Final Promaths Paper 2 Physical Sciences Last Push - 231002 - 205842

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
PAPER 2
• ORGANIC
(CHEMISTRY
MOLECULES FOCUS)
• ENERGY AND CHANGE
• RATE AND EXTENT OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
• DYNAMIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• ACID -BASE REACTIONS
PAPER 1 -PHYSICS FOCUS
• REDOX REACTIONS
TAKE LEARNERS TO THE 2023 NSC FINAL EXAM WITH CONFIDENCE AND PURPOSE
SECTION A: HOW WILL LEARNERS BE TESTED?
This section will give you information about the different types of theory
examination papers that are covered in NSC Physical Sciences, the weighting of
topics as well as the cognitive level as per Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statement (CAPS) and Examination guidelines.
1. Important Curriculum Documents

The Physical Sciences subject area has been divided into six knowledge areas consisting of
physics and chemistry components — one of these is an integrated knowledge area spanning
both components.
This guide is informed by the following important documents:
• Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) – Physical Sciences.
• The Physical Sciences Grade 12 examination guidelines (2021).
The Physical Sciences Grade 12 examination guidelines (2021) give specific details
regarding the themes to be tested in each of the knowledge areas.
It outlines the format of the question papers in Chemistry and Physics, knowledge that is
required from content in Grades 10 and 11 and the core content that will be assessed in
the final examination.
• The National Senior Certificate (NSC) Diagnostic Reports (2014 -2021)
The National Diagnostic Reports give specific details on common errors and
misconceptions that were identified in previous examinations, providing crucial practice
in subject areas and question types that have caused problems for students in the past.
They also provide suggestions for improvement in relation to teaching and learning.
2. Format of Question Papers
PAPER 1: PHYSICS MARKS PAPER 2: CHEMISTRY MARKS

3 HOURS 3HOURS
SECTION A 10 x 2 = 20 SECTION A 10 x 2 = 20
MULTIPLE – CHOICE MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS (10) QUESTIONS (10)
SECTION B 130 ASSESING ALL THEMES (i.e. 130
LONGER QUESTIONS CHEMICAL CHAMGE;
ASSESING ALL THEMES (i.e. MATTER & MATERIAL;
MECHANICS; WAVES,
SOUND & LIGHT;
ELECTRICITY &
MAGNETISM)
TOTAL 150 TOTAL 150
NB: The examination does not necessarily include all the themes, but all the knowledge
areas are covered
KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2

3. Weighting of Cognitive Levels
Papers 1 and 2 will include questions across all four cognitive levels. The distribution of
cognitive levels in Physics and Chemistry papers is given below.
Cognitive Description Paper 1 Paper 2

level
(Physics) (Chemistry)
1 Remembering/Recall 15% 15%
2 Understanding/ 35% 40%

Comprehension
3 Applying and 40% 35%

analysing
4 Evaluating and 10% 10%

creating (synthesis)
4. Weighting of Prescribed Content: NSC Examinations
Paper 1: Physics Focus
Marks Total Duration Weighting of cognitive

Content
levels
Mechanics 65
Waves, sound and light 15

150 15 35 40 10
3 hours
Electricity and magnetism 55 marks
Matter and materials 15
Paper 2: Chemistry Focus
Marks Total Duration Weighting of cognitive

Content
levels
Chemical change 92
150 15 40 35 10
3 hours
Matter and materials 58 marks

NB: All skills and application of knowledge learnt in Grade 10 and 11 are transferred and
applicable to assessment in Grade 12. i.e.
5. Data Sheet (Information Sheet)

Separate data sheets for paper 1 and paper 2 are included in the question papers.
PAPER 1 PAPER 2
TABLE 1: Physical constants TABLE 1: Physical constants
TABLE 2: Formulae sheet TABLE 2: Formulae sheet
TABLE 3: Periodic table
TABLE 4: Standard reduction potentials
SECTION B: WHAT WILL BE TESTED?

Examiners take account of the following areas in your examination papers:
• your knowledge (what you remember) and understanding (how you use what you
know and apply it to unfamiliar situations)
• how you handle information and solve problems
• your use of experimental skills
PAPER 2
• Stoichiometric calculations
• Concentration calculations
• Balancing of chemical equations
• Use of oxidation numbers
• Identification and description of intermolecular force. (Van der Waal’s forces and
hydrogen bonds.

NB: PRACTICAL FOCUSED QUESTIONS
In both paper 1 and paper 2, there will always be questions on practical investigations
and the following definitions and concepts must be studied carefully:
Ø Dependent variable: This is the variable that is being measured in an experiment. It
forms the vertical axis (y-axis) of a graph.
Ø Independent variable: This is the variable that is manipulated or changed in an
experiment. It forms the horizontal axis (x-axis) of a graph.
Ø Control variable: This is the variable that is kept constant so that the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables can be found.
Ø Investigative question: It is a relationship between independent and dependent variables
(the order is not fixed). It is phrased as a question with a question mark.
Ø Hypothesis: It is an assumption prediction about the actual relationship between the
independent and dependent variables are/is and this can be proved right or wrong by
doing an investigation. It is a statement but not a question.
Ø Fair test: This is an experiment (or investigation) in which there is only one independent
variable.
SECTION B: OVERVIEW OF TOPICS – PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY FOCUS)
WHEN TO, WHY AND HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT:
Ø MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS can be a powerful tool to assess learners’

understanding of concepts (if used properly).
Ø Use these MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS to address ALL key aspects

and concepts in CHEMISTRY, as outlined in the Examination Guidelines.
Ø Do NOT focus on the correct answers ONLY.
Ø Make sure to develop learners’ skills in the answering of multiple-choice

questions. In cases where the answer is not immediately obvious, learners should
go through steps of eliminating obviously incorrect answers.
NB: Please note that there will always be TWO statements or items that are
obviously wrong. Eliminate them first.
Ø Learners must learn theory. There are obvious definitions statement/theories/laws/

principles/ processes that must be learnt [as stated in the Examination Guideline].
Ø Learners must learn the laws, definitions, and principles. These are ‘easy marks’ for
learners to get.
N.B. Two marks are awarded for a correct definition/ law/ principle. No marks are
available for an incorrect or partially correct definition.

CONTENT COVERAGE
This document covers ALL CONTENT as prescribed in the Physical Sciences Examination
Guidelines 2021. A summary of the prescribed content is provided of the following topics:
v Energy and Change
v Reaction Rates
v Chemical Equilibrium
v Acids-Base Reactions
v Electrochemical Reactions
v Organic Molecules (i.e. Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical Properties)

PART 1: DEFINITIONS/LAWS/PRINCIPLES
PAPER 2: CHEMISTRY FOCUS
ORGANIC MOLECULES
1. Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon atoms.
2. Molecular formula: A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number
of each in a molecule.
3. Structural formula: A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are attached to
which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols and lines are used to
represent ALL the bonds that hold the atoms together.
4. Condensed structural formula: This notation shows the way in which atoms are bonded together
in the molecule but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.
5. Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.
6. Homologous series: A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general
formula OR in which one member differs from the next with a -CH2 group.
7. Saturated compounds: Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their
hydrocarbon chains.
8. Unsaturated compounds: Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their
hydrocarbon chains.
9. Functional group: A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and
chemical properties of a group of organic compounds
10. Structural isomer: Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae
11. Chain isomers: Same molecular formula, but different types of chains, e.g. butane and 2-
methylpropane.
12. Positional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chain, substituents
or functional groups on the parent chain, e.g. 1-choropropane and 2-chloropropane or but-2-ene
and but-1-ene
13. Functional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different functional groups, e.g. methyl
methanoate and ethanoic acid.

ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE:
14. Heat of reaction(ΔH) is the energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
15. Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy.
16. Endothermic reactions are reactions that absorb energy.
17. Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
18. An activated complex is the unstable transition state from reactants to products.
REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM
19. Reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time
20. The collision theory is a model that explains reaction rate as the result of particles colliding with a
certain minimum energy.
21. Positive catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing a permanent change.
22. Open and closed systems: An open system continuously interacts with its environment, while a
closed system is isolated from its surroundings.
23. A reversible reaction: A reaction is reversible when products can be converted back to reactants.
24. Chemical equilibrium: It is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals
the rate of the reverse reaction.
25. Le Chatelier's principle: When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-
instate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the disturbance.
ACID-BASE REACTION:
+
26. Arrhenius theory: An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H )/ hydronium ions
+ -
(H3O ) when it dissolves in water. A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH ) when
it dissolves in water.
27. Lowry-Brønsted theory:

+
An acid is a proton (H ion) donor.
+
A base is a proton (H ion) acceptor.
+
28. Strong acids ionise completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O ions.
+
29. Weak acids ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O ions.
-
30. Strong bases dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of OH ions.
-
31. Weak bases dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of OH ions.

32. Concentrated acids/bases contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to
the volume of water.
33. Dilute acids/ bases contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the
volume of water.
34. Conjugate acid-base pairs forgiven compounds. When the acid, HA, loses a proton, its conjugate
- -
base, A , is formed. When the base, A , accepts a proton, its conjugate acid, HA, is formed. These
two are a conjugate acid-base pair.
35. A substance that can act as either acid or base as amphiprotic or is an ampholyte.
36. Hydrolysis is the reaction of salt and water
37. The equivalence point of a titration is the point at which the acid/base has completely reacted
with the base/acid.
38. The endpoint of a titration is the point where the indicator changes colour.
39. The pH scale is a scale of numbers from 0 to 14 used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution.
40. Kw is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water or the ionic product of water or the
[ ][ ]
ionization constant of water, i.e. Kw = H 3 O + OH - = 1 x 1014 by 298 K.
41. Auto-ionization of water, i.e. the reaction of water with itself to form H3O+ ions and OH-ions.
REDOX REACTIONS:
42. Galvanic cell is a cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
43. Electrolytic cell is a cell in which electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
-
oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e ) transfer:
44. Oxidation: is a loss of electrons.

Reduction is a gain of electrons.
45. Oxidation: An increase in oxidation number

Reduction: A decrease in oxidation number
46. Reducing agent in terms of oxidation and reduction:
Oxidizing agent: A substance that is reduced/gains electrons.

Reducing agent: A substance that is oxidized/loses electrons
47. Anode: The electrode where oxidation takes place.
48. Cathode: The electrode where reduction takes place.
49. Electrolyte as a solution/liquid/dissolved substance that conducts electricity through the

movement of ions.
50. Electrolysis: The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy OR
the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change.

PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION CONCEPTS
51. Dependent variable: This is the variable that is being measured in an experiment. It forms the
vertical axis (y-axis) of a graph.
52. Independent variable: This is the variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment. It
forms the horizontal axis (x-axis) of a graph.
53. Control variable: This is the variable that is kept constant so that the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables can be found.
54. Investigative question: It is a relationship between independent and dependent variables (the
order is not fixed). It is phrased as a question with a question mark.
55. Hypothesis: It is an assumption prediction about the actual relationship between the independent
and dependent variables are/is and this can be proved right or wrong by doing an investigation. It
is a statement but not a question.
56. Fair test: This is an experiment (or investigation) in which there is only one independent variable.

REFLECTIONS ON 2022 PROMATHS FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASKS
PROMATHS GRADE 12 – TEST 3 2022
PROMATHS GRADE 12 – MIDYEAR EXAM PAPER 2 2022
PROMATHS GRADE 12 – PREPARATORY EXAM PAPER 2 2022
PROMATHS GRADE 12-TEST 2 2023
PROMATHS GRADE 12-TEST 3 2023
PROMATHS GRADE 12-MIDYEAR EAXM PAPER 2 2023

PROMATHS TEST 3 – 2022
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has
only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10)
in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.1 Which one of the following is NOT a property of carbon that enables it to be
the building block of organic chemistry?
A It forms strong covalent bonds to other atoms.

B It forms weak induced dipole forces with other atoms.
C It has a valency of four in a tetrahedral arrangement.
D It can form bonds to itself. (2)
1.2 Which ONE of the following molecular formula represents 2-methylpentanal?
A C2H4O
B C6H12O
C C5H14O
D C6H13O2 (2)
1.3 Which ONE of the following is the structural formula of the functional group of
carboxylic acids?
A B O
H C O R
O R C H
C D
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH
R C OH
(2

1.4 The conditions necessary for thermal cracking of alkanes are ...
A H2SO4 and moderate heat.

B Pt-catalyst and water.
C Ni-catalyst and pressure
D high temperature and high pressure (2)
1.5 The following graphs A and B represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann

distribution curve for a reactant at two different temperatures:
Fraction of molecule with a certain kinetic
A
energy
Kinetic energy Ea
Consider the following statements which refer to the graph above:
I. Graph A represent a lower temperature and it has a larger

percentage of molecules with enough kinetic energy to react.
II. Graph A represent a lower temperature but graph B

has a larger percentage of molecules with enough kinetic energy
to react.
III. The reaction rate for molecules represented by graph A will

be lower than that is represented by graph B.
Which of the above statements are TRUE?
A I and III
B I and II
C II and III
D I, II and III (2)

1.6 The following graph represents the change in potential energy for the reaction:
CO (g) + NO2 (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + NO (g)
The activation energy and the heat of reaction for the reverse reaction is …
Activation energy (kJ.mol- Heat of reaction (kJ.mol-1)

1
)
A 35 50
B 50 -50
C 85 50
D -50 -50
(2)
1.7 The reaction below reaches equilibrium in a closed container
2NH3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3H2(g)∆H < 0

When hydrogen is removed from the container, which ONE of the following
combinations regarding the reaction favoured and the Kc-value is correct?
The reaction favoured Kc

A Forward reaction Stays the same
B Reverse reaction Decrease
C Forward and reverse reactions Stays the same
D Forward reaction Decrease
(2)
1.8 An exothermic reaction is one in which:
A there is an increase in temperature of the reaction mixture.

B there is a conversion from thermal energy into potential energy.
C there is a low activation energy.
D there is a high number of effective collisions per second. (2)

1.9 A container is filled with H2 and Br2 gases and sealed at a particular
temperature. The gases react as shown in the following balanced chemical
equation:
H2 (g) + Br2 (g) ⇌ 2HBr (g) ΔH < 0
The changes in the amounts of H2 and HBr are shown by the solid lines in
the graph below.
The reaction is then repeated under different conditions. Which one of the
following changes to the original conditions would result in the dashed lines
(- - - -) shown on the graph?
A A higher pressure
B A higher temperature
C A higher concentration of Br2
D Addition of a suitable catalyst (2)
1.10 The average rate of formation of CO2 in the following reaction is

0,5 mol·min−1.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) →CaCℓ2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (ℓ)
The average rate of consumption (disappearance) of HCℓ for this same

reaction is:
A 0,25 mol·min−1
B 0, 5 mol·min−1
C 1 mol·min−1
D 2 mol·min−1 (2)
(2 X 10 = 20)

PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM P2 2022 - SECTION A
Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK
QUESTION 1 [MULTIPLE CHOICE]
1.1 The following is a graph of amount of product versus time for a reaction
Which one of the dashed lines, A, B, C or D, has a gradient that

represents the AVERAGE rate of reaction? (2)
1.2 Which one of the following is FALSE regarding a reaction that is at chemical
equilibrium?
A The concentration of reactants is always equal to the concentration of

products.
B The amount of reactants and products always remains constant.
C The rate of the forward reaction is always equal to the rate of the
reverse reaction.
D It can only occur in a closed system. (2)

1.3 The following reaction reaches equilibrium in a sealed container:
2NOCℓ(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + Cℓ2(g) ΔH < 0
Which one of the following changes will NOT affect the equilibrium amount of
nitrogen monoxide (NO)?
A An increase in temperature.
B The addition of inert argon gas.
C The removal of Cℓ2.
D A decrease in the volume of the container. (2)
1.4 A FUNCTIONAL ISOMER of ethyl propanoate is …
A C4H9CHO.
B C5H11OH.
C C4H9COOH.
D CH3(CH2)3CHO. (2)
1.5 The complete combustion of ethane is represented by the balanced equation

below.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
The maximum volume of gas that can be produced by the complete combustion
3
of 100 cm of ethane is:
A 200 cm3
B 400 cm3
C 500 cm3
D 600 cm3 (2)
1.6 Which statement is correct for the reaction of an UNSATURATED

hydrocarbon with bromine (test for unsaturation)?
A The reaction is slow.

B The reaction is a substitution reaction.
C The bromine will decolourise quickly due to an addition reaction.
D Ultraviolet light is needed for this reaction. (2)

1.7 A solution of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is titrated against standard sodium
hydroxide solution. Which ONE of the following indicators would be the most
suitable for this titration?
Indicator pH range of the indicator

A Phenolphthalein 8,3–10
B Methyl orange 3,1–4,4
C Bromothymol blue 6,0–7,6
D Universal indicator Changes colour over a wide range of pH
values
(2)
1.8 Identify the two ampholytes (amphiprotic) in the given reaction below:
H2SO4 + H2 O ⇌ HSO4- + H3O+
A H2O and HSO4-

B H2SO4 and HSO4-
C HSO4- and H3O+
D H2O and H3O+ (2)
1.9 Which one of the half-reactions below will be predominant at the POSITIVE
electrode during the electrolysis of concentrated CuCℓ2(aq)?
A Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu
B 2H2O + 2e− → H2 + 2OH−
C 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e−
D 2Cℓ− → Cℓ2 + 2 e− (2)
1.10 The emf of a galvanic cell is found to be 1,2 V under standard conditions.
The following half-reactions and standard electrode potentials are provided:
Which of the substances P, Q, R and S will act as the anode and

cathode respectively?
A P and R
B R and Q
C R and S
D P and S (2)
[20]

QUESTION 1 – SECTION A - PROMATHS PREPARATORY EXAM PAPER 2 - 2022
Various possible options are provided as answers to the following questions. Choose the
answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
1.1 Which ONE of the compounds represented below is an UNSATURATED

hydrocarbon?
(2)
1.2 The equation below represents the reaction that takes place when an organic
compound and concentrated sodium hydroxide are strongly heated.
X represents the major organic product formed.
Which ONE of the following is the correct IUPAC name for compound X?
A Prop-1-ene.
B Prop-2-ene.
C Propan-1-o1.
D Propan-2-ol. (2)
1.3 Which ONE of the following compounds, of comparable molecular mass, has
the highest vapour pressure?
A Pentane
B Butan-2-one
C Propanoic acid
D Ethyl methanoate (2)

1.4 The heat of reaction (ΔH) and the activation energy (Ea) for a reaction are −111
kJ·mol-1 and 43 kJ·mol-1 respectively. The activation energy for the reverse
reaction will be ...
A -43 kJ·mol-1
B 111 kJ·mol-1
C 154 kJ·mol-1
D 68 kJ·mol-1 (2)
1.5 The complete combustion of ethane is represented by the balanced equation

below.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
The maximum volume of gas that can be produced by the complete

combustion of 100 cm3 of ethane is:
A 200 cm3
B 400 cm3
C 500 cm3
D 600 cm3 (2)
1.6 A hydrochloric acid solution is titrated against an ammonia solution. The balanced
equation for the reaction is:
HCℓ(aq) + NH4OH(aq) → NH4Cℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Which ONE of the following gives the pH of the solution at the end point and the
reason for this pH?
pH REASON
A 3 H3O+(aq) is formed during the ionisation of HCℓ(aq)
B 5 H3O+(aq) is formed during the hydrolysis of NH4+(aq)
C 7 Neutralisation takes place at the end point
D 9 OH-(aq) is formed during hydrolysis of NH4+ (aq)
(2)

1.7 Graph Q (the solid line) below was obtained for the reaction of 100 cm3 of a
0,1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution with excess magnesium powder.
Which graph (A, B, C or D) most probably represents the reaction of 100 cm3
of a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 CH3COOH solution with excess magnesium powder?
A A
B B
C C
D D (2)
1.8 Consider the following equilibrium constants for the same reaction at two
different temperatures:
298 K : Kc = 0,03
318 K : Kc = 0,005
Which ONE of the following is CORRECT?

HEAT OF REACTION YIELD OF PRODUCTS AS THE
TEMPERATURE INCREASES
A ΔH>0 Increases
B ΔH<0 Decreases
C ΔH>0 Decreases
D ΔH<0 Remains the same
(2)

1.9 In the electrochemical cell below the letters X and Y represent two metal
electrodes.
When the cell is functioning, ELECTRODE X GAINS MASS.
Which ONE of the following is the CORRECT cell notation for this cell?
A Y(s) | Y2+ (aq) || X+(aq) | X(s)
B X(s) | X+(aq) || Y2+ (aq) | Y(s)
C X+ (aq) | X(s) || Y(s) | Y2+ (aq)
D Y2+(aq) | Y(s) || X(s) | X+(aq) (2)
1.10 An electrochemical cell is used to electroplate an iron spoon with nickel.
Which ONE of the following half-reactions takes place at the positive

electrode of this cell?
A Fe2+(aq) + 2e− → Fe(s)

B Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e−
C Ni2+ (aq) + 2e− → Ni(s)
D Ni(s) → Ni2+ (aq) + 2e− (2)
[20]

SECTION A PROMATHS TEST 2 2023
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS :
question number
(1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.1 Which ONE of the following general formulae represents alkynes?
A CnH2n + 2 B CnH2n – 2
C CnH2n D CnH2n – 1 (2)
1.2 Which ONE of the following hydrocarbons has NO structural Isomers?
A Butane B Pentane
C Propane D But-1-ene (2)
1.2 Which ONE of the following is the EMPIRICAL FORMULA of

1,2-dichloroethane?
A CH2Cℓ B CHCℓ
C CHCℓ2 D C2H4Cℓ2 (2)
1.4 Consider the compound with molecular formula C4H10. How many structural
isomers does this compound have?
A 1 B 2
C 3 D 4 (2)
1.5 Which ONE of the following compounds has structural isomers?
ℓ
CCl ℓ
CCl
Cl C C H
A Cℓ B
Cl Cl
Cℓ Cℓ
H H
H C C H
C D (2)
Cl H
Cℓ

1.6 The conditions necessary for thermal cracking of alkanes are ...
A H2SO4 and moderate heat.

B Pt-catalyst and water.
C Ni-catalyst and pressure
D high temperature and high pressure (2)
1.7 Which ONE of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?
A CH3CH3 B CH3CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH3 D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (2)
1.8 Which ONE of the following compounds has hydrogen bonds between
molecules?
A Pentanal B Pentan-2-one
C Pentanoic acid D Methyl butanoate (2)
1.9 The following graph represents the change in potential energy for the reaction:
CO (g) + NO2 (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + NO (g)
The activation energy and the heat of reaction for the reverse reaction is …
Activation energy Heat of reaction
(kJ.mol-1) (kJ.mol-1)
A 35 50
B 85 50
C 50 -50
D -50 -50
(2)

1.10 A certain chemical reaction is represented by the potential energy diagram
below.
Potential energy
Ea
E2
(kJ)
DH
E1
Course of reaction
Which ONE of the following quantities will change when a catalyst is added?
A E2 B E1
C Ea D DH
(2) [20]

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
Four possible options are provided as answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Write down the letter of the correct answer
next to the question number. e.g. 1.11 E
1.1 In an exothermic reaction …
A. No energy is absorbed.
B. No energy is released.
C. More energy is released to form product bonds than is absorbed to break
reactant bonds.
D. More energy is absorbed to form product bonds than is released. to break
reactant bonds. (2)
1.2 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for a reaction mixture is shown
below.
Which one of the broken line graphs shows the effect of a higher concentration?
A B
C D

1.3 The average rate of formation of CO2 in the following reaction is
0,5mol·min−1.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ® CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
The average rate of consumption (disappearance) of HCℓ for this same
reaction is…
A. 0,5 mol·min−1.
B. 0,25 mol·min−1.
C. 1,0 mol·min−1.
D. 2. mol·min−1. (2)
1.4 The graph below represents the relationship between the potential energy (Ep)
and reaction pathway for a certain reversible chemical reaction.
The activation energy for the reverse reaction is …

A. 10kJ. B. 20kJ. C.25kJ. D. 15kJ (2)

1.5 The sketch graph below represents changes in the volume of X2(g) as the
following hypothetical reaction proceeds in a closed container.
2𝑋𝑌(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑀 → 𝑀𝑌2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑋2(𝑔)
The horizontal section after time t1 means that the …
A. reaction has stopped.

