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Indian Society - 2021 Mains by Saurabh Kumar (Srias)
Indian Society - 2021 Mains by Saurabh Kumar (Srias)
Mains2021
BySaurabhKumar(F acultyforP
olity,
Governance,I ndianSocietyatS
RIAS)
ContactatTelegram:-PolityBy
SaurabhKumar
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Syllabus
● Salienta spectso
fD
iversityo
fI ndiaa ndI ndianS ociety
● Populationa nda ssociatedissues
● Povertya ndd evelopmentalissues
● Urbanisation– p roblemsa ndr emedies
● Roleo
fw
omena ndw omen’so rganization
● Sociale
mpowerment
● Communalism,r egionalism,a nds ecularism
● SocialM
ovements
Salienta spectso
fD
iversityo
fI ndiaa ndI ndianS ociety
Indiaisthecradleofthehumanrace,thebirthplaceofhumanspeech,the
mothero fhistory,thegrandmotheroflegendandthegreatgrandmotherof
tradition”
MarkTwain
WhatisS ociety?
Ans:-A
s ocietyisa na ggregation( sum)o fa llt heh umanr elationsb asedo
ns omec ommon
characteristics,t radition,n ormsa ndv alues.A s ocietyc anb ec alledh
omogeneous( e.g.A rab
nation,J apan)o rh eterogeneous( e.g.India,U S)b asedo nt hee lementso
fd
iversity.
SalientFeaturesofIndianSociety:-
1) DynamicandSyncretic:-C ulturals yncretismisw
hend
istincta spectso
fd
ifferent
culturesb lendt ogethert om akes omethingn ewa ndu nique.E xampleo f
Syncretism:-
● Languageo fU
rduh
asd
evelopedo uto
fA rabica ndH indavi
● Bhaktim ovementa ndS ufim ovementst hatinspirede acho ther
2) Traditionalismwithmodernity:-W hilea fterg lobalizationa v isibles hiftc anb
e
seent owardsm odernv aluess ucha s,Indians ocietyh asn
otf ailedt op
rotecta nd
preserveitst raditionalv alues.E xamples:- Y ogaw ithG ym
3) UnityinDiversity:- F actorst hath aveh elpedint heu nity:
➔ Resulto fh
istoricalf usiona nda ccommodation.
➔ TheIndiann ationalm ovement.
➔ Valuesespousedintheconstitution
T ypeso
fD iversity:-
❖ ReligiousD iversity:-Indiag ott het itleo
f“ Lando
fs piritualitya ndp
hilosophy”a ll
overt hew orld.
Manifestationo fR
eligiousd iversity:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
1. DiversityinP ublicB ehaviours:-S ikhm enw earinga t urbana ndM uslimm ena re
seenw
earinga c apw hereas;H induw omenu suallyw eara b indi.
2. DiversityinN ames
3. Diversityinw orshipping:-Hindup eopleg ot ot emplesa ndb elieveinIdolw orship
whereasC hristiansg ot oc hurcha ndIslamicp laceo fw orshipisc alledM osque.
4. Diversityinr eligiousb eliefs:-
❖ LinguisticD iversity:-M ultilingualismist hew ayo flifeinIndiaa sp eopleind ifferent
partso
ft hec ountrys peakm oret hano nelanguage.
Substantiate:-
❏ TheP eople'sL inguisticS urveyo fIndiah asidentified7 80languages,o fw
hich
50a ree xtinctint hep astf ived
ecades.
❏ Thet wentyt wolanguagest hata rer ecognised b yt heC onstitutiona re
includedint heE ightS chedule.A mongt hese,t hreelanguages,S anskrit,T amil
andK annadah aveb eenr ecogniseda sc lassicallanguage.
❏ TheG overnmento fIndiau ndert hev isiono fd igitalIndiah asm andatedt he
mobilep honess oldf romJ uly2 017s houlds upporta llIndianlanguages
❏ InA ndamana ndN icobarIslands,t hed eatho fB oa,t helasts peakero fB
o
languageiso neo ft hoseinstancest hath aveledt oe xtinctiono fB
olanguage
witht heh istoryo f7 0000y ears.
❖ GeographicalD iversity:-G eographicallyIndiac anb ed ividedintof ourr egions.
❏ Thef irstist heH imalayanr egion.
❏ Thes econdr egionist heg reata ndb igN orthernP lains.
❏ Thet hirdr egionc omprisest hep lateauo fC
entralIndiaa ndt heD eccan.
❏ The F ourthr egionb etweent heA rabianS eaa ndt heW esternG hats
❖ PhilosophicalD iversity:-T heyincludeb otho rthodox( a stika)s ystems,a nd
unorthodox( n astika)s ystems,s ucha sB uddhisma ndJ ainism.
❖ Ethnica ndR acialD iversity:-
➔ EthnicC onflicts,W hy?
1. Feelingo fs uperiority:-
2. Insiderv sO utsiders yndrome:-M embersb elongingt oo nes tateo ften
considerm embersf romo thers tatesa so utsiders.
3. Onep erspectiveist hat‘relatived eprivation’ist her ootc auseo fa ll
ethnics trife.
4. The c ommunitiesw iths mallerp opulationsm ayf eeld eprivedo fw hat
theyf eela ret heir‘legitimatec laims’.
DifferentE thnicG roups:-
● Negroids:-T heJ arawas,O nges,S entinelesea ndt heG reatA ndamanese.
● Pro-Australoidso rA ustrics:-T heseg roupsw eret hen extt oc omet oIndiaa ftert he
Negritos.T heirlanguagesh aves urvivedinC entrala ndE asternIndia.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Mongoloids:-N orthe asternp
arto
fIndiaa nda lsof oundinN
orthernp artso
fW
est
Bengal,S ikkim,a ndL adakh
● Nordicso rt heI ndo-Aryans:-Theya ren owm ainlyf oundint hen
ortherna ndc entral
parto
fIndia
HasthisdiversitystrengthenedIndiaorWeakenedIndia?
Ans:-
Strengthened:-
● Geographya sa s ourceo fU nity:-D espites uchd iversity,A s lokainV ishnuP urana
definesB harata sa landw hichiss outho fs nowym ountainsa ndn ortho fO cean.T he
countryisa p arto fIndianS ubc ontinent.
● Ideologya sa s ourceo fu nity:-S uchp hilosophicald iversityh asg ivena w ayf or
tolerance,r ighteousness,love,r ecognitiono fd
ifferences,t hroughS avD haram
Shambava,V audevK utumbujamliken otions.
● Religiona sa s ourceo fu
nity:-
How?
Ans:-
❖ Firstly,R eligionu ltimatelyf ocuseso nt hatw hichise ternal:-Isp eacew hichisa tt he
hearto fa llt ruer eligiousd octrine.
❖ Secondly,R eligiousd ialogueh asf iguredo uta w ayt op romoted isagreementa mong
theologiansa ndp hilosophersinp ursuito fh ighert ruths.
❖ Thirdly,R eligiousd octrinep romotesa b uilt-ins enseo fo
uro wnf allibilityw hich
shouldp reventu sf romm akingt oos tronga c laimt oo urb eingt heu ltimates ourceo f
Truth.
A2
014c onferenceinQ atarisp romotinga m essageo finterfaithd ialogue,o fr eligiona sa
meanso fg lobalc o-existence.( RohanizaS umndadU sman,f oundero ft heT eachP eace,
BuildP
eaceM ovement)
● Languagea sa s ourceo fu
nity:-S omelanguagesw ereu seda sL inguaF rancao rt rans
regionallanguages-Sanskrit.W hatS anskrith
asd
oneint hep
ast,t heE nglishlanguage
triedt oa chieveint hem odernp eriod.
2015:H ikeM essenger,I ndia’sf irsth ome-grownm essagingp latform,a ddss upport
for8 I ndianv ernacularlanguages
● P olitya sa s ourceo
fu
nity:-Constitutionalidealsm anifestedinP reamblet hrough
words,likeS ecularism,s ocialism,liberty,e quality,justiceg aveIndiaa s enseo f
Politicala nda dministrativeu nity.
Weakened:-
● Geographya sa s ourceo fc onflict:- Fore xample-S ono
fs oilm
ovementin
Maharashtra.
● Ideologya sa s ourceo
fc onflict:-Intolerancet oo
thersideologyist her eals ourceo
f
conflicte g.R
eligiousf undamentalism.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Religiona sa s ourceo
fc onflict:-
❖ Inflexibilitya ndintoleranceint hef aceo fo
therb eliefsb
ecauseo flacko
fr ationality
oft hef ollowers.
❖ Manyr eligionsa lsoh aves ignificants trainso fe vangelism,w hichc anb ec onflictual.
● Languagea s a s ourceo fc onflict:-T helanguagep roblemw ast hem ostd ivisive
issueint hef irstt wentyy earso findependentI ndia.
❖ Disputeo verO fficialL anguage:-
❖ Linguisticr eorganisationo fS tates:-
❖ RecentC onflictso verL anguage:-
★InA ssam,t hes peakerso ft riballanguageslikeR abhaa ndB odon ow
feelt hatt heS tatelanguageA homiaisa t hreatt ot heire thnic
self-assertion.
★TheG arhwalia ndK umaonia relookedu ponb yt hea dvocateso fH
indi
asd ialectsn ota sa language.
Casestudy:-T heo ngoinga gitationinD arjeelingb yt heG orkhaJ anmuktiM orcha( GJM),
triggeredb yW estB
engalc hiefm inisterM amataB anerjee’sa nnouncementt hatB engali
wouldb em adec ompulsoryt illC lass1 0ina lls choolsint hes tateb
roughtb
ackintof ocust he
politicso flinguistic,e thnica ndc ulturalidentity.
4)Interdependence:-T heb este xampleist heJ ajmaniS ystemo rf unctional
interdependenceo fv ariousc astes.T hought heJ ajmanis ystemr epresentedt heinter-linkso f
Hinduc aste,inp
racticet hiss ystemc rossedt heb oundaryo fr eligiona ndp
rovidedt he
linkagesb etweend ifferentr eligionsa lso.F orE xample:-H indu’sd ependenceo nM
uslim
weavero rw
asherm ano rm
uslimsd ependenceo nH
indut rader.
