normal Flow:
8 Special
Requirements:
Login:
Detail Use Case of Login Users is shown in Table 3.2
S. No.
1 Use Case ID:
2 Use Case Name:
3 Actors:
4 Description:
5 Trigger:
6 Preconditions:
7 Postconditions:
8 Normal Flow:
9 Alternative Flows:
10 Exceptions:
Department of Computer Science, CUI, Abbottabad
Sign up
Farmer, Buyer
This use case describes how an actor will register.
User wants to register so he presses the register
button to register.
The user registration web page is displayed to the
user. The user is not registered.
1. On the registration interface the Actor enters
new name, last name, address, password and
select the role as farmer or buyer.
2. Actor details are checked to determine that the
user has not been registered before.
Then the new user is created.
1. Actor has an active internet connection.
2. Actor must have a device to use this website.
Table 3.2 Login
UC-2
Sign in
Farmer, Buyer
This use case describes how user login to system
to access the Functionality of the system
1. User
2. Admin wants to register users and track their
details.
User must be registered before.
Users successfully login to the system and can
achieve their desired Functionalities.
1. The system asks the actors to enter address,
password and his /her role.
2. The actors enter address, password, and role.
3. The system verifies the actors' login
information, including their role, password,
and address.
The system generates an error notice if the actor
inputs an incorrect address or password. The use
case comes to an end when the actor decides to
cancel the login rather than going back to the
beginning of the Basic Flow.
1. The actor enters false information.
2. The actor has already logged in.
3. Actor is not one of the users who have signed
up.
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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

11 Special 1. Actor has an active internet connection.

Requirements: 2. Actor must have a device to use this website.
3. the actors must have wallet address.

Add Crops:
Detail Use Case of Add Crops is shown in Table 3.3
S. No.
1 Use Case ID:
2 Use Case Name:
3 Actors:
4 Description:
5 Trigger:
6 Preconditions:
7 Postconditions:
8 Normal Flow:
9 Special
Requirements:
Table 3.3 Add Crops
UC-3
Add Crops
Farmer
User will be able to add crops to the system.
User clicks add crops to add the details of the
crops.
1. The Actor is a registered as famer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system
successfully.
Actors add crops successfully to the system.
1. Actor registered as a farmer into the system.
2. Actor is registered.
3. Actor logs as a farmer into the system.
4. 4. Actor then clicks to add crops to the system.
1. Actor has an active internet connection.
2. Actor must have a device to use this website.
3. 3.Actor must have a wallet address.

Make Payment:
Detail Use Case of Make Payments is shown in Table 3.4
Table 3.4 Make Payment
S. No.
1 Use Case ID: UC-4
2 Use Case Name: Make Payment
3 Actors: Farmer, buyer
4 Description: Actors will be able to send and receive payment.
5 Trigger: The actors click receive payment button to receive
payment and click the send payment button to
send it to farmer.
6 Preconditions: 1. The Actor is a registered as buyer or farmer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system
successfully.
3. The actors must the crops to cart.
7 Postconditions: Actors must add crops to cart.

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

8 Normal Flow: 1. Actor registered into the system as a famer or

buyer.
2. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or
buyer.
3. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or
buyer and make payment.
4. Actors then can send and receive the payment.
9 Special 1. Actor has an active internet connection.
Requirements: 2. Actor must have a device to use this website.

Manage Chat:
Detail Use Case of Chat is shown in Table 3.5
S. No.
1 Use Case ID:
2 Use Case Name:
3 Actors:
4 Description:
5 Trigger:
6 Preconditions:
7 Postconditions:
8 Normal Flow:
Table 3.5 Manage Chat
UC-5
Manage Chat
Farmer, Buyer
Actors will be able to chat with each other’s.
The actors click the manage chat button to chat with each
other.
1. The Actor is a registered as a famer or buyer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system successfully.
Actors chat with each other successfully.
1. Actor registered into the system as a famer or buyer.
2. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or buyer.
3. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or buyer and can
manage chat.
4. Actors then clicks the mange chat button.

View Crops:
Detail Use Case of Register Users is shown in Table 3.6
Table 3.6 View Crops
S. No.
1 Use Case ID: UC-6
2 Use Case Name: View Crops
3 Actors: Farmer, Buyer
4 Description: Actors will be able to View Crops details.
5 Trigger: The actors click the View Crops button View the Crops
details.
6 Preconditions: 1. The Actor is a registered as a farmer or a buyer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system successfully.
3. farmer must add the crop details.
7 Postconditions: Actors View the Crops details successfully.

