Municipal Solid Waste Composting

About Team One Biotech

• Team One Biotech was formed by individuals with vast amount
of experience and knowledge to bring out the most powerful,
robust, economical and proven microbial products and
technologies for individual and institutions who manage
industrial wastewater treatment, sewage treatment,
decomposition of human fecal sludge, odor control, sanitation,
lake and pond bioremediation, open drain bioremediation, solid
waste composting, agriculture, aquaculture, oil spills, soil
improvement and use of eco-friendly cleaning products.
• All our products are formulated keeping in mind the ground
realities and challenges faced for each of the above area
• In house Manufacturing and R&D facility
• Proud to be a 100% “Make in India” company
Manufacturing and R&D
magnEfficient™️ Microbes
• Many microbes are uniquely adapted to specific
environmental niches. Unfortunately in the last 5 decades
the human race have destroyed and altered the natural
microbial fauna in the environment which has a direct
negative impact on the soil, water and air thus affecting
our agriculture, aquaculture and environment spaces
across the globe.
• Microbes like good bacteria play utmost important roles in
the global ecosystem. The ecosystem, both on land and in
the water, depends heavily upon the activity of the good
bacteria.
• To set the matter right we at Team One Biotech have
come up with various path breaking formulations and
solutions to address each of these issues and get back our
“missing magnEfficient™️ microbes” to where they belong.
Solid Waste & Its Treatment
Composting is one of the important technologies for Solid Waste Management (SWM). Composting can
be defined as an biochemical and microbial process that implicates the hydrolysis of organic fraction into stable
and sanitized residue; humus.
• In-vessel composting
• Open windrow composting
• Covered windrow composting
• Aerated static pile composting
• Vermicomposting
• Biominearlization
Impact on Environment
• Improper waste management is detrimental to human health. It causes outbreak of various diseases and
reduction in life expectancy
• Generates green house gases like methane gas and nitrous oxide which significantly contributes depletion of
ozone layer thereby increasing the impact of climate change. Gases like Hydrogen sulfide also released into
the air. These substances are toxic to human lives.
• Wastes that find their way into water bodies such as rivers, streams, and oceans can have a disruptive
influence on the water bodies by lowering the pH and causing toxicity to the aquatic inhabitants and
humans that use the water.
• Wastes dumped indiscriminately are unfriendly to the sight, breeding disease vectors. Metals from iron,
radioactive wastes, etc. are toxic to soil organisms and plants, thereby reducing crop productivity
Why MSW Composting?
• The MSW (Municipal solid waste) is a serious problem, emerging at an alarming rate in the megacities of the
world as a consequence of overpopulation, urbanization, industrialization and the indiscriminate disposal of
waste.
• The municipal solid waste generally includes household and commercial refuse, consisting of degradable
(paper, food waste, straw and yard waste), partially degradable (wood, and sludge) and non-degradable
materials (leather, plastics, metals, glass, electronics)
• Composting is the most extensive applicable process to manage these wastes particularly in case of Indian,
where 50–60% of MSW (C/N ratio 23) collected is biodegradable.
• Many scientific studies have shown that that inoculation with microbes during MSW composting could
decrease the low molecular weight components like aliphatics, proteins, polysaccharides, etc. and increase
the degree of aromatization This suggested that the microbes could accelerate the compost maturation
process. Also, mixed inoculation with complex microorganisms and ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms during
composting had a clear advantage
Understanding Composting
Decomposition of organic materials is aided by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes, as well as
bigger creatures such as insects and earthworms. Microorganisms break down organic materials and create carbon
dioxide, water, heat, and humus, which is a reasonably stable organic end product, when they begin to degrade the
organic material.
1. The “mesophilic” microorganisms that grow between 20-45 °C begin to reproduce by breaking down carbon and
nitrogen. The metabolic activity of the microorganisms raises the temperature to 40-45 °C. between two to eight
days. It also lowers the pH of the mixture due to the production of organic acids.
2. Thermophilic phase also known as the “sanitation” phase, in this stage the temperature rises over 45 °C and the
mesophilic microorganisms are replaced by the “thermophiles” (microorganisms that proliferate at temperatures
between 45 °C and 70 °C). Thermophiles break down more complex carbon sources, such as cellulose and lignin.
Also nitrogen is transformed into ammonia and the pH of the mixture becomes alkaline.
3. Cooling Stage when carbon and nitrogen have been consumed, the temperature is lowered down to 40-45 0C. The
mesophilic appears again and decomposes the remaining material of cellulose and lignin. Also, the pH drops again
slightly.
4. In the Maturation Stage of the process it is required that the mixture stays at room temperature. During this time a
series of secondary reactions are produced that triggers condensation and polymerization of the humus. At the end
of this period we obtain a product that you can now call compost.
Thermal Phases of Composting Process