(5)C
asteSystem:-A ccordingt oA
ndreB
eteille,“ Castem
ayb
ed
efineda sa s malla nd
namedg roupo fp
ersonsc haracterisedb ye ndogamy,h ereditarym embershipa nda s pecific
stylea ndisu
suallya ssociatedw itha m
oreo rlessd
istinctr ituals tatusina h
ierarchical
systemb asedo nt hec onceptso
fp
uritya ndp ollution.”
Evilfacesofthissystem:-
● Untouchability:-
● Discrimination:-
● Divisiono flabour:-Theya rer estrictedt oc ertaino ccupationslikes anitationw
ork,
plantationw ork,leatherw orks,c leanings treets,e tc.
● Slavery:- T heya res ubjectedt oe xploitationint hen ameo fd ebt,t radition,e tc.,t o
worka slabourerso
rp
erformm
enialt asksf org enerationst ogether.
CharacteristicofCasteSystem:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
(1) Segmentaldivision:M embershipina c asteisb asedo nb irth,h encem
obility
nec astet oa notherisimpossible.
fromo
(2) Hierarchy:T hec astes ystemish ierarchicalinn aturea rrangedin d escending
ordero
fr ankingB
rahmins,K
shatriyas,V
aishyasa ndS hudras.
(3) Endogamy:E ndogamyr eferst om
arriagew ithint hec aste.
(4) Commensality:C ommensalityr eferst ot heb eliefs,p ractices,r ulesa nd
regulationst hatd etermineinter-caster elationshipsa nda reo
bservedw
ith
regardt ot hek indo ff ooda ndw
atert aken.
(5)P
urityandPollution:M
ainc riteriaf ord eterminingt hep ositiono fa c asteo r
subcasteint heh
ierarchicalo
rder.
(6) Civilandreligiousdisabilities:-Thep eopleb elongingt olowerc astess uffer
froma s eto
fc ivil,s ociala ndr eligiousd isabilities.G
enerally,t heimpurec astes
arem
adet oliveint heo utskirtso fv illages
ConceptofDominantCaste:-
MNSrinivash asd efinedita sa p articularc astee conomically,s pirituallya ndp olitically
abovea nyo therc astes.F ore xampleinIndia,B rahminc asteisc onsidereda sa d
ominant
caste,t husitish
avinga s uperiorf rameo
vero
therc astes.
FactorsonwhichDominantCasteDepends:-
➔ EconomicS trength:-
➔ PoliticalP
ower:-
➔ RitualP
urity:-
➔ NumericalS trength:-
ContemporaryTrends:-
❏ CasteConsciousness:-C astesh aveb eguno rganisingt hemselveso nt hem
odelo
f
labouru
nionso
rc astea ssociationlikeJ atM
ahasabhaf orr eservation.
❏ Sanskritizationandwesternisation:-
Sanskritisation:-T het ermr eferst oa p rocessw
herebyp
eopleo
flowerc astes
collectivelyt ryt oa doptu pperc astep racticesa ndb eliefs,a sa p
reliminarys tept o
acquireh ighers tatus.
A
na nalysiso
ft hep rocesso fS anskritization:-
● Mobilityt hatisinvolvedint hep rocesso fS anskritizationr esultso nlyin
“positionalc hanges”f orp articularc asteso rs ectionso fc astes,a ndn eedn ot
necessarilyleadt oa “ structuralc hange”.
● Sanskritisationisn otn
ecessarilyc onfinedt ot hec astesw ithint heH indu
community,itisf oundint ribalc ommunitiesa lso.
● Sanskritisationd oesn ott akep laceint hes amem annerina llt hep laces.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
ImpactofSanskritization:-
● Itr educedo rr emovedt heg apb
etweent her ituala nds ecularr ankings.Ita lsoh
elped
upliftmento fw
eakerp ersons.
● Moderne ducation,W esternliteraturea ndp hilosophyo fp
eoplew idened,a nda sa
resultt hem
entalh orizonsa ndv isionaryo
fp
eoplec hanged
Westernisation:-
Thet erm“ Westernisation”t od escribet hec hangest hata n on-westernc ountryh ad
undergonea sa r esulto fp
rolongedc ontactw itht hew
esterno ne.F ore xample,Indiah ad
schoolslongb eforet hea rrivalo
ft heB
ritish,b
utt heyw
ered ifferentf romt heB ritish
introduceds chools.O therinstitutionss ucha st hea rmy,c ivils ervicea ndlawc ourtsw ere
alsos imilarlya ffected.
ImpactofWesternisation:-
❖ Openingu pt hed oorso fk nowledge.
❖ Educationf ora ll
❖ Highlightede vilp ractices.
❖ Attracteda ttentiono fs ocialr eformers·
❖ Realizationo ft hew ortho flibertya ndf reedom
WhatarethereasonsforthechangeinCasteSystem?
1) LegislativeM easures:E x:-S pecialM arriageA ct,S cheduledC astea ndS cheduled
Tribe( Preventiono fA trocities)A ct,1 989.
2) ModernE ducation:-E ducationalf acilitiesw eree xtendedt oa llc itizens,irrespective
oft heirc astew hichh ase rodedt helegitimacyo ft hec astes ystem.
3) ReformM ovements:-E x:-s elfr espectm ovementb yE V R
amaswamy
4) Industrializationa ndU rbanisation:T het winf orceso findustrialisationa nd
urbanizationh avef ar-reachingc onsequencesino urs ociety.
Effect:-
➔ Int heindustrialu rbans ectort helowc astep eoplem ayh oldh igherp ositions.
Thusp eopleb elongingt ot heh ighc astesw orku ndert hema nda cceptt he
supremacyo ft helowerc astes.
➔ Int heindustrialc olonies,t her esidentiala ccommodationisu suallys oa llotted
thatt hereisn od istinctionb etweenh igha ndlowc astep eople.
➔ Thee ducationalinstitutionsd on otimposea nyr estrictiono nt heb
asiso f
caste.
➔ Thef requentm ixingo fa largen umbero fp eopleinsidea ndo utsidet he
factoryb roadenst heiro utlooka ndd evelopsa r ationala pproacht owardst he
socialissue.
5) Modernm eanso ft ransporta ndc ommunication: M eanso ft ransportliket rain,b us,
tram,a irplanee tc.c annotp rovidef ord istinctionsb etweenc astes
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
6) Increaseinimportanceo ealth:-Undert hec astes ystem,b
fw irthw ast akena st he
basiso
fs ocialp
restige.B
utt oday,w
ealthh
asr eplacedb irtha st heb
asiso
fs ocial
prestige.
6)FamilyandKinship
Factorsaffectedthefamily:-
● Jointf amiliest endedt od isappear:- T hen uclearf amilyh asb ecomep redominant
witht heincreasingu rbanizationa ndindustrialization.
● IncreasingR ateo fD ivorce
● Influenceo fe ducation:-Ith asb
roughta bouta c hangeint hea ttitude,b eliefs,v alues
andideologieso ft hep eople.
● Changesint hep ositiono fw
omen: N ewe conomicr ulep rovideda n ewp ositionin
societya nde speciallyint heirr elationt om en.
● Thec rumblingp atriarchalf oundation:-Thef oundationso ft hep
atriarchals ystem
havec rumbledc onsiderably.
● Changesint heC entralS ocialF unctionso ft heF amily:-.T hisincludest hem aternity
hospitals,c rèchesa ndk indergartene tc.
IsC astet urningintoC lass?
Ans:-
Thereh asb eend ebatee speciallya ftert he2 014e lectionst hata n ewp henomenonis
observedw herep eoplea crosst heirc astec amet ogethera gainstR isingp rices,H igh
Inflation,e conomics tagnationa ndr urald istress. T heq uestionisw hethert her ising
middlec lassw hichisa spirationalt hinksf orc lasss tatuso nly,k eepinga sideC astea sa n
identity.
● Ther ealityisinU rbanIndia,itisv isibleint ermso fInterC astem arriage,interd ining,
andp eoplep refert ob ek nownb yt heM iddlec lass,R ichc lasso rw
ealthyc lassr ather
thanb yC aste.
● Moreovert hep andemich asd
ividedt hejobm arketa sM iddlec lassa ndP oorc lass.
● Itisa lsoa r ealityt hatO ldc asteb asedc oalitionst hatw eref ollowinga s trict
hierarchya relosingitsr elevance.
● Moreover,t heP oliticale quationso fC astec alculationsisa lsoc hanginga st he p arties
basedo nt hev oteo f U pperc astea rec ollaboratingw ithO BCb asedP oliticalP
arty.
Ex:-B
JPw ithA pnaD al
● An ewn arrativeo fd ifferencew ithint heC astew hichc allsf ors ubq uotaw ithint he
casteisa lsoe rodingC aster igidity.
Butc anitb es aidf orR uralIndiaa lso? N O.
Kinshipsystem:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Kinships ystemincludess ocietyr ecognizedr elationshipsb asedo ns upposeda sw ella s
wella ctualg enealogicalt ies.T heser elationshipsa ret her esulto
fs ocialinteractiona nd
arer ecognizedb ys ociety.
KinshipinNorthandSouthIndia
NorthIndia:-
● InN orthIndiak inships ystems,t her uleso fm
arriageish ighlye xhaustive.Oneisn ot
supposedt or eceivea w omanf roma g roupt ow
hichw omeniso fferedw ithin5 t o7
generations.
● Ina dditiont ot hato nec annotr eceivew omenf romh ism other’sg roupo rm
other's
motherg roup,f ather’sm otherg roupa ndf romw ithinh iso
wnv illage.
● InN orthIndiank inshipf ather: -S onr elationshipp recedeso verh usband– w ife
relationship.
● Int hec aseo ft heN
orthIndiak inships ystem,t het erminologyu sedf orf ather's
brotherisn otu sedf orm
other'sb rother,thereforeP atrikinsa red istinguishedf rom
Matrikins.
SouthIndianKinship:-
● Ins outhernIndiak inships ystems,n od
istinctionism
adeb etweenp atrilinealo r
matrilineal.
● InS outhIndiaf atherise quatedw ithe lderb rother,motherise quatedw ithe lder
sister,d
aughterise quatedw ithy oungers istera nds onise quatedw ithy ounger
brothera nds ubsequently/correspondinglyt erminologiesa rea djusted.