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

8 Normal Flow: 1. Actor registered into the system as a famer or buyer.

2. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or buyer.
3. farmer must add the crops details.
4. Actors then clicks the View Crops details.
9 Special 1. Actor has an active internet connection.
Requirements: 2. Actor must have a device to use this website

Add to Cart:
Detail Use Case of Add to Cart is shown in Table 3.7
Table 3.7 Add to Cart
S. No.
1 Use Case ID: UC-7
2 Use Case Add to Cart
Name:
3 Actors: Buyer
4 Description: Actor will be able to add crops to cart.
5 Trigger: The actors click the add to cart button to add crops to cart.
6 Preconditions: 1. The Actor is a registered as buyer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system successfully.
3.The actor must view crop details
7 Postconditions: Actors chat with each other successfully.
8 Normal Flow: 1. Actor registered into the system as a famer or buyer.
2. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or buyer.
3. Actor is log in to the system as a farmer or buyer and
can manage chat.
4. Actors then clicks the mange chat button.
9 Special 1. Actor has an active internet connection.
Requirements: 2. Actor must have a device to use this website.

Receive Payment:
Detail Use Case of Receive Payment is shown in Table 3.8
Table 3.8 Receive Payment
S. No.
1 Use Case ID: UC-4
2 Use Case Name: Receive Payment
3 Actors: Farmer
4 Description: Actor will be able to receive payment.
5 Trigger: Actors click the receive payment button to receive
their payment.
6 Preconditions: 1. The Actor is registered as farmer.
2. Actor must be logged into the system as a famer
successfully.

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

7 Postconditions: Actors receive the payment successfully.

8 Normal Flow:
9 Special
Requirements:
1. Actor registered as a farmer into the system.
2. Actor is registered.
3. Actor logs as a farmer into the system.
4. Actor then clicks the payment button to receive the
payment.
1. Actor has an active internet connection.
2. Actor must have a device to use this website

Manage Users:
Detail Use Case of Manage Users is shown in Table 3.9
S. No.
1 Use Case ID:
2 Use Case
Name:
3 Actors:
4 Description:
5 Trigger:
Table 3.9 Manage Users
UC-9
Manage user
Admin
Actor can delete, approve, and black the user.
The actor click add button to add, delete button to delete
and block button to block the users.

6 Preconditions: 1. The Actor is a registered as buyer or farmer.

2. Actor must be logged into the system successfully.

7 Postconditions: Actor and manage the user.

8 Normal Flow: Actor can manage the users
9 Special Actor has an active internet connection.
Requirements:

3.3. Functional Requirements

Register
Functional Requirements for Register is shown in Table 3.10
Table 3.10 Functional requirement for Register
Identifier F-1
Title Sign Up
Requirement User must have a valid wallet address.
Source System
Rationale Cannot sign in without registration.
Business Rule (if required) Internet connection.

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

Dependencies User must have a valid wallet address

Priority High

Login
Functional Requirements for Register is shown in Table 3.11
Table 3.11 Functional requirement for Login
Identifier F-2
Title Login
Requirement Must be registered first.
Source System
Rationale To identify the users uniquely
Business Rule (if required) Internet connection.

Dependencies F-1 registration should be completed

Priority High

Add Crops
Functional Requirements for Register is shown in Table 3.12
Table 3.12 Functional requirement for Add Crops
Identifier F-3
Title Add Crops
Requirement
Must have registered and log in as
famer first.
Source System
Rationale To identify the user as a farmer.
Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection.

Dependencies Registration and login as famer must

be completed.
Priority High

Make Payment:
Functional Requirements for Register is shown in Table 3.13
Table 3.13 Functional requirement for Make Payment

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

Identifier F-4
Title Make payment
Requirement
Must be registered and log in as a
buyer.
Source System
Rationale To identify the user as a buyer.
Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection.
on.
Dependencies Registration and login as a buyer
must be completed and has added to
cart.
Priority High
Manage Chat.
Function requirement for Manage Chat table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Functional requirement for Manage chat.

Identifier F-5
Title Manage chat
Requirement
Must be registered and log in as buyer or
famer.
Source System
Rationale To identify the user as a farmer or buyer.

Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection.