B. reaction reaches equilibrium.
C. rate of reaction increases.
D . rate of reaction decreases. (2)
1.6 Which one of the following statements is TRUE for a reaction in a state of
dynamic chemical equilibrium?
A. The limiting reagent has been used up.

B. The forward and reverse reactions have stopped.
C. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
D. The concentration of products ALWAYS equals the concentration of
reactants. (2)

1.7 Consider the following reaction that reaches equilibrium in a closed container at
constant temperature.:
𝟐𝑵𝑶(𝒈) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) ⇋ 𝑵𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈)∆𝑯 < 𝟎
Which ONE of the following set of conditions listed below will produce the LOWEST
YIELD of N2(g)?
Pressure Temperature
A Increase by decreasing volume Decrease
B Increase by decreasing volume Increase
C Decrease by increasing volume Increase
D Decrease by increasing volume Decrease
(2)
1.8 The equation below represents a hypothetical reaction that reaches
equilibrium in a closed container after 2 minutes at room temperature. The
letters x, y and z represent the
stoichiometric co-efficients in the balanced equation.
𝑥𝐴(𝑔) + 𝑦𝐵 ⇋ 𝑧𝐶
Pro-Maths learners complete the “RICE” table below as part of their Kc calculations.
Consider part of the data the learners filled in their table.
A B C
Ratio 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Initial moles 16 8 0
Moles at 12 4 8
equilibrium
The ratio of reacting moles in the above reaction - 𝑥: 𝑦: 𝑧 is equal to…
A. 16 : 8 : 0
B. 3 : 1 : 2
C. 12: 4: 8
D. 1: 1: 2 (2)

1.9. Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT description for a 0,1 mol∙dm-3
hydrochloric acid solution?
A. Dilute strong acid.
B. Concentrated strong acid.
C. Dilute weak acid.
D. Concentrated weak acid. (2)
1.10 A hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), and an acetic acid olution,CH3COOH(aq),

of EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS are compared. How do the H3O+(aq) concentration
of HCℓ(aq) and the pH of HCℓ(aq) compare to that of CH3COOH(aq)?
[H3O+] pH of HCℓ
A. Lower than Higher
B. Lower than Lower than
C. Higher than Higher than
D. Higher than Lower than
(2)
[20]

SECTION A: PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023
question number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK
QUESTION 1 [MULTIPLE CHOICE]
1.1 Which is the correct formula of 2,3-dichloro-2-methylpentane?

A CH3CH(CH3)CCℓ2CH2CH3
B CH3CCℓ(CH3)CHCℓCH2CH3
C CH3CCℓ2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CHCℓCHCℓCH3 (2)
1.2 Which two compounds react with each other to form
CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH3?
A propanoic acid and propan-2-ol

B propanoic acid and butan-1-ol
C butanoic acid and propan-2-ol
D butanoic acid and propan-1-ol (2)
1.3 Which option correctly shows a positional isomer and a chain isomer of the
compound pent-1-ene?
Positional isomer Chain isomer
A 2-methylbut-1-ene methylpropene
B pent-2-ene but-1-ene
C 2-methylbut-1-ene pent-2-ene
D pent-2-ene 3-methylbut-1-ene
(2)

1.4 Which one of the following contains 6,02 × 1023 atoms?
A 18 g of Ar gas
B 5,6 dm3 of NH3 gas at STP
C 32 g of O2 gas
D 22,4 dm3 of CO gas at STP (2)
1.3. The average rate of formation of CO2 in the following reaction
is 0,5mol·min−1.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ®CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
The average rate of consumption (disappearance) of HCℓ for this same reaction
is…
A. 0,5 mol·min−1.
B. 0,25 mol·min−1.
C. 1,0 mol·min−1.
D. 2. mol·min−1. (2)
1.4. The graph below represents the relationship between the potential energy (Ep)
The activation energy for the reverse reaction is …

E. 10kJ. B. 20kJ. C.25kJ. D. 15kJ (2)

1.5 The graph below represents the change in concentration of a reactant against
time for a chemical reaction.
In which ONE of the following graphs does the dotted line show the effect of
a catalyst on the concentration of this reactant?
(2)
1.6 The catalysed formation of ammonia by the Haber process can be
represented by the equation shown.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3. (g) ΔH = –92 kJ.mol–1
Which change in reaction conditions will increase both the rate of formation
and the equilibrium yield of ammonia?
A A decrease in the temperature.

B An increase in the temperature.
C An increase in the pressure at constant temperature.
D An increase in the surface area of the catalyst. (2)

1.7 The pH values of equal concentrations of the following solutions are
compared.
• NaCℓ
• CH3COONa
• NH4Cℓ
Identify the combination with the highest pH and the lowest pH.
Highest pH Lowest pH
A CH3COONa NaCℓ
B NaCℓ CH3COONa
C CH3COONa NH4Cℓ
D NH4Cℓ CH3COONa
(2)
1.8 Which ONE of the following pairs represents the conjugate acid and the
conjugate base of H2PO4− ?
CONJUGATE ACID CONJUGATE BASE
A PO43− H2PO4−
B H3PO4 H2PO4-
C H2PO4− H2PO4
D H2PO42− PO42−
(2)

1.9 The following equation represents the reaction taking place in an electrochemical
cell:
Ni(s) + Pb2+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + Pb(s)
The flow of electrons through the external circuit of this cell is from …
A Pb at the anode to Ni at the cathode.

B Pb at the cathode to Ni at the anode.
C Ni at the cathode to Pb at the anode.
D Ni at the anode to Pb at the cathode. (2)
1.10 Which statement regarding the electrorefining of copper is correct?
A Any gold impurity atoms will be oxidised and collect in the sludge below
the anode.
B Any nickel impurity atoms will be oxidised to Ni2+ ions, which remain in
solution.
C The total mass lost at the anode is equal to the total mass gained at the
cathode.
D The Cu2+ ions are the strongest reducing agents in solution and are
preferentially reduced at the cathode. (2)
[20]

QUESTION 1 [MULTIPLE CHOICE]: PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023
1.1 Which is the correct formula of 2,3-dichloro-2-methylpentane?
A CH3CH(CH3)CCℓ2CH2CH3
B CH3CCℓ(CH3)CHCℓCH2CH3
C CH3CCℓ2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CHCℓCHCℓCH3 (2)
1.3 Which two compounds react with each other to form
CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH3?
A propanoic acid and propan-2-ol

B propanoic acid and butan-1-ol
C butanoic acid and propan-2-ol
D butanoic acid and propan-1-ol (2)
1.3 Which option correctly shows a positional isomer and a chain isomer of the
compound pent-1-ene?
Positional isomer Chain isomer
A 2-methylbut-1-ene methylpropene
B pent-2-ene but-1-ene
C 2-methylbut-1-ene pent-2-ene
D pent-2-ene 3-methylbut-1-ene
(2)
1.4 Which one of the following contains 6,02 × 1023 atoms?
A 18 g of Ar gas
B 5,6 dm3 of NH3 gas at STP
C 32 g of O2 gas
D 22,4 dm3 of CO gas at STP (2)

1.5 The graph below represents the change in concentration of a reactant against
time for a chemical reaction.
In which ONE of the following graphs does the dotted line show the effect of
a catalyst on the concentration of this reactant?
(2)
1.6 The catalysed formation of ammonia by the Haber process can be
represented by the equation shown.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3. (g) ΔH = –92 kJ.mol–1
Which change in reaction conditions will increase both the rate of formation
and the equilibrium yield of ammonia?
A A decrease in the temperature.

B An increase in the temperature.
C An increase in the pressure at constant temperature.
D An increase in the surface area of the catalyst. (2)

1.8 The pH values of equal concentrations of the following solutions are
compared.
• NaCℓ
• CH3COONa
• NH4Cℓ
Identify the combination with the highest pH and the lowest pH.
Highest pH Lowest pH
A CH3COONa NaCℓ
B NaCℓ CH3COONa
C CH3COONa NH4Cℓ
D NH4Cℓ CH3COONa
(2)
1.8 Which ONE of the following pairs represents the conjugate acid and the
conjugate base of H2PO4− ?
CONJUGATE ACID CONJUGATE BASE
A PO43− H2PO4−
B H3PO4 H2PO4-
C H2PO4− H2PO4
D H2PO42− PO42−
(2)

1.9 The following equation represents the reaction taking place in an electrochemical
cell:
Ni(s) + Pb2+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + Pb(s)
The flow of electrons through the external circuit of this cell is from …
A Pb at the anode to Ni at the cathode.

B Pb at the cathode to Ni at the anode.
C Ni at the cathode to Pb at the anode.
D Ni at the anode to Pb at the cathode. (2)
1.10 Which statement regarding the electrorefining of copper is correct?
A Any gold impurity atoms will be oxidised and collect in the sludge below
the anode.
B Any nickel impurity atoms will be oxidised to Ni2+ ions, which remain in
solution.
C The total mass lost at the anode is equal to the total mass gained at the
cathode.
D The Cu2+ ions are the strongest reducing agents in solution and are
preferentially reduced at the cathode. (2)
[20]

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page) – PROMATHS TEST 3 - 2022
The letters A to H in the table below represent eight organic compounds.

2.1 Write down the letter(s) that represent(s) each of the following:
(A compound may be used more than once.)
2.1.1 THREE compounds containing the carbonyl group as a functional

group. (3)
2.1.2 A tertiary alcohol (1)
2.1.3 An aldehyde (1)
2.2 Write down the:
2.2.1 NAME of the homologous series of compound A (1)
2.2.2 IUPAC name of compound C (2)
2.2.3 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the substituent (side chain) of

compound D (1)
2.2.4 NAME of the functional group to which compound F belongs (1)
2.2.5 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound D (2)
2.2.5 IUPAC name of compound E (2)
2.2.6 Give the general formula for the homologous series to which
compound G belong. (2)
2.3 Cracking is a process used to produce petrol with an octane rating of 98.
Such petrol is made up of a 98% saturated hydrocarbon called
2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
2.3.1 Explain what is meant by the term cracking. (2)
2.3.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA for
2,2,4-trimethylpentane. (3)
[21]

QUESTION 2 - PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM PAPER 2 - 2022
The chemical properties of organic compounds are determined by their functional
groups. The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.
C4 H8
Use the information in the table (where applicable) to answer the questions that
follow:
2.1 Write down the LETTER that represents a compound that:
(A compound may be used more than once)
2.1.1 Is an alkene (1)
2.1.2 Is an alcohol (1)
2.1.3 Belongs to the same homologous series as propanoic acid (1)
2.2 Write down the:
2.2.1 IUPAC name of compound B (2)
2.2.2 IUPAC name of compound C (2)
2.2.3 Structural formula of compound F (2)
2.3 Compound D has CHAIN and POSITIONAL isomers.
2.3.1 Define the term positional isomer (2)
2.3.2 Write down the IUPAC name of each of the TWO positional isomers of
Compound D (4)
2.3.3 Write down the structural formula of a formula of a chain isomer of
Compound D (2)
[17]

QUESTION 2 - PROMATHS PREPARATORY EXAM PAPER 2 - 2022
2.1 The IUPAC name of an organic compound is 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
For this compound write down:
2.1.1 The NAME of the homologous series to which it belongs (1)
2.1.2 Its STRUCTURAL formula (3)
2.1.3 The MOLECULAR formulae of the TWO products formed when the
compound undergoes combustion in excess oxygen (2)
2.2 Study the condensed structural formulae for compounds A and B given below
2.2.1 Give a reason why compounds A and B are said to be positional

Isomers (2)
2.2.2 Write down the compound STRUCTURAL formula and IUPAC name
of another positional isomer of compounds, A and B. (3)
2.3 Consider the compound given below:
For this compound, write down the:
2.3.1 IUPAC name (2)
2.3.2 TYPE of halo-alkane. Choose from PRIMARY, SECONDARY or

TERTIARY (1)

2.4 Consider the following organic compounds, labelled A, B, and C:
A: CH3CH2CHCℓCH3
B: CH3CH2COOCH3
C: CH3(CH2)7Br
2.4.1 Identify the homologous series to which compounds A and C all

belong. (1)
2.4.2 Give the IUPAC name for compound A. (2)
Compound C, CH3(CH2)7Br, is heated with concentrated alcoholic sodium

hydroxide.
2.4.3 Identify the SPECIFIC type of this reaction. (1)

2.4.4 Describe the functional group of this organic product. (1)
2.2.5 Consider compound B, CH3CH2COOCH3

(a) Draw the structural formula and give the IUPAC name of
each of the two organic compounds from which this substance
is made. (4)
(b) Name the type of organic chemical reaction by which this

compound is made. (1)
[24]

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page) : PROMATHS TEST 2 2023
The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.
H H H H CH3 CH3 H
A B
H C C C C H H C C C C
H H H O H CH3 H
C D
C4H8O C3H8O
H O
H O H H
E F H3C CH2 CH2 O C CH2 CH2 CH3
H C C C C H
H H H H
2.1 Write down the letter that represent EACH of the following:
2.1.1 A hydrocarbon (1)
2.1.2 An alcohol (1)
2.1.3 An aldehyde (1)
2.1.4 An ester (1)
2.2 Write the IUPAC name of:

2.2.1 Compound A (1)
2.2.2 Compound B (3)
2.3 Compound C is a functional isomer of compound A. Write down the structural

formula of compound C. (2)
2.4 Compound D is used as one of the reactants to prepare compound F.
Write down the:
2.4.1 Type of reaction which takes place to prepare compound F. (1)
2.4.2 IUPAC name of compound F (2)
2.4.3 IUPAC name of compound D. (2)
2.4.4 General formula of the homologous series to which compound D belongs. (1)

2.5 For compound F write down the following:
2.5.1 Homologous to which it belongs. (1)
2.5.2 Conditions required for the reaction named in Q 2.4.2 to take place. (2)
2.5.3 Name of the inorganic molecule produced. (1)

2.5.4 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of its straight chain (unbranched) functional
isomer (2)
[22]
QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)
The letters A to E in the table below represent five organic compounds.
CH3
H3C CH CH CH2 CH CH3 B C2 H6 O
A
CH3 Br
H
H H H H H
O
C C C C C C C H D Pentan-2-one
O H H H H H
E 4-methylpent-2-yne
Use the information in the table to answer the questions that follows:
3.1 For compound D, write down the:
3.1.1 Homologous series to which it belongs. (1)

3.1.2 NAME of the FUNCTIONAL group. (1)
3.1.3 IUPAC name of its long chain (unbranched) positional isomer (2)
3.1.4 IUPAC name of a long chain (unbranched) FUNCTIONAL ISOMER.(1)
3.2 Write down the:
3.2.1 Homologous series to which compound A belongs (1)

3.2.2 IUPAC name of compound A (3)

3.2.3 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound E (3)
3.3 Compound B is a primary alcohol.
3.3.1 Write the meaning of the term primary alcohol. (2)
3.3.2 Name of the functional group of compound B (1)
Compound A reacts with NaOH to form unsaturated compound X
Write down the
3.3.3 Type of reaction that takes place (1)
3.3.4 IUPAC name of compound X.(major product). (3)
3.3.5 Heat is one the conditions of the reaction named in Q 3.3.3
.Name the OTHER condition required for this reaction to take place,
besides heat. (1)
3.3.6 Name TWO other products formed in the reaction named in
Q3.3.3 (2)
[22]

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.) PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023
Consider the organic compounds A to E shown below and answer the questions that
follow:
A B
C D
CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH
E
CH3COOC(CH3)2CH3
2.1 Write down the IUPAC name of compound A. (2)
2.2 Write down the IUPAC name of compound B. (2)
2.3 Draw the structural formula of compound E. (2)
2.4 Define functional group. (2)
2.5 NAME the functional group present in compound C (1)

2.6 Draw the structural formula for a FUNCTIONAL ISOMER of compound C. (2)
2.7. For Compound A
2.7.1 Write the letter of the compound that is a structural isomer of.
compound A. (1)
2.7.2 Write down the type of structural isomerism shown by compound A. (1)
2.7.3 Classify compound A as PRIMARY, or SECONDARY or
TERTIARY ALCOHOL? (1)
[14]

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) - PROMATHS TEST 3 - 2022
Learners conduct an investigation to compare the vapour pressures of three isomers of

hexane. Their results are shown in the table below:
VAPOUR PRESSURE
Organic compound
(in kPa at 20 0C)
A 2,2 – dimethylbutane
37
B 2,3 – dimethylbutane
26
C 3 – methylpentane
18
3.1 Define the term vapour pressure. (2)

3.2 For this investigation, write down the:
3.2.1 Two constants. (2)
3.2.2 Independent variable. (2)
3.2.3 Dependent variable. (1)
3.3 Formulate an investigative question for this practical investigation.

(2)
3.4 Which compound, (A, B or C), will have the:
3.4.1 Weakest intermolecular forces? (1)
3.4.2 Highest boiling point? (1)
3.5 FULLY explain why the vapour pressure of B is greater than that of C.
In your explanation, refer to the TYPE and STRENGTH of the intermolecular
forces, and the ENERGY needed. (4)
[15]

Knowledge of boiling points can be used to identify chemical compounds. The boiling
points of four organic compounds, represented by the letters A, B, C and D, are given in
the table below.
COMPOUND BOILING POINT

(°C)
A Propane -42
B Pentane 36
C 2-methylbutane 27,8
D Pentan-1-ol 137
3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2 Which ONE of A or B has the higher vapour pressure? (1)
3.3 An unknown STRAIGHT CHAIN ALKANE has a boiling point of
-0,5 °C. Use the information in the table to identify this alkane and write
down its IUPAC name. (2)
3.4 B and C are structural isomers.
3.4.1 Define the term structural isomer. (2)
3.4.2 Explain why B has a higher boiling point than C. Refer to
structure, intermolecular forces and energy in your
explanation. (3)
3.5 Explain the difference in the boiling points of B and D. Refer to
intermolecular forces and energy in your explanation. (4)
[14]

The relationship between strength of intermolecular forces and boiling point is
investigated using four organic compounds. The compounds and their boiling points are
given in the table below.
Compound Boiling point
Butane -1o C
Pentane 36,1 o C
2-methylbutane 27,7 o C
2-methylpropan-2-ol 82o C
3.2 Which substance(s) will be liquid at 50 o C? (1)
3.3 Name the type of intermolecular forces that is found between butane
molecules. (1)
3.4 Refer to the strength of intermolecular forces, the type of intermolecular forces
and/or structure of the molecules and energy and explain the difference between
the boiling points of the following substances:
3.4.1 pentane and 2-methylbutane (3)
3.4.2 pentane and 2-methylpropan-2-ol (3)
3.5 Which substance will have the lowest vapour pressure at 50 o C? (1)
3.6 If 26 g butane (C4H10) burns in an excess of oxygen, 34 g CO2 forms.

The balance equation for this reaction is given below:
2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
Calculate the percentage purity of the butane gas. (5)
[16]

QUESTION 4 : PROMATHS TEST 2 2023
Four compounds of comparable molecular mass are used to investigate the effect of
functional groups on the vapour pressure.
VAPOUR PRESSURE
Compound
(in kPa at 20 0C)
A Butane 204
B Propan-2-one 24,6
C Propan-1-ol 2
D Ethanoic acid 1,6
4.1 Define the term vapour pressure. (2)

4.2 For this investigation, write down the:
4.2.1 Two constants. (2)
4.2.2 Independent variable. (2)
4.2.3 Dependent variable. (1)
4.3 Formulate an investigative question for this practical investigation. (2)

4.4 Which compound, (A, B, C or D), in the table has the:
4.4.1 Weakest intermolecular forces? (1)
4.4.2 Highest boiling point? (Refer to the vapour pressure in the table to give
a reason for the answer) (2)
4.5 Refer to the type of intermolecular forces to explain the differences between
vapour pressure of compound A and compound B. (3)
4.6 The vapour pressure of compounds C and D are much lower than those
of compounds A and B. Name the type of intermolecular forces in A and B that
is responsible for this difference. (1)
4.7 Briefly explain the difference in vapour pressure between compound C and D. (2)
4.8 How will the vapour pressure of 2-methylpropane compare to the vapour
pressure of compound A? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or
EQUAL TO. (1)
4.9 Refer to the type and strength of intermolecular forces to explain your answer
in Question 4.8 (3)[22]]

QUESTION 5: PROMATHS TEST 2 2023
The relationship between number of carbon atoms in a straight chain molecule of aldehydes,
alkanes and primary alcohols and boiling point is investigated. Curves A, B
and C are obtained.
573
A
473
Boiling point (K)
373
C
273
173
3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of carbons

5.2 The graph shows that the boiling points increases. Fully explain this trend. (3)
5.3 Identify the curve (A, B or C) that represents the following:
5.3.1 Compound with London forces only. (1)
5.3.2 The aldehydes and explain the answer. (4)
5.4 Use the information in the graph and write down the IUPAC name of the
compound with boiling point of 373 K. (1)
5.5 Write down the IUPAC name of the compound containing five carbon atoms,
which has the lowest vapour pressure at a given temperature. (1)
5.6 Does the vapour pressure of alcohols INCREASES or DECREASES with an
increase in the of carbon atoms? (1)

5.7 Katlego and Vusi carried out an investigation to determine the relationship between the
molar mass of a haloalkane and the boiling point, and obtained the results as shown in the
table below:
Haloalkane Mass (g.mol-1) Boiling point (K)
CH3F 194,7
CH3Cℓ 248,9
CH3Br 276,7
CH3I 315,5
5.7.1 Is this a fair investigation? Write Yes or No. refer to the data in the
table and give a reason for the answer. (2)
5.7.2 Write down the trend shown by boiling point for this investigation. (2)
5.7.3 Write down the molecular formula of a haloalkane that is a gas
at STP. (1)
5.7.4 Refer to the intermolecular forces present in each compound and
FULLY explain the trend in the boiling points, as shown in the above table. (3)
[21]

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.): PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM. 2023
Knowledge of boiling points can be used to identify chemical compounds. The boiling
points of three structural isomers, represented by the letters A, B and C, are given in the
table below.