● Inc aseo fS outhIndiac rossc ousinsm arriaget akep lacea nds oe xogamyisn ot
exhaustivelikeinN orthIndia.
InstitutionofMarriage
Marriageisa nimportants ocialinstitution.Itisa r elationship,w
hichiss ociallya pproved.
Ther elationshipisd
efineda nds anctionedb yc ustoma ndlaw.
Therecentchangesinthemarriagesystemarebrieflydiscussedhere:-
➔ ChangesintheFormofMarriage:T het raditionalf ormso fm
arriageslike
polygamyp olygynya ren otf ounda nyw
ere,O
nlym
onogamousm
arriagesa re
universallyp racticed.
➔ ChangesintheAimandpurposeofMarriage:FromD
harmainT raditional
timet o‘life-longc ompanionship’b
etweenh
usbanda ndw
ifet oday.
➔ ChangesintheProcessesofmateselection:-
( i) F ieldo
fs electionh
asb
ecomev eryw
ide:- Itisw
idee nought oinclude
inter-religiousa ndinter-castem arriages.
( ii)Partyt os election:- E arlierP arentso
nlya ndn
owy oungm
ena ndw omen
selectingt heirlifep artnersb yt hemselvesisb ecomingp opulart oday.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
( iii)Criteriao
fs election:-M
uchimportanceisg ivent oindividualinterests,
preferringa ndc onsideringr athert hant of amilyc onsiderations.
➔ Changesinthestabilityofmarriage:-Th elegislativep rovisionsf ord ivorcea nd
widowr emarriageh aveu
nderminedt heimportanceo
ft hea geo
ldv aluesr elatedt o
marriage.
➔ A
nIncreaseintheInstancesofDivorceandDesertion:-T heinstanceso f
divorcea ndd nt heincrease.
esertiona reo
➔ Live-inrelationshipshavebeengrowinginIndiaduetovariousreasons
likeimprovededucation,globalisation,freedomandprivacyetc.
Whatisthis?
Ans:-isa na rrangementw herebyt wop eopled ecidet olivet ogethero na long-term
orp ermanentb asisina ne motionallya nd/ors exuallyintimater elationship.
PositionO fL ive-InR elationshipsA broad
Witht heS upremeC ourtd eclaringt hatt her ightt olivet ogetherisa p arto ft her ightt olife,
itisn
ecessaryt olooka tt helegalr ightsa ndo bligationsf orlive-inc ouplesa roundt hew orld.
➔ Canada:-L ivingt ogetherinC anadaislegallyr ecogniseda s" commonlawm arriage"
➔ UnitedS tates:-C ohabitationw asillegalint heU nitedS tatesp riorin1 970,b utw ent
ont og ains tatusa sa c ommonlaw.
➔ Ireland:-T houghlivingt ogetherislegallyr ecognisedinIreland,n ewsr eportss ayst he
publicisu pina rmsa gainsta n ewlegislationt ointroducelegalr ightsf or" separated"
live-inc ouplest od emandm aintenanceo rs haret heirp ropertyw itht heird ependent
partners
PositionO fL ive-InR elationshipsI nI ndia
InIndia,c ohabitationh adb eena t aboos inceB ritishr ule.H owever,t hisisn olongert ruein
bigc ities,b utiss tillo ftenf oundinr urala reasw ithm orec onservativev alues.
● Femalelive-inp artnersh avee conomicr ightsu nderP rotectionso fW omena nd
DomesticV iolenceA ct,2
005.
● TheM aharashtraG overnmentinO ctober2 008a pproveda p roposals uggestingt hat
aw omaninvolvedina live-inr elationshipf ora ‘reasonablep eriod’,s houldg ett he
statuso fa w
ife.W hethera p eriodisa ‘reasonablep eriod’o rn otisd eterminedb y
thef actsa ndc ircumstanceso fe achc ase.
● TheA llahabadH ighC ourtr uledt hat“ aladyo fa bout2 1y earso fa geb einga m ajor,
hast her ightt olivew itha m ane venw ithoutg ettingm arried,ifb oths ow ish”.T he
SupremeC ourto bservedt hata m ana ndw oman,ifinvolvedina live-inr elationship
fora longp eriod,w illb et reateda sa m arriedc ouplea ndt heirc hildw ouldb e
considereda slegitimate.
● InS obhaH ymavathiD eviv .S ettiG angadharaS wamy,itw ash eldt hata c ontinuous
andp rolongedc ohabitationr aisesa p resumptioninf avouro fm arriagea nda gainst
concubine.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Conso fL iving-in- Relation
Studyb yM aaG haraF oundationT rust:-
● Itw ills tartu
nravelingt hef abrico fIndianf amilylife.
● Itw ouldg iver iset oc hildp regnancya ndh asf arr eachingr amifications.
● Itw ouldh avea na dverseimpacto nt hey outhsa ndr esultint hes preado fH
IV/AIDS
● Childrenb orno uto flivingt ogetherr elationshipsw ouldn otb ep roperlyb roughtu p.
● Adoptionissues:-L ive-inc ouplesa ren ota llowedt oa doptk idsa sp ert he
notification b yt heC entralA doptionR esourceA uthority( CARA).
● Socials cientistsh avea lreadyidentifiedg raves ocialp roblemslikey ounga ge
pregnancyo fa dolescentg irls,d ruga buse,v iolencea ndjuveniled elinquencies
● Allegationo fR apeinlive-in-relations:-t heS upremeC ourth ado bservedlongt erm
sexinr elationshipc annotb et ermedr ape,e speciallyint hef aceo ft hec omplainant’s
owna llegationt hatt heylivedt ogethera sm ana ndw ife.
● InheritanceR ights:-TheS upremeC ourth eldt hata c hildb orno uto fa live-in
relationshipisn ote ntitledt oc laiminheritanceinH indua ncestralc oparcenary
property( int hec aseo fa nu
ndividedjointH induf amily)a ndc ano nlyc laima s harein
thep arents’s elf-acquiredp roperty.
● Ita lsot endst oc ropu pa dultery,a st hereisn os uchp roscriptiont hatlive-inp artners
shouldb eu
nmarried.T hus,a p ersonm ightb em arrieda ndlivew iths omeonee lse
undert heg arbo fa live- inr elationship.
Althought hec oncepto fa live-inr elationshipisa s ubjecto fm
oralityinIndia,it’sn otillegal
accordingt ot helaws.T heH onourableS upremec ourth eldt hatt wom ajorp eopleliving
togetherist heirr ightt olife,a ndh ence,itc annotb ec onsideredillegal.Ino rdert op rotect
womeninlive-ina ndc hildrenb orno uto fa live-inr elationship,t hec ourth asd efinedt hem
as‘relationshipint hen atureo fm arriage,’u ndert heP rotectiono fW omenf romD omestic
ViolenceA ct,2 005.
Ina landmarkc ase,I ndraS harmav sK VKS harma,2 013,H onourableS upremeC ourto f
India,h eldt hata live-inr elationshipr equirese ffectivea nda dequatep rotection,e specially
thef emalep artnera ndt hec hildrenb orno uto fs uchr elationships,a sitm ays ustainf ora
longt imea ndc anr esultintov ulnerabilitya ndd ependency.
REPORTBYLOKNITI-CSDSSTUDY
1. Ageo fm
arriageisincreasinga nditislinkedw itht hes uccessivelevelo fe ducation.
SimplyItm eansP hDs cholarsa red oingm arriageint hea geo
f3
2-34a nd1 0t h
passint hea geo
f1 7.
2. T hereh asb eena c hangeina ttitudeo fm
arriagew itht heincreaseina cceptance
ofb eings ingle.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
3. Thes tudya lsos howsa h igherp roportiono fm
env aluess kinc oloura ndh igher
proportiono fw
omenv aluess alary.
4. Thesed atings itesh aven ota v erys ignificantinfluenceo nm arriage.P eopled o
onlined atingb uts tilla p
referredc hoiceis: -M arriaget ob ed
ecidedb yf amilies.
COURTONMARRIAGE
1. SalamatA nsaria ndO
thersV SS tateo
fU P:-T wom ajorIndividualsa ref reew illa nd
canlivet ogether.N eithert heS tate,F amily,individualc anh avea nyo bjection.
2. SafinJ ahanv sA shokanK M( Hadiyac ase):-E veryoneh ast her ightt oc hoosea
partner.
3. Althoughs ame-sexa ndq ueerm arriagesa ren otlegallyr ecognised,Indiad oesn ot
lackjudicials upportf ors ucha lliances.
TheM aduraiB encho ft heH ighC ourto fM
adrase mployeda b eneficiala nd
purposiveinterpretationinArunk umarv sI nspectorg eneralo fr egistration
holdingt hatt het erm“ bride”u ndert heH induM arriageA ct,1
955,includes
transwomena ndintersexp ersonsw hoidentifya sw omen. A sa r esult,u
ndert he
Act,a m
arriages olemnisedb etweena m alea nda t ranswomanw hop rofessest he
Hinduf aithisr ecogniseda sa legitimatem arriage.
7)TribalSociety:-
Characteristic:-
1) SenseofUnity:-T hev erye xistenceo fa t ribed ependsu pont het ribal’ss enseo f
unityd
uringt het imeso
fp
eacea ndw
ar.
2)EndogamousGroup:T ribalp eopleg enerallyd on otm arryo utsidet heirt ribe
3)CommonDialect:M emberso fa t ribee xchanget heirv iewsina c ommond ialect.
4)EgalitarianValues:T herea ren oinstitutionalizedinequalitiesliket hec astes ystem
asedinequalities.
ors exb
5)DistinctPoliticalOrganization:
HowisTribalsocietychanging?
● ChangingS ocialS tratification:-T hed
ifferencesinm
aterialp ossessionsc reate
sharplyd ifferingp
atternso fc onsumptioninf ood,d
ress,h
ousing,e tc.,a nda lso
paralleld
ifferences.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Depeasantization:-A s ectiono ft het ribalsinO
rissa,B ihara ndM adhyaP radeshh ave
migratedf romt heirp arentv illages.T hish asm adet hemjobw orkersinsteado f
peasants.T hist akingu po fn
on-agriculturalo ccupationsisc alledd epeasantization.