0C

70
60

40

Environment
temperature

Mesophilic phase Thermophilic phase Cooling phase Maturation phase

Time
Factors Impacting the process
Water
Heat - temperature
CO2

Composting Process
Humus Organic waste & Particle size

Aeration - O2 Type of Microorganisms

Qty of Moisture - Water
Important Composting Parameters
Parameter Optimum Range Control Mechanisms
C:N Ratio 20:1 to 30:1 Addition of various material based on their C & N values
will help u achieve the most optimum balance
Oxygen 5 to 15 % Periodic turning of the pile, forced aeration with machine
or having porous pipes through out the piles will help u
improve oxygenation
Moisture Content 50 to 60% Adding water, Dewatering, Addition of sawdust wood
chips can help u maintain the needed moisture content
pH 6 to 7.8 Mostly the pH is under this rang
Particle Size 2 mm to 4 mm You need to cut the solids to get the desired particle size,
ideally through a shredder
 C:N ratio
• A C:N ratio of 30:1 is good for the composting Avg. C:N ratio of common materials
process. When composting materials are low in C:N, Wood 700:1
air cannot permeate the pile, resulting in anaerobic Sawdust 500:1
conditions and the generation of odors, as well as
Paper 170:1
nitrogen loss in the form of ammonia gas. If the C:N
ratio is too high, microorganisms' activity will be Straw 80:1
inhibited, and the pace of decomposition would be Leaves 75:1 to 30:1
sluggish. Cornstalks 60:1
• Greens are compost ingredients with a high Sugarcane residue 50:1
nitrogen concentration. Common greens include Fruit 35:1
grass clippings, kitchen vegetable waste, and
Legume 25:1
manure. Sawdust, dried leaves, and hay are
examples of high carbon materials. For the Rotten manure 20:1
composting process, thorough component mixing is Grass clippings 19:1
preferred. If the pile remains stacked, composting Digested Sewage sludge 16:1
will take longer. Kitchen scraps 15:1
Alfalfa 12:1
Activated sewage sludge 6:1
Aeration
• Aerobic organisms must breathe air in order to survive. Aeration is
required for quick odor-free breakdown in high temperature aerobic
composting. Aeration can also help to reduce the initial moisture
level of composting materials.
• Air is required for the microorganisms that decompose leaves, grass
clippings, and other yard waste into compost. Introducing oxygen into
the central region accelerates material breakdown and maintains a
high temperature, resulting in a hot composting process. Hot
composting is an effective method for killing weed seeds, plant pests,
and pathogens.
• Turning the heap, laying it on a series of pipes, or adding bulking
agents like wood chips and shredded newspaper all assist to aerate it.
However, care must be taken not to supply too much oxygen, since
this might dry out the pile and inhibit the composting process.
Moisture content
• Moisture is an important component in the metabolic activities of microorganisms.
• The moisture level of composting materials should be kept between 40 and 60 percent.
• Moisture in compost has been documented to originate from either the original water provided or the
metabolic water created by the microorganisms' activity.
• Excess water inhibits oxygen diffusion, which, in turn, lowers the metabolic activity of the organisms.
• Microbial cells are completely reliant on water for their metabolic processes.
• Thus, organic molecule digestion by bacteria is only conceivable after the organic molecules have been
dissolved in water.
• Moisture levels fall as the composting process progresses.
pH & Oxygen
• During the composting process, the presence of oxygen is critical.
• When organisms oxidise carbon to make energy, the oxygen present is depleted and gases are produced.
• Without sufficient oxygen, the composting process becomes anaerobic, and gases (methane, carbon dioxide,
and ammonia) are created, resulting in the formation of disagreeable aromas.
• The composting rate is affected by the pH of the materials being composted.
• It has been claimed that alkaline pH is optimum for composting.
• Composting is exceedingly sluggish when the pH is acidic because the bacteria are killed.
Particle size
• The optimal composting conditions are often reached when the particle size of the material is between
1 and 2 inches in diameter.
• This size has a larger surface area, which facilitates microbial activity and the composting process.
• The rate of aerobic breakdown rises as particle size decreases.
• Extremely tiny particles, on the other hand, may obstruct oxygen circulation within the pile, so reducing
the composting process.
• Additionally, tiny particle size enhances moisture retention and reduces airspace, delaying the
composting process.
• Organic compounds with a rough texture, a high lignin content, or a hard texture degrade slowly. For
example, hard, textured leaves degrade at a far slower pace than soft, textured ones. Thorny leaves may
take longer to decompose due to the physical barrier produced by the thorns. Leaves with a high lignin
content may have a leathery or harsh texture.
Odor Control
• Composting odors are caused by the release of hydrogen sulphide or ammonia during the decomposition
process. Most of the times the odor is caused by the metabolic pathway of the degrading organism that is
dominating the system at the moment or due to higher moisture content.
• T1B Compost Aid includes strains that do not putrefy throughout the decomposition process. The
biochemical pathways chosen by our bacteria would be different as compared to a generic bacteria. These
helpful ensures no or minimum ammonia and hydrogen sulphide are produced during the composting
process.
Benefits of T1B MSW
• Faster and effective composting of organic waste
• Contains a culture of cellolocytic and lignolytic microorganisms
• Effective under a wide range of environmental conditions
• Generates high heat during the process, thus helps in controlling
pathogens and weeds
• Helps in odour control
• Provides excellent quality of final compost
• All natural product. 100% safe and easy to use
 8855 050575

8855 050575

sales@teamonebiotech.com

www.teamonebiotech.com

309, 3rd Floor, Bldg no 8, Jogani Industrial Complex, V.N. Purav Marg, Sion-Chunabhatti (E), Mumbai 400022