Dependencies Registration and login as a farmer or

buyer must be completed.
Priority Low
View Crops:
Functional Requirements for View Crops is shown in Table 3.15
Table 3.15 Functional requirement for view crops.
Identifier F-6
Title View Crops
Requirement
Must be registered and logged in as a
farmer or buyer.
Source System

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

Rationale To identify the user as a farmer or

buyer.
Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection

Dependencies Registration and login as a farmer or

buyer must be completed.
Priority Low

Add to Cart:
Functional Requirements for Add to Cart is shown in Table 3.16

Table 3.16: Functional Requirement for Add to Cart.

Identifier F-7
Title Add to cart
Requirement
Must be registered and log in as a
buyer.
Source System
Rationale To identify the user as a buyer.
Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection

Dependencies Registration and login as a farmer

or buyer must be completed.
Priority Hight

Receive Payments:
Functional Requirement for make payment Table 3.17.

Table 3.17: Functional Requirement for Receive Payments.

Identifier F-8
Title Receive Payment
Requirement
Must be registered and log in as a
farmer.
Source System

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

Rationale To identify the user as a farmer.

Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection.

Dependencies Registration and login as a buyer

must be completed and has added to
cart.
Priority High

Manage User:
Functional Requirement for approve user Table 3.18.

Table 3.18: Functional Requirement for manage user.

Identifier F-9

Title Manage user

Requirement The user must have a valid wallet
address to be approved.
Source System
Rationale To approve the user.
Business Rule (if required) Stable internet connection and
wallet address.

Dependencies Must have wallet address

Priority High

3.4. Non-Functional Requirements

NFR-1 Transparency: The system must allow all parties involved in the supply chain
to view the product's history and information.
NFR-2 Reliability: The system must be reliable, with minimal errors or failures, and a
backup and recovery mechanism in place.
NFR-3 Security: The system must ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
of data, using industry-standard encryption and access control mechanisms.
NFR-4 Authentication: The system must ensure that all participants in the supply
chain are authenticated and authorized to access and edit data.
NFR-5 Privacy: The system must ensure the privacy of personal data, such as the
identity of participants in the supply chain.
NFR-6 Usability: The system must be simple to operate and navigate, with simple and
clear user interfaces for all supply chain participants.

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4. Design and Architecture

The following parts of Software Design Description (SDD) report should be included in this
chapter.

4.1. System Architecture

Figure 4.1 System Architecture

4.2. Block Diagram

Figure 4.2 Block Diagram

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

4.3. Activity Diagram

4.3.1. Admin Activity Diagram

Figure 4.3 Admin Activity Diagram

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4.3.2 Farmer Activity Diagram

Figure 4.4 Farmer Activity Diagram

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4.3.3 Buyer Activity Diagram

Figure 4.5 Buyer Activity Diagram

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4.4. Design Models

4.4.1 Class Diagram

Figure 4.6 Class Diagram

4.4.2 Sequence Diagram

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Figure 4.8 Sequence Diagram for Admin

Figure 4.9 Sequence Diagram for Famer

Figure 4.9 Sequence Diagram for Buyer

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4.4.3 System Sequence Diagram

Figure 4.10 System Sequence Diagram for Admin

Figure 4.11 System Sequence Diagram for Farmer

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Figure 4.12 System Sequence Diagram for Buyer

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

5. Implementation
In this portion we will define the implementation of Fruits/Vegetables Supply chain
traceability system using Blockchain.

5.1. Algorithm
▪ Open Market: Farmers and buyers can directly connect and trade without
intermediaries.
▪ Transparent Record: Utilizes blockchain technology for a secure and transparent
transaction history.
▪ Farmer Listings: Farmers can list their available fruits/vegetables with quantity,
quality, and pricing details.
▪ Direct Communication: Buyers can directly communicate with farmers to
negotiate and finalize purchases.
▪ Administrative Control: The system includes administrative functionalities where
an admin user can manage the platform by adding, removing, and blocking farmers.
▪ Trust and Accountability: Participants can access and verify transaction
information, promoting trust.
▪ Stability in Market: Helps maintain stability by preventing unexpected price rises
caused by intermediaries.
▪ Secure Transactions: Ensures secure transactions through the use of blockchain
technology.

5.2. External APIs

Table 5.1 shows that

Table 5.1: Axious External API

Name of API Description of Purpose of List down the

API usage function/class name in
which it is used
Axious making streamline the Signup, Login, addCrop,
asynchronous process of viewCrop, order,
HTTP requests making HTTP orderStatus
from web requests from
browser. web browsers

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5.3. User Interface

Create Account

Figure 5.1 Create Account

Login

Figure 5.2 Login

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Login as Farmer

Figure 5.3 Login as Farmer

Add Crops

Figure 5.4 Add Crops

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

View Crops on farmers portal

Figure 5.5 View Crops on Farmer Portal

Order Status (Dispatched)

Figure 5.6 Order Status (Dispatched)

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

Order Status (Reached your city)

Figure 5.7 Order Status (Reached your city)

Order Status (Delivered)

Figure 5.8 Order Status (Delivered)

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Login as buyer

Figure 5.9 Login as buyer

Buyer Address Details

Figure 5.10 Buyer address details

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View Crops by buyer

Figure 5.11 View crops by buyer

Add Crops to Cart

Figure 5.12 Add Crops to Cart

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Buyer Order Status (Ordered)

Figure 5.13 Buyer Order Status (Ordered)

Buyer Order Status (Delivered)

Figure 5.14 Buyer Order Status (Delivered)

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Login As Admin

Figure 5.15 Login as Admin

Admin View Buyer Details

Figure 5.16 Admin View Buyer Details

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Admin View Total Crop Details

Figure 5.17 Admin View Total Crop details

Admin View Block List

Figure 5.18 Admin View Block List

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After Approval

Figure 5.19 After Approval

Before Approval

Figure 5.20 Before Approval

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6. Testing and Evaluation

6.1. Manual Testing
6.1.1. System testing
Fruits/Vegetables Supply chain traceability system using Blockchain is
successfully developed, and testing has been performed. So, we ensure that the
system will be working as intended. Our Project will meet the requirements as
stated in the requirement analysis section.

6.1.2. Unit Testing

• Unit Testing 1:
Testing Objective: Login Testing
Table 6.1: Login Unit Testcase

No. Test Attribute and value Expected Result

case/Test result
script

1. Login as Metamask address: Admin’s Pass

Admin 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac9 panel opens
Password: as we
123345678 register
“Saad
Mustafa”

2. Login as Metamask address: Farmer’s Pass

Farmer 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac2 panel opens
Password: as we
123345678 register
“RabNawaz
Jadoon”
3. Login as Metamask address: Buyer’s Pass
Buyer 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac3 panel opens
Password: as we
123345678 register
“Ehzaz
Mustafa”.

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• Unit Testing 2: Edit Profile

Testing Objective: To ensure the edit profile form is working properly.
Table 6.2: Edit Profile Unit Testcase
No. Test case/Test script Attribute and value Expected result Result

1. Admin Profile Email, address, Pass Pass

birthday, Phone
number
2. Farmer Profile Email, address, Pass Pass
birthday, Phone
number
3. Buyer Profile Email, address, Pass Pass
birthday, Phone
number

6.1.3. Functional Testing

• Functional Testing 1:
Table 6.3: Login Functional Testcase
No. Test Attribute and value Expected Result
case/Test result
script

1. Login as Metamask address: Main page for Pass

‘Saad 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac9 Saad Mustafa
Mustafa’ Password: is loaded with
123345678 the name of
Saad Mustafa

2. Login as Metamask address: Main page for Pass

‘Rab 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac2 Rab Nawaz
Nawaz Password: Jadoon is
Jadoon’ 123345678 loaded with
the name of
Rab Nawaz
Jadoon

3. Login as Metamask address: Main page for Pass

‘Ehzaz 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac3 Ehzaz
Mustafa’ Password: Mustafa is
123345678 loaded with
the name of
Ehzaz
Mustafa

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Fruit/Vegetable Supply Chain Traceability System using Blockchain.

6.1.4. Integration Testing

Table 6.4: Integration Testcase

No. Test Attribute and value Expected Result

case/Test result
script

1. Login as Metamask address: Login Pass

“Saad 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac9 successful and
Mustafa” Password: the profile
123345678 page is loaded
with the name
of Saad
Mustafa

2. View total - Farmer details Pass

Farmer loaded
details successfully, if
that is farmer status
approved is pending it
or not will change to
approved approved and
also block.

3. View total - The list of Pass

Buyers total buyers
shown on the
screen.

4. View - The list of Pass

Blocklist total blocked
farmer and
buyers shown
on the screen.
5. View - The list of Pass
Crops total crops
added by
farmers are
shown on the
screen.
6. Logout - Page simply Pass
returns to the
login page.

7. Login as Metamask address: Login Pass

“Rab 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac2 successful and
Password: the profile

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Nawaz 123345678 page is loaded

Jadoon” with the name
of Rab Nawaz
Jadoon
7. Add - Add Crop Pass
Crops form
successfully
loaded and
have add their
data into it.
8. View - The Crop Pass
Crops added by him
is shown
successfully.
9. Order - The list of Pass
Status orders shown
on the screen
with their
current status.
10. Logout - Page simply Pass
returns to the
login page.
11. Login as Metamask address: Login Pass
“Ehzaz 0xfc0B1A11ABE8166E345635A45B1CFcc6c1598ac9 successful and
Mustafa” Password: the profile
123345678 page is loaded
with the name
of Ehzaz
Mustafa
12. Crops - Crops added Pass
by all farmers
successfully
shown on this
page. And he
successfully
adds to cart
the crops he
like.
13. Cart - Crops quantity Pass
and total bill is
shown on the
screen.
14. Order - The list of Pass
Status orders shown
on the screen
with their
current status.
15. Logout - Page simply Pass
returns to the
login page.

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6.2. Automated Testing:

6.2.1. Tools used:
Table 5.5 shows the
Table 5.5: Tools used
Tool Name Tool Description Applied on [list of Results
related test cases / FR
/ NFR]
Visual Studio Code It is used to write code Frontend and Backend Pass
easily and efficiently. code is written in this
tool.
Sapolia Blockchain Online Blockchain Blockchain code is Pass
deployed in Sapolia
Blockchain
Metamask It is crypto wallet and Metamask is used to Pass
web extension. pay the gas fee and
transactions cost.
Google Chrome Web Browser Web app is shown in Pass
Google Chrome.
MongoDb Database Users initial Data at the Pass
time of registration is
stored in Mongodb.
Remix IDE Blockchain Code Remix is used to Pass
Compiler deploy smart contract
tool.

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7. Conclusion and Future Work

7.1. Conclusion
The fruit/vegetable supply chain management system project aimed to address the
challenges of centralized management, untrustworthy data, and lack of transparency in
the current traceability systems. By leveraging blockchain technology, the project
proposed a decentralized and transparent solution to track the movement of fruits and
vegetables from the farm to the consumer.
Through an extensive literature review, it was evident that blockchain-based
traceability systems have gained significant attention and implementation in the food
and agriculture industry. Notable companies like Walmart and IBM have successfully
utilized blockchain for supply chain transparency and food safety.
Aligned with current trends, our project introduced a blockchain-based traceability
system that enhanced transparency and credibility. The system eliminated
intermediaries, allowing direct interactions between buyers and farmers. By leveraging
the immutability and decentralization of blockchain, the system provided a secure and
tamper-proof record of product information, ensuring data integrity.
A key feature of the project was the integration of smart contracts to incentivize
network nodes to upload accurate and timely traceability records. This incentivization
mechanism encouraged participation and ensured the availability of reliable data
throughout the supply chain.
To enable stakeholders to access real-time information, a user-friendly web application
was developed. Customers could make informed decisions by accessing details about
the variety, quantity, and harvest date of the crops. This increased transparency
empowered customers and built trust in the supply chain.
Furthermore, the project employed anomaly detection techniques to identify
unnecessary prices and human errors. This enabled the detection and mitigation of
fraudulent activities, ensuring fair pricing and accurate information within the supply
chain.
Data security and privacy were paramount concerns. The system implemented robust
security measures to protect sensitive information, ensuring that farmers' and
customers' data remained confidential and safeguarded from unauthorized access.
In conclusion, the blockchain-based traceability system developed in this project
presented an innovative and effective solution to the challenges faced in the
fruit/vegetable supply chain. By harnessing the power of blockchain technology,
transparency, credibility, and efficiency were significantly improved. The project
contributed to the growing advancements in blockchain-based traceability systems,
offering a reliable and sustainable approach for managing the supply chain of fruits
and vegetables.

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7.2. Future Work

There are several areas of potential future work for the fruit/vegetable supply chain
management system. These include exploring scalability to accommodate a growing
participant base, integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors for improved
data accuracy, expanding supply chain analytics capabilities for better insights and
decision-making, promoting interoperability and standardization to enable seamless
data exchange, integrating with external systems for regulatory compliance and quality
assurance, enhancing the mobile application for a user-friendly experience,
researching different blockchain governance models and consensus mechanisms,
addressing sustainability and environmental impact, fostering industry collaboration
for broader adoption, and continuously enhancing security and privacy measures to
stay ahead of evolving threats. These avenues of future work will contribute to the
system's development, ensuring its effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance in the
evolving landscape of fruit/vegetable supply chains.

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