● NewE thnicD imensions:-T heindigenoust ribalr eligionh ass plitintos everalr eform
movements.T hem es-s ainicm ovementsa mongt het ribalso fc entralIndiah as
createda ne thn ics tratificationa mongt heseindigenousp eople.
● PoliticalS ocialisation:-U niversalr ightf orv oting,p artyf unctioning,a nds ocial
activismh avea llinitiateda s trongp rocesso fp
oliticals ocializationa mongt het ribals.
● DiversifiedE conomy:-T het ribals ubsistencee conomyn owh asb ecomed iversified.
Theirt raditionalo ccupationw asr elatedt of oresta ndf orestp roduce,n owt heya re
takingn ewjobsb ecauseo fIndustrialisation.
Whatist her elationshipb etweenS ocietya ndE nvironment?
Ans:-
EnvironmentS hapings ociety:-
● NorthernP lainsh avem ostlya griculturals ociety.
● DesertA reasc onsisto fm ostlyN omadicT ribes.
● MountainousR egionsc onsistp rimarilyo fP
astoralistL ikeB
akharwalinJ ammuA nd
Kashmir
SocietyS hapingE nvironment:-
● CapitalistS ocietyleadingt oe xploitationo fr esources.E x-D
eforestationf or
Industrialisation.
● SocialistS ocietyb asicallyf ocuseso nC
onsolidationf orL and,A llocationo
fr esources
equitably.
● TribalS ocietiesh avea v eryd
ifferentr elationshipw ithF oresta ndn
aturalr esources.
GLOBALISATIONANDITSIMPACTONINDIANSOCIETY
Globalizationanditsimpactcanbeunderstoodthroughtheuseoffourmain
changes
❖ Primarily,ite ncompassest hee radicationo fb
ordersa sa r esulto
fe conomic,s ocial,
andp oliticalb ehaviour.
❖ Thes ubsequentc haracteristicc ontainst heg rowtho flinksb
etweenc ulture,t rade
flowsa ndinvestment.
❖ Thet hirdc haracteristicist heintensificationo ft hec ombinationo fc onsumer
preference,ideas,g oods,information,c apitala ndp eople.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Thelastc haracteristicc omprisest hep
rospectiveg lobalimpactt hatlocal
developmentsh aveo
no there conomies,p
erhapsr esultinging lobalc onsequences.
GlobalisationandCulture:-
Thep hrase“ globalizationo fc ulture”inferst hatt hew orldh asb eenm odeledint heimage
ofW estern,s pecificallyA mericanc ulture.
Thec urrente rao fg lobalization,w ithitsu
nprecedenteda ccelerationa ndintensificationin
theg lobalf lowso fc apital,labour,a ndinformation,ish avinga h
omogenizinginfluenceo n
localc ultureie“ Homogenisation”.W hilet hisp
henomenonp romotest heintegrationo f
societiesa ndh asp rovidedm illionso fp
eoplew ithn ewo pportunities,itm aya lsob ringw ith
ita losso
fu
niquenesso flocalc ulture,w hichint urnc anleadt olosso
fidentity,e xclusion
ande venc onflict.
Homogenisationprocessoperatesindifferentways:HOW?
➢ Thec ommunicationsr evolutionh ash omogenisinge ffectsint hat,b yb
ringinga ctors
intom ored irectc ontactw ithe acho ther.
➢ Globalinstitutionss ucha st heW orldB ank,t heW TO,t heIMFa ndt heU Nb y
promulgatingg lobalr ulesf ora lln ationst of ollow,c ontributet ot hish omogenisation.
Forinstance,t hep ushb yt heU Nf ort hep rotectiono fh umanr ights.
➢ Thew orlde conomica ndf inancials ystemsa rea lsos trongf actorso fh
omogenisation.
Financialm arketsa ret hee pitomeo fa h
omogenisedm arket,f unctioning2 4h oursa
daya nda llowingo perationsa llo vert heg lobet ob elinkedt hroughn ewm odeso f
communication.
➢ Homogenisationp rocessesa rea lsoa ffectedb yc ulture.T hem osto bviouse xamples
aret hed iffusiono fH ollywoodm oviest hatc anb es eena llo vert hew orldo ro
ft he
globalb randst hatp eoplea lla roundt hew orlda spiret op ossess.
Evidenceo fH omogenisation:-
➔ Homogenisationo fL anguage:-T heu sageo fE nglishlanguageh asintensifiedt he
ongoingp rocesso ft hem
odernc ommunicativew orlda midstt heimpacto f
socio-culturalg lobalization.
➔ Homogenisationo fF ood:-M anyc ulturesincorporatef oodt hato riginatedt housands
ofm ilesa way.F ore xample-P otatof romS A
mericaa ndR edc hillif romM
exico.
Globalisationh asn oto nlyledt oimposingo fw esterna ndm odernideasinIndiab ut
alsoh asledt oG localisation(Referst om ixingo fG
lobalw ithL ocal).Example:-Inc ase
off ood,M cDonaldss ellso nlyv egetariana ndc hickenp roductsinIndia,notb eef
products.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Homogenisationo fD
ressing:-C onveniencea ndc omforto fw
esternd ressesh ave
pulledp eople,especiallyt hey oungg enerationt om ovea wayf romt raditionalo utfits
tom
odernd resseslikeT -Shirt,jeans,a nds horts.
➔ Homogenisationo fA
rta ndc ulture:-Indiansa reg ettinga ttractedt of oreignd ance
formslikeS alsa,H
iph op.Int hef ieldo
fM
usic,thereisa r iseo fP
opm
usic.
IsGlobalizationCreatingASingleWorldCulture?( Argumentsagainst
Homogenisation)
Theh omogenizingf orcesa rea ss tronga st heh eterogenizationf orces.Ins hort,int he
globallyc onnectedw orld,w em ightn otb
ea sh omogenizeda sw ea ssumet ob e.
★ TheInternete nablest heh omogenizingf orceo fE nglisha st hew orld'sc ommon
language.A tt hes amet ime,ite nablest hes peakerso fv ariouss malllanguagest og et
connecteda ndb uildc ommonc ontent[ likev ariousr egionalW ikipedia]liken ever
before.
★ Thes ameg lobalizationa llowsf orc uisineso fv ariousn ationst ob ee xploredb y
peoplea crosst hew orldlikeT hai,C hinese,Indiano rM exican.
★ Again,a c onnectedw orlda lsoa llowso net oe xplored ifferentr eligionsa nds piritual
paths.Y ouc ouldb es ittinginJ akartaa nde xploringT aoism,S hintoism,H induismo r
variousA frican/nativeA mericanr eligions.
Itc anb
einferredf inallyt hatw hatisr isingis“GLOCALISATION”
Glocalisationist hea daptationo fg lobala ndinternationalp roducts,intot helocalc ontexts
they'reu seda nds oldin.A c ommone xamplew ouldb ec arst hata res oldw orldwideb ut
adjustedt om eetlocalc riterias ucha se missionss tandardso rw hats idet hes teeringw heelis
located.
Ifg lobalizationw asc hargedw ithc ulturalh omogenization,G localisationiss omethingo fa n
answert oit.G localizationc anb et houghto fa st heo pposite,o rt heinverse,o f
Americanization,t oo,w hichist heinfluencet hatA mericanc ulturea ndb usinessh aso n
anotherc ountry'sc ulture.
Exampleo fG
localization:-
FOOD:-A looB urger,P aneers andwich
DRESS:-K urtaa ndjeans
ART:-R ockm usicw ithc lassicH indis ongs
WhatisHybridisation?
Ans-H
ybridization,h owever,isn otm
erelyt hem
ixing,b
lendinga nds ynthesizingo
f
differente lementst hatu
ltimatelyf ormsa c ulturallyf acelessw hole.Int hec ourseo
f
hybridization,c ultureso fteng eneraten
ewf ormsa ndm aken
ewc onnectionsw itho
ne
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
another.E xample-E ducatedy outhw hoa reintegratedintot het echnologicalw
orlda nds till
followt het raditionslikeA
rrangedM
arriage,c aringf orp
arents.
GlobalizationanditsoverallimpactondifferentSectors:-
POLITICAL:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Ith asc hangedt hen atureo fG
overnancea ndh asledt ot hes ystemo fG
lobal
Accountability.
● Ith asledt ot heu niversalizationo fn
ond iscrimination,E quality,Ruleo fL aw.
● Ith ash elpedinimprovingt hep ublicp olicieso ft heg overnmentb ylearningf romt he
failuresa nds uccesso fo
thern ations.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Globalizationh asincreasedt heinfluenceo finternationalo rganizationslikeIMF,W B
throughm yriadc hecksa ndc ontrolso verinternalp olicieso ft hen
ation.
● Globalizationh asincreasedt her oleo fN
GOw hosea ctivitiesa reu nders canner.E x-IB
Reporta boutG reenpeaceo nN
uclearP rotest.
● Itisleadingt op oliticalh omogenization.E x-P romotiono fD emocracyinA fghanistan.
SOCIAL:-T hes ocialimpacto fG
lobalisationc anb
eu
nderstoodf romitsimpacto
nd
ifferent
institutionsa nds ectionso
ft hes ociety.
Institution:-
(1)M
arriage
PositiveI mpact:
● Familym embersh aves tartedt oa ccepta nda ppreciatelovem arriagesint hes ame
waya st heyu
sedt oa ccepta rrangedm arriagesint hep ast.
● Peoplef romd ifferentc astesa ndf aithsa red ininga nds pendingt imet ogether a nd
consequentlyt hereisa r iseininterc astea ndinter-religiousm arriagesw hichis
challengingt hec aster igiditieso ft hep
ast.
● Globalizationh asb roadenedt hem indseto fy oungp eoplea sp
eoplet endt oa void
childm arriagesu nliket hep ast.
● Theinstitutionisw itnessinga s hiftt om oree galitarianv aluesinc omparisont om ale
dominationo ft hep ast.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Globalizationh asr educedt hes acrednesso fm
arriagea sp eoplea relookingt ob e
freef romt her itualsa ndc ommitments.T odayt her elationiss hiftingf romD harmao r
Dutyt oC ompatibility.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● TheY oungg enerations a rem oreo pent owardsliveinr elationshipisv iewedb
ym
any
asa gainstt hec ultureo fIndia.
● Thes ames exm arriageh asb eenb ecomingp opular,whichisa gainstv ieweda s
againstc ultureo fIndia.
(2)F amily
PositiveI mpact:-
● Thes amef amilyh asa doptedd ifferentt ypeso fw
orkd ependingo nt heira vailability
ande conomicb enefits.
● Thed ecisionm akingp owero fw
omenh asb eenincreasingw itha vailabilityo fjobsf or
them.
● Globalisationh asledt oa nincreaseins ocialg atheringsr athert hanr eligious
gatherings.
● Ith asc hangedt hed ecisionm akingh ierarchya se vent heo pinionso fC hildren’sa re
seldomlyignored.
NegativeI mpact:-
● RisingN uclearisationo ff amilyh ash
armedt het raditionalf amilyv alues.F orE xample-
Urbanb ornC hildrend on’tw antt og ot ov isitR
uralr elatives.
● Globalisationh asr esultedine ngagingy oungo nesw
ithe lectronicg adgetsr ather
thanF amily.
● Thev oiceo fe lderlyint hef amilym attersh asd ecreased.
● Thereisa lsoa f unctionalt ransformationint hef amilys ystemd uet oG lobalization.
Todayt hef irstinstitutionf orc hildren’se ducationiss choolr athert hanF amily.
(3)C
aste
PositiveI mpact:-
● Riseinp rofessionalism,improvementine ducationh asp
rovidede mployment
opportunitiesa ndt husisimprovingc onditionso fV
ulnerablec aste.
● Ther igidC astes ystemisg raduallyg ivingw ayt or elaxedn orms.Interc aste
marriages,interminglinga nds ocializingw itho therc asteisn olongerr egardeda s
Taboon ow.
● Increasingr ationalityind ecisionm akingw ithintermixingo ft houghtsf romd
ifferent
culturesh asr educeds uperstitiousb eliefs.
● Secularizationo fC
aste:-T heinstitutiono fc asteisd
etachedf romt her ituals tatus
hierarchya nda ttainst hec haractero ft hep owerg roupf unctioningint he
competitived emocraticp olitics.
● RiseinD alitm ovement:-E x-D alitP
antherw asinspiredf romB lackp
anther
movemento fU
SA.
NegativeI mpact:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Globalizationh asf orcedt hev ulnerablec astet owardst heinformals ectord
oing
menialjobsd uet olacko
fr equisites kills.
● Globalizationh asm adet hew orldt echnologicallyr elevantw hichh
asb
eena d
istant
dreamf orlowerc astes.
(4)R
eligion
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Religionh asb eenc ouriero fG
lobalizingt endenciesint hew orld.T heh istoryo f
Christanitya nditse xtraordinaryg rowtha sa w orldr eligionw asa r esulto fG lobal
expansion.
● Globalisationb ringsa c ultureo fP luralism,m eaningr eligionsw itho verlappingb ut
distinctivee thicsa ndinterests.
● Ith elpsinp ropagatinga nideao ft olerants ociety.E x:-G andhijiIdeaw asinfluenced
byt het eachingo fIslama ndC hristanitya partf romH induism.
● Theb asict enetso fG lobalisationlikeo penness,individualism,f reedome tcs tand
againstr eligiousp arochialism.E vena t heocraticS tatelikeS audiA rabiaiso pening
itselfb ya llowingm oref reedomt ow omen.
● Ith asb roughtr eformw ithinr eligion.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Thereh asb eenc onversationt oC hristanityb ecauseo fincreasedf inanciala nd
institutionals upporto fw
esternc ountries.
● Globalisationb ringsr eligionst ot hec ircleo fc onflicts.
● Globalisationh asd isruptedt raditionalc ommunities,c ausese conomic
marginalizationa ndb ringsindividualsm entals tress,a llo fw
hichc reatea b acklasho f
religiousp arochialisma se videntin1 979IranianR evolution.
(5)E ducation:-
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Availabilityo fs tudyb
ooksa ndinformationo nt heinternetd uet oG
lobalisation.
● Scientifica ndt echnologicalinnovationsh avem adelifec omfortable,p leasant,a nd
enjoyablef ors tudents.
● Increaseda ccesst oq ualitye ducationp rovidesa no pportunityt oIndividualst owards
highers ocials tatusa ndm obility.E g:-C
ollaborationb etweenf oreigna ndIndian
University.
NegativeI mpact:-
● HighC osto
fE ducationisb eyondt her eacho fp
oors tudents.
● Educationisb eingm easuredint ermso fD
egreer athert hanK nowledgeP ossession.
● Commodificationo fE ducationw hichisb eingS oldint hem
arket.
(6)H
ealth:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Thereh asb eenincreaseda ccessibilityb ecauseo ft heo
peningo fm
anyp rivate
hospitals.E x-A pollo
● Healths ervicesc anb ep
rovideda crosst heb order.E x-T hailandM odel
● Theq ualityo fr esearcha ndt reatmenth asg one.
● Patientsc ant ravela broadt or eceiveh ealthc are,a ndc anb es eenint her iseo f
MedicalT ourism.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Entryo fM
NCh asledt oh ighc osto fm
edicinesd uet ot heirb
randn ames.
● ChargingH eftyb ills.Ex-1
0lakhf orh eartt ransplant.
● Entryo fG
lobalb everagesa ndf astf oodsleadt oo besitya ndr iseo fN
CD.
● Crossb orderm ovementh asledt ot heinflowo finfectiousd isease.Ex-Z ikaV irus
Sections:-
(1) Women
PositiveI mpact:-
● Increasinglevelso fW
orkf orcep articipationw itht hec omingo fM NCh as
strengthenedt hed ecisionm akingp ower.
● Globalizationh asp romotedt heideaso fe quality,w omenr ightsa nd
internationalc onventionslikeC onventiono ne liminationo fa llk indso
f
discriminationa gainstw omen( CEDAW).
● Globalizationh asr educedt hes trongholdo fP
atriarchyt husc hangingt he
socials ettings.
● Witht her iseinN uclearf amilies,ith asb
ecomee asierf orw oment oc laim
theirr ightsa ssertively.
N egativeI mpact:-
● Genderinequalitiesc anb es eenint ermso fw
aged ifferentialsw hichis2 0%
lowert hanm enf ort hes amew ork( Monsters alaryIndex).
● Feminizationo fL abor:-T hep roportiono fw omenint heu norganizeds ector
hasincreaseda fterG lobalizationa ss eenint heirincreasingN umberinB idi
Factories.
● Patriarchyh ast akena n ewf ormsint hen ameo fS exualV iolence,
homebeating,H onorkilling.
● Commodificationo fw
omen,P ronography,a ndv ulgarr ealitys howsh avea lso
ledt oincreasings exuald emanda ndv iolence.
Feminisationo fL abor:-F eminizationo flaborisa t ermt hatd
escribese mergingg endered
laborr elationsb orno uto ft her iseo
fg lobalc apitalism.Itisf eminizationo ft hew
orkplace,
whichisa t rendt owardsg reatere mploymento fw
omen,a ndo fm enw illinga nda blet o
operatew itht hesem oref eminizedw orkplace.F eminizationo flaborisa r esulto fe xpansion
oft rade,c apitalf lows,a ndt echnologicala dvances.G enderd iscrimination,v iolence,
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
sweatshops,a nds exualh arassmenta res omeo ft hea dverser esultso
ff eminizationo
flabor.
Multinationalsp referw omenint helaborf orcea sw omenh avef romlongs incew
orkedf or
lowerw
agesa nda relesslikelyt oo
rganize.
(2)Elderly:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Healthc areh asb ecomem oree fficientw hichh asimprovedt hea veragelife
expectancyo fa gedp eople.T hish ash elpedt hemt or educed ependencyo no thersin
additiont oimprovingt heirlife.
● Ther apidg rowthinc ommunicationt echnologiesh asm adet hew orlda s mallp lace.
Agedp eoplew hoc ouldn otb eluckyt olivew itht heirc hildrend uet ojobp ressures
oft hey oung,c ann owe asilyinteractw itht hema tt hec licko fa b
utton.
● Itisn owp ossiblef ory oungp eopler esidinginf oreignlandst os endm oneyb ack
homet ot heiro ldp arentsina f ractiono fs econds.T hism onetarya ssistancen oto nly
helpst hemt oc arryt heire xpensesw ithg raceb uta lsof osterlove.
● Theo peningo fs hopsb ym anyinternationals upermarketsa ndb randsinIndiah as
alsointroduceda mazinga ndh ighlyb eneficialf ooda ndm edicinesf ort heg eriatric
population.
● Peopleh aveb ecomep rosperousb ecauseo fo
pportunitiesg ivenb yG
lobalisation.It
hasr esultedinm ores avingf oro lda ge.
NegativeI mpact:-
● IncreasingN uclearizationo ff amilyleadingt oe motionalb reakupf orE lederly.
● Thish asr esultedinisolation,r ejectiona ndlonelinesso fa gedp ersonsleadingt o
psychologicald istress.
● Ith asb eeno bservedt hatt hereisa r iseinO lda geh omesb ecauseo ft hep oor
attitudeo ft heY oungsf ort heirp arents.
● Globalisationh asb eeng eographicallyinequitablet husa ffectingt hee lderlyinr ural
areas,p henomenonisc alled“ Ruralisationo fE lderly”
3)Tribals:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Ther esultingIndustrialisationp rovidesa nonymityt ot heT ribalst husm akingite asy
fort hemt og etJ obs.
● Improvingh ealthb enefitst hroughb etterm edicines,a ndlifes avingd rugsh
elpedin
improvinglifee xpectancy.
● Thee xposuret ot heM ediah ash elpedins trengtheningt heirv oicesa gainstt he
injustice.E xample-P rotesta gainstP OSCOp lantinO disha.
● Globalizationh ash elpedinm ixingo fc ulturesa ndh elpedt hemina ccommodationt o
them ainstreams tructureo ft hes ociety.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Ith asc hallengedt heirt raditionalw ayo flifew
itht hec omingo fM
NC.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Thed
estructiono ff orestf orinfrastructuralp rojectsledt ot hed
isplacement
● Patentingo ft helongu sep
lantsd oesn oto nlya ffectb
iodiversityb uta lsoa losso
f
traditionalm edicines.
● Lacko
fe ffectiveL egalr egulationh asledt oe rosiono fs ocioc ulturalh eritage.
(4)Dalits:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Ith asp rovidedm orep rosperity,p rogressa ndf reedomf ora ll.E x-R iseo fD
alit
capitalism.
● Ith ase nabledt heo pportunitieso fjobsf ort heminc ities.
● Ith ase mpoweredt heme conomically,t hush elpedinr aisings ocials tatus.
● NGOh aveg ivent hemv oicea gainstt heo ppression.E xample-Navsarjant rustis
establishedb yD alitR ighta ctivistM artinM acwan.
N
egativeI mpact:-
● Ith asw idenedt hee conomicg apb etweenG eneralm assesa ndD alits.
● Thea bsenceo fs killh
asf orcedt hemt od om
enialjobsint hea geo fc ompetitiveness.
● Mechanisationo fA gricultureh asr esultedintot helosso ft heiro
ccupationinr ural
areas,f orcingt hemt oliveins lumsinu rbana reas.
● Easya vailabilityo fm
assp roductiong oodsf romt echnologyb asedindustriesa tc heap
pricesh asr educedt hed emando fp roductsf romt raditionalo ccupationo fD
alits.
(5)WorkingClass:-
P ositiveI mpact:-
● Globalisationh asr educedt heb arriersb etweenc ountriesw hichh ash elpedin
migrationt od ifferentc ountriesf orw ork.E x-IndiansinU AE,S A
rab.
● Ith ash elpedind isseminationo fb
etterw orkc ulturea nds haringo fb
estp ractices.
● Ith ase nsuredf inanciala ndt echnologicalf lowsw hichc reatesn ewo pportunitiesf or
work.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Globalisationh asw idenedt hed isparityb etweene mployera nde mployeesw hich
oftenr esultsinv iolence.E x-C lashesb etweenw orkersa ndm anagementinM aruti
SuzukiinM anesar.
● Ith asledt ot hed ownwardp ressureo nw ages,increasingjobinsecuritya ndo verall
informalizationo ft hee conomy.
● Ith asb eens eent hatt hereise xploitationo fm
igrantw orkerse speciallyt hose
engagedint heinformals ectorlikeF isherwomeninT amilnadu.
● Thec omingo fM NCh asr educedt heb argainingp owero ft radeU nionsw hichisd ue
tot helacko ff ormale mploymento pportunitiesinIndustries.
● Ith asledt olosso fJ obsa ss upportedb yr ecentW BR
eportt hatA Iw
illleadt olosso
f
60%o fJ obs.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
(5)MiddleClass:-
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Globalisationh asu nfoldedo pportunitiesf ors tudentsf romt hem iddlec lasst og et
educationf romf oreignU niversities.
● Globalisationh ase nlarged t hec hoicesint ermso ff ooding,d ressingh abits.
● Ith ase nlargedt hes copeo fe ntrepreneurshipa mongt hee ducatedm iddlec lass.
● Ith asimprovedt hes tatuso fw omene conomicallya nds ociallyt oo.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Globalisationh asb roughtn uclearisationo ff amilya ndt husimpactings ociala nd
culturalv alues.
● Ith asb roughta d ivideb etweent hem iddlec lassa ndu ppera ndlowerm iddlec lass.
● Ith asledt olosso flivelihoodf orm iddlec lassb usinessmenb ecauseo fc heapg oods
producedinB angladesha ndC hina.
● Globalisationh asm adet hisc lassm aterialistic,r unningb eforet hew
ealthy.
(6)Youth:-
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Globalisationh asp rovidedy outhsa ccesst oa loto fk nowledges ourcesincluding
Internet,m ediap rint,a nds ocials ites.
● GreaterK nowledgea ndh ighc onfidencea llowsy outht ot akeindependent,r ational,
andu nbiasedd ecisions.
● Globalisationh asledt ot hef ormationo fn
ationalp oliciesa ndL awst hatp romote
youthd evelopmenta ndp rotecty oungp eoplef rome xploitationa ndh umanr ights
abuses.
● Ith ash ighlightedt heimportanceo fimpartinge ducation,t raininga ndr equisites kills
toy oungp eoplee speciallyG irlC hild.
● Ith asincreaseda warenessa boutt heirs ociala ndP oliticalr ightsw hichh asr esulted
th
inm
orea ndm orey oungerp eoplep articipatinginP olitics.E x-1
7 L oks abhah as7
1
MPsb elow4 0y ears.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Thea dvancemento ft echnologyh asm adet helifeo fy outhS edentaryleadingt o
obesitya ndo therh ealthd isorders.
● Globalisationh asm adelifem echanical,r educingt hee motionala nds ocial
interactiona mongsty ouths
● Ther isingc ompetitiona mongsty outhint ermso fe ducation,c areerP rospectis
increasingS uicide.
● Youthst odaya ree ngagedinp layingo nlineG ameslikeP UBGa ndt akingo nline
ChallengeslikeB lueB abyC hallengew hichh aved ivertedt heirlifeg oals.
GlobalisationanditsImpactonEconomy
( 1)A
griculture:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
P
ositiveI mpact:-
● Theb orderlessw orldh asb roughtt echnologicalinnovationss eenina ccesst oh ybrid
varietieso fs eeds,s prinklerirrigationa ndn ewk indo fp artnership( India-Israel).
● Ith asb eeno bservedt hatw itht hec omingo fB tC
otton,f armersincomea nd
agriculturalp roductivityh asincreased.A s tudyc onductedb yt heC
ouncilf orS ocial
Development( CSD)f orB haratK rishakS amajh asf oundt hatt heg rowthinc otton
areaa ndp roductivityint heS tateb etween2 002a nd2 011increasedb y9 .45p erc ent
and2 .32p erc ent,r espectively.
● Thereh asb eenimprovementinb othb ackwarda ndu pwardlinkageso fa griculture
seenint hes purinInfrastructure,M arketinga ndL andM odernisation.
● Greaters ecurityt of armersw itht hec omingo fC ontractf arming.
NegativeI mpact:-
● WTO“ AmberB ox”p utslimitationso ns tockholdingw hicha ffectsf armers'income
● Farmersn eedt op ayf ora b etterv arietyo fimporteds eedsh avingd iseaser esistant
traits.
● Indianf armersa reg ettingt oughc ompetitionint heG lobalm arketb ecauseo flacko
f
qualityo rm arketd ynamics.Ex-S ugarcanef armersa reg ettingc ompetitionf rom
Brazil.
● Thelarges cales uicideb yIndianf armersb ecauseo fr isinginterestloana sP SBa re
gettingt oughc ompetitionw itht hec omingo ff oreignb anksa fterL PGin1 991.
● Thee ntryo fm ultinationalsa ss ellerso fa griculturalinputss ucha ss eeds,p esticides,
andf ertilizersw hichist ooc ostlyf orf armersh asr educedt hep rofitso ff armers.
(2)Infrastructure
PositiveI mpact:-
● BetterInfrastructureint hef ormo ft ransportationa ndt elecommunicationsh elpsin
connectingp eoplea ndc ommunitiesb rakingd istanceb arriers.
● Ith asb roughtP ublicP
rivateP artnership( PPP)w hichh ash
elpedinimprovingt he
efficiencya nde conomyo ft hee xpenditureo nInfrastructure.
● BetterInfrastructureh ash elpedinb ringingm oref undsa ndb etterr esources.E x-
JapanInvestinginD FC.
N
egativeI mpact:-
● Ith asb eens eent hatt hereisa r iseinc ronyc apitalismw hichisa t otallosso
fp
ublic
moneya se videntint he2 Gs pectruma llocationc ase.
● Itiss aidt hatP PPh asr educedt hea ccountabilityo fG
overnmento rS tate.
● PrivateP artiesa reinterestedininvestingino nlyP rofitableb usinessa ndt husleading
toinequitabled evelopment.
PositiveI mpacto nO
verallE conomy
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Integratedb usinessa nds tocke xchangesh aveincreasede conomict ransactions
manifold.
● IncreasedR iskm anagementint heb ankings ectorw itht hec omingo
fBASELn orms.
● MNCa reo peningt heirp roductionc entresind evelopingc ountries.E X-A PPLEin
India.
● NewK indso
ff inancialp
roductsa rea vailableint hem
arketL ikeA
mericanD epository
Receipts.
● Itp
rovidesimpetust oF lagships chemeso fG
overnmentlikeS tartupsa ndM akein
India.
NegativeI mpacto nO
verallE conomy:-
● Ith ase ngulfedt hes mallb usinessliket ransistorsa ndc apacitorIndustrya longw
ith
otherM SME.
● ThoughF oreignE xchangeR eserveso fIndiah
aveincreased,a f luctuatingR
upee
impactst hee conomya dversely.
● FinancialF raudh asa lsoincreasedb ecauseo fP
-notesa ndH
edgef unds.
GlobalisationanditsImpactonEnvironment:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Theincreasingn umbero finternationalN GOh asc onsolidatedt hev oicea gainst
environmentald egradation.
● Ith asb ecomee asyt og etf inanciala ndt echnologicals upportt oc ombatC limate
change.E g:-G reenC limateF und
● Ith asincreaseda warenessa bouta doptiono fr enewablee nergya ndE -vehicles.
● Ith ash elpedina doptingb estp racticest oc hecke nvironmentald egradation.E x-
Focuso nM
ixedF arming
NegativeI mpact
● RapidIndustrialisationd uet oG lobalisationisc ausinge mission,a p rimec ausef or
respiratoryissuesinD elhi.
● Landd egradationd uet ot hee xcessiveu seo ff ertilizersino
rdert oincreaset hey ield
ofc rops.
● Deforestationf orInfrastructureD evelopmentb ecauseo flacko fp lanningo rg reedo
f
Corporates.
● ExcessiveM iningh asr esultedinlosso fe nvironmentalf lowo fr ivers.
GlobalisationandImpactonTechnology:-
PositiveI mpact:-
● Ith asr esultedint heb
oomo
ft heITindustrya ndm
akingIndiaa s oftwareh ubo
ft he
world.
● Thec oncepto fm
assp roductionh asb eenr eplacedb ym
ultit askp
roductionw hich
allowsindustriest op roducea v arietyo fp
roductse fficiently.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Ith asb roughtr evolutioninM ediaindustry,a griculture( PrecisionF arming),
services(Creditc arda ndD ebitc ardu sage)
● Ith asr esultedina s eamlesst ransportations ystem.E x-IntelligentT ransportation
systeminG urugram.
NegativeI mpact:-
● Thereisa f earo fjoblossw itht hec omingo ft echnology.T heW orldB ankh as
recently r eportedt hatA Iw
illr educejobsb y6 0%b
y2 030.
● Ith asb eeno bservedt hatt echnologicalr evolutionh asr esultedinlosso ft raditional
handmadeindustriesw hichisa b ackboneo fIndiane conomy.
● Itisg enerallys aidt hatT errorismist heb rainchildo fG
lobalisationw hichh asm ade
easiera ccesst oa rms,n ucleara ndc hemicalw eapons.
● Technologicala ccessiso neo ft hem anyf actorsf ort her iseinC
yberc rimes,c yber
fraudsa ndP ronography.
PopulationandAssociatedIssues
Data:-
● Populationh asd oubledf rom5 48.2m illiont o1 210.2m illionf rom1 971t o2 011.
● TheO fficeo ft heR egistrarG eneralo fIndiah asp
redictedt hatIndiaiss ett oe ntert he
fourths tageo fd emographict ransitionb ya round2 026.T heoryo fD emographic
Transition:-
1. FirstS tage:-Itisc haracterisedb yh igha ndf luctuatingb irtha ndd eathr ates.
2. SecondS tage:-Int hiss taget hed eathr ateisd ecreasingw hilet heb irthr ate
remainsc onstanta ta h ighlevel.
3. ThirdS tage:-Int hiss tage,b irthr atea sc omparedt ot hed eathr ated eclines
morer apidly.A sa r esult,t hep opulationg rowsa ta d iminishingr ate.
4. FourthS tage:-B irthr ateisa pproximatelye qualt od eathr atea ndt hereis
littleg rowthinp opulation.
● TheR egistrarG eneralh asa lsor eleasedt hee xpectedd atesw hent hem ajorS tates
aree xpectedt oa chieveT otalF ertilityR ate( TFR)o f2 .1.
● Accordingt ot heU N'sW orldP opulationP rospects2 019r eport,I ndiaisp rojectedt o
becomet hem ostp opulousc ountryb y2 027s urpassingC hinaa ndh ost1
.64b illion
peopleb y2
050.
India’sPopulationDynamics:-
Size:-
● Accordingt o2
011c ensus:-
➔ Indianp opulationc omprises6 2.31c roreso fm
alesa nd5 8.74c roref emales.
➔ 68.85% o
ft het otalp
opulationlivesinr urala reasa nd3
1.15%
inu
rban
areas.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Growtho
fP opulation:-Indiaa dded1 8.19c rorest oitsa bsolutep
opulationin
between2 001-2011.
➔ Decadalg rowthh asr egistereda s harpestd eclines inceindependence
Composition:-
➔ Thed istributionw ithina g roupo
fp
eopleo
fs pecifiedindividuala ttributess ucha s
sex,a ge,m
aritals tatus,e ducation,o ccupation,a ndr elationshipt ot heh
eado
f
householdisc alledP opulationc omposition.
Sex:-
➔ SexR
atiois9 43f emalesp er1 000m ales.
➔ Childs exr atiof orf emalesis9
19p er1 000m ale.
➔ Populationint hea geg roupo f0
-6y earsis1
3.6%o
ft het otalp
opulation.
Age:-
➔ Aged ependencyr atio( %o fw
orking-agep opulation)inIndiaw
asr eporteda t5
0.99
%in2
017,a ccordingt ot heWorldB ank.
Distribution:-
➔ Populationd
istributionm
eanst hep
atterno
fw
herep
eoplelive.
WhyisthestudyofPopulationDynamicsnecessary?
Ans:-
● Forc alculatingR esourceS izef ort hef uture:-A nyd
evelopmentp lanningh ast o
factorint hec hangings izeo ft heb
asep opulation.
● Migration:-W ithc hangeinp opulationd ynamics,interconnectiona mongc itiesa nd
villagesisc hanging.
● ResourceD istribution:-T os tudyh owr esourcesc anb ed istributedb ya ge,g ender,
education,income,m aritals tatus,g eography,a nds oo n.
● Planningf ort hef uture:-E xample:-" MissionP arivarV ikas”in1
45H ighF ocusd istricts
in7
S tatesw ithh ighestT otalF ertilityR
atef orimprovedf amilyp lannings ervices
WhatarethecomponentsofPopulationGrowth?
Ans:-T hec omponentso fp opulationg rowtha re:
● Fertilitya ndb
irthr ate
● Mortalitya ndd eathr ate
● Migration
Fertilitya ndB
irthR ate:-TheT FRf orIndiaa sa w
holeis2
.3w
hereasinr urala reasitis2
.5.In
urbana reas,itise venlowera t1 .8.F ertilityisd
ecliningr apidly,includinga mongt hep oor
andilliterate,(Nationalh ealthp rofile2 018).
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
BirthR ate:-T hea veragea nnualn umbero fb
irthsd uringa y earp er1 ,000p ersonsint he
populationa tm idyear;a lsok nowna sc rudeb irthr ate.A ccordingt oc ensus2 011,b irthr ate
is2 2.5%.
Whyist herea lowr ateo fd
eclineo fB
irthr ate?
● Customso fe arlym arriage
● Preferencef orm alec hild
● Dependencyo fw omen
● Dominanceo fp atriarchalv alues
● Highr ateso filliteracy
Doy out hinkt hatT FRR eplacingt oR eplacementR atew illc heckr isingP opulation?
Ans:-Instanceso fL owF ertility:-
▶Ac omparisono ft heS ampleR egistrationS ystemo f2 011a nd2 018r evealst hatT FR
declinedf rom2 .4t o2 .2d uringt hisp eriod.
▶Howevers omeo ft heS tateslikeB ihar,U ph ash igherF ertilityr atet hann ationalT FR.
▶4S tatesh avelowerF ertilityb elowt her eplacementr atea ndR eplacementr ateis2 .1.
Whatist heR eplacementR ate?
Ans:-R eplacementlevelf ertility”ist het otalf ertilityr ate—thea veragen umbero fc hildren
bornp erw oman—atw hicha p opulatione xactlyr eplacesitselff romo neg enerationt ot he
next,w ithoutm igration.T hisr ateisr oughly2 .1c hildrenp erw omanf orm ostc ountries,
althoughitm aym odestlyv aryw ithm ortalityr ates.
Doesitm eant hatP opulationw illa lsod ecline?
Ans:-Thea nnualP opulationg rowthr ateh asd eclinedf rom1 .47to1 .38p ercentd uring2 011
to2 018.B utitd oesn otm eant hatP opulationw ills tabiliseb ecauseo ft heP opulation
momentume ffect.Itm eansm orew omena reg oingt oe nterintor eproductivea ge1 5-49.
Ex:-InK erala,R eplacementr atew asr eachedin1 990,b utt hea nnualp opulationg rowthr ate
was0 .7%in2 018.
WhyisT FRs oh ighins omes tates?
Ans:-L owT FRislinkedt oF emaleE ducation a ndimplementationo fG overnment
programmes.
Illiteratew omenint her eproductivea geg roupo f1 5-49h aveh igherf ertilityt hanliterate
womenina lmosta llt hes tates.
DeathR ate:-T hev aluef orD eathr ate,c rude( per1 ,000p eople)inIndiaw as7 .30a so ft he
2011c ensus.O neo ft hem ainf actorsr esponsiblef ort heg rowtho fp opulationist he
decliningd eathr atesh aven otb eena ccompaniedb yc orrespondingd eclineinb irthr ates.
AdditionalM aterial:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
MaternalM ortality-
SampleR egistrationS urvey:-T hem ajorc omplicationst hata ccountf orn early7 5%o fa ll
maternald eathsa re:
➔ severeb leeding.
➔ Infections.
➔ Highb loodp ressured uringp regnancy
➔ Complicationsf romd eliverya ndu nsafea bortion
Migration:-A sp ert he2 011C ensus,t herew ere4 53.6m illionIndiansw how erem igrants.
Typeso fM igration:-
1. Ruralt oR ural:-M osto ft heseR -Rm igrantsa ref romb ackwards tateslikeU P,B ihar,
Orissa,t oP unjabH arayana.
2. Ruralt oU rban:-M igrantsh avea t endencyt om oveintoc omparativelyd eveloped
regionslikeN CT,C handigarh,M aharashtraint hes earcho fw orko pportunities.
3. Urbant oU rban:-G enerallyp eoplew ithr esourcesh avem ovedf romt ier2 t ot ier1
citiesf orh ighere ducationo rt ot apf ormals ectore mploymento pportunity.
4. Urbant oR ural:-T hisc ana lsob ec onsidereda sr eversem igration.T her easonv aries
fromp ostr etirements ettlementt oa ffinityf orlandinR urala reas.
TrendsinM igration:-( AsP erC ensus2 011)
● U-UM igrationincreasedf rom1 5%in2 001t o2 2%in2 011.
● R-UM igrationincreasedm arginallyf rom2 1.8%t o2 2.2%.
● 37%o fIndiansa rem igrantsa nd7 0%o ft hesea rew omen.
● Ther easonf ort hem ajorityf orm igrationisn otf orw ork,b utf orm arriage.
● Theb arrierf orm igrationisd istance,n otL anguage.
Reasonf orM igration: -
PullF actor:-U rbanc entresp rovidev asts copef ore mploymentinindustriesa nds ervices.
Thisa cteda s‘magnets’f ort hem igrantp opulationa nda ttractedp eoplef romt he
countryside.
PushF actor:-P eoplem igrated uet o‘pushf actors’s ucha su nemployment,h ungera nd
starvation.
Effecto fM
igration:-
● E conomicE ffect:-A m
ajorb enefitf ort hes ourcer egionist her emittances entb y
migrants.A ccordingt ot heU nionB udget2 019-2020,Indiah asa 1
.6- lakh-crore
domesticr emittancem arket.IndianD iaspora( InternationalM igrants)p roducesa n
annuale conomicincomeo fa bout$ 7
8.6b illion,a lmost3 .4p ercento fIndia’sG DP
● DemographicE ffect: -A gea nds kills electiveo utm igrationf romt her urala reah ave
adversee ffectso nt her urald emographics tructure.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● SocialE ffect: -M
igrationleadst ointermixingo fp
eoplef romd iversec ultures.Ith
as
positivec ontributionss ucha se volutiono fc ompositec ulture
● EnvironmentalE ffect: -O vercrowdingo fp
eopled uet or ural-urbanm igrationh asp ut
pressureo nt hee xistings ociala ndp
hysicalinfrastructureint heu rbana reas.
InternationalM igration:-
Accordingt oG lobalM onitoringR eport2 020,Indiac ontinuest ob et helargestc ountryo f
origino
finternationalm igrantsw itha 1 7.5m illion-strongd iasporaa crosst hew orld,a ndit
receivedt heh ighestr emittanceo f$ 78.6b illion( thisa mountst oa w hopping3 .4%o fIndia’s
GDP)f romIndianslivinga broad.
Trends/Facts:-
● Indiaist het ops ourceo finternationalm igrants,w itho ne-in-twentym igrants
worldwideb orninIndia.A so f2
015,1 5.6m illionp eopleb orninIndiaw erelivingin
otherc ountries.
● India’sr eligiousm inoritiesh aveb eenm orelikelyt om igrateinternationally.
● Peoplew ithh ight echnicals killsa ndp rofessionale xpertisem igratet oc ountriess uch
asC anada,U K,E U,a ndA ustraliaa sp ermanentm igrants.
● Unskilleda nds emis killedw orkersm igratem ainlyt oo ile xportingc ountrieso f
MiddleE asto nt emporaryc ontracts
Reasonsf orI nternationalM igration:-
● Globalisation: -.
● IncreasingC onsumerism: -
● RequiredS kill:-Ith asa h
ugep opulationw hichise ducated,E nglishs peaking,
computers avvya nde fficient.
● RigidE ducationS ystemInIndia:-Indiane ducationals ystemlackst hef lexibilitya nd
offersr igid,s tereotypeda ndt raditionalc oursesw ithlesso rn
os copeo fs hiftingo r
changesa crosst hes ubjects,s treamse tc.
Effecto fM igration:-
★ Braind rain:-
★ FinancialR esources:-M igrationr esultsinr emittances.
★ NewI nvestment:-IndianD iasporah asa lsor esultedinincreasedd emandf orIndian
productsinf oreignm arkets.Indianss ettleda broada ren owinvestinginv arious
businessesint hef ormo fF DI.E x:-A ccordingt oU NCTAD, Indiar eceivedU SD5 1
billioninf oreigninvestmentin2 019a ndw ast hew orld'sn inthlargestr ecipiento f
foreignd irectinvestment( FDI)in2 019
★ I nternationalD iplomacy:-T heirr oleisw ellr ecognisedd uringt he1 23A greement
witht heU SA.
EmergingIssueduetoPopulation:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
1. Populationa ndP overty:-“ Povertyc ausesP opulationo rP
opulationc ausingp overty”
Howc anp overtyc ausea g rowingp opulation?
➔ Povertye ncouragest hef amiliest or eproducem orea ndt hen
umbero f
membersint hef amilyisd irectlyp roportionalt ot hew orkingf orceo ft he
familyr esultinginm oreincomef ort hef amily.
➔ Povertyd iscouragesf amiliesf roms endingt heirc hildrent os choolsr esulting
inincreasedilliteracy.F urther,illiteracys topso nef romt hinkingo ft he
consequenceso fh
ighp opulationint hef amily.
➔ Povertyp ushesf amiliest og ett heirf emalec hildrenm arrieda ta v eryy oung
agew hichg ivesr iset oe arlya ndincreasedr e-production.
H
owc ana g rowingp opulationc ausep overty?
➔ Increaseint hep opulationr esultsinm oref amilye xpenses.
➔ Unemploymentr ateincreasesp ushingf amiliest op overty.
➔ Increasedn umbero fp
eopleina griculturalf amiliesr esultsina d ecreased
portiono fd ividedlanda mongt hef amilym embersc ausinglowerincomes.
➔ Increasedp ressureo fs atisfyingt hee xpandedf amilyn eedsc reatess tresso n
theb readw innerr esultinginh ealthr elatedissuess ometimest ot hee xtreme
off atal.T hisw ouldp usht hef amilyt op overty.
➔ Overpopulationimpactst hee nvironmenta ndn aturalr esourcesleadingt o
migrationr esultinginp eoplelivingins lums.
2. Populationa ndA geing:-
Data:-T hes hareo fp opulationo vert hea geo f6 0isp
rojectedt oincreasef rom8
percentin2 015t o1 9p ercentin2 050( IndiaA geingR eport).
Challengeso fA
geingP opulation:-
1. Feminizationo fA geing: -T hes exr atioo ft hee lderlyh asincreasedf rom9 38
woment o1 ,000m enin1 971t o1 ,033in2 011a ndisp rojectedt oincreaset o
1,060b y2 026.
2. Ruralizationo ft heE lderly:-A ccordingt ot he2 011C ensus,7 1p ercento ft he
elderlyliveinr uralIndia.
3. Migrationa nditsI mpacto nt heE lderly:-L ivinga loneo rw
itho nlyt hes pouse
isu
suallyd iscussedint ermso fs ocialisolation,p overtya ndd istress.P olicy.
R
esponset oA geing:-TheIndiang overnment’sc ommitmentt op opulationa geingc oncerns
ise videntint woimportantw ays:
A. Beinga s ignatoryt oa llt heg lobalc onferences,initiativeso na geinga sw ella st he
RegionalP lanso fA ction.
B. Formulationo ft heN ationalP olicyo nO lderP ersons( NPOP)in1 999:-F ours pecial
schemes/p rogrammesw ithc omplementaryo bjectivesw ithint heo verallv isiono f
theN POPa rec overedb elow.T hesea re:-
1. MaintenanceA ct2 007:-P arentsa ndg randparentsw hoa reu nablet o
maintaint hemselvesf romt heiro wnincomec and emandm aintenancef rom
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
theirc hildren,inclusiveo ff ood,c lothing,r esidence,m edicala ttendancea nd
treatment,t oa m aximumo f 1 ₹
0,000p erm onth.
AmendmentB ill:-
❖ TheB illb
ringss tep-children,a doptivec hildren,c hildren-in-law,a nd
legalg uardianso fm inorc hildrenu ndert hed efinitiono fc hildren
❖ U ndert heA ct,M aintenanceT ribunalsm ayd irectc hildrent op aya
maximumo fR s1 0,000p erm ontha sm aintenancea mountt ot heir
parents. T heB illr emovest hisu pperlimito nt hem aintenancef ee.
❖ TheA ctp rovidesf ors eniorc itizenst oa ppealt hed ecisionso ft he
MaintenanceT ribunal. T heB illa llowsc hildrena ndr elativesa lsot o
appeald ecisionso ft heT ribunal.
❖ TheB illp
rovidest hatift hec hildreno rr elativesf ailt oc omplyw ith
maintenanceo rders,t heT ribunalm ayissuea w arrantt olevyt hed ue
amount. F ailuret op ays ucha f inem ayleadt oimprisonmento fu pt o
onem onth,o ru ntilt hep aymentism ade.
❖ TheB illp
rovidesf ort her egulationo fp rivatec are-homesf ors enior
citizens,a ndinstitutionsp rovidingh ome-cares ervices.
2. IntegratedP rogrammef orO lderP ersons:-T heIPOPp rovidesf inancial
assistance( upt o9 0p ercent)t oP RIs/localb odies,N GOs,e ducational
institutions,c haritableh ospitals/nursingh omese tc.f orimplementinga
varietyo ff acilitiess ucha so lda geh omes,m obilem edicalu nitsf oro lder
persons
3. Healthc aref orO lderP ersons:-TheN ationalP rogrammeo fH ealthC aref or
Elderly( NPHCE)a imst op rovided edicatedh ealthc aref acilitiest ot hee lderly
throughp rimary,s econdarya ndt ertiaryh ealthc ared eliverys ystems
4. TheN ationalS ocialA ssistanceP rogramme( NSAP)w aslaunchedin1 995t o
provides ociala ssistancet ot hep oora ndt hed estitute.
Suggestion:-
➔ Matrimonialm eet:-A nubhuti( NGO)c onductedo ver1 16m arriageso fe lderlyp eople
yet.
➔ VietnamM odel:-R esidentW elfarea ssociationh asb eenf ormedt oe ngagee lderly
forb
etteru rbanm anagement.
➔ Amalgamateo rphanw itho lda ge:-InM ataG ujriS ukhN iwasinP unjabo lda ged
personsa bove6 0y earso fa gea ndc hildrena gedb etween5 t o1
2y earsa re
admitted.
➔ Focuso ng eriatricc are:-R egionalG eriatricC entres( RGC)in8 R
egionalM edical
Institutionsa ndP ost-graduatesinG eriatricM edicineist hen eedo ft heh our.
3 .P
opulationa ndE nvironment:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● LandU se:-Fulfillingt her esourcer equirementso fa g rowingp opulationu ltimately
requiress omef ormo fland-usec hange.H uman-inducedc hangesinlandu seo
ften
resultinh
abitatf ragmentationa ndloss,t hep rimaryc auseo fs peciesd ecline.
● Climatec hange:-T hed emographicinfluencea ppearsp rimarilyint hreea reas.
❏ First,c ontributionsr elatedt oindustrialp roductiona nde nergyc onsumption
leadt oc arbond ioxidee missionsf romf ossilf uelu se.
❏ Second,land-usec hanges,s ucha sd eforestation,a ffectt hee xchangeo f
carbond ioxideb etweent heE artha ndt hea tmosphere.
❏ Third,s omea griculturalp rocesses,s ucha sp addy-ricec ultivationa nd
livestockp roduction,a rer esponsiblef org reenhouseg asr eleasesintