MTPMLSP111 Lesson 1

MTPMLSP111_: PRINCIPLES OF MED LAB SCIENCE PRACTICE 1
LESSON 1: History of Medical Technology Profession

1st SEMESTER | S.Y. 2023-2024 BY: DESTACAMENTO, L.G. | 1MT01
LECTURER: SIR OJ GARCIA
❖ Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative

OUTLINE
assessment of disorder through measurement of
1.1 History of Medical Technology in a Global body fluids, also called four humors.
Context 1. Blood
1.2 History of Medical Technology in the United 2. Phlegm
States
3. Yellow bile
1.3 History of Medical Technology in the
4. Black bile
Philippines
1.4 Inventions and Innovations in the Field on HUMOR TEMPERAMENT ELEMENT SEASON QUAL
Medical Laboratory
Blood Sanguine Air Spring Hot,
Summary moist
Yellow Choleric Fire Summer Hot, dry

Bile
Black Melancholic Earth Autumn Cold,

1.1 History of Medical Technology in a Global Bile dry
Context Phlegm Phlegmatic Water Winter Cold,
wet
❖ Disease was believed to be caused by the
negative interaction between the environment
and the body.
129 ad – 217 ad
AROUND 300 BC TO 180 AD CLAUDIUS GALEN
❖ Better known as “Galen of Pergamon”

❖ Disease was treated as a mystery, negative
❖ Greek physician and philosopher
interaction between the body and the
❖ Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine.”
environment.
❖ Established the relationship between fluid intake
and urine volume.
HIPPOCRATES Medieval Europe

❖ “Father of medicine” UROSCOPY
❖ Author of the Hippocratic Oath
❖ “Water casting” – was widely practice in
medieval Europe.
HIPPOCRATES ADVOCACY o A Wheel Diagram that linked the color of
the urine to a particular disease.
❖ Urinalysis – first diagnostic test
o Patients submitted their urine specimen
- Examination of urine to diagnose
in decorative flasks.
disease.
❖ Physicians who failed to examine the urine were
❖ Promoted the use of mind and senses as
subjected to public beatings.
diagnostic tools.
❖ Advocated the: 900 AD
➢ Tasting of urine
➢ Listening to the lungs ❖ The first book for urinalysis/detailing the
➢ Observing skin color characteristics of urine was written:
❖ Appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus in urine a) Color
= kidney disease or chronic illness b) Density
c) Quality
1|Page
✓ From these early documented works, medicine ❖ Among of these devices were:
and medical technology advanced because of the a) Spirometer- invented by John Hutchinson
high mortality rate cause by plagues and other o For measuring the vital capacity of
diseases. the lungs
b) Sphygmomanometer- invented by Jules
EARLY 11TH CENTURY Herisson
❖ Medical practitioners were not allowed to o For measuring blood pressure
conduct physical examination of the patient’s ❖ The increasing number of patients and the
body so they relied solely on the patient’s increasing amount of medical knowledge
description of symptoms and their observations. resulted to:
o The beginning of mechanical and chemical
devise spurred the turn from general
practice to specialization.
o More complex machinery and equipment
used in medical practice.
▪ Required technical expertise, resulting
in cooperative arrangement among
specialists in different fields.
▪ Medical service became organized in
hospitals.
17th Century Some breakthroughs in medical technology

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK ❖ This allowed physicians to examine both parts
used to be observed only in cadavers.
❖ Inventor of microscope
❖ Published the first drawings of bacteria
1. Stethoscope – 1816
(animalcules) as seen under the microscope.
❖ 1816
❖ Invented by Rene Laennec
❖ First diagnostic medical breakthrough
❖ Used to acquire information about the
lungs and heartbeats.
2. Microscope – 1840
❖ The first microscope was devised by
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
18TH CENTURY ❖ Developed for medical purposes due to
advances in lenses & lower costs.
❖ Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection 3. Ophthalmoscope – 1850
(Post Mortem examination) were used to ❖ Invented by Hermann von Helmholz
provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis ❖ First visual technology.
and to understand the insides of the body. 4. Laryngoscope – 1855
❖ Devised by Manuel Garcia
19TH CENTURY
❖ This device uses two mirrors to observe
❖ The use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis the throat and larynx.
of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis. 5. X-ray – 1859
❖ Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or ❖ Invented by Wilhelm Roentgen
therapeutics.
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o He discovered by accident that Louis Pasteur

radiation could penetrate solid
objects of low density. ❖ Pasteurization – (partial heat sterilization temp
❖ This allowed physicians to view the 55-60 deg Celsius)
insides of the body without surgery. ❖ Introduced the concepts of aerobic & anaerobic
❖ This was used to diagnose pneumonia, bacteria.
pleurisy, and tuberculosis since WWII. ❖ Discovered a vaccine against anthrax and rabies.
6. Electrocardiograph – 1903
❖ Developed by William Einthoven.
❖ Measures electrical charges during the
beating of the heart.
7. Kenny method – 1910
❖ Devised by Elizabeth Kenny.
❖ A method of treating polio, also known
as infantile paralysis.
❖ This method uses hot packs and
muscle manipulation.
❖ Prompted the invention of Sylvia
stretcher in 1927.
o Intended for transporting patients Pasteur’s Experiment
in shock.
8. Drinker respirator – 1927
❖ Invented by Philip Drinker.
❖ Artificial respirator.
❖ Aims to help patients with paralytic
anterior poliomyelitis recover normal
respiration.
9. Heart-lung machine – 1939
❖ Invented by Hermann von Helmholz.
❖ First visual technology.
10. Cardiac catheterization and Angiography –
1941
❖ Insertion of cannula in an arm vein and
into the heart with an injection of
radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization.
This was made to see the heart, lung Swan Neck Flask Experiment
vessels, and valves possible.
1929 1930-1940 1941

First operated Developed by Discovered as
by Forsmann Moniz, Reboul, safe method in
and Rousthoi humans by
Cournand
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Robert Koch TOMOGRAPHY
❖ Discovered the complete life cycle and ❖ Uses X-rays

sporulation of anthrax bacillus. ❖ For bone fractures, cancer monitoring internal
❖ Discovered Vibrio cholerae. bleeding, organs, tissue.
o A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes
cholera infection.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
o The deadly effects of the disease are the
result of a toxin the bacteria produce in the ❖ Use magnetic field and radio frequencies for
small intestine. The toxin causes the body to bones, brain, heart, joints, breasts, vessels.
secrete enormous amounts of water,
leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids Karl Landsteiner
and salts (electrolytes) ❖ Discovered human blood types and described
o Route of transmission: drinking water, food, the ABO blood group.
and clothing ❖ Studied bleeding in newborn babies.
❖ Koch’s postulates or Koch’s Law – relationship ❖ Contributed to discovery of Rh factor.
between microbes and disease
1. present in all cases of the disease
2. inoculations of its pure cultures produce
disease in animals
3. from these cultures it can again be
obtained, and
4. then it can be propagated again in pure
cultures
Paul Ehrlich
❖ Classified white blood cells into different
morphological types.
❖ Methylene blue as a bacterial stain
1969
❖ 80% medical professionals were non-physicians. Other breakthroughs
o Impelled the need for technicians to be ✓ Examples of prosthesis that were also developed
proficient in the use of technology. as a result of these innovations are:
TECHNOLOGY ➢ Artificial heart valves
➢ Artificial blood vessels
❖ Took over face-to-face interaction between ➢ Functional electromechanical limbs
patients and physicians. ➢ Reconstructive skeletal joints
❖ Increased diagnostic accuracy. ✓ Medical technology breakthroughs persist
through:
20th century
➢ Robotics
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ➢ Keyhole surgery procedures
➢ Genetic engineering
❖ Visualization of cells ➢ Telemedicine (information technology)
o Tumor cells
❖ 3D
4|Page
1.2 History of Medical Technology in the United o Advising physicians on how