3.2 Give a reason why the above compounds are considered to be
structural isomers. (2)
3.3 Describe the trend in the boiling points from A to C, as shown in the table.
Explain this trend by referring to molecular structure, intermolecular forces
and energy involved. (4)
3.4 Which ONE of the compounds (A, B or C) has the higher vapour pressure?
Give a reason for your answer. (2)
3.5 Give a reason why branched hydrocarbons are preferred to straight chain
hydrocarbons as fuel. (2)
3.6 Write the IUPAC name for compound C. (2)

[14]

QUESTION 4 - PROMATHS TEST 3 – 2022
4.1 Write down the condensed structural formula of:

4.1.1 Compound P (2)
4.1.2 Compound Q (2)
4.2 Write down the IUPAC name of:
4.1.2 CH3CH2Cl (2)
4.1.2 CH2CH2 (2)
4.3 Name the homologous series to which the following compounds belong:
4.3.1 CH3CH2Cl (1)
4.3.2 CH2CH2 (1)
4.4 Name the type of reaction taking place in:
4.4.1 Reaction I (1)
4.4.2 Reaction II (1)
4.4.3 Reaction III (1)
4.4.4 Reaction IV (1)
4.4.5 Reaction V (1)
[15]

QUESTION 4 PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM PAPER 2 - 2022
The following sequence of reactions involves organic compounds A, B and C in

organic reactions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The following conditions were used for each reaction:

• Reaction 1: Steam and diluted H3PO4
• Reaction 2: Heat with excess concentrated H2SO4
• Reaction 3: Reflux in diluted aqueous KOH
4.1 Define homologous series. (2)

4.2 Identify the homologous series to which compound A belongs (1)
4.3 Identify the GENERAL TYPE of reaction represented in reaction 1. (1)
4.4 Identify the GENERAL TYPE of reaction represented in reaction 4. (1)
4.5 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction represented in reaction 2. (1)
4.6 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction represented in reaction 3. (1)
4.7 Write down the IUPAC name for compound B. (2)
4.8 Write down the IUPAC name for compound C. (2)
4.9 Which one of the compounds B and C would have the higher boiling point?
Fully explain. (4)
4.10 Alcohol B is again heated with a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 but
with the addition of a carboxylic acid. Identify the homologous series of the
product that results. (1)
[16]

The flow diagram below shows how an alkaline can be used to prepare other organic
compounds. The letters A to G represent different organic reactions.
4.1 Write down the type of reactions represented by:
4.1.1 F (1)
4.1.2 G (1)
4.1.3 B (1)
4.2 For reaction E, write down:
4.2.1 Write down the IUPAC name of compound Y (2)
4.2.2 TWO reaction conditions (2)
4.3 Write down the:
4.3.1 FORMULA of an inorganic reactant needed for reaction C (1)
4.3.2 Balanced chemical equation for reaction A, using STRUCTURAL
FORMULAE (4)

4.4 Hydrocarbons and alcohols are both useful as fuels as they can undergo
combustion reactions.
One such example is the reaction of compound F at high pressure and high
temperature to form compounds P and Q as given below:
4.4.1 Explain why hydrocarbons are such useful fuels. (2)
Write down the:

4.4.3 IUPAC name of compound Q (1)
4.4.4 Molecular formula of compound P (1)
[17]

QUESTION 6: PROMATHS TEST 2 2023
The flow diagram below shows how various organic compounds can be prepared
using compund P which is a saturated hydrocarbon as a starting reagent.
The numbers I to VII represents different organic reactions. Use the information in the flow
diagram to answer the following questions.
1,2-dibromopropane
I
Compound P C3H8 +
III
Br2
II VI
Hydrohalogenation
CH3CH2BrCH3
CO2 + H2O Compound P
IV (minor product)
VII
base
Compound S
6.1 Explain what is meant by the underlined phrase. (2)
6.2 Write down the:
6.2.1 TYPE of elimination reaction shown by Reaction I. (1)
6.2.2 CONDENSED STUCTURAL FORMULAR of compound P (2)
6.2.3 Write down a balance equation for the combustion of hexane, using
Molecular formulae (3)
6.3 Write down the type of reaction represented by:
6.3.1 VI (1)
6.3.2 III (1)
6.3.3 VII (1)

6.4 Consider Reactions VI and VII. Write down the
6.4.1 TWO reaction conditions for reaction VII. (2)
6.4.2 Structural formula of the minor product of Reaction VI(Compound P) (3)

[16]
Propan-1-ol can undergo a number of organic reactions, as indicated by the
letters A to D in the diagram below.
CH3CHCH2
Reaction D
Reaction B
CH3CH2CH2OOCCH3 Reaction C Propan-1-ol Reaction A CH3CH2CH2Br
H2SO4

7.1.1 A (1)
7.1.2 B (1)
7.1.3 C (1)
7.1.4 D (1)
7.2 For Reaction C, write down the:

7.2.1 Function of H2SO4 (1)
7.2.2 IUPAC name of the organic product (2)
7.3 An alcohol and methanoic acid are heated in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid to form an ester.
7.3.1 Write the NAME or FORMULA of the inorganic product formed. (1)

The ester contains 6,6,7% hydrogen(H) , 40% carbon(C) and 53,33%oxygen(O).
The molar mass of the ester is 60 g×mol-1. Use a calculation to determine its:
7.3.2 Empirical formula (5)
7.3.3 Molecular formula (3)

[16]
Question 4 : PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023

4.1 Study the flowchart below in which B and C are the organic products of
chemical reactions (i) to (iii).
4.1.1 Write the IUPAC name for compound A. (2)

4.1.2 Identify the homologous series to which compound A belongs (1)
4.1.3 Write the condensed structural formula for:
(a) compound B. (2)

(b) compound C. (2)
4.1.4 Identify the GENERAL TYPE of reaction represented in reaction (i). (1)
4.1.5 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction represented in reaction (ii). (1)
4.1.6 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction represented in reaction (iii). (1)
4.1.7 Why is it often necessary to carry out reactions involving organic
compounds under reflux? (2)

4.2 Consider the reaction equation:
4.2.1 State the SPECIFIC reaction type.
(1)
4.2.2 Write down t the MOLECULAR FORMULA and IUPAC name of
compound X. (2)
4.3 Butane and but-1-ene are both colourless gases at room temperature. Each
gas is bubbled through a separate solution of red-brown bromine (Br2) water.
4.3.1 Describe by means of observable changes how one can distinguish

between butane and but-1-ene. (4)
4.3.2 Give the GENERAL name for the type of reaction between butane
and bromine in the presence of UV light. (1)
4.3.3 Write a balanced chemical equation using condensed structural

formulae for the reaction of but-1-ene with bromine. (3)
[23]

QUESTION 5 - PROMATHS TEST 3 - 2022
Chromium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a green solution of
chromium (III) chloride and hydrogen gas, as shown in the following balanced
chemical equation.
2Cr(s) + 6HCℓ (aq) → 2CrCℓ3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) ΔH < 0
5.1 A partially drawn potential energy profile for this reaction is provided
on your DIAGRAM SHEET.
5.1.1 Complete this energy profile. (1)
5.1.2 Write the relevant labels in the boxes provided. (3)
Mangisa performs a series of experiments to test the effect of certain factors on the
average rate of reaction between chromium metal and hydrochloric acid. In each of
the experiments, Mangisa ensures that chromium is the limiting reagent and is
always completely covered by the same volume of hydrochloric acid of the same
concentration. The reaction conditions for each of the experiments are tabulated
below.
Experiment State of Mass of Temperature (0C)
chromium chromium (g)
1 Single lump 6,0 25
2 Single lump 6,0 15
3 Fine powder 4,5 25
Mangisa observes that in all three experiments, all of the chromium fully reacts in
less than 80 s. Mangisa collects the hydrogen gas produced at STP at set time
intervals. Mangisa's results for experiment 1 are shown on the graph below.

5.2 Mangisa's graph has been reproduced on your DIAGRAM SHEET. On the
axes provided, redraw the graph that would result for:
5.2.1 Experiment 2 (2)
5.2.2 Experiment 3 (3)
5.3 Other than measuring the volume of collected hydrogen gas produced
over time, briefly describe ONE alternative method that could have been
used to measure the rate of this reaction. In your answer, specify what
equipment should be used and what measurements should be made. (3)
5.4 Consider the reaction conditions and the graph given for Experiment 1.
5.4.1 Determine the total amount (in moles) of hydrogen gas collected at
STP. Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (3)
5.4.2 Considering that the chromium metal is the limiting reagent,

calculate the percentage yield of hydrogen gas in this reaction. (5)
5.4.3 Calculate the average rate of formation of H2 (during the first 40 s)

in units of dm3·s−1. Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (3)
5.5 According to the collision theory, when reacting particles collide, not all of
these collisions result in a reaction occurring, i.e. not all of these collisions
are effective. State TWO conditions necessary for an effective collision. (2)
5.6 Explain fully, in terms of the collision theory, how the reaction rate would
be affected if a higher concentration of HCℓ were used. (4)
[29]

Ammonia is prepared in industry by means of the Haber process. The balanced

chemical equation for the reaction is given below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) ΔH = - 92,4 KJ.mol–1
The activation energy for this reaction is 242,6 kJ.mol–1.

5.1 Define the following terms:
5.1.1 Activation energy (2)
5.1.2 Catalyst (2)
5.2 Calculate the activation energy for the REVERSE reaction (2)
5.3 A learner incorrectly states:
"A catalyst lowers the activation energy which results in more collisions taking
place per second."
Explain why this statement is incorrect. (2)
5.4 The following table shows two catalyst that can be used for this reaction and
their corresponding activation energies
Catalyst Activation energy (kJ.mol–1)
Platinum catalyst 70,6
Osmium catalyst 104,6
Which catalyst, platinum, or osmium, will be most effective for this reaction?
Explain your answer. (2)
[10]

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the rate of reaction between
EXCESS calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. The balanced chemical
equation for the reaction is given below.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The diagrams show the reaction conditions used in each experiment.
6.1 Suggest a suitable method of measuring the rates of the reactions in these
experiments. Additional apparatus besides that shown in the diagrams may
be used. State what apparatus is required and what reading(s) would need
to be taken. (3)
6.2 Identify the independent variable in Experiment 1. (1)
6.3 In Experiment 1, in which flask, W or X, will the reaction rate be faster?
Explain fully. (3)
6.4 Calculate the volume of CO2(g) produced at STP in flask W. (5)
6.5 Consider the reaction conditions given for Experiment 2.
6.5.1 How will the rate of reaction in flask Z compare to that in flask Y?
Choose from GREATER THAN Y, LESS THAN Y or EQUAL

TO Y. (1)
6.5.2 It is observed that the total volume of gas produced in flask Z is
greater than that produced in flask Y. Account for this observation. (2)
[15]

A group of Grade 12 Promaths learners performed a series of experiments to
investigate the effect of surface area of solid reactant on the rate of a chemical
reaction.
The investigation was done by adding 1, 5 g of CaCO3 to excess hydrochloric acid.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
5.1 Define the term rate of reaction (2)

5.2 In this investigation, write down the dependable variable (1)
5.3 In which state of division of the CaCO3 (lumps or powder) will it take a shorter
time for the reaction to reach completion?
5.4 Assume that all CaCO3 reacted and calculate the mass of carbon dioxide
formed during the reaction. (4)
The reaction condition for each of the experiments are tabulated below:
Mass of State of Concentration Temperature

CaCO3(s) CaCO3(s) of HCℓ(mol.dm- of HCℓ(0C)
3
)
Experiment 1 1,5 Lumps 0,5 30
Experiment 2 1,5 Powder 0,5 30
Experiment 3 1,5 Lumps 0,5 40
The learners repeated the investigation of experiment 1 above, but now the
temperature of the HCℓ is increased from 300C (in Experiment 1) to 400 C (in
Experiment 3).
5.5 How will the change in temperature from 300C (in Experiment 1) to 40 0C (in
Experiment 3) affects the rate of the reaction? (1)

5.6 The following graph shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for the
reaction at room temperature (30 °C).
This graph has been provided on your ANSWER SHEET. On the graph on the
ANSWER SHEET, draw the curve that would be obtained at 40 °C.
Indicate the following on your graph:
• The Y-axis label.
• EA, the activation energy.
• P, a shaded area representing the proportion of particles with sufficient
kinetic energy to react.
(4)
5.7 Fully explain how an increase in temperature affects the rate of this reaction.
In your answer, refer to the collision theory and to the Maxwell-Botlzmann
distribution curves from Question 5.6. (4)
5.8 How could the rate of this reaction be measured in practice? In your answer,
specify what equipment should be used and which quantities should be
measured. (3)
[22]

NAME: __________________________________________
SCHOOL: __________________________________________
QUESTION 5.6
NB: Hand in this GRAPH SHEET with your ANSWER BOOK.

The reaction of hydrogen gas and iodine gas is represented below:
I2 + H2 2HI DH = -21 kJ
The activation energy for the forward reaction is 168 kJ.

8.1 Define activated complex. (2)
8.2 Is the above reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC? Explain using the
information given for the reaction (2)
8.3 A catalyst is added to the reaction mixture and an observation was made
about the heat of reaction.
Did the heat of reaction INCREASE or DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME? (1)
8.4 Draw a labelled sketch graph of potential energy versus course of
reaction for the above reaction.
Supply suitable labels for the axes as well as the following:

• Energy of reactants
• Energy of products
• Activated complex
• Activation energy (EA)
• Heat of reaction (ΔH)

• a dotted line to show the reaction profile for the catalysed reaction. (6)
[11]

PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023
5.1 The graph below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a
reaction mixture of two gases at a given temperature, T1. The activation
energy for the reaction, Ea, is marked.
5.1.1 On the graph above:
a) Draw a new distribution curve for the same mixture of gases at a lower
temperature. Label this curve as T2. (2)
b) Indicate the position of the activation energy of the reaction at a lower

temperature. Label this position as H. (1)
5.1.2 Define activation energy. (2)
5.1.3 Define catalyst. (2)
5.1.4 On the graph, indicate the position of the activation energy of the reaction
when a catalyst is used. Label this position as C. (1)
5.1.5 Explain how the use of a catalyst results in reactions occurring at a faster rate.
Refer to the Maxwell–Boltzmann curve and the collision theory. (4)

5.2 Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid as follows:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
0,40 mol of powdered calcium carbonate is added to 0,10 dm3 of 0,10

mol·dm–3 hydrochloric acid at 25 °C. The total volume of carbon dioxide
produced, measured from the start of the experiment, is recorded every 30
seconds. The results are tabulated below:
5.2.1 How does the rate of the reaction change with time?
Choose from INCREASES or DECREASES. Explain the answer by referring

to data in the table. (3)
5.2.2 Explain why the rate of reaction changes as identified in Question 5.2.1. (2)
5.2.3 As can be seen in the table, the total volume of CO2 gas produced is 120 cm3.
(a) Determine by calculation which is the limiting reagent. (3)
(b) Calculate the molar gas volume, Vm, in dm3·mol−1, at 25°C. Assume
100% yield. (4)
5.2.4 The experiment was repeated using a single lump of CaCO3 of the same mass.
How would this affect the reaction rate?
Choose from: INCREASE, DECREASE or NO EFFECT. (1)
[25]

Question 2: PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
Consider the potential energy diagram of a certain reversible chemical reaction
2.1 Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction represent by the
graph above. (2)
2.2. Define heat of reaction. (2)

2.3. Determine the activation energy for the reverse reaction. (2)
2.4. Is the FORWARD reaction EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC?
2.5. Identify the factor affecting rate of reaction that is responsible for the graph
shown by the broken/dotted line. (1)
2.6 Use the collision theory to explain how the factor you have identified in 2.5
increases rate of reaction. (3)

2.7 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves (P, Q and R) below show
the number of particles as a function of their kinetic energies for a reaction at
three different temperatures. The minimum kinetic energy needed for
effective collisions to take place, is represented by E. Write down the…
2.7.1 name of the energy shown by letter E. (1)

2.7.2 curve (P, Q or R) that represents the reaction mixture at the highest
temperature. (1)
2.7.3 the kind of particles represented by the unshaded area. (1)
2.7.4 curve (P, Q or R) that represents a reaction that will not take place. (1)
2.8 Give a reason for your choice in Q 2.7.4 (1)

2.9 Use the collision theory to explain how an increase in temperature affects rate of
reaction. (4)
[21]

Question 3
A certain mass of calcium carbonate chunks is added to EXCESS hydrochloric acid
solution in an open beaker placed on a scale as shown below. The equation for the
reaction is as follows:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ® CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
The initial temperature of the reaction flask is 300C. The data in the table was
obtained for the reaction.
Time Mass of beaker +
(minutes) contents (grams)
0 192,40
1 188,80
2 188,00
3 187,40
4 187,10
5 186,70
6 186,70
3.1 Give a reason why the mass of the contents of the beaker decreases as
the reaction proceeds. (1)
3.2 Besides using mass loss describe another practical way of measuring the rate of
this reaction. (1)
3.3. Define reaction rate. (2)
3.4. Calculate the average rate of reaction during the interval 1 to 5 minute in
grams per minute. (3)
3.5 The rate of reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds.
Give TWO reasons why the reaction rate decreases. (2)
3.6. Apart from CO2, write the NAME or FORMULA of another substance that is
no longer present in the container after 6 minutes. (1)

3.7. Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate consumed after completion of the
reaction. (5)
3.8 a graph of mass of contents of beaker versus time for the time interval from the
0th to the 6th minute. (A graph paper is provided separately). (4)
3.9 In another experiment, the reaction represented by the balanced chemical
equation below was used to investigate how certain factors affect the reaction rate.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⇋ MgCℓ2 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The amount of carbon dioxide produced from the reaction vessel was monitored.
Graph G (the solid line) below was obtained for the reaction of excess 100 cm3 of a
0,2 mol·dm−3 HCℓ solution with a SINGLE LUMP of. MgCO3.
Which graph (A, B, C, or D) represents the reaction of ….
(In each case choose your answer by comparing with the original curve, G)
3.9.1 100 cm3 of a 0,2 mol·dm-3 HCℓ solution with excess MgCO3 POWDER? (1)
3.9.2 100 cm3 of a 0,4 mol·dm-3 HCℓ solution with a SINGLE LUMP of excess.
MgCO3? (1)
3.9.3 100 cm3 of a 0,1 mol·dm-3 HCℓ solution with a SINGLE LUMP of excess
MgCO3 at 300C. (1)
[22]

Name :_______________________________________ CLASS: ________
Graph for Question 3.8

The reaction represented by the following balanced chemical equation is important in
the Contact Process for the industrial production of sulphuric acid:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌2SO3 (g)
Lindiwe adds some sulphur dioxide and oxygen to a container and then seals the
container. She monitors the rates of the forward and reverse reactions over time and
the following graph is obtained:
6.1 After what time was dynamic equilibrium reached for the first time? (1)
6.2 Write down the equation for the reaction represented by the solid line. (2)
6.3 State Le Châtelier's principle. (2)
6.4 At 8 minutes, more oxygen gas was added to the container whilst
maintaining a constant temperature and volume of container. With
reference to Le Châtelier's principle, fully explain how the amount of
sulphur dioxide was affected when the equilibrium was re-established. (4)
6.5 At 15 minutes, the temperature of the reaction mixture was suddenly

decreased.
6.5.1 From the graph, determine and write down which reaction
(FORWARD or REVERSE) was initially favoured. (1)
6.5.2 Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?
No explanation is necessary. (2)
[12]

The balanced chemical equation below shows a hydrated copper (II) ion, which is
blue in colour, reacting with chloride ions to form the complex copper tetrachloride
ion, which is green in colour. An aqueous equilibrium mixture is prepared in order to
obtain a mixture that is initially blue-green in colour at 25 °C.
Cu(H2O) 2 + (aq) + 4Cℓ−(aq) ⇌ CuCℓ 2 - (aq) + 6H2O(ℓ) ΔH > 0

6 4
BLUE GREEN
7.1 What would happen to the equilibrium concentration of Cℓ− ions if

the reaction mixture was cooled? State only INCREASES, DECREASES
or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
7.2 Which reaction will be favoured by the addition of CuCℓ 2 - ions to the
4
reaction mixture? State only FORWARD or REVERSE. (1)
7.3 What would happen to the colour of the mixture if crystals of sodium
chloride was dissolved in the reaction mixture? State only TURNS BLUE,
TURNS GREEN or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
7.4 A new solution is prepared by dissolving 4 mol of CuCℓ 2 - completely in
4
water to make up a solution of volume 2 dm3. When equilibrium is established,
there are 2,2 mol of Cu (H2O) 2 + ions present at 25 °C.
6
Cu (H2O) 2 + (aq) + 4Cℓ−(aq) ⇌ CuCℓ 2 - (aq) + 6H2O(ℓ)

6 4
7.4.1 Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for this reaction. (2)
7.4.2 Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this
reaction at 25 °C. (8)
[13]

The hydrogen gas used in the Haber process is prepared by the reaction of methane
and steam as shown in the following balanced chemical equation.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 KJ
Initially 1,2 moles of methane and 1,4 moles of steam are placed in a closed
container. They react and then dynamic chemical equilibrium is reached at a fixed
temperature. The following graph shows the changes in the number of moles of
methane, steam and carbon monoxide as the reaction proceeds.
7.1 State why there is no change in the number of moles of each of the gases
between times t1 and t2. (2)
7.2 The above graph has been reproduced on your ANSWER SHEET.
On the graph on your ANSWER SHEET:
7.2.1 Draw a line to show the change in the number of moles of hydrogen
gas between t0 and t2. Label this line H2(g). (2)
7.2.2 Draw a dashed line (- - - ) to show how the number of moles of

methane gas would change with time if a catalyst had been added
to the container at time t0. (2)
7.3 Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, at the fixed
temperature used in this reaction. The volume of the container is 2 dm3. (6)
7.4 What does the Kc value indicate about the yield of products? (1)

7.5 State Le Chatelier's principle. (2)
7.6 How will an increase in pressure affect the yield of hydrogen? Explain. (3)
7.7 How will an increase in pressure affect the equilibrium constant, Kc, for
this reaction?
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE. (1)
7.8 This reaction is carried out in industry at a temperature of 1 000 °C. State
TWO reasons why high temperatures are an advantage. No explanations
are required. (2)
[21]

The following balanced equation represents the production of methanol (CH3OH)
using carbon monoxide gas (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2).
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ∆H = +128,49 kJ∙mol-1
The reaction reaches equilibrium at 380 K.
6.1 Define the term dynamic equilibrium. (2)
6.2 An unknown mass of carbon monoxide gas (CO) is injected into a 2 dm3
closed vessel, containing 1,5 moles of hydrogen gas (H2). Upon reaching
equilibrium at 380 K, 0,75 moles of hydrogen gas (H2) remain in the vessel.
If the equilibrium constant, (Kc), for this reaction is 6,27 at 380 K, calculate the
initial mass of carbon monoxide gas (CO) injected into the vessel. (9)
6.3 For the given equilibrium reaction, write down the Kc value for the reverse
reaction at 380 K. (2)
6.4 The same amounts of CO(g) and H2(g) as before are now heated in a
LARGER VESSEL and the reaction reaches equilibrium at 380 K. How will
each of the following be affected by this change? Write down INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain your answer.
6.4.1 The Kc value (2)
6.4.2 The equilibrium yield of methanol (CH3OH) (2)
6.5 The temperature is now decreased to 300 K and a new equilibrium is

established. How will the amount of methanol (CH3OH) formed at 300 K
compare to that formed at 380 K?
Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
Explain your answer using Le Chatelier's principle. (3)
[20]

7.1 Consider the reversible reaction of ethene with steam in the ABSENCE of an
acid, as shown below:
2C2H4(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ 2C2H6(g) + O2(g)
The reaction was done in a 3 dm3 closed container. The temperature was kept
constant at T1 for the first 18 minutes.
The graph below (NOT to scale) shows the changes in concentration of C2H4,
H2O and O2 as a function of time.
7.1 Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for this reaction. (1)
7.2 The equilibrium constant at temperature T1 is 0,025. Calculate the
equilibrium amount (in moles) of C2H6 at 7 minutes. (4)
7.3 Describe fully the change made to the system at 10 minutes. (2)
7.5 At 18 min, the temperature was INCREASED to T2. With reference to
Le Châtelier's principle and the graph, fully explain whether the forward
reaction is endothermic or exothermic. (5)
7.6 At 35 minutes, argon (an inert gas) is added to the container. What
effect does this have on the amount of C2H6 at equilibrium? State only
INCREASES, DECREASES, or NO EFFECT. (1)
[15]

Question 4 : PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
Hypothetical gases A2 and B2 is introduced into a flask, which is then sealed, and
then allowed to reach dynamic chemical equilibrium at a certain temperature. The
balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
2AB3(g) ⇌ A2(g) +3B2(g) ∆𝐻 > 0
The graph below shows the changes in the rates of the forward and reverse
reactions with time.
4.1Define the term chemical equilibrium. (2)
4.2Give TWO reasons why this reaction will reach equilibrium. (2)
4.3List TWO characteristics of a closed system. (2)
4.4Write down the equation of the reaction represented by the broken line. (2)
4.5Identify the changes made to the system at the following times:
4.5.1 60 s (1)
4.5.2 80 s (1)
4.6State Le Chartelier’s Principle. (2)
4.7A temperature change was made t = 40 s.
4.7.1 State whether the change was an INCREASE or DECREASE IN

TEMPERATURE? (1)

4.7.2 Explain your answer to 4.7.1 using Le Chartelier’s principle. (3)
4.8How is the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction affected by each of the
following changes? (Answer: INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.)
4.8.1 Increase in pressure. (1)

4.8.2 Decrease in temperature. (1)
4.8.3 the change made at t = 80 s. (1)
4.9State any ONE way of increasing the yield of A2(g) (1)
[20]
Nitrogen monoxide gas reacts with oxygen gas in a closed container according to the
balanced chemical equation below:
2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
The volume of the container remains constant at 3 dm3. The amounts of each gas
were tracked over
time and the following graph (NOT DRAWN TO SCALE) was obtained. At t = 0 min,
the temperature is 25 °C and the equilibrium constant is 256.

5.1 Identify the changes/disturbances made to the system at t = 20 min. (1)
5.2 Use Le Châtelier’s principle to explain the changes seen in the graph between
20 min and 40 minutes. (3)
5.3. How does the value of the equilibrium constant at t = 50 min compare to that at
t = 0 min? State only LARGER, SMALLER, or THE SAME. (1)
5.4. At t = 0 min, the temperature is 25 °C and the equilibrium constant is 256.

Calculate the amount (in moles) of NO2 that was in the container at t = 0 min. (6)
5.5. At t = 60 minutes the temperature was increased. Explain, using
Le Châtelier’s principle, whether the reverse reaction is EXOTHERMIC
or ENDOTHERMIC. (4)
5.6 A second equilibrium was re-established just before t = 80 minutes. A certain

change was made to the system. However, the concentrations of reactants and
products remained the same. What could be this change? Give a reason for your
answer. (2)
[17]

PROMATHS MIDYEAR EXAM 2023
Gas AB decomposes according to the following equation:
2AB(g) →2A(g) + B2(g)
A certain amount of AB is sealed in a container and allowed to decompose.
The graph of the reaction rate vs time is shown below.
6.1 Is the statement below TRUE or FALSE? (1)
'At t1 the graph indicates that the concentration of AB is greater than the
concentrations of A and B2.'
6.2 What is represented by the blue dashed line on the graph? (2)
6.3 Circle the correct word(s) between brackets in the statement below: (1)
Between t2 and t3, the concentrations of AB, A and B2 are:
(EQUAL TO EACH OTHER / CONSTANT / CHANGING).
6.4 The temperature of the system was increased at time t3.
Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?

Explain by applying Le Châtelier's principle. (3)
6.5 At t5, the volume of the container was increased at constant temperature,
resulting in a decrease in the pressure.
6.5.1 Explain the effect of this change by applying Le Châtelier's principle. (3)
6.5.2 Complete the rate vs time graph on page 10 from t5 until after
equilibrium is re-established at t6. (3)
6.6 Gas AB was pumped into an evacuated container until the concentration
was X mol·dm−3. The container was sealed. Once equilibrium was
established at 25 °C, the concentration of gas B2 was 0,025 mol·dm−3.
The reaction equation is re-written below:
2AB(g) 2A(g) + B2(g)
6.6.1 Write the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the reaction. (2)
The value of Kc for the reaction at 25 °C is 1,56 × 10−3.
6.6.2 Show that the equilibrium concentration of gas AB is 0,2 mol·dm−3. (2)
6.6.3 Hence, calculate X, the initial concentration of gas AB in

the container. (3)
[20]

8.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
8.2 Consider the reaction the reaction below:
CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH-
8.2.1 Identify the reactant which acts as a Lowry-Brønsted base (1)

8.2.2 Write down the FORMULA of the conjugate acid of the base
identified in 8.2.1. (1)
8.3 Consider the balanced chemical equations (i) and (ii) and equilibrium
constants (Ka) for the ionisation of acid HF and HI in water respectively,
at 25 °C, as given below.
+ – –4
(i) HF(g) + H2O(ℓ) H3O (aq) + F (aq) Ka = 6,6 × 10
+ – 9
(ii) HI(g) + H2O(ℓ) H3O (aq) + I (aq) Ka = 3,2 × 10
8.3.1 Define a strong acid. (2)
8.3.2 Which acid is stronger, HF or HI? Justify your choice. (2)
8.3.3 Which acid would be a better electrical conductor, HF or HI?

Explain your answer. Assume the concentration of both acids is
the same. (2)
+
8.3.4 The concentration of hydronium ions (H3O ) in a solution of
–3
hydrofluoric acid (HF) at equilibrium at 25 °C is 0,02 mol∙dm .
–
(a) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH ) in the
solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) at 25 °C. (3)
(b) Write down the expression for the equilibrium constant (Ka)
for reaction (i). (2)
(c) Calculate the concentration of un-ionised hydrofluoric acid (HF)

in the solution at 25 °C. (3)

8.4 Consider the hydrolysis of NH4NO3 in water as represented by the
balanced chemical equations below:
+ –
NH4NO3(s) NH4 (aq) + NO3 (aq)
– +
H2O(ℓ) OH (aq) + H (aq)
With reference to the above equations, explain why an aqueous solution

of the salt NH4NO3 would be weakly acidic. (4)
8.5 Katlego is given the task of determining the percentage of magnesium oxide
in a health tablet. She dissolves the tablet in 0,05 dm3 of 0,8 mol.dm-3
hydrochloric acid.
8.5.1 Calculate the number of moles of acid present in 0,05 dm3 of

0,8 mol.dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution. (3)
All of the magnesium oxide in the tablet reacts with the hydrochloric acid as
shown in the balanced chemical equation below.
MgO(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) à MgCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Not all of the hydrochloric acid reacts. Katlego titrates the excess hydrochloric
acid with a solution of sodium hydroxide. It takes 0,02 dm3 of 0,5 mol.dm-3
sodium hydroxide to neutralise the excess hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide react as shown in the balanced chemical equation
below.
NaOH(aq) + HCℓ(aq) à NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
8.5.2 The original mass of the tablet is 0,96 g. Calculate the percentage of
magnesium oxide in the tablet. (7)
[32]

The Arrhenius and Lowry Brønsted theories can be used to define an acid or a base.
8.1 Define the term acid according to the Arrhenius theory (2)
8.2 Consider the following chemical reactions:
P: SO2 + H20 ⇌2H+ + 𝑆𝑂!"#
Q: HCℓ(aq) + NH3(g) ⇌ 𝑁𝐻$% (aq) + Cℓ-(aq)
8.2.1 From reactions P and Q, identify the reaction that illustrates the
Arrhenius theory (1)
8.2.2 The ammonium ions 𝑁𝐻$% in chemical reaction Q undergoes hydrolysis
(a) Write down a balanced equation for the hydrolysis of the
ammonium ions (3)
(b) Will the resultant solution be ACIDIC, BASIC or NEUTRAL?
Explain your answer by referring to QUESTION 8.2.2(a) above. (2)
8.3 A sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) is prepared by dissolving 4g of sodium
hydroxide in water to make a 500 cm3 solution.
8.3.1 Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution (3)
During a titration, 12,5 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution neutralises

25 cm3 of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution, according to the following balanced
chemical equation:
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

8.3.2 Calculate the pH of the H2SO4 solution (7)
[18]

Question 6 :PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
Consider the following balanced chemical equations showing some reactions
important to acid and base chemistry.
A: HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O
B: 2HNO3 + Na2CO3 → 2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O
C: H2SO4 + H2O ⇌ HSO4− + H3O+
D: NH4Cℓ → NH4+ + Cℓ−
6.1Define an acid in terms of Brønsted and Lowry model. (1)

Consider all the chemical equations (A to D) above.
6.2Write down the letters that show a reaction that is…
6.2.1 neutralisation. (1)
6.2.2 dissociation. (1)
6.2.3 ionisation. (1)
6.3Write down one acid-base conjugate pair from reaction C. (1)
6.4Define the term ampholyte. (2)
6.5Beside H2O, write down the chemical formulae of a substance that is an
ampholyte. (1)
6.6Below is a table of common indicators, together with the ranges of pH in which the
colour change takes place.
Indicator Colour in lower pH Colour in higher pH range
pH
Methyl orange Red Yellow 3,1-4,4
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue 6,0-7,6
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink 8,3-10
Which indicator is most suitable for indicating the end point for reaction A? Explain
your answer fully. (3)
6.7 The pH of salt solutions is influenced by hydrolysis.
6.7.1 Define the term hydrolysis. (2)

6.7.2 Consider reaction D. Explain whether a solution of NH4Cℓ would be acidic,
basic or neutral. Include any relevant hydrolysis equations in your answer.(3)
6.8 Phenolphthalein indicator can be represented using the general formula HIn. It
ionises in water according to the following reaction equation:
Hin (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇋ H3O+(aq) + In-(aq)
(colourless) (pink)
The protonated form of phenolphthalein is colourless, and the de-protonated
(ionised) form is pink.
With reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, explain why phenolphthalein will be
colourless in acid medium. (3)
[19]
The acid ionisation constant Ka for the ionisation of each of the hypothetical acids
H2X, HY and HZ in water at 25 °Cis given in the table below.
Acid 𝐾'
𝐻" 𝑋 2,8 × 10#!
𝐻𝑌 1,2 × 10(
𝐻𝑍 6 × 10#$
7.1 Define a strong acid and give on example. (Choose from H2X, HY or HZ.) (3)
7.2 Define a diprotic acid and give on example. (Choose from H2X, HY or HZ.) (2)
7.3 Which acid, H2X, HY or HZ, has the lowest pH in water?
Justify your choice.Assume that the concentration of each acid is the same. (3)
7.4. Which acid, H2X, HY or HZ, is the weakest electrical conductor in water? (1)

7.5 During a titration, the volume of 0,1 mol.dm–3 NaOH solution required to
neutralise 25,0 cm3 of acid HZ is determined using the burette readings below.
7.5.1 Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of HZ with NaOH.
(The phase of each substance is not required.) (3)
7.5.2 Write down the volume of NaOH used in the titration. (1)
7.5.3 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH which reacted. Give your answer
correct to 5 decimal places (or 3 significant figures) (3)
7.5.4 Calculate the concentration of acid HZ. (3)
7.6. Calculate the pH of 0,1 mol.dm–3 NaOH solution. (5)
7.7 In another experiment, a learner adds a 4g impure sample of calcium carbonate

to 50,0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1,0 mol.dm3. The hydrochloric acid
is in excess. The balanced equation for the reaction that takes place is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq)+ CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
The excess HCℓ is now neutralised by 28,0 cm3 of a 0,5 mol.dm-3 sodium hydroxide.
solution. The balanced equation for this reaction is :
HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate:
7.7.1 number of moles of NaOH that reacted with excess acid. (3)
7.7.2 percentage purity of the CaCO3 sample. (7)[34]

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.):PROMATHS MIDYAER EXAM 2023
7.1 Consider the equation for the ionisation of the HSO3− ion:
HSO3−(aq) + H2O SO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka = 6,5 × 10−8
7.1.1 Define ionisation. (2)
7.1.2 Define an amphoteric substance. (2)
7.1.3 Give the formulae of TWO amphoteric substances shown in the

above equation. (2)
7.1.4 Define a base in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry model. (2)
7.1.5 Give the formulae of TWO substances that act as bases in the above
equation. (2)
7.1.6 Explain what the size of the Ka value for this reaction indicates about
HSO3−. (2)
7.1.7 Give the NAME of the conjugate acid of HSO3−. (1)
7.1.8 BaSO3 is an insoluble salt. A few crystals of Ba(NO3)2(s) are added

to the equilibrium mixture. Explain, by applying Le Châtelier's principle,
how the pH of the solution will be affected. (5)
HSO3−(aq) + H2O SO32− (aq) + H3O+(aq)
7.1.9 Draw the sketch graph below to show the relationship between the
hydroxide and hydronium ion concentration in aqueous solutions. (2)

7.2 5 g of impure magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is added to 50 cm3 of sulfuric
acid of concentration 1,0 mol·dm−3.
The balanced equation for the reaction that takes place is:
MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) ..….(i)
The reaction is allowed to proceed until all the pure magnesium carbonate
reacts.
The excess sulfuric acid is neutralised by adding 28 cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution of concentration 0,5 mol·dm−3.
The balanced equation for the neutralisation reaction is:
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) ..….(ii)
7.2.1 The initial (total) number of moles of sulfuric acid to which the impure
magnesium carbonate was added. (3)
Calculate the following, taking answers to three decimal places where

appropriate:
7.2.2 The number of moles of sulfuric acid in excess. (3)
7.2.3 The number of moles of sulfuric acid that reacted with the pure
magnesium carbonate in Reaction (i). (2)
7.2.4 The % purity of the magnesium carbonate. (4)
[32]

In the standard cell shown in the diagram below, a copper electrode is placed into a
solution of blue copper(II) sulphate, and a chromium electrode is placed into a green
chromium(III) sulphate solution. The voltmeter registers a reading.
9.1 Classify this cell as GALVANIC or ELECTROLYTIC. (1)

9.2 Write the formula of chromium(III) sulphate. (1)
9.3 9.3.1 Write the reduction half-reaction. (2)

9.3.2 Identify the anode. (1)
9.3.3 Describe TWO observations that can be made in the chromium
half-cell after the cell has delivered current for a significant
amount of time. (2)
9.4 Write a chemical equation for the net cell reaction that occurs in this cell. (3)
9.5 9.5.1 Determine the initial reading on the voltmeter. (3)
9.5.2 If the initial concentration of copper(II) sulphate used was greater
than 1 mol·dm−3, fully explain the effect that this would have on
the initial voltmeter reading. (3)
9.6 9.6.1 Write the chemical formula for a suitable reagent that can be used
in the salt bridge. (1)
9.6.2 Explain how the salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality in the
chromium half-cell. In your answer, refer to the changing ionic
conditions as well as the movement of ions. (3)
9.7 Write the cell notation for this cell, including conditions and phase
indicators. (5)
[25]

Electroplating is one of the uses of electrolysis. The diagram below shows an
electrolytic cell that can be used to plate a copper spoon with silver to improve its
appearance.
battery
copper spoon
electrode
AgNO3(aq)
10.1 Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer (2)
10.2 What type of half-reaction takes place at the copper spoon?

Write down only OXIDATION or REDUCTION (1)
10.3 Write down a half-reaction that explains the change that occurs on
the surface of the copper spoon during electrolysis. (2)
10.4 Name the metal that is labelled 'electrode' (1)
10.5 Give a reason why the concentration of the AgNO3(aq) remains

constant during electrolysis (2)
10.6 You want to coat the copper spoon with chromium instead of silver.
State TWO changes that you will make to the above cell to obtain a
spoon coated with chromium. (2)
[10]

Consider the galvanic cell, represented by the cell notation below.
Pt(s) | H2(g) | H+(aq) || Ni2+(aq) | Ni(s) at 25 °C
This cell was set up to determine the standard electrode potential of the Ni2+ | Ni
half-cell.
9.1 Consider the standard hydrogen electrode used in this cell.
9.1.1 What does the single (|) in the cell notation above represent (1)
9.1.2 Besides the temperature of 25 °C, state the standard condition associated
with the gaseous H2 in the above cell. (1)
9.1.3 Besides the temperature of 25 °C, state the standard condition associated
with the aqueous H+ in the above cell. (1)
9.1.4 Which terminal of the voltmeter should be connected to the standard
hydrogen electrode? State only POSITIVE or NEGATIVE. (1)
9.1.5 Calculate the initial emf of this cell under standard conditions.
Show ALL your working. (4)
9.2 In order for the above cell to be SPONTANEOUS,
9.2.1 State which electrode should be the anode. (1)

9.2.2 Write down the balanced chemical equation for the SPONTANEOUS
reduction half-reaction that occurs. (2)
9.2.3 The salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality. Describe, with reasons,
the movement of ions INTO and OUT OF the salt bridge in the NICKEL
half-cell. (3)
9.3 The platinum electrode in the hydrogen half-cell is usually quite small due
to it being expensive. If a larger electrode is used, how would this affect
the following? (State only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.)
9.3.1 The maximum current produced in the cell. (1)

9.3.2 The initial emf of this cell. (1)
9.4 Another cell (cell P) is set up under standard conditions.
The following cell notation summarises cell P: Mg/Mg2+// Aℓ3+ / Aℓ
Write down the balanced equation for the net (overall) reaction that takes place
in cell P. (3)
[19]

The electrochemical cell below is constructed to refine a piece of blister copper
(impure copper). In addition to copper metal, the blister copper electrode contains
zinc, cobalt, silver and gold.
10.1 Copper is mainly used as a conductor in electrical circuits. Why, then, is it

important that the copper used be PURE? (1)
10.2 What energy conversion occurs in this cell? (1)
10.3 The CuSO4 electrolyte is dissolved in solution.
10.3.1 Explain why it is necessary to dissolve the CuSO4 in solution. (1)
10.3.2 What is the purpose of the H2SO4? (1)
10.4 Is the blister copper electrode the POSITIVE or NEGATIVE electrode? (1)
10.5 Consider the change occurring at the cathode.
10.5.1 What observation can be made at the cathode after some time has
passed? (1)
10.5.2 Give a half-reaction to support this observation. (2)

10.6 The zinc and cobalt impurities in the blister copper electrode are oxidised in
addition to the copper. The silver and gold impurities are not oxidised.
10.6.1 Define oxidation. (2)
10.6.2 Write an equation for the half-reaction for the oxidation of copper. (2)
10.6.3 A sludge accumulates below the blister copper electrode. Which

impurities are present in this sludge? (2)
10.6.4 Fully explain why the zinc is oxidised but the silver is not. (3)
10.7 Explain how the concentration of the Cu2+ ions in the electrolyte changes over
time. (3)
[21]

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) :PROMATHS MIDYEAR 2023
The electrochemical cell represented below consists of a hydrogen half-cell and a
magnesium half-cell at standard conditions.
The reading on the voltmeter is 2,36 V.
8.1 Classify this cell as GALVANIC or ELECTROLYTIC. (1)
8.2 Apart from concentration, write down TWO other conditions needed for the
hydrogen half-cell to function at standard conditions. (2)
8.3 Write down the name of the item of apparatus labelled X. (1)
8.4 Is magnesium the ANODE or CATHODE in the cell above? Refer to the relative
strengths of reducing agents to explain the answer. (4)
8.5 Write down the cell notation for this cell. (3)
8.6 Calculate the standard reduction potential of the magnesium half-cell. Show ALL
your working. (4)
8.7 Write down the balanced NET (overall) cell reaction that takes place in this cell.
No spectator ions are required. (3)
8.8 State ONE way of INCREASING the cell potential/emf of this cell. (1) 19]

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.): PROMATHS MID-YEAR 2023
The diagram below represents a cell that can be used to electroplate a tin medal with a
thin layer of silver to improve its appearance.
9.1 Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer (2)
9.2 Which one of P or the MEDAL is the anode in this cell? (1)
9.3 Write down the following:
9.3.1 NAME or SYMBOL of the element of which electrode P is composed (1)
9.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of the electrolyte that has to be used to achieve

the desired results (1)
9.4 Switch S is now closed. Write down the visible changes that will occur at the
following:
9.4.1 Electrode P (1)
9.4.2 The Medal (2)
9.5 Write down the equation for the half-reaction to support the answer to
QUESTION 9.4.2. (1)
9.6 How will the concentration of the electrolyte change during the electroplating
process?
Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
9.7 You want to coat the medal with copper instead of silver. State TWO changes
that you will make to the above cell to obtain a medal coated with copper. (2)
[12]

PART 2: ORGANIC MOLECULES STRUCTURED PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
v Exam Questions on Organic Chemistry are divided into three parts (i.e.
Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical Properties).
v Use ORGANIC MOLECULES 1 QUESTIONS to explain and discuss Organic
molecular structures – functional groups, saturated and unsaturated structures,
isomers(i.e. restrict isomers to Positional Isomers, Chain Isomers and Functional
Isomers) and IUPAC naming and formulae condensed structural formulae, structural
formulae and molecular formulae (up to 8 carbon atoms, one functional group per
molecule) for:
v Alkanes (no ring structures)

v Alkenes (no ring structures)
v Alkynes
v Halo-alkanes (primary, secondary and tertiary haloalkanes; no ring
structures)
v Alcohols (primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols)
v Carboxylic acids
v Esters
v Aldehydes
v Ketones
• Use ORGANIC MOLECULES 2 QUESTIONS to explain and discuss structure and

physical properties (i.e. Boiling point, Melting point, Vapour pressure) relationships
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
IMPORTANT POINTS
o When discussing intermolecular forces, the concepts atoms, molecules and
ions should be revised.
o Many of the properties of the hydrocarbons are determined by their

molecular structure, the bonds between atoms and molecules, and their
surface area.
o The melting points and boiling points of the hydrocarbons increase as their
number of carbon atoms increases.
o The molecular mass of the hydrocarbons determines whether they will be in
the gaseous, liquid or solid phase at specific temperatures.
o Vapour pressure: vapour pressure refers to the pressure that is caused by
the formed vapour.
o The alcohols share a number of properties because of the hydroxyl group.
The hydroxyl group affects the solubility of the alcohols (in water). Those with
shorter carbon chains are generally more soluble, and those with longer
chains are less soluble.

o The strong hydrogen bond between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the
hydroxyl group gives alcohols a higher melting point and boiling point than the
hydrocarbons.
o The carboxylic acids have weak acidic properties because the hydrogen
atom is able to dissociate from the carboxyl group.
o Emphasise the difference between bonds between atoms in molecules

(intramolecular) and forces between molecules (intermolecular) and that the
strength of intermolecular forces are responsible for the different phases.
Interatomic or intramolecular forces, which are much stronger than
intermolecular forces, are formed/broken during chemical reactions when new
compounds are formed. Intermolecular forces are overcome (not broken)
during phase changes.
o When writing explanations related to physical properties of compound,

learners should be taught to follow the following steps:
q Comparing two compounds from the same homologous series:

ü Compare the surface areas of the molecules.
ü Compare the strength of intermolecular forces.
ü Compare the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.
q Comparing two compounds from different homologous series:
ü State the type of intermolecular force in each compound.
ü Compare the strength of these intermolecular forces.
ü Compare the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.
o Ensure that learners know the different types of intermolecular forces when
comparing boiling points of compounds from different homologous series and
can compare the strength of these forces.

The flow diagrams below summarizes the types of Intermolecular forces
present between the organic molecules prescribed in CAPS:

• Use ORGANIC MOLECULES 3 QUESTIONS to explain and discuss chemical
properties including specific conditions for each reaction above (i.e. Oxidation
(Combustion), Substitution, Addition, Elimination (include: Cracking) and
Esterification).
REACTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
What learners must know?
• Identify the types of reactions that different Functional Groups undergo.

• Explain what happens during each type of reaction.
• Compare the reactivity of different Functional Groups/ Homologous Series.
• Know that:
ALKANES undergo:
Ø Combustion (or oxidations) reactions.
Ø Elimination reactions.
Ø Substitution reactions
ALKENES undergo:
Ø Addition reactions
ALKYNES undergo:
Ø Combustion (or oxidation) reactions.
Ø Addition reactions (no longer examinable).
HALOALKANES undergo:
Ø Substitution reactions

ALCOHOLS undergo:
Ø Substitution reactions.
Ø Esterification.
NB: Give an example of each reaction mentioned above and the specific conditions.
Summary of Organic Reactions
Summary of Organic Reactions

SUBSTITUTION
Alkane → haloalkane
Conditions: heat OR sunlight Reactants: alkane + X2 (F, Cl, Br, I)
Type of substitution: halogenations Products: haloalkane + HX
REACTIONS OF OXIDATION 2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O

ALKANES (COMBUSTION) Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
ELIMINATION
Alkane → alkene(s) + alkane
with shorter chain Type of elimination: (thermal) cracking
Conditions: heat + high pressure
Reactant: alkane
Conditions: no water; Unreactive solvent

ADDITION
ADDITION
Type of addition: hydrohalogenation

Conditions: unreactive solvent
Reactants: alkene + HX (X = I, Br, Cl)
Type of addition: halogenation
Product(s): haloalkane(s)
Major product:H atom attaches to the C atom

REACTIONS OF
ALKENES
/
ADDITION
ADDITION
Pt
Conditions: excess H2O; small amount of acid

Conditions: Pt, Pd or Ni as catalyst
(H2SO4/H3PO4) as catalyst
Type of addition: hydrogenation
Type of addition: hydration
Reactants: alkene + H2
Reactants: alkene + H2O
Product: alkane

Conditions: concentrated strong base (NaOH, KOH, LiOH) in ethanol + heat
Type of elimination: dehydrohalogenation
Reactants: haloalkane + concentrated strong base Products: alkene + NaBr + H2O
Major product: The one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H atoms (most
substituted double bond forms i.e. double bond with most alkyl groups)
ELIMINATION
Haloalkane → alkene
REACTIONS OF HALOALKANES
SUBSTITUTION
Haloalkane → alcohol
Conditions: excess H2O + mild heat

Conditions: dilute strong base (NaOH/KOH/LiOH) + mild heat
Type of substitution: hydrolysis
Type of substitution: hydrolysis
Reactants: haloalkane + H2O
Reactants:haloalkane + dilute strong base
H2SO4
/
Conditions: dehydrating agent (H2SO4/H3PO4) + heat Conditions: heat
Type of elimination: dehydration Reactants needed: alcohol + HX
Reactants: alcohol + H2SO4 Primary & secondary alcohols:
Products: alkene(s) + H2O NaBr + H2SO4 used to make HBr in reaction flask
ELIMINATION SUBSTITUTION
Alcohol → alkene Alcohol → haloalkane
REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
ESTERIFICATION
Acid catalyzed condensation
H2SO4
Conditions: acid as catalyst + heat Type: esterification
Reactants: alcohol + carboxylic acid + H2SO4 Products: ester + water

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ORGANIC MOLECULES 2
QUESTION 2 ORGANIC MOLECULES 2A
Consider the organic compounds represented by the letters A to F listed below:
A CH3CH2CH2Cℓ D CH3CH2CH2OH
B CH3COOCH3 E CH3CHCH2
C CH3CH2CH3 F HCOOH
2.1 Give the IUPAC name for compound A (2)
2.2 Which formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Write down only the correct letter. (1)
2.3 Give the names of the homologous series to which the following belong:
2.3.1 compound A
2.3.2 compound B (2)
2.4 Give the names of the functional groups represented in compounds D

and F. (2)
2.5 Name the chemical test that is carried out to distinguish between compounds
and E and list the observations that are made. (3)
2.6 Explain, with reference to the relevant intermolecular forces,

why compound D is a liquid at room temperature whereas compound C is
a gas. (4)
2.7 Write down a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion
of compound D in oxygen using molecular formulae. (3)
[17]

2.1 1 – chloropropane ✓✓ (2)
2.2 E ✓ (1)
2.3 2.3.1 Alkyl halides/halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes ✓
2.3.2 Esters ✓ (2)
2.4 D: Hydroxyl/hydroxy functional group✓
F: Carboxyl functional group ✓ (2)
ACCEPTED names with no letters only if in correct order
NOT ACCEPTED just a single name with no reference to letter
2.5
• Bromine water test/ test of unsaturation /test for double bonds/ Iodine
test / ✓
Both these to • Unsaturated compound (E) will cause Br2 water to change from orange to
get 1 mark colourless / discolouration / decolourise.
• Saturated compound (C) will not change the colour of the Br2 water. ✓
• E would undergo change much more rapidly that D (some mention of rate) ✓
(3)
2.6
• D has Hydrogen bonds (H-bonding) between molecules. ✓
• C has London (van der Waals) forces between molecules.
• H-bonding much stronger than London forces / dispersion. ✓
• More energy needed to overcome H-bonding in D, hence remains liquid
at room temperature. ✓ (4)
No reference to IMF or “between molecules” ......mark was deducted

2.7 2C3H7OH + 9O2 ® 6CO2 + 8H2O
C3H7OH + O2
CO2 + H2O
correct balancing (3)
If Stoichiometric coefficients were halved .......3/3 , if doubled .......2/3

[17]

QUESTION 2 ORGANIC MOLECULES 2B
Consider the organic compounds A to D shown below
2.1 Write down the IUPAC name of compound A. (3)

2.2 Write down the IUPAC name of compound B. (2)
2.3 The structural formula of compound C. (2)
2.4 Define functional group. (2)
2.5 NAME the functional group present in compound D. (2)
2.6 Draw the structural formula for a FUNCTIONAL ISOMER of
compound D. (3)
[14]

2.1 5−methylheptane−2,5−diol (3)

5−methyl ü
hept ü
2,5−diolü
2.2 2−methylpent−1−ene (3)
2−methylüü
Pent−1−eneü
2.3
üü (2)
2.4 An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity
in themoleculeüü (2)
2.5 Carboxyl groupü (1)
2.6 ONE of the following
(2)
[14]

QUESTION 2 ORGANIC MOLECULES 2C
2.1 The IUPAC name of an organic compound is 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

For this compound write down:
2.1.1 The NAME of the homologous series to which it belongs (1)
2.1.2 Its STRUCTURAL formula (3)
2.1.3 The MOLECULAR formulae of the TWO products formed when the
compound undergoes combustion in excess oxygen (2)
2.2 Study the condensed structural formulae for compounds A and B given below
2.2.1 Give a reason why compounds A and B are said to be positional

Isomers (2)
2.2.2 Write down the compound STRUCTURAL formula and IUPAC name
of another positional isomer of compounds A and B. (4)
2.3 Consider the compound given below:
For this compound, write down the:
2.3.1 IUPAC name (3)
2.3.2 TYPE of halo-alkane. Choose from PRIMARY, SECONDARY or

TERTIARY (1)
2.4 1 mole of CnH2n burns completely in 192 g oxygen according to the following
UNBALANCED equation:
CnH2n + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Balance the given equation and determine the molecular formula of CnH2n
with the aid of a calculation.
(5)
[21]

2.1 2.1.1 Alkanes✓ (1)

2.1.2
Marking criteria:
• Correct stem i.e pentane. ✓

• Three methyl substituents ✓
• Whole structure correct. ✓
3/3
(3)
2.1.3 CO2 ✓ and H2O ✓ (2)
2.2 2.2.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula, ✓ but different
positions of the functional group. ✓ (2)
2.2.2
Marking criteria:
• Correct functional group. ✓

• Whole structure correct ✓
2/2
3-methyl pentan-2-one ✓✓ (4)
2.3 2.3.1 2-chloro-3,4-dimethylhexane
Marking criteria:
• Correct stem i.e.hexane✓

• First substituent, chloro, correctly identified ✓
• Second substituent, dimethyl, correctly identified ✓
• Subtract a mark for missing hyphens, commas, incorrect
numbering.

(3)
2.3.2 SECONDARY (1)
!)
2.4 CnH2n + ( " ) O2✓ →nCO2 + nH2O✓
* ,-"
n(O2) = + = !"✓ = 6 Marking criteria
!)
= 6✓ • Balancing reactants✓
"
• Balancing Products ✓
n=4 • Dividing by 32✓
!)
∴CnH2n = C4H8 • Equating
"
= 6✓
• Final answer✓ (5)
[18]

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ORGANIC MOLECULES 3
The vapour pressures of straight-chain alkanes and straight-chain alcohols, together
with their molecular masses, are given in the table below.
(Compounds A, B, C and D)
3.1 The vapour pressures of compound C and D are compared. Write down the:
3.1.1 Independent variable (1)
3.1.2 Dependent variable (1)
3.2 Explain the difference between the vapour pressure of the alkane and the
alcohol, each having FOUR carbon atoms per molecule, by referring to the
TYPE of intermolecular forces in each compound. (3)
3.3 Compound B has an isomer.
3.3.1 Write down the structural formula of this isomer. (2)
3.3.2 Give the IUPAC name of the isomer in QUESTION 3.3.1. (1)
3.3.3 State what type of isomer this is. Choose from CHAIN,
POSITIONAL or FUNCTIONAL isomer. (1)
3.4 Which ONE of compounds A to D has the highest boiling point?

[11]

3.1 3.1.1 Molecular mass (or different homologous series) ✓ (1)
3.1.2 Vapour pressure✓ (1)

3.2
• Butane (alkane) have London/dispersion/induced-dipole forces. ✓
• Butanol (alcohol) have hydrogen bonding (in addition to the
London/dispersion/induced dipole forces and dipole-dipole forces). ✓
• The intermolecular forces in alcohol are stronger than the intermolecular
forces than in butane(alkanes). ✓
OR
• More energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces in
Butan-1-ol (alcohols) than in butane (alkanes). ✓✓
• Butan-1-ol (alcohols) have lower vapour pressure than alkanes
(butane). ✓ (3)
3.3 3.3.1
(2)
3.3.2 2-methylpropane ✓ (1)
3.3.3 Chain (isomer) ✓ (1)
3.4 D (butan-1-ol). ✓
Lowest vapour pressure/ strongest intermolecular forces✓ (2)

[11]

Compounds A to E, indicated in the table below, are used during two investigations
todetermine the factors which influence boiling point.
Investigation Compound Molecular mass Boiling point

(g∙mol-1) (°C)
A 2,2-dimethyl propane 72 9
I B 2-methyl butane 72 27
C pentane 72 36
II D CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 74 117
E CH3CH2CH2CHO 72 75
3.1 Compounds A, B and C are structural isomers. Write down the:
3.1.1 Definition of the term structural isomer (2)
3.1.2 GENERAL FORMULA of the homologous series to which these

compounds belong (2)
3.1.3 Type of structural isomerism illustrated by these compounds (2)
3.2 Consider the boiling points of the compounds in investigation I
3.2.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)
3.2.2 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)
3.2.3 Write down one control variable for this investigation. (1)
3.2.4 Explain fully why the boiling points increase from compound A to
compound C. (3)
3.2.5 Which one of compounds A or C will have the highest vapour

pressure at a certain temperature?
Refer to the data in the table and give a reason for the answer. (2)
3.3 To which homologous series does compound E belong? (1)
3.4 Consider investigation II. Refer to the type of Van Der Waals forces in each
of the compounds and explain why the boiling point of compound D is higher
than that of compound E. (2)
[19]

3.1 3.1.1 Organic molecules with the same molecular formular🗸 but
different structural formule 🗸 (2)
3.1.2 CnH2n+2 🗸 (2)
3.1.3 Chain(isomers)🗸; (2)
3.2 3.2.1 The temperature🗸 at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals
atmospheric/external pressure🗸. (2)
3.2.2 number of branches🗸 (1)

3.2.3 Number of C and H atoms,/ molecular mass 🗸 (1)
3.2.4 From A to C
(Structure) Branching decreases/molecules become less compact/surfacearea
increases (over which intermolecular forces acts)🗸
(Intermolecular forces) Stronger/more intermolecular forces/Van Der Waals
forces/London forces🗸
(Energy) More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces/Van
DerWaals forces/ /London forces🗸 (3)
3.2.5 A ü
Lowest boiling point 🗸 (2)
3.3 Aldehydes🗸 (1)
3.4 D/butan-1-ol has hydrogen bonding forces between the molecules🗸

E/butanal has dipole-dipole forces between the molecules🗸 Hydrogen
bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole forces🗸 (3)
[19]

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ORGANIC REACTIONS 4
3.1 Consider the following sequence of organic reactions and then answer
the questions that follow. Reactions are labelled A to E.
Which one of the reactions A to E is …?

(Only write down the question number (3.1.1) to (3.1.4) and the letter you
choose next to it).
3.1.1 a hydrolysis reaction

3.1.2 a hydrohalogenation reaction
3.1.3 a hydrogenation reaction
3.1.4 a dehydration reaction (4)
3.2 Provide the chemical formula of a reagent that needs to be added for
the following to occur:
3.2.1 Reaction B
3.2.2 Reaction A (2)
3.3 Consider the product formed in reaction E. It is able to exist in two distinct
isomeric forms, one as a positional isomer and the other as a functional
isomer.
3.3.1 Define the term 'isomers'. (2)

3.3.2 State the difference between positional and functional isomerism. (4)
3.3.3 (a) Draw the structural formula of a positional and a f unctional
isomer of the product formed in reaction E. (4)
(b) Write down the IUPAC name of each isomer in

Question 3.3.3 (a). (2)
[18]

QUESTION 3 ORGANIC REACTIONS 4A
3.1 3.1.1 B ✓
3.1.2 A ✓
3.1.3 D ✓
3.1.4 E ✓ (4)
3.2 3.2.1 KOH/NaOH / H2O ✓

3.2.2 HBr ✓ (2)
3.3 3.3.1 Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with a
different structural formula ✓✓ (2)
NOT ACCEPTED: different chemical structure
3.3.2 Positional isomerism – the functional group is at a different position in
each isomer. ✓✓ (4)
Functional isomerism – isomers which have different functional

groups/ belong to different Homologous Series ✓✓
3.3.3 (a)
✓✓
OR Alternative structures as per names in (b) below
NOT ACCEPTED - the structure of propyl propanoate as it is from
the question
✓✓
NOT ACCEPTED – if not in order as asked in question or not labelled 0/4 (4)
(b) Ethyl butanoate ✓
(also methyl pentanoate , butyl ethanoate. Pentyl methanoate)
Hexanoic acid✓ (2)
Carry over only if linked correctly to (a) above
ACCEPTED – correctly drawn and named diols for functional
isomerism [18]

QUESTION 4 ORGANIC REACTIONS 4B
The flow diagram below shows how an alkaline can be used to prepare other organic
compounds . The letters A to G represent different organic reactions.

4.1.1 F (1)
4.1.2 G (1)
4.1.3 B (1)
4.2 Write down the IUPAC name of compound Y (2)
4.3 For reaction E, write down:
4.3.1 The type of elimination reaction (1)
4.3.2 TWO reaction conditions (2)
4.4 Write down the:
4.4.1 FORMULA of an inorganic reactant needed for reaction C (1)
4.4.2 Balanced chemical equation for reaction A, using STRUCTURAL
FORMULAE (4)

4.5 Compound F reacts at high pressure and high temperature to form
compounds P and Q as given below:
Write down the:
4.5.2 IUPAC name of compound Q (1)
4.5.3 Molecular formula of compound P (1)

[16]

QUESTION 4 ORGANIC REACTIONS 4B
4.1 4.1.1 Addition/ Hydrogenation ✓ (1)
4.1.2 Substitution/halogenation/chlorination ✓ (1)
4.1.3 Elimination/dehydration✓ (1)
4.2 2-bromo propane✓✓ (2)
4.3 4.3.1 Dehydrohalogenation/Dehydrobromination✓ (1)
4.3.2 Hot ethanolic strong base✓✓ (2)

OR
Concentrated strong base NaOH/KOH
OR
Strong base with no water
OR
Strongly heated or hot base
OR
High temperature/ Heat strongly
4.4 4.4.1 H2O/H2SO4/H3PO4 ✓ (1)
4.4.2
(4)
Marking criteria
• Accept HCℓ,H2O
• Incorrect balancing – max 3/4
• Molecular/ Condensed formulae – 2/4
• Accept coefficient that are multiples
• Any additional reactant or/and product – ¾
4.5 4.5.1 Cracking/elimination P (1)
4.5.2 EthenePP (1)
4.5.3 C4H10 PP (1)

[16]

QUESTION 4 (ORGANIC REACTIONS 4C)
Haloalkanes are important in organic synthesis, for example

1−bromopropane is involved in four organic reactions, W, X, Y and Z, as
shown in the diagram below. Compounds A and B are organic compounds.
The reaction conditions for each reaction are given in the table below.
Reaction Conditions
W Br2 and UV light
X Compound B is treated with HBr
1−bromopropane is heated with a dilute, aqueous solution of
Y sodium hydroxide under reflux
1−bromopropane is heated with a concentrated, alcoholic
Z
solution of potassium hydroxide
4.1 Write down the GENERAL types of reactions for each of the
following:
4.1.1 Reaction X (1)
4.1.2 Reaction Y (1)
4.1.3 Reaction Z (1)
4.2 Write down the SPECIFIC types (NAMES) of each of the following:
4.2.1 Reaction W (1)
4.2.2 Reaction X (1)
4.2.3 Reaction Y (1)
4.2.4 Reaction Z (1)
4.3 Identify the homologous series to which compound A belongs. (1)
4.4 Use condensed-structural formulae to write a balanced chemical equation

for reaction X (4)
4.5 Use structural formulae to write a balanced chemical equation
for reaction Y. (4)
4.6 Write down the IUPAC name of the organic product produced when
propan−1−ol is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated. (2)
[18]

QUESTION 4 ORGANIC REACTIONS 4C
4.1 4.1.1 Additionü (1)

4.1.2 Substitutionü (1)
4.1.3 Elimination ü (1)
4.2 4.2.1 Halogenation (OR bromination) ü (1)

4.2.2 Hydrohalogenationü (1)
4.2.3 Hydrolysisü (1)
4.2.4 Dehydrohalogenationü (1)
4.3 Alkanesü (1)
4.4 CH3CHCH2 + HBr → CH3CH2CH2Br
OR
CH3 – CH = CH2 + HBr → CH3 – CH2 – CH2 - Br
4.5
Haloalkane structureü
NaOH ü
Alcohol structure ü
Alcohol structure ü (4)
4.6 Propene (OR prop−1−ene)ü ü (2)

[18]

PART 3A: ENERGY AND CHANGE
• Chemical reactions are either ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC.
• Explain and discuss type of reactions and ask learners to classify (with reasons)
the reactions as endothermic or exothermic.
• Once you have explained and discussed types of reactions, use MULTIPLE
CHOICE SET 2 QUESTIONS 1.1 to 1.4 to assess learners’ understanding of the
concepts and content (i.e. Activation Energy, Heat of Reaction(∆H), Activated
Complex, etc.) discussed.
NB: Consolidate drawing and interpretation of fully labelled sketch graphs
(Potential Energy versus Course of Reaction graphs) of CATALYSED AND
UNCATALYSED endothermic and exothermic reactions.
PART 3B: RATE AND EXTENT OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Use MC SET 2 QUESTIONS 1.5 to 1.7 to discuss rates of and extent reaction
and factors (i.e.
Nature of reacting substances, Surface area, Concentration (Pressure for
gases),Temperature and the presence of a Suitable Catalyst).
NB: Define reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products

DC -3 -1
per unit time. i.e. Rate =(Unit: mol∙dm ∙s )
Dt
• Emphasise that rate can be defined in terms of change in mass/volume/
number of moles per time.
• QUESTION 1.7 can be used to illustrate the above.
• Use MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 2 1.7 and 1.8to list and explain in terms
of the Collision Theory how the various factors affect the rate of chemical reactions. The
collision theory is a model that explains reaction rate as the result of particles colliding with
a certain minimum energy.
• Use QUESTION 1.5 for drawing and interpreting graphs of distribution of

molecular energies (number of particles against their kinetic energy or Maxwell-
Boltzmann Curves) to explain how a CATALYST, TEMPERATURE, and
CONCENTRATION affect reaction rate.
NB:Explain that a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by providing alternative

path of lower activation energy. It therefore decreases the net/total energy (i.e. refer
back to energy and change).

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: SET 2
1.1 Consider the reaction represented by the balanced equation below:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
The activation energy for the uncatalyzed reverse reaction (i.e. the
decomposition of ammonia) is 670 kJ, and the activation energy of the
uncatalyzed forward reaction is 578 kJ.
A − 92 kJ B + 92 kJ
C + 1248 kJ D − 1248 kJ
1.2 Consider the following potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction.
Which arrow indicates the activation energy of the forward reaction?
A A
B B
C C
D D
1.3 The graph below represents the relationship between the potential energy (Ep)
The activation energy for the REVERSE reaction is:
A 5 kJ B 10 kJ C 15 kJ D 20 Kj

1.4 The potential energy diagram below refers to the following hypothetical
reaction taking place in a closed container: X2 + Y2 ↔ 2XY
What is the heat of reaction, in kJ·mol-1, for the reverse reaction that is
2XY → X2+Y2 ?
A + 30 B + 10
C - 10 D - 40
1.5 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves below show the number of
particles as a function of their kinetic energy for a reaction, at four different
temperatures. The minimum kinetic energy needed for effective collisions to
take place is represented by E.
Which one of the curves represents the reaction that takes place at the
highest temperature?
A I B II
C III D IV

1.6 Consider the reaction of calcium carbonate chips with hydrochloric acid
represented by the balanced equation below.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The rate at which CO2(g) is formed can be DECREASED by …
A Stirring the mixture.

B Adding more CaCO3 chips.
C Adding water to the mixture.
D Breaking the CaCO3 chips into smaller pieces
1.7 In an experiment, a 2 g lump of zinc is added to excess dilute sulphuric acid.

The
experiment is repeated this time, adding 2 g powered zinc to the same volume
of the
dilute acid.
The solid line in the graph below shows the volume of gas given off when the
2 g lump is used.
Which ONE of DOTTED lines in the graph above is obtained when 2 g of

powered zinc is used?
A A
B B
C C
D D

1.8 During a laboratory activity to investigate reaction rate, a learner reacts 1 g
samples of solid zinc with 10 ml samples of HCℓ(aq). The table below shows
information about the variables in five experiments the learner performed.
Reaction of Zn(s) with HCℓ (aq)

Experiment Description [HCℓ] (aq) Temperature
of Zn sample mol.dm-3 o
C
1 Lumps 0,1 20
2 Powder 0,1 20
3 Lumps 0,1 40
4 Lumps 1 40
5 Powder 1 30
Which TWO experiments can be used to investigate the effect of the

concentration of HCℓ(aq) on the reaction rate?
A 1 and 3
B 4 and 2
C 1 and 5
D 4 and 3

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ENERGY & CHANGE; RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS & STOCHIOMETRY
QUESTION 4 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES
4.1 Consider the hypothetical reaction represented by the following, balanced

chemical equation:
A2(g) + 2B2(g) ⇌ 2AB2(g)
The potential energy profile graph for the above reaction is given below. The
dash-dot line (- . -) shows the effect of a catalyst on this reaction.
4.1.1 Define the following terms:

(a) Heat of reaction. (2)
(b) Activated complex. (2)
4.1.2 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? (1)
4.1.3 Write down the numerical value (measured in kJ) for the:
(a) Energy of the reactants in the forward uncatalysed reaction. (1)

(b) Energy of the activated complex in the forward uncatalysed
reaction. (1)
(c) Heat of reaction (ΔH) for the reverse uncatalysed reaction. (1)
(d) Activation energy for the forward catalysed reaction. (1)

4.2 A series of experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of different
factors on the rates of a chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and zinc.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) →ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
FOUR different experiments are conducted using the conditions given in the
table below.
Experiment Temperature (OC) Concentration of State of zinc
H2SO4(mol.dm-3)
1 25 0,05 Powder
2 25 0,05 Granules
3 35 0,05 Powder
4 25 0,10 Powder
In each of the four experiments the same volume of sulphuric acid and the
same mass of zinc is used. The zinc is always in excess and is fully covered
by the sulphuric acid.
The rate of reaction for each experiment is monitored by measuring the

volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP against time. The results of the four
experiments are shown in the graph below.
Graph A corresponds to EXPERIMENT 1.
4.2.1 Explain why graph A levels out after t = 25 s. (2)

4.2.2 State which of the graphs B, C or D corresponds to:
(a) Experiment 2. (1)
(b) Experiment 3. (1)
(c) Experiment 4. (1)

4.2.3 With reference to reaction rate and the collision theory, explain the
differences between graph A (Experiment 1) and graph B. (3)
4.2.4 Use information from graph A to calculate the average rate of the
reaction in Experiment 1 over the first 25 s. Give your answer in units
of moles of H2 gas per second (mol⋅s–1).
Give your answer to 4 decimal places. (3)

[20]

QUESTION 4 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES
4.1 4.1.1 (a) The net change of chemical potential energy of the system.✓✓ (2)
(b) A temporary transition state between the reactants and the

products✓✓ (2)
4.1.2 Endothermic✓ (1)
4.1.3 (a) 20 kJ✓ (1)

(b) 165 kJ✓ (1)
(c) – 30 kJ✓✓ (1)
(d) (90 – 20) = 70 kJ ✓ (subtraction does not need to be shown) (1)
4.2 4.2.1 All of the hydrochloric acid (limiting reagent) has reacted (been used
up).✓✓
OR The reactants have been used up.
OR The reaction has stopped. (2)
4.2.2 (a) Graph D.✓ (1)

(b) Graph C.✓ (1)
(c) Graph B.✓ (1)
4.2.3 Graph B represents experiment 4 where there are more molecules of

H2SO4with the correct orientation per unit volume ✓therefore
more effective collisions per unit time and a faster reaction rate✓as
shown by the steeper gradient. The final volume of hydrogen produced in
experiment 4 (graph B) is greater than in experiment 1 (graph A) since the
number of moles of H2SO4 reacting with the excess zinc is greater.✓ (3)
V
4.2.4 n=
Vm
0,056
= (conversion)✓
22,4
= 0, 0025 mol
0,0025
Rate = ✓
25
= 0, 0001 mol of H2 per second ✓ (3)

[20]

QUESTION 5 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES 5A
A group of Grade 12 Promaths learners investigate the effect of surface area of solid
reactant on the rate of a chemical reaction. The investigation was done by adding 1,
5 g of CaCO3 to excess hydrochloric acid. The balanced chemical equation for the
reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
5.1 Define the term rate of reaction (2)

5.2 In this investigation, write down the dependable variable (1)
5.3 In which state of division of the CaCO3 (lumps or powder) will it
take a shorter time for the reaction to reach completion?
5.4 Assume that all CaCO3 reacted and calculate the mass of carbon dioxide
formed during the reaction. (4)
Mass of State of Concentration of Temperature

CaCO3(s) CaCO3(s) HCℓ(mol.dm-3) of HCℓ(0C)
Experiment 1 2 Lumps 0,5 30
Experiment 2 2 Powder 0,5 30
Experiment 3 2 Powder 0,5 30
5.5 The learners repeat the investigation above, but now the temperature of the
HCℓ is increased from 300C to 400 C in Experiment 1.
5.5.1 How will the change in temperature affects the rate of the reaction? (1)
5.5.2 Use the collision theory to explain the observation in
QUESTION 5.5.1 (3)

5.6 Consider a hypothetical reaction below:
A(aq) + BC(aq) ⇌AB(aq) + C(aq)
The sketch graph, not drawn to scale, of potential energy versus course of
reaction was obtained for the reaction.
5.2.1 Write down the following:

(a) Heat of reaction for the forward reaction (1)
(b) Activation energy for the reverse reaction (1)
5.2.2 Is the FORWARD or the REVERSE reaction endothermic reaction? (1)
[17]

QUESTION 5 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES 5A
5.1 ANY ONE
• Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time✓✓

• Rate of change of concentration
• Change in amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products or reactants per
(unit) time
• Amount/number of moles/volume /mass of products or reactants per (unit) time
(2)
5.2 Reaction rate ✓ (1)
5.3 Powder✓
Powder has a larger surface area and there will be more effective collisions per unit
time. ✓The reaction rate will increase. ✓ (3)
*
5.4 n=+
,,/
= ,00✓
= 0, 015 mol
*
CaCO3: CO2 n=+
1 :1 ✓ OR
*
m(CO2) = nM 0,015✓ = n = $$✓
= (0,015)(44) m = 0, 66g✓
= 0,66g✓ (4)
5.5 5.5.1 The rate of the reaction will increase✓ (1)

5.5.2 Increasing temperature increases the average kinetic energy
(of the reacting particles). ✓ More effective collisions per unit time/✓
Frequency of effective collisions increases, thus increase the rate of the
reaction. ✓ (3).
5.6 5.6.1 (a) -20 kJ.mol-1✓ (1)
(b) 185 kJ.mol-1✓ (1)
5.6.2 Reverse (reaction) ✓ (1)

[17]

QUESTION 5 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES 5B
In an investigation into the effect of concentration and temperature on

reactionrate, the reaction as shown in the balanced chemical equation
below is used:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) + S(s)
Thandi places the reaction vessel

on a piece of paper that has been
marked withan 'X'. When a sufficient
amount of precipitate has formed,
the turbidity (cloudiness) of the
solution is such that the 'X'
disappears. The figure alongside
shows the experimental setup.
Start of reaction Reaction after

some time
The time taken for the 'X' to disappear is measured for various reaction conditions as
shown in the table below. Note that the sodium thiosulfate is the limiting reagent
in Experiments 1 to 4 and the hydrochloric acid is the limiting reagent in
Experiment 5.
Volume of Concentration Volume of Concentratio Temperature

Experiment Na2S2O3 of Na2S2O3 HCℓ(dm3) nof HCℓ (°C)
(dm3) (mol·dm−3) (mol·dm−3)
1 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,1 25
2 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,1 35
3 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,2 25
4 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,3 25
5 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,05 25
5.1 Write a chemical equation showing the ionisation of hydrochloric acid in

water. (3)
5.2 Write the symbol for the product that is responsible for the precipitate (1)
5.3 For which experiment will the 'X' disappear the fastest? (1)

5.4 Consider Experiments 1 and 2
5.4.1 On the ANSWER SHEET, a partially labelled Maxwell

Boltzmann distribution curve for Experiment 1 has been given.
Label the y-axis.
Draw the distribution curve for Experiment 2.

Indicate and label the activation energy (4)
5.4.2 Using the collision theory, and with reference to the

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves in Question 5.4.1,
explain fully which experiment would have the higher reaction rate. (4)
5.5 Consider the graphs below of mass of precipitate formed versus

timelabelled A, B, and C.
Which graph, A, B, or C, represents:
5.5.1 Experiment 2? (1)

5.6 Thobeka changes another reaction condition which is represented in
the graph below. Curve R (solid line) denotes the initial conditions, and curve
C (dashed line) denotes the changed condition.
Potential Energy C
Reaction Coordinate
5.6.1 Define activation energy. (2)
5.6.2 Classify this reaction as EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC. (1)
5.6.3 What sign (POSITIVE or NEGATIVE) does the heat of reaction

(enthalpy change) have? (1)
5.6.4 Which have stronger bonds: the REACTANTS or the PRODUCTS? (2)
5.6.5 Which reaction condition did Thobeka change? (1)
[23]

QUESTION 5 ENERGY CHANGE AND REACTION RATES 5B
5.1 HCℓ + H2O → Cℓ− + H3O+

RHSüLHSü
Balü (3)
5.2 Sü (1)
5.3 4ü (1)
5.4 5.4.1
Correctly labelled y-axisü

Experiment 2 peak lower than experiment 1 peakü
Experiment 2 peak at higher kinetic energy than experiment 1 peaküActivation
energy correctly placed and same for both experimentsü (4)
5.4.2
• An increase in temperature causes the average kinetic energy
of the particles to increaseü
• From the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve, we can see
that there is an increase in the proportion of particles with
sufficient kinetic energy (to overcome the activation energy) ü
• This (together with the increase in speed and therefore number
ofcollisions per unit time) results in a greater number of effective
collisions per unit timeü
• Therefore, Experiment 2 has a higher reaction rateü (4)
5.5 5.5.1 B c.o.e from Q5.3 – if 2 has been identified as
faster, then A. ü (1)
5.5.2 A c.o.e from Q3.3 – if 2 has been identified as faster, then B. ü (1)
5.5.3 Cü (1)

5.6 5.6.1 The minimum energy required to start a chemical reactionOR the
energy required to form the activated complex. üü (1)
5.6.2 Exothermicü (1)
5.6.3 Negativeü (1)
5.6.4 Productsü (1)
5.6.5 Addition of a suitable catalyst (1)
[23]

PART 4: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• Use MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.2 to 1.7 SET 3 to explain Chemical
Equilibrium and list the factors that influence the position of equilibrium (i.e.
Pressure (gases only), Concentration and Temperature).
• Use MC QUESTION 1.1 to explain how to write down an expression for the
equilibrium constant (Kc) having been given the equation for the reaction.
NB: Most industrial processes in the manufacture of fertilizers are equilibrium

reactions.
So ask learners to write down Kc expression for the various stages of industrial
processes discussed.
• Explain the significance of high and low values of the equilibrium constant.
• Perform calculations based on Kc values.
• Use MC QUESTIONS 1.2 to 1.7 to explain and use Le Chatelaine’s principle to
explain changes in equilibria qualitatively.
• Explain the use of rate and equilibrium principles in the Haber process and the
contact process.
NB: Explain why the a high yield of NH3 in the Haber process will be achieved at
Higher Pressure and Lower Temperature in terms of Le Chatelaine’s
Principle.
Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
When Le Chatelier’s Principle is used to predict the influence of a disturbance on an

existing equilibrium, the following steps must be followed:
• Identify the disturbance
• Indicate the action of the system on the disturbance.
• Indicate how the system will oppose the disturbance.
• Indicate what the result of the action will be on the system.

USEFUL GUIDELINES WHEN APPLYING LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EQULILIBRIUM SYSTEMS tend to compensate for the effects of perturbing
influences.
• If the concentration of a solute reactant is increased, the equilibrium position
shifts to use up the added reactants by producing more product. Thus favouring
the forward reaction in the direction of products.
• If the concentration of a solute reactant is decreased, the equilibrium position
shifts to replace the removed reactants by producing more reactants. Thus,
favoring the reverse reaction in the direction of reactants.
• If the concentration of a solute product is increased, the equilibrium position
shifts to use up the added products by producing more reactants. Thus, favoring
the reverse reaction in the direction of reactants.
• If the concentration of a solute product is decreased, the equilibrium position
shifts to replace the removed products by producing more products. Thus,
favouring the forward reaction in the direction of products.
• If the pressure on an equilibrium system is increased, then the equilibrium
position shifts to reduce the pressure. This can be done by favouring the reaction
that produces the least number of gas molecules.
• If the pressure on an equilibrium system is decreased, then the equilibrium
position shifts to increase the pressure. This can be done by favouring the
reaction that produces the greatest number of gas molecules.
• If the volume of a gaseous equilibrium system is reduced (equivalent to an
increase in pressure) then the equilibrium position shifts to increase the volume
(equivalent to a decrease in pressure).
• If the volume of a gaseous equilibrium system is increased (equivalent to
an decrease in pressure) then the equilibrium position shifts to decrease the
volume (equivalent to an increase in pressure).
• If the temperature of a forward ENDOTHERMIC equilibrium system is
increased, the equilibrium position shifts to use up the heat by producing more
products. A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction in the
direction of reactants.
• If the temperature of a forward EXOTHERMIC equilibrium system is increased,
the equilibrium position shifts to use up the heat by producing more reactants. A
decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction in the direction of
products.
• Catalyst added: No change in Equilibrium. Equilibrium is only reached much
sooner/ faster.
Note: In an equilibrium involving gases, the addition of another gas that is not
part of reaction taking place does not disturb the reaction.

CHANGING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT A STATE OF DYNAMIC CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM AND PREDICTING THE EFFECTS:

Consider the following reaction that is at equilibrium in a closed container:
2NO2(g) N2O4 (g) (ΔH < 0)
Factor Change of Effect on reaction rate Reaction Change in the Change in the Change in
Factor favoured amount of amount of Kc
products reactants
Temperature Increase in Both forward and Reverse Amount of Amount of Decreses

Temperature reverse reaction rates reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2)
increase BUT rate of decreases increases
reverse reaction is
faster
Decrease in Both forward and Forward Amount of Amount of Increases
temperature reverse reaction rates reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2)
decrease BUT rate of increases BUT decreases
forward reaction is takes long time
faster to do so
Concentration Increase in Overall reaction rate Forward Amount of Amount of Remains
concentration of increases BUT rate of reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
a reactant [NO2] forward reaction is increases decreases
faster
Increase in Overall reaction rate Reverse Amount of Amount of Remains
concentration of increases BUT rate of reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
a product reverse reaction is decreases increases
[N2O4] faster
Decrease in Overall reaction rate Reverse Amount of Amount of Remains
concentration of decreases BUT rate of reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
a reactant [NO2] reverse reaction is decreases increases
faster
Decrease in Overall reaction rate Forward Amount of Amount of Remains
concentration of decreases BUT rate of reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
a product forward reaction is increases decreases
[N2O4] faster
Pressure Increase in Both forward and Forward Amount of Amount of Remains
pressure by reverse reaction rates reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
decreasing increase BUT rate of increases decreases
volume of gas forward reaction is
in container faster
Decrease in Both forward and Reverse Amount of Amount of Remains
pressure by reverse reaction rates reaction product (N2O4) reactants (NO2) the same
increasing decrease BUT rate of decreases Increases
volume of gas reverse reaction is
in container faster
Catalyst Adding a Both forward and None are Remains the Remains the Remains
Catalyst reverse reaction rates favoured same same the same
increase equally

1.1 The reaction represented by the balanced equation below reaches

equilibrium in a closed container:
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ) ⇌ C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
Which ONE of the following is the correct expression for the equilibrium
constant, Kc, for this reaction?
[O2 ]6
A KC =
[CO2 ]6
[C6 H12 O 6 ][O 2 ]6
B KC =
[CO 2 ]6 [H 2 O]6
[CO2 ]6 [H2O]6
C KC =
[C6H12O6 ][O2 ]6
[CO2 ]6
D KC =
[O2 ]6
1.2 The graphs represent the change in the rate of reaction versus time for the
reversible reaction that took place when an amount of hydrogen (H2) gas and
iodine (I2) gas was sealed off in a container.
The equation for the reaction is: H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) ΔH < 0
Equilibrium was first established after 5 minutes.
Which ONE of the following BEST explains the change that occurred at t15?
A A catalyst is added
B The temperature was increased
C The temperature was decreased
D The external pressure on the reaction mixture was decreased

1.3 Consider the balanced chemical equation which represents a system which is
in equilibrium:
4HCℓ(g) + O2(g)D 2Cℓ2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) (∆H<0)
The yield of chlorine gas can best be increased by the following combination
of
changes in temperature and pressure:
A catalyst is added to system already at equilibrium. Which ONE of the

combinations in the table below describes how the rates of the forward and
reverse reactions are affected?
FORWARD RATE REVERSE RATE

A Remains constant Remains constant
B Remains constant Decreases
C Increase Remains constant
D Increase Increase
1.4 The reaction represented by the equation below has reached equilibrium.
Hydrogen ions (H+) are now added to the equilibrium mixture at a constant
temperature.
Cr2O72- (aq) + H2O(ℓ) « 2CrO2(aq) + 2H+(aq)
What will the effect be on the concentration of the dichromate ions and the
value of the equilibrium constant?
Temperature Pressure
A Increase Decrease
B Decrease Decrease
C Decrease Increase
D Increase Increase

1.5 A catalyst is added to system already at equilibrium. Which ONE of the
combinations in the table below describes how the rates of the forward and
reverse reactions are affected?
FORWARD RATE REVERSE RATE

A Remains constant Remains constant
B Remains constant Decreases
C Increase Remains constant
D Increase Increase
1.6 The reaction represented by the equation below has reached equilibrium.
Hydrogen ions (H+) are now added to the equilibrium mixture at a constant
temperature: Cr2O72- (aq) + H2O(ℓ) « 2CrO2(aq) + 2H+(aq)
What will the effect be on the concentration of the dichromate ions and the
value of the equilibrium constant?
[Cr2O72-] KC
A Increases Decreases
B Decreases Increases
C Decreases Stays the same
D Increases Stays the same
1.7 Consider the CONCENTRATION-TIME GRAPH below for the following

equilibrium: 2HI(g) « H2(g) + I2(g)
Which ONE of the following occurs at time t1 on the graph below.
A Addition of H2 B Addition of HI
C Addition of a catalyst D A decrease in volume

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: DYNAMIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUESTION 5 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Nitrogen monoxide, released from the combustion engines of motor vehicles, reacts
with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce nitrogen dioxide. This reaction can be
simulated in a closed reaction container of volume 500 cm3 at a temperature of 100
o
C. The reaction reaches equilibrium according to the following chemical equation:
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
Initially 4 mol of NO and 2,5 mol of O2 were placed in the reaction container
with an unknown amount of NO2. When equilibrium was established, it was
found that the concentration of NO present in the reaction container was 6,5
mol·dm-3. The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at 100 ºC is 0,25.
5.1 State Le Chatelier's Principle. (2)
5.2 A chemical equilibrium occurs in a 'closed system'. State what is meant

by the term 'closed system'. (2)
5.3 Calculate the number of moles of NO present at equilibrium. (3)
5.4 Calculate the number of moles of NO that were used up in reaching

equilibrium. (2)
5.5 Calculate the concentration of O2 at equilibrium. (4)
5.6 Write down the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction.(1)
5.7 Using the expression in Question 5.6 to assist in your calculation,

determine the number of moles of NO2 present in the system at
equilibrium. (4)
5.8 Calculate the number of moles of NO2 initially present in the reaction
container. (4)

5.9 In a new experiment, ammonia gas and oxygen gas are introduced into a
container at a certain temperature, which is then sealed and the reaction
taking place reaches dynamic chemical equilibrium, according to the following
balanced chemical equation:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
The graph below shows the changes in the concentration of NH3(g), O2(g),
NO(g) and H2O(g) with time.
5.9.1 If numerical values were given for concentration on the concentration-

axis, would it be possible to calculate the equilibrium constant (Kc)
for this reaction at time t1? Explain your answer. (2)
5.9.2 Identify the change (stress) which was introduced to the reaction at
time and explain the subsequent changes in the concentrations of all
substances immediately after time t2. (3)
5.9.3 At time t3 the temperature in the container is decreased.
5.9.3.1 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? (1)
5.9.3.2 Consider the changes in concentration shown in the graph

between time t3 and t4 and apply Le Chatelier's principle to
explain your answer to Question 5.9.3.1 (3)
[31]

QUESTION 5 DYNAMIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
5.1 When an external stress/disturbance (change in pressure, temperature or
concentration) is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium will change
in such a way as to counteract the stress /re-establish equilibrium / minimise the
effect/oppose the change. ✓✓ OR (2)
When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a
new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the disturbance.
If did not mention system in equilibrium (0/2)
5.2 A system where no external factors/influences/interferences/stress can influence

the equilibrium. ✓✓ (2)
OR
Substance cannot enter or leave the system / no particles or gases can
enter or leave
OR
No change in mass / mass conserved
OR
No interferences on the system/ a system which is isolated from its surroundings
ACCEPT – no variables affect the system (½)

– no interaction/ contact with the environment (½)
no macroscopic changes (½)
!
5.3 𝑐 = " ✓
n = cv
= 6,5 × 0,5 ✓
= 3,25 mol ✓ If 500cm3 used... (1/3) (3)
5.4 4 – 3,25 ( carry over error accepted) ✓
= 0,75 mol ✓ (2)
ACCEPTED – the change in the number of moles = –0,75 mol

If used wrong volume in 5.3, carry over allowed .......but if did the subtraction the
wrong way around (Coe – 4 ).....then ½

5.5 NO : O2
2 : 1
#,%&
∴ amount of O2 used = ' ( If showed dividing some number by 2 ........1/4) ✓
= 0,375 mol (accept 0,38 mol) ✓

∴ amount of O2 at equilibrium = 2,5 – 0,375
= 2,125 mol (accept 2,13 ✓

! ',('&
∴𝑐= "
= #,&
✓= 4,25 mol.dm-3 ✓ (accept 4, 26 mol.dm-3 (4)
[+,! ]!
5.6 𝐾) = [+,]! [,]!
✓ (1)
[+,]!
5.7 0,25 = (/,&)! (1,'&)
✓✓ carry over of the expression and the value from 5.5
[NO2] = 6,7 mol.dm-3

n = cv
= 6,7 × 0,5 ✓
= 3,35 mol ✓ (4)
It was noted that certain candidates did not complete this question, however did the rest of this
question 5.8. They were penalized in 5.7 but allowed the carry over if done in 5.8
5.8 NO: NO2

2 : 2✓
∴ n(NO2) formed = 0, 75mol✓

∴ n(NO2) at start = 3,35 - 0,75✓
= 2,6 mol✓
PLEASE NOTE
If carry over answer used from 5.7 = 1 mark
Knowing that 0,75 mol of NO2 was formed (or carry over from 5.4) = 1 mark
Subtracting 5.4 from 5.7 = 1 mark
If 5.4 is added to 5.7 .....only 2/4
5.9 5.9.1 No as the system is not in a state of (dynamic chemical) equilibrium✓✓ (2)
5.9.2 O2(g) was removed from the reaction vessel or [O2] decreased. ✓
The reverse reaction was favoured. The concentration of the products, NO
and H2O, decreased as they reacted to produce O2 and relieve the stress. ✓
This led to an increase in the concentration of the reactants ✓ (3)

5.9.3 5.9.3.1 Exothermic ✓ (1)
5.9.3.2Stress: Decrease temperature✓
Response: Favour forward (or exothermic) reaction as shown by

decrease in [reactants] and increase in [products] ✓
Reason: Forward reaction produces heat (∴ exothermic), which

relieves stress of low temperature.✓ (3)
[31]

QUESTION 6 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 6A
The following balanced equation represents the production of methanol (CH3OH)
using carbon monoxide gas (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2).
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ∆H = +128,49 kJ∙mol-1
The reaction reaches equilibrium at 380 K.
6.1 Define the term dynamic equilibrium. (2)
6.2 An unknown mass of carbon monoxide gas (CO) is injected into a 2 dm3
closed vessel, containing 1,5 moles of hydrogen gas (H2). Upon reaching
equilibrium at
380 K, 0,75 moles of hydrogen gas (H2) remain in the vessel.
If the equilibrium constant, (Kc), for this reaction is 6,27 at 380 K, calculate
the initial mass of carbon monoxide gas (CO) injected into the vessel. (9)
6.3 For the given equilibrium reaction, write down the Kc value for the reverse
reaction at 380 K. (2)
6.4 The same amounts of CO(g) and H2(g) as before are now heated in a
LARGER VESSEL and the reaction reaches equilibrium at 380 K. How will
each of the following be affected by this change? Write down INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain your answer.
6.4.1 The Kc value (2)
6.4.2 The equilibrium yield of methanol (CH3OH) (2)
6.5 The temperature is now decreased to 300 K and a new equilibrium is
established. How will the amount of methanol (CH3OH) formed at 300 K
compare to that formed at 380 K?
Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
Explain your answer using Le Chatelier's principle. (3)
[20]

QUESTION 6 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 6A
6.1 A stage in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate
of the reverse reaction. ✓✓
OR
The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentration/amounts of reactants
and products remain constant. (2)
6.2 CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES

Mark allocation
• Change n(H2) ✓
• Ratio to determine n(CO) reacted and n(CH3OH) formed = 1 : 1 ✓
• n(CO) & n(CH3OH) at equilibrium ✓
• Divide three equilibrium amounts by 2 (calculation of concentration) ✓
• Kc expression✓
• Substitution into Kc expression✓
• Answer: X = 0,8 mol ✓
• Substitution into m = n x M✓
• Final answer m = 22,4 g✓

OPTION 1
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
1 mole 2 moles 1 mole
Start X 1,5 0
Reacted (mol) 0,375 0,75✓ 0,375 ratio✓
Equilibrium (mol) X - 0,375 0,75 0,375✓
Equilibrium 𝑋 − 0,375 0,75 #,3%&

✓
'
! 2 2
Concentration c = 2
(mol.dm-3) =0,1875
=0,375

[4," ,5]
Kc = [5 ! [4,]
✓
!]
[#,(6%&]
6,27 = #$%,"'(
[#,3%&]! [ ]
!
x = 0, 8 mol
7
n = 8✓
m = (0,8)(28)✓
m = 22,4g✓
OPTION 2
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Ratio 1 2 1
Initial concentration 9 (,& 0
'
= 0,5X = 0,75
'
mol.dm-3
Change in concentration 0,1875 0,375 0, 1875 ratio

mol.dm-3
Equilibrium 0,5X - 0, 0,75 =0,1875
1875 2
Concentration
(mol.dm-3)
=0,375
[4," ,5]
Kc = [5 ! [4,]
✓
!]
[#,(6%&]
Kc = [#,3%&]! [#,&9 #,(6%&]
✓
x = 0, 8 mol
Initial mass of CO injected in the container
(m) = nxM
m = (0,8)(28)✓
m = 22,4g✓ (9)

(
6.3 Kc(reverse reaction) = ;<(=>?@A?B ?CA<DE>F) ✓
(
Kc(reverse reaction) = /,'%
Kc(reverse reaction) = 0,16✓
NOTE: Give 2 marks if the learners write only the correct answer. (2)
6.4 6.4.1 Remains the same✓
The temperature is constant, Kc value is only affected by a change in
temperature.✓ (2)
6.4.2 Decreases✓
A larger volume (results in a lower pressure which) will favour the reaction
producing a larger number of moles✓/reverse reaction is favoured. (2)
6.5 Decreases✓
A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction.✓ The reverse reaction will
be favoured.✓ (3)
[20]

QUESTION 6 (CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 6B)
Many industries in South Africa rely on sulphuric acid and the compounds it
is used toproduce. The large-scale production of sulphuric acid involves the
following equilibrium:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH < 0

6.1 State Le Chatelier’s Principle. (2)
6.2 How will each of the following changes affect the yield of SO3 (g) at
equilibrium?
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES and REMAINS THE SAME.

Explain by using Le Chatelier’s Principle.
6.2.1 An increase in pressure by decreasing the volume. (3)

6.2.2 An increase in temperature. (3)
6.3 In a laboratory experiment, 5 mol SO2 and 3 mol O2 are sealed in a 2 dm3
container. The graph below shows how the number of moles of reactants and
products change over a 15-minute period.
6.3.1 After 5 minutes, the concentration of oxygen gas in the container

was found to be 0,9 mol.dm-3. Calculate the value of Kc between 5 and
10 minutes. (7)
6.3.2 What disturbance occurred at t = 10 minutes? (1)

6.3.3 How does the disturbance at t = 10 minutes affect the value of Kc?
Write down only INCREASES or DECREASES or NO CHANG (1)

After 12 minutes the following sketch graph of reaction rate
against time is obtained for the equilibrium mixture.
6.3.2 A catalyst is added to the equilibrium mixture at time 15 minutes.

Redraw the graph above in your ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of
axes, complete the graph showing the effect of the catalyst on the
reaction rates. (2)
[19]

QUESTION 6 (CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 6B)
6.1 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-
instate a new equilibriumüby favouring a reaction that opposes the
üdisturbance. (2)
6.2.1 INCREASESü
● Increase in pressure favours the reaction that leads to smaller (3)
number of moles / volume of gas. ü
● Forward reaction is favoured. ü
6.2.2 DECREASESü
● An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. ü (3)
● The reverse reaction is favoured. ü
6.3.1 Marking criteria:

1. Values from graph
2. Calculation of n(O2)
3. Calculation of n(O2) reacted
4. Ratio ü
5. Equation of Kc
6. üSubstitution
7. Answer ü
SO2 üO2 SO3

Ratio: 2 1 2
n start: 5 3 0
n change -2,4 -1,2 +2,4
n equilibrium 2,6 1,8 2,4
c =n/V 1,3 0,9 1,2
(7)
6.3.2 More oxygen added (conc of O2 increased) (1)
6.3.3 NO CHANGE. (1)

6.3.4 ● Vertical parallel lines show a sudden increase in rate of both
forward and reverse reactions at 15 minutes
● Horizontal parallel lines showing a constant higher rate for both
forward and
reverse catalysed reactions after time 15 minutes.
(2)
[19]

The reaction represented by the following balanced chemical equation is important in

the Contact Process for the industrial production of sulfuric acid:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
Dikeledi adds some sulfur dioxide and oxygen to a container and then seals the
container. He monitors the rates of the forward and reverse reactions over time and
the following graph is obtained:
7.1 After what time was dynamic equilibrium reached for the first time? (1)
7.2 Write down the equation for the reaction represented by the solid line. (2)

7.4 At 8 minutes, more oxygen gas was added to the container whilst maintaining
a constant temperature and volume of container.
With reference to Le Châtelier's principle, fully explain how the amount of

sulphur dioxide was affected when the equilibrium was re-established. (3)
7.5 At 15 minutes, the temperature of the reaction mixture was suddenly

decreased.
7.5.1 From the graph, determine and write down which reaction
(FORWARD or REVERSE) was initially favoured. (1)
7.5.2 Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? (1)
[10]

7.1 5 minutes✓ (1)
7.2 2SO3 ✓→ 2SO2 + O2✓ (2)
7.3 When an external stress (change in pressure, temperature or

concentration) is applied to a system in chemical equilibrium, ✓the equilibrium
point will change in such a way as to counteract the stress. ✓ (2)
7.4
• Stress: increase in concentration of O2 ✓
• Le Châtelier's principle predicts the system will respond in order to decrease the
concentration of O2 ✓
• Therefore, the forward reaction is (initially) favoured as it consumes O2
• Decreasing the amount of SO2 ✓ (3)
7.5 7.5.1 Forward✓ (1)
7.5.2 Exothermic ✓ (2)

[10]

PART 5: ACID –BASE REACTIONS
WHAT LEARNERS MUST KNOW: (In conjunction with CAPS, p. 134 - 137)
• Define acids and bases according to Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted:
Arrhenius theory:
+
o An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H )/ hydronium ions
+
(H3O ) when it dissolves in water.
-
o A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH ) when it dissolves in
water.
Lowry-Brønsted theory:
+
o An acid is a proton (H ion) donor.
+
o A base is a proton (H ion) acceptor.
• Distinguish between strong acids/bases and weak acids/bases with examples.
+
o Strong acids ionise completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O
ions. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric
acid.
+
o Weak acids ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O
ions. Examples of weak acids are ethanoic acid and oxalic acid.
o Strong bases dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of
-
OH ions. Examples of strong bases are sodium hydroxide and potassium
hydroxide.
o Weak bases dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low
-
concentration of OH ions.
Examples of weak bases are ammonia, calcium carbonate, potassium

carbonate, calcium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
• Distinguish between concentrated acids/bases and dilute acids/bases.

o Concentrated acids/bases contain a large amount (number of moles) of
acid/base in proportion to the volume of water.
o Dilute acids/bases contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base
in proportion to the volume of water.
• Write down the reaction equations of aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
+ -
Examples: HCℓ(g)+H2O(ℓ) →H3O (aq) + Cℓ (aq) (HCℓ is monoprotic acid.)
+ -
NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) → NH 4 (aq)+ OH (aq)
+ 2 −
H2SO4(aq) +2H2O(ℓ)→ 2H3O (aq) +SO 4
(aq) (H2SO4 is a diprotic acid.)

• Identify conjugate acid-base pairs for given compounds.
-
o When the acid, HA, loses a proton, its conjugate base, A ,is formed.
-
o When the base, A , accepts a proton, its conjugate acid, HA, is formed.
o These two are a conjugate acid-base pair.
• Describe a substance that can act as either acid or base as amphiprotic or as an

ampholyte.
o Water is a good example of an ampholyte.
o Write equations to show how an amphiprotic substance can act as acid or
base.
• Write down neutralisation reactions of common laboratory acids and bases.
Examples: HCℓ(aq)+NaOH(aq)/KOH(aq)→NaCℓ(aq)/KCℓ(aq)+ H2O(ℓ)
HCℓ(aq)+Na2CO3(aq)→NaCℓ(aq) +H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

HNO3(aq) +NaOH(aq)→NaNO3(aq) +H2O(ℓ)
H2SO4(aq) +2NaOH(aq)→Na2SO4(aq) +2H2O(ℓ)
(COOH)2(aq)+NaOH(aq)→(COO)2Na2(aq)+ H2O(ℓ)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
NOTE: The above are examples of equations that candidates

should be able to write from given information.
However, any other neutralisation reaction can be given in the question
paper to assess, e.g., stoichiometry calculations.
• Determine the approximate pH (equal to, smaller than or larger than 7) of salts in
salt hydrolysis.
• Define hydrolysis as the reaction of a salt with water.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a weak acid and a strong base results in an alkaline
solution, i.e. the pH > 7. Examples of such salts are sodium ethanoate,
sodium oxalate and sodium carbonate.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong acid and a weak base results in an acidic
solution, i.e. the pH < 7.An example of such a salt is ammonium chloride.
o The salt of a strong acid and a strong bases does not undergo hydrolysis and
the solution of the salt will be neutral, i.e. pH= 7.
• Motivate the choice of a specific indicator in a titration.
o Choose from methyl orange, phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue.
o Define the equivalence point of a titration as the point at which the acid
/base has completely reacted with the base/acid.
o Define the end point of a titration as the point where the indicator changes
colour.

• Perform stoichiometric calculations based on titrations of a strong acid with a
strong base, a strong acid with a weak base and a weak acid with a strong base.
Calculations may include percentage purity,
• For a titration, e.g. the titration of oxalic acid with sodium hydroxide:
o List the apparatus needed or identify the apparatus from a diagram.

o Describe the procedure to prepare a standard oxalic acid solution.
o Describe the procedure to conduct the titration.
o Describe safety precautions.
o Describe measures that need to be in place to ensure reliable results.
o Interpret given results to determine the unknown concentration.
• Explain the pH scale as a scale of numbers from 0 to 14 used to express the

acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
+
• Calculate pH values of strong acids and strong bases using pH = - log [H3O ].
• Define Kw as the equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the ionic
product of water or the ionisation constant of water, i.e.
Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x 1014 by 298 K.
• Explain the auto-ionisation of water, i.e. the reaction of water with itself to form
H3O+ ions and OH- ions.
• Interpret Ka values of acids to determine the relative strength of given acids.
• Interpret Kb values of bases to determine the relative strength of given bases.
• Compare strong and weak acids by looking at:
o pH (monoprotic and diprotic acids)

o Conductivity
o Reaction rate

APPROACH: ACIDS AND BASES
• Use MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 4 1.1 to 1.4 to address ALL aspects
related to Acids and Bases, i.e,
v Define acids and bases according to Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted:
v Distinguish between strong acids/bases and weak acids/bases with examples.
v Distinguish between concentrated acids/bases and dilute acids/bases.
v Concentrated acids/bases contain a large amount (number of moles) of
acid/base in proportion to the volume of water.
v Dilute acids/bases contain a small amount (moles)of acid / base in proportion
to the volume of water.
v Write down the reaction equations of aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
v Distinguish between monoprotic and diprotic acid with examples.
v Identify conjugate acid-base pairs forgiven compounds.
v Describe a substance that can act as either acid or base as amphiprotic or as
an ampholyte.
(Water is a good example of an ampholyte. Write equations to show how an
amphiprotic substance can act as acid or base).
v Write down neutralisation reactions of common laboratory acids and bases.
v Determine the approximate pH (equal to, smaller than or larger than 7) of salts
in salt hydrolysis.
v Define hydrolysis as the reaction of a salt with water.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a weak acid and a strong base results in an
alkaline solution, i.e. the pH>7.Examplesofsuch salts are, sodium
oxalate and sodium carbonate.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong acid and a weak base result in an
acidic solution, i.e. the pH < 7. An example of such a salt is Ammonium
chloride.
o The salt of a strong acid and a strong bases does not undergo
hydrolysis and the solution of the salt will be neutral, i.e. pH= 7.
v Use QUESTION 1.12 to motivate the choice of a specific indicator in a titration
and perform stoichiometric calculations based on titrations of a strong acid
with a strong base, a strong acid with a weak base and a weak acid with
a strong base.
v Explain and Calculate pH values of strong acids and strong bases using
pH =-log[H3O+].
v Define Kw as the equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the ionic
+ -
product of water or the ionisation constant of water, i.e. Kw= [H3O ][OH ] =
14
1x10 by 298 K.
v Use Structured MARATHON PROBLEMS to assess learners’
understanding of content and concepts discussed.

1.1 According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base…

A Dissociates in aqueous solution
B Raises the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution above
1,0 x 10-7 mol.dm-3
C Tastes bitter an feels slippery
D Accepts a proton during a collision with an acid
1.2 Consider the reaction represented by the equation below:
NH+4 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Which ONE of the following represents a conjugate acid-base pair in the

above reaction?
A NH+4 (aq) and NH3 (aq)

B NH+4 (aq) and H2O(ℓ)
C H2O(ℓ) and NH3 (aq)
D NH3 (aq) and H3 O + (aq)
1.3 A solution of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is titrated against a standard sodium
hydroxide solution. Which ONE of the following indicators would be the most
suitable for this titration?
Indicator pH range of the indicator

A Phenolphthalein 8,3–10
B Methyl orange 3,1–4,4
C Bromothymol blue 6,0–7,6
D Universal indicator Changes colour over a wide range of pH
values
1.4 Which one of the following gives the approximate pH of an aqueous solution
of sodium carbonate and the relevant hydrolysis equation?
pH Hydrolysis equation
A Less than 7 CO32–+ H2O⇌ HCO3–+ OH–
B Less than 7 Na++ H2O⇌NaOH + H+
C Greater than 7 CO32–+ H2O⇌ HCO3–+ OH–
D Greater than 7 Na++ H2O ⇌ NaOH + H+

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ACIDS AND BASES
QUESTION 6 ACID -BASE REACTIONS
6.1 Indicators (generally represented as HIn) are organic compounds which

display characteristic colours when placed in either an acidic or basic solution.
They are generally weak acids which will ionise in water to reach the following
dynamic equilibrium.
HIn(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) +

–
In (aq) (yellow) (blue)
Bromothymol blue is an indicator which is yellow in an acidic medium and blue

in an alkali.
6.1.1 Define an acid and a base in terms of the Brønsted-Lowry model. (2)
6.1.2 Indicators are said to be weak acids. State what is meant by the
term 'weak acid'. (2)
6.1.3 By referring to Le Chatelier's principle, explain why bromothymol

blue displays a blue colour when placed in a solution of sodium
hydroxide. (3)
6.2 Potassium hydroxide is a strong base that dissociates when placed in water. A
standard solution of potassium hydroxide of concentration 0,45 mol·dm-3 is
prepared in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask at a temperature of 298 K.
6.2.1 State what is meant by the term 'standard solution'. (2)
6.2.2 Write down a chemical equation to show the dissociation of

potassium hydroxide in water. (2)
6.2.3 Calculate the mass of potassium hydroxide used in the preparation

of the standard solution. (5)
6.2.4 The ionisation constant for water (Kw) is 1 × 10-14 at 298 K. Calculate
the concentration of hydronium ions in the potassium hydroxide
solution at 298 K. (4)

The standard potassium hydroxide solution prepared in Question 6.2 is used
to determine the unknown concentration of a solution of the weak acid, oxalic
acid (COOH)2. 25 cm3 of oxalic acid is placed in a conical flask with a few
drops of indicator. Exactly 15 cm3 of potassium hydroxide is required to reach
the equivalence point in the titration according to the following balanced
chemical equation:
(COOH)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) (COOK)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
6.2.5 State what is meant by the term 'equivalence point' in a titration. (2)
6.2.6 Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used in the

titration. (2)
6.2.7 Calculate the number of moles of oxalic acid that were neutralised
by the potassium hydroxide. (2)
6.2.8 Calculate the unknown concentration of the oxalic acid. (3)
The table below lists the indicators that are most commonly used in a school
laboratory.
Indicator pH range or sensitivity

range
Bromothymol 6,0 to 7,6
blue
Methyl orange 3,1 to 4,4
Phenolphthalein 8,3 to 10
6.2.9 Explain what is meant by the term 'hydrolysis'. (2)
6.2.10 Which indicator would best be suited for the titration of the
potassium hydroxide solution against the oxalic acid solution? Use
your knowledge of hydrolysis to explain your answer. (4)
[35]

QUESTION 6 ACID-BASE REACTIONS
6.1 6.1.1 Acid – proton donor ✓

Base – proton acceptor. ✓ (2)
6.1.2 An acid that only partially ionises in aqueous solution ✓✓
(Incomplete ionisation) (2)
6.1.3
• H3O+ ions react with OH–
H3O+ concentration decreases. ✓
• According to LCP – equilibrium position will change to minimise
the stress (IE) to replace H3O+ ions. ✓
• Forward reaction is thus favoured increasing the in– concentration. ✓ (3)
6.2 6.2.1 A solution whose exact concentration is precisely known. ✓✓ (2)

6.2.2 KOH(s) ®K+(aq) + OH-(aq) ✓✓ (2)
!
6.2.3 𝑐 = 2
7
∴ n = Cv OR 𝑐 = ✓
8.2
= 0,45 x 0,25 m = c.M.V

= 0,1125 mol = 0,45 x 56 x 0,25✓✓✓
7
𝑛= 8
= 6,3 g✓
m = nM
= 0, 1125 x 56
m = 6,3 g (5)
6.2.4 Kw = [H3O+] [OH–] ✓

KOH : OH–
1 : 1
∴ [OH–] = 0,45
∴ 1 × 10–14 = [H3O+] (0,45) ✓✓
∴ [H3O+] = 2,22 × 10–14 mol·dm–3 ✓ OR 10–13,653 mol·dm–3 (4)
6.2.5 The point in the titration where the concentration of hydronium ions equals
the concentration of hydroxide ions. ✓✓ (2)
(The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess)

6.2.6 n = cV
= 0,45 × 0,015 ✓
n = 0,00675 mol ✓/ (6,75 × 10–3 mol) (2)
6.2.7 (COOH)2 : KOH

1:2
!,!!#$%
n= ✓
&
n = 0,003375mol ✓/ (3,375 𝑥 10H3 ) (2)

!
6.2.8 𝑐 = 2
','$% )*!!"
✓✓
!,!&%
c = 0, 135 mol. dm-3 ✓ (3)
6.2.9 The ability of ions of a dissociated salt to react with water molecules thus
altering the pH of the solution. ✓✓ (2)
6.2.10
• Phenolphthalein ✓
• (COOK)2 ® 2K+ + 2COO-
• 2H2O ⇌H3O+ to form (COOH)2✓
• Weak equilibrium upset by the removal of H3O+ – forward reaction
now favoured. ✓
• More OH– released into solution, thus increasing the pH, hence
forming a basic solution. ✓ (4)
[35]

Consider the following balanced chemical equations showing some

reactionsimportant to acid and base chemistry.

C: H2SO3 + H2O ⇌ HSO3− + H3O+
D: NH4Cℓ → NH4+ + Cℓ−
Below is a table of common indicators, together with the ranges of pH in which the
colour change takes place.
Colour in lower Colour in higher

Indicator pH Range
pH pH
Methyl orange Red Yellow 3,1 – 4,4
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue 6,0 – 7,6
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink 8,3 – 10
7.1 Define acid in terms of Brønsted and Lowry. (2)

7.2 Consider all of the chemical equations (A to D) above
7.2.1 Define amphoteric substance. (2)
7.2.2 Write the formula of a chemical species (other than H2O) that
is amphoteric. (1)
7.2.3 Write the formula for the conjugate acid of this species. (2)
7.3 Consider the table of indicators and reaction A.

7.3.1 What colour will methyl orange be at pH 5? (1)
7.3.2 What indicator is most suitable for indicating the end point for
reaction A? (2)
7.4 Consider reaction D.

7.4.1 Define hydrolysis of a salt. (2)
7.4.2 Explain whether a solution of NH4Cℓ would be acidic, basic or neutral.
Include any relevant hydrolysis equations in your answer. (5)

7.5 Consider reactions A and B, shown below again.
A 13 g, impure sample of KOH is initially dissolved in 200 cm3 of a

1,2 mol·dm−3 nitric acid solution. The nitric acid was in excess. 50 cm3 of
the resulting solution was then titrated to neutralisation using23,67 cm3
of a standard 0,85 mol·dm−3 sodium carbonate solution.
7.5.1 Determine the amount (in mol) of nitric acid that was added
to the KOH. (4)
7.5.2 Define standard solution. (2)
7.5.3 Define neutralisation point. (2)
7.5.4 Calculate the percentage purity of the KOH sample. (9)
[33]

7.1 A proton donor. ü ü (2)
7.2 7.2.1 A substance that can act as either an acid or a base. üü (2)
−
7.2.2 HSO3 ü (1)
7.2.3 H2SO3üü (2)

7.3 7.3.1 Yellow ü (1)
7.3.2 Bromothymol blueü (1)
7.4 7.4.1 A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water. üü (2)
7.4.2 NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH3 + H3O+ (OR NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H+)üü
• The ammonium ion hydrolyses waterü
• because it is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3ü
• resulting in an excess of hydronium (OR hydrogen) ionsü
• and an acidic solution ü (5)
[Only 1 mark for saying NH4Cℓ is the salt of a strong acid and weak base.]
7.5 7.5.1 n = cVü
n = (1,2)(0,2)üü
n = 0,24 mol ü (4)
7.5.2 A solution of known concentration üü (2)

7.5.3 The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is
in excess. üü (2)
7.5.4
(9)
[33]

The Arrhenius and Lowry Brønsted theories can be used to define an acid or a base.
8.1 Define the term acid according to the Arrhenius theory (2)
8.2 Consider the following chemical reactions:
P: SO2 + H20 ⇌2H+ + 𝑺𝑶𝟐H

𝟑
Q: HCℓ(aq) + NH3(g) ⇌ 𝑵𝑯L -
𝟒 (aq) + Cℓ (aq)
8.2.1 From reactions P and Q, identify the reaction that illustrates the
Arrhenius theory (1)
8.2.2 The ammonium ions 𝑁𝐻1L in chemical reaction Q undergoes hydrolysis
(a) Write down a balanced equation for the hydrolysis of the

ammonium ions (3)
(b) Will the resultant solution be ACIDIC, BASIC or NEUTRAL?

Explain your answer by referring to QUESTION 8.2.2(a) above. (2)
8.3 A sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) is prepared by dissolving 4g of sodium

hydroxide in water to make a 500 cm3 solution.
8.3.1 Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution (3)
During a titration, 12,5 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution neutralises

25 cm3 of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution, according to the following balanced
chemical equation:
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
8.3.2 Calculate the pH of the H2SO4 solution (7)

[18]

8.1 An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) hydronium ions
(H3O+) when it dissolves in water. ✓✓ (2)
8.2 8.2.1 P✓ (1)
8.2.2 (a) 𝑁𝐻1L ✓+ H2O✓ ⇌ NH3 +H30+✓ bal (3)
(b) Acidic ✓ Hydronium ions (H3O+) are formed in the solution✓ (2)
"
8.3 8.3.1 c = ✓
#$
%
= ✓
(%')(',*)
7
= 0,2 mol.dm-3 ✓ OR n=8
1
= 1#
= 0, 1 mol ✓
+
c=
$
',,
= ✓
',*
= 0, 2 mol.dm-3✓ (3)
4) 2) !
8.3.2 4* 2*
= !) ✓ OR 𝐶M 𝑉M = 𝑛M
*
4 ('&) (
✓(#,')((',&)
)
= '✓ (0,2)(12,5 x 10-3) ✓ = nb
ca = 0, 05 mol.dm-3 nb = 2,5 x 10-3 mol

na = ½(2,5 x 10-3)
+!
ca =
$!
$"
ca = 0, 05 mol.dm-3 = (,'& N (#
'& N (#$"
✓ ✓ = 0,05 mol.dm-3
[H3O+] = 2(0,05) ✓
pH = -log[H3O+]✓
pH = -log(0,1) ✓ pH = 1✓ (7)
[18

PART 6: ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS
WHAT LEARNERS MUST KNOW:
• Electrochemical cells can be divided into two basic groups:
o Electrolytic cells, in which electrical energy is transformed into chemical
energy; a constant supply of electrical energy is needed.
o Galvanic cells, in which chemical energy is transformed into electrical
energy; spontaneous chemical reactions drive the cell.
Galvanic Cell Electrolytic Cell

Basic principle A chemical reaction causes A flowing charge/electron causes
charges/electrons to flow. a chemical reaction to occur.
Appearance • No external source of electricity i.e. • Must have a cell or battery in

no battery or cell in circuit the external circuit to supply
• Consists of two half-cells containing electrical energy.
different electrodes, each of which is • Consists of two electrodes,
in a solution of its salt. either inert (does not take part
• There must either be a salt bridge or in the reaction) or active
some sort of porous membrane (takes part in the reaction) in
separating the two half-cells to allow the SAME solution
for the passage of ions between (i.e. electrolyte).
cells.
Energy Chemical to electrical energy. Electrical to chemical energy.
Conversion
Spontaneous/non A Spontaneous reaction produces A Non- Spontaneous reaction is

spontaneous electrical energy. produced by electrical energy.
Polarity of Anode is negative (-). Anode is positive (+).
electrodes
Cathode is positive (+). Cathode is negative (-).
E0cell E0cell = Positive (+) E0cell = Negative (-)
Uses Batteries
• Purification of metals
• Primary – not rechargeable e.g. • Electroplating
zinc-carbon, lithium, mercury. • Decomposition of salts
• Secondary– rechargeable e.g. lead-
acid accumulator.
The Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells are similar in the following ways:
• A REDOX reaction takes place.
• Oxidation takes place at the ANODE and Reduction takes place at the CATHODE
• Negative ions (Anions) migrate towards the anode and positive ions (Cations)
migrate towards the cathode.
• Electrons flow through the wire from the anode to the cathode.

APPROACH: ELECTROCHEMICALREACTIONS
• Use MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 5 1.18 to distinguish between

Electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
NB: Define the galvanic cell as in which chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy. A galvanic (voltaic) cell has self-sustaining electrode
reactions.
Define the electrolytic cell as a cell in which electrical energy is converted into
chemical energy.
• Use this question to define and explain ALL concepts related to REDOX
reactions, i.e,
-
v Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e ) transfer
v Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers
v Oxidising agent and a reducing agent in terms of oxidation and reduction
v An anode and a cathode in terms of oxidation and reduction
v An electrolyte as a solution/liquid/dissolved substance that conducts electricity
through the movement of ions.
v Electrolysis
v Use MC QUESTIONS 1. 19 to 1.21 to explain and discuss the processes
and redox reactions taking place in Galvanic cells
o Describe the movement of ions in the solutions.
o State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
o Write down the half-reactions that occur at the electrodes (using
STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIAL TABLES)
o State the function of the salt bridge.
o Use cell notation or diagrams to represent a galvanic cell.
o Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to calculate the emf of
a standard galvanic cell.
v Use MC QUESTIONS 1. 22 to 1.25 to explain and discuss the processes
and redox reactions taking place in Electrolytic cells
o Describe the movement of ions in the solution.
o State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
o Write equations for the half-reactions taking place at the anode and
cathode.
o Write down the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions.
o Describe, using half-reactions and the equation for the overall cell
reaction as well as the layout of the particular cell using a schematic
diagram, the following electrolytic processes:
Ø The decomposition of copper(II) chloride (1.22)
Ø Electroplating, e.g. the electroplating of an iron spoon with
silver/nickel (1.23)
Ø Refining of metals, e.g. copper (1.25)
Ø The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 5
1.18 What will happen at the negative electrode of a voltaic (galvanic) cell and at
the
negative electrode of an electrolytic cell?
Voltaic (galvanic) Electrolytic cell

cell
A. Oxidation Reduction
B. Reduction Oxidation
C. Oxidation Oxidation
D. Reduction Reduction
1.19 Which ONE of the following redox will occur spontaneously?

A Cu(s) + 2H+ → Cu2+ + H2 (g)
B Mg(s) + 2H+ →Mg2+ + H2 (g)
C 2Ag(s) + 2H+ → 2Ag+ + H2 (g)
D Hg (ℓ) + 2H+ → Hg2+ + H2 (g)
1.20 Consider the following electrochemical cell:
The correct cell notation for the above cell operating under standard
conditions is:
A Cu / Cu2+ // Cl- / Cl2 B Pt / Cl- // Cu2+ / Cu

C Cu2+ / Cu // Cl- / Cl2 / Pt D Cu / Cu2+ // Cl2 / Cl- / Pt

1.21 A learner has a light bulb which only lights up when a minimum voltage
(potential difference) of 1,84V is applied across its filament. Which ONE of the
following standard cells will cause the bulb to light up?
Refer to the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials (Table4).
A. Sn2+ +Zn2+ → Zn +Sn4+ C H2+Cu2+→ Cu +2H+

B. Cd +Co3+ →Cd2+ + Co2+ D 2Cℓ- + Fe3+ →Cℓ2 +Fe
1.22 Electrolysis can be used to coat a car’s hubcaps with a layer of chrome.
The hubcap must be the ….
A anode, in order to gain electrons

B cathode, in order to gain electrons
C anode, in order to lose electrons
D cathode, in order to lose electrons
1.23 A learner wants to electroplate a wrought iron car silencer with chromium. He
uses the experimental set-up shown in the simplified diagram below.
Which ONE of the following is CORRECT?

1.24 Copper is purified through electrolysis as represented in the simplified diagram
below:
Cu Cu
Which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT for this process?

A Cu is reduced at the positive electrode.
B Cu is oxidised at the negative electrode.
C Cu2+ ions are reduced at the positive electrode.
D Cu2+ ions are reduced at the negative electrode.

IN-CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS – Galvanic Cells
1. Oxidation is when electrons are .

2. Reduction is when electrons are .
3. The reducing agent undergoes .
4. The oxidizing agent undergoes .
5. A negative voltage means the reaction is .
6. In an electrochemical cell electron exit the electrode which is
7. In an electrochemical cell the reduction reaction is on the chart,

while the oxidation reaction is .
8. The cathode is the site of and the anode is the site of

.
9. Anions migrate to the and cations migrate to the

.
10. Anions have a charge and cations have a charge.
Draw and completely analyze each electrochemical cell.
11. Zn / Zn(NO3)2 // Cu / Cu(NO3)2
12. Ag / AgNO3 // H2 / HCl

IN-CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS – : Electrolytic Cells
1. In an electrolytic cell, reduction occurs at the electrode and
oxidation occurs at the electrode.
2. If there are two possible reduction reactions, the one on the
chart occurs.
3. For reduction, the chart is read from to .
4. For oxidation, the chart is read from to and the
sign of the voltage is .
5. If there are two possible oxidation reactions, the one on the chart
occurs.
6. Corrosion of a metal is .
7. Electrolysis electrical energy.
8. Electrochemical cells electrical energy.
9. Electrolytic cells electrical energy.
10. What is the standard reference cell? Eo = v
Draw and completely analyze each electrolytic cell.

11. Electrolysis of molten NaCl
12. Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl
13. Decomposition of aqueous Copper (II) chloride - CuCl2
14. Purification of Copper (Cu)
15. Electroplating of spoon with silver (Ag)

Keys for analyzing electrochemical cells:
• Label each anode and cathode.
• Indicate polarity of anode and cathode in each cell.
• Write each anode and cathode reaction.
• Write the overall the overall reaction for each cell.
• Indicate the standard conditions under which each cell operates.
• Indicate the ion migration through the solution in each cell.
• Determine the initial cell voltage of the electrochemical cell.
• Indicate direction of electron flow in each cell.
• Indicate all electrodes that gain mass.
• Indicate all electrodes that lose mass.
• What happens to [ionic] at the anode compartment?
• What happens to the [ionic] at the cathode compartment?
• What is the equilibrium electrochemical cell potential?

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
QUESTION 7 GALVANIC CELL 7A
The diagram below shows a galvanic cell operating under standard conditions.
With switch S is OPEN, the voltmeter shows a reading.
7.1 Write down the:
7.1.1 NAME or FORMULA of the oxidising agent. (1)

7.1.2 Half reaction which takes place at the anode. (3)
7.1.3 Cell notation for this cell. (3)
7.1.4 Calculate the emf of this cell (4)
Switch S is now CLOSED and the bulb lights up.
7.2 How will the reading on the voltmeter now compare to the initial reading
as calculated in QUESTION 7.2?
Write down only GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[13]

QUESTION 7 GALVANIC CELL 7A
7.1 7.1.1 Cℓ2(g) / chlorine gas (1)
7.1.2 Fe ―› Fe3+ + 3e- üüü (3)
7.1.3
(3)
Fe│Fe3+ ü║Cl2│Cl- ; üPt(s) ü
7.2 E0cell = Ecathode - Eanode
= 1,36 – (- 0,06)
= 1,42 V (4)
7.3 smaller than, work done in moving the ions through the electrolyte
/ internal resistance in cell / loss in voltage
(2)
[13]

QUESTION 7 GALVANIC CELL 7B
A galvanic cell is set up under standard conditions using nickel (Ni) and an
unknown metal X as electrodes, as shown in the diagram below.The reading
on the voltmeter while the cell is operating under standard conditions is
0,93 V. After the cell has been operating for a period of time, it is observed
that the mass of the nickel electrode has increased.
7.1 Define the term anode. (2)

7.2 Which metal (nickel or metal X) is the cathode of this galvanic cell?
7.3 Write down a chemical equation to show the half-reaction taking place
at the nickel electrode. (2)
7.4 Calculate the standard electrode potential (E°) of metal X and hence
determine
the identity of metal. (4)
7.5 Write down the cell notation for this galvanic cell. Standard conditions do
not need to be shown. (3)
7.6 The salt bridge used contains a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate.
The salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality in the half-cells.
7.6.1 Why is it important that the solution of potassium nitrate is

concentrated? (2)
7.6.2 Explain what the expression 'maintain electrical neutrality' means. (2)
7.6.3 Explain why K+ ions are more suitable cations than Fe3+ ions
for the salt bridge. (Refer to the table of Standard Electrode
Potentials.) (3)
[19]

QUESTION 7 GALVANIC CELL 7B
7.1 The anode is the electrode where oxidation takes place. ✓✓ (2)
7.2 Nickel since it has gained mass reduction has taken place here. ✓✓ (2)
7.3 Ni2+ + 2e– ® Ni ✓ ✓ (–1 per error; single arrow)

(No c.o.e. from Question 7.2) (2)
7.4 E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode ✓

0,93 = –0,25 – E°x ✓
E°x = –1,18 V ✓
Therefore, metal X = Mn (Manganese) ✓ (4)
7.5 Mn/Mn2+//Ni2+/Ni OR X/X2+//Ni2+/Ni anode✓ salt bridge✓ cathode✓ (3)
7.6 7.6.1 A concentrated solution is more conductive, therefore, it lowers the

internal resistance and increase the ability of the cell to deliver
current. ✓✓ (2)
7.6.2 The balance between positive and negative ions in the solution is
maintained so that overall, the solution is neutral (uncharged). ✓✓ (2)
7.6.3 K+ ions are a weak(er) oxidising agent (than Ni2+ ions) therefore, they
will not be reduced at the cathode. ✓✓
Fe3+ ions are a strong(er) oxidising agent (than Ni2+ ions) therefore they
will be reduced at the cathode. ✓
OR
In the anode half-cell Fe3+ ions are a stronger oxidising agent than Mn2+ ions,
therefore Fe3+ ions will be reduced by Mn, which will oxidise. (3)
[19]

QUESTION 8 ELECTROLYTIC CELL
Copper is a metal that can be purified from its ore through an electrolytic
technique. The impure copper ore, known as blister copper, is the anode of
the cell while a pure copper plate is used as the cathode. These electrodes
are placed in an electrolyte of aqueous copper sulphate as shown in the
diagram below
Blister copper contains several metal impurities, most commonly silver (Ag), gold
(Au), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn).
8.1 Name the electrolytic technique described in this question. (1)
8.2 Write down the half reaction that occurs at the cathode. (2)
8.3 Use the table of Standard Electrode Potentials to explain each of the following:
8.3.1 Why copper metal and not water is oxidised at the anode. (2)
8.3.2 With reference to the potential difference applied in the purification,

explain why iron and zinc will be oxidised at the anode, but gold and
silver are not. (3)
8.3.3 Why Fe2+(aq) and Zn2+(aq) are not reduced at the cathode. (2)
8.4 Write down the net cell reaction for the purification of impure copper metal. (2)
[11]

QUESTION 8 ELECTROLYTIC CELL
8.1 Electro-refining / Electro-winning / Electrolytic refinement. ✓ (1)
8.2 Cu2+ + 2e– ® Cu ✓✓ (2)
8.3 8.3.1 Cu is a stronger reducing agent than water thus will be preferentially
oxidised. ✓✓ (2)
OR
Cu has a lower reduction potential than water, this preferentially oxidised
NOT ACCEPTING: H2O is a stronger oxidising agent

Referring to position on table
Will not be spontaneous due to the “C”
8.3.2 Fe and Zn have a more negative half cell potential compared to potential
difference (0,34V) applied. ✓
Fe and Zn will thus be oxidised. ✓
Au and Ag have a more positive half cell potential compared to the
potential difference – cannot be oxidised. ✓ (3)
ACCEPT: Fe and Zn half cell potential less than 0,34V, Au and Ag half cell potential greater
than 0,34 – thus Zn and Fe will be oxidised
Fe and Zn are stronger reducing agents than Au and Ag, therefore it takes lower voltages for
them to oxidise. The applied potential of 0,34V is sufficient for Fe and Zn to be oxidised
(insufficient for Ag and Auto oxidise)
8.3.3 Fe2+ and Zn2+ are weaker oxidising agents than Cu2+. ✓✓ (2)
OR
Cu2+ is a stronger oxidising agent than Fe2+ and Zn2+
8.4 Cu2+ + Cu Cu + Cu2+ ✓✓
OR
CuSO4 + Cu Cu + CuSO4
OR
Cu (impure) → Cu (pure) (2)

[11]

QUESTION 9 – GALVANIC CELL
A galvanic cell is set up under standard conditions using Aluminium and Nickel
electrodes as shown in the diagram below.
9.1 State the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (2)
9.2 Write down the cell notation for this cell. (Standard conditions need not be
shown. (3)
9.3 Define:
9.3.1 Oxidation. (2)

9.3.2 Oxidizing agent. (2)
9.4 Give the symbol of the oxidizing agent in this cell. (1)
9.5 Calculate the initial emf of this cell under standard conditions (3)
9.6 State how each of the following changes affect the emf of this cell:
(Answer only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.)
3+
9.6.1 A soluble salt containing Aℓ ions is added to the anode half-cell. (1)
9.6.2 The galvanic cell approaches chemical equilibrium. (1)
9.7 The salt bridge is replaced by one which is wider, shorter and more
conductive than that shown in the diagram. State how each of the following
will be affected by this change:
(Answer only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.)
9.7.1 The emf. (1)
9.7.2 The internal resistance. (1)
9.7.3 The ability of the cell to deliver current. (1)

9.8 After the cell has been operating for a period of time, the gain in mass at the
nickel cathode is 1, 77 g.
9.8.1 Calculate the number of moles of Nickel which have been deposited at
the cathode. (2)
9.8.2 Calculate the subsequent loss in mass at the Aluminium anode. (3)
9.9 Another cell (cell P) is set up under standard conditions.

The following cell notation summarises cell P: Mg/Mg2+// Aℓ3+ / Aℓ
Write down the balanced equation for the net (overall) reaction that takes
place in cell P. (3)
[26]

QUESTION 9 GALVANIC CELL
9.1 Chemical (potential) energy y to electrical energy.PP (2)
9.2 Aℓ|Aℓ3+||Ni2+|NiP Anode; Salt bridge;P CathodeP (3)
(If include 'balancing co-efficients' (2Aℓ &3Ni) -1)
9.3 9.3.1 Oxidation is loss of electronsP (1)

9.3.2 Oxidizing agent is an electron acceptorP (1)
9.4 Ni2+ P (1)
9.5 Eocell = Eocathode – Eoanode P Any Relevant Formula

= –0, 25 – (–1, 66) P
Eocell = 1, 41 VP (3)
9.6 9.6.1 DecreasesP (1)

9.6.2 Decreases (to zero)P (1)
9.7 9.7.1 No effectP (1)

9.7.2 DecreasesP (1)
9.7.3 IncreasesP (1)
m 1,77
9.8 9.8.1 n= = P= 0,03molP (2)
M 59
9.8.2 Aℓ: Ni
2: 3
0, 02: 0, 03 P
Mass of Aℓ = n × M
= 0, 02 × 27P
= 0, 54 gP (3)
9.9 3 Mg (s) + 2Aℓ3+(aq) ✓→ 3 Mg2++ 2Aℓ(s) ✓ Bal✓ (3)

[23]

QUESTION 10
The diagram below shows an electrochemical cell used to purify copper. A solution
that conducts electricity is used in the cell.
10.1 Write down:
10.1.1 ONE word for the underlined phrase above the diagram (1)
10.1.2 The type of electrochemical cell illustrated above (1)
10.2 In which direction (from A to B or from B to A) will electrons flow in the

external circuit? (1)
10.3 Which electrode (A or B) is the:
10.3.1 Cathode (1)

10.3.2 Impure copper (1)
10.4 How will the mass of electrode A change as the reaction proceeds? Choose
from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

10.5 Nkhensani sets up the following electrolytic cell with the aim of coating a key
with silver metal:
10.5.1 What is this electrolytic process called? (1)
10.5.2 Is the key the ANODE or the CATHODE? (1)
10.5.3 With reference to the relative strengths of the reacting substances

(relative strengths of agents), explain why silver will be the
predominant substance formed at the key. (3)
10.5.4 What is electrode X usually made from? (1)
[13]

QUESTION 10
10.1 10.1.1 ElectrolyteP (1)
10.1.2 Electrolytic (cell) P (1)
10.2 A to B P (1)
10.3 10.3.1 BP (1)
10.3.2 AP (1)
10.4 DecreasesP
Copper (Cu) is oxidized to Cu2+/Oxidation takes place at A/Electrons are lost.P (2)
10.5 10.5.1 Electroplating✓ (1)

10.5.2 Cathode✓ (1)
10.5.3 Ag+ is a much stronger ✓oxidizing agent than water ✓meaning Ag+ will
be reduced predominantly ✓ (3)
10.5.4 Silver✓ (1)
[13]

PART 7: INFORMATION SHEETS


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PHYSICAL SCIENCES

1. Important Curriculum Documents

2. Format of Question Papers

PAPER 1: PHYSICS MARKS PAPER 2: CHEMISTRY MARKS

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2

Cognitive Description Paper 1 Paper 2

1 Remembering/Recall 15% 15%

2 Understanding/ 35% 40%

3 Applying and 40% 35%

4 Evaluating and 10% 10%

4. Weighting of Prescribed Content: NSC Examinations

Paper 1: Physics Focus

Marks Total Duration Weighting of cognitive

Waves, sound and light 15

Matter and materials 15

Paper 2: Chemistry Focus

Marks Total Duration Weighting of cognitive

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3

5. Data Sheet (Information Sheet)

SECTION B: WHAT WILL BE TESTED?

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4

WHEN TO, WHY AND HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT:

Ø MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS can be a powerful tool to assess learners’

Ø Use these MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS to address ALL key aspects

Ø Do NOT focus on the correct answers ONLY.

Ø Make sure to develop learners’ skills in the answering of multiple-choice

Ø Learners must learn theory. There are obvious definitions statement/theories/laws/

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 5

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6

1. Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon atoms.

5. Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7

14. Heat of reaction(ΔH) is the energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.

15. Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy.

16. Endothermic reactions are reactions that absorb energy.

REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM

27. Lowry-Brønsted theory:

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8

44. Oxidation: is a loss of electrons.

45. Oxidation: An increase in oxidation number

46. Reducing agent in terms of oxidation and reduction:

Oxidizing agent: A substance that is reduced/gains electrons.

47. Anode: The electrode where oxidation takes place.

48. Cathode: The electrode where reduction takes place.

49. Electrolyte as a solution/liquid/dissolved substance that conducts electricity through the

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 11

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE

A It forms strong covalent bonds to other atoms.

1.2 Which ONE of the following molecular formula represents 2-methylpentanal?

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 12

A H2SO4 and moderate heat.

1.5 The following graphs A and B represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann

Consider the following statements which refer to the graph above:

I. Graph A represent a lower temperature and it has a larger

II. Graph A represent a lower temperature but graph B

III. The reaction rate for molecules represented by graph A will

Which of the above statements are TRUE?

KUTLWANONG CENTRE FOR MATHS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 13

CO (g) + NO2 (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + NO (g)

Activation energy (kJ.mol- Heat of reaction (kJ.mol-1)