patients should be treated.
States
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL
YEAR EVENT LABORATORY SCIENCE
1895 ➢ The University of Pennsylvania’s ❖ Formally the American Society
William Pepper Laboratory of for Medical Technologists.
Clinical Medicine was opened to ❖ Originally formed as a subgroup
highlight the service role of clinical of ASCP.
laboratories. ❖ Helped in the recognition of
1918 ➢ John Kolmer called for the nonphysician clinical laboratory
development of a method that scientists as autonomous
would certify medical technologists professionals.
on a national scale. 1950 ➢ Medical technologists in the US
➢ Kolmer published The Demand for & sought professional recognition from
Training of Laboratory Technicians. the government of their educational
o Included a description of the qualifications through licensure
first formal training course in laws.
Medical Technology.
➢ The state of legislature of
Pennsylvania enacted a law 1.3 History of Medical Technology in the Philippines
requiring all hospitals and
institutions to have a fully equipped 16th Century – Spanish Empire established Manila as
laboratory fit for: their capital.
➢ Routine testing
YEAR EVENT
➢ To employ a full-time laboratory
technician. 1565 ➢ Hospital Real in Cebu, the first
hospital the Spaniards established,
1920 ➢ The administrative units of clinical
was moved to Manila to cater
laboratories in large hospitals were
military patients.
directed by a chief physician.
➢ Clinical laboratories are divided into 1578 ➢ Franciscans built the San Lazaro
4 to 5 divisions: hospital for the poor and the lepers.
1. Clinical Pathology 1596 ➢ Hospital de San Juan de Dios was
2. Bacteriology founded for the poor Spaniards
3. Microbiology 1641 ➢ Hospital de San Jose was founded in
4. Serology Cavite.
5. Radiology 1611 ➢ Dominicans founded UST.
1922 ➢ The American Society for Clinical ➢ In 1871, the first faculties of
Pathology (ASCP) was founded w/ pharmacy and medicine were
the objective of encouraging the established.
cooperation between physicians & ➢ Journals of Science & Medicine were
clinical pathologists. also published including: The Boletin
➢ ASCP established the Code of Ethics de Medecina de Manila (1886), the
for technicians and technologists Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas
stating that these allied health (1893), & the Cronicas de Ciencias
professionals should: Medicas (1895)
o Work under the supervision 1806 ➢ The central board of vaccination
of physician. which started producing and
o Refrain from making oral or distributing vaccine lymph had 122
written diagnosis.
5|Page
regular vaccinators (vacunadores) in 1905 ➢ The Bureau of Science was

Manila. established for medical officers who
➢ Other major town by 1898. sought a career in medical
1876 ➢ Provincial medical officers were laboratory research.
appointed to provide Health care
services throughout the country. BUREAU OF SCIENCE
1883 ➢ Establishment of the Board of Health ➢ Focused on pathology.
and Charity, which was later ➢ Work closely with the Philippine
expanded in 1886. General Hospital (PGH) and the
1887 ➢ Laboratorio Municipal de Manila University of the Philippines.
was established by the Spanish 1909 ➢ The laboratory received over 7000
authorities (lab examinations: food, fecal, 900 urine, 700 blood
water, clinical samples); headed by specimens.
Heneral Antonio Luna as a chemical 1914 ➢ The Bureau worked with the Army
expert. Board for the Study of the Tropical
Diseases until the latter was
disbanded.
19th Century – the Spaniards, who were authorities in 1915 ➢ The Board of Health established by
Medicine, started exploring the microbial causes of the Americans was changed into the
diseases. Bureau of Health and was
➢ 1899 to 1902 – Advancements in medicine and reorganized into the Philippine
health care during the Spanish colonial rule broke Health Service.
down because of the Philippine-American war. ➢ Reverted to the Bureau of Health by
1933.
YEAR EVENT
1898 ➢ The Spanish Military Hospital was 1927 ➢ The University of the Philippines’
converted into the First Reserve College of Public Health (UPCPH)
Hospital by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott formally opened its Certificate in
who was a Chief Surgeon of the Health Program in June 1927 with
Division of the Pacific and Eighth the aim to provide proper training to
Army Corps. the Philippine Health Service’s
1901 ➢ The US Government, through the Medical Officers.
Philippine Commission, established a Dec. 8, ➢ Japan attacked the whole of Manila
Bureau of Government Laboratories 1941 through aerial assault and
under the Philippine Commission deployment of troops just ten hours
Act No. 156. after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT June 18, ➢ The 3rd Medical Laboratory was the
LABORATORIES 1942 first laboratory unit to be assigned in
➢ Located in Calle Herran (Pedro Gil), the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA).
Ermita, Manila 1944 ➢ US forces landed in Leyte, the
➢ Ha a science library, chemical laboratories including the 3rd, 5th
section, and serum laboratory to and 8th Medical Laboratories and
produce vaccines. the 19th Medical General Laboratory
➢ Paul Freer – bureau’s first director were relocated to the West Pacific
➢ Bldg. was destroyed during WWII, Area.
and it is now the National Institutes ➢ Added to the list were the 26th and
of Health of University of the 27th Medical Laboratories and the
Philippines-Manila that occupies the 363rd Medical Composite
area. Detachment.
6|Page
➢ The 19th Medical General absorbed MSH’s school of Medical

Laboratory, 3rd Medical Laboratory, Technology.
and the 363rd Medical Composite o Dr. Jesse Umali
Detachment operated in Leyte. ▪ First Graduate of
➢ 27th Medical Laboratory operated in Medical Technology
Tacloban and 26th Medical Program in 1954
Laboratory operated in Lingayen ▪ Graduate Doctor of
Gulf. Medicine at the Far
➢ The First Clinical Laboratory in the Eastern University (FEU)
Philippines (also known as the 26th and became a successful
Medical Laboratory of the 6th US OB gynecologist in the
Army): now known as Manila Public US
Health Laboratory and is located at
208 Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila. First irregular student in summer of
• Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda 1955:
Memorial Hospital 1. Avelino Oliva
June ➢ The US Army left, and the laboratory 2. Adoracion Yutuc
1945 was endorsed to the National 1957 ➢ University of Santo Tomas initially
Department of Health and was non- offered the Medical Technology
operational until it was reopened in course as an elective for pharmacy
October of the same year by Dr. students
Alfredo Pio de Roda with the help of • BS Pharma major in MT
Manila City Health Officer Dr. 1961 ➢ Medical Technology was recognized
Mariano Icasiano as an official program in UST.
➢ Dr. Pio de Roda along with Dr.
Prudencia Sta. Ana (1st clinical
instructor) , conducted a training Pamet
program for aspiring laboratory
Philippine Association of Medical Technologist
workers.
Organization.
➢ Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two
later on. Mr. Crisanto G. Almario
1954 ➢ The Training program ended when
the Bureau of Private Education ❖ “Father of PAMET”,
approved a Four-year course in ❖ Organized PAMET at the Public Health
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila on September 15,
Technology. 1963.
➢ Manila Sanitarium Hospital (MSH)
opened the first school of Medical
Technology; in the Philippines under Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong
the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hilgert
❖ Elected as the first President during its first
Hedrick, wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick in
partnership with Antoinette convention at the Far Eastern University on
Mckelvey. September 20, 1964 and on June 21, 1969,
➢ MSH started its medical internship Republic Act 5527 also known as the “Philippine
and residency training program Medical Technology Act” was enacted into law.
which was affiliated with Loma Linda
University in California. pasmeth
➢ Philippine Union College (PUC) in Philippine Association of Schools of Medical
Baesa, Caloocan City now (Adventist Technology and Public Health Incorporated
University of the Philippines)
7|Page
Dr. Gustavo Reyes are caused by

airborne organisms
❖ Founder of PASMETH 1877 Robert Koch ➢ Presented the first
pictures of Bacilli
Prof. Nardito Moraleta (Anthrax), and later
Tubercle Bacilli
❖ Father of Medical Technology profession. (Mycorium
Tuberculosis)
1886 Elie ➢ Described
Phismets Metchnikoff phagocytes in blood
and their role of
Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students fighting infection
1886 Ernest von ➢ Introduced
Dr. Zenaida Cajucom Bergmann immunologic tests
❖ Founder of PHISMETS for syphilis
1902 Karl ➢ Distinguished blood
Landsteiner groups through the
development of the
1.4 Inventions and Innovations in the Field on ABO blood group
Medical Laboratory system
1906 August Von ➢ Developed
Wassermann immunologic test
for Syphilis
YEAR INVENTOR CONTRIBUTION 1906 Howard ➢ Discovered
1660 or Antonie Van ➢ Father of Ricketts microorganisms
late 17th Leeuwenhoek Microbiology; whose range lies
Century improvement of the between bacteria
Microscope and viruses called
1796 Edward ➢ Discovered rickettsiae
Jenner vaccination to 1929 Hans Fischer ➢ Worked out the
establish immunity structure of
to smallpox – Hemoglobin.
Immunology (Heme + Iron)
1880 Marie ➢ Identified organs by 1954 Jonas Salk ➢ Developed
Francois types of tissues – Poliomyelitis
Xavier Bichat Histology Vaccine
1835 Agostino ➢ Produced disease in 1973 James ➢ Introduced the
Bassi worms through Westgard Westgard rules for
injection of organic quality control in
material – the Clinical
Bacteriology Laboratory
1857 Louis Pasteur ➢ Produced immunity 1980 Baruch ➢ Introduced the
to Rabies Samuel Hepatitis B Vaccine
1886 Gregor ➢ Enunciated his Law Blumberg
Mendel of Inherited 1985 Kary Mullis ➢ Developed the
characteristics from Polymerase Chain
studies on plants Reaction (PCR);
1870 Joseph Lister ➢ Demonstrated that used to amplify DNA
surgical infections
8|Page
1992 Andre van ➢ Introduced the

Steirteghem Intracytoplasmic
Sperm Injection
(IVF)
1998 James ➢ Derived the first
Thomson human Stem Cell
line.
✓ PAMET – Professional organization for RMT in the

Philippines
✓ PASMETH – National organization of all recognized
schools of Medical Technology in the Philippines
✓ RA 005527 – Philippine Medical Technology Act.
Of June 1969
✓ University of San Agustin – 1st to offer BSMT in
Visayas
✓ University of Immaculate Conception – 1st to
offer BSMT in Mindanao
9|Page

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MTPMLSP111_: PRINCIPLES OF MED LAB SCIENCE PRACTICE 1

LESSON 1: History of Medical Technology Profession

❖ Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative

Yellow Choleric Fire Summer Hot, dry

Black Melancholic Earth Autumn Cold,

AROUND 300 BC TO 180 AD CLAUDIUS GALEN

❖ Better known as “Galen of Pergamon”

HIPPOCRATES Medieval Europe

17th Century Some breakthroughs in medical technology

o He discovered by accident that Louis Pasteur

1929 1930-1940 1941

Robert Koch TOMOGRAPHY

❖ Discovered the complete life cycle and ❖ Uses X-rays

1.2 History of Medical Technology in the United o Advising physicians on how

regular vaccinators (vacunadores) in 1905 ➢ The Bureau of Science was

➢ The 19th Medical General absorbed MSH’s school of Medical

Dr. Gustavo Reyes are caused by

1992 Andre van ➢ Introduced the

✓ PAMET – Professional organization for RMT in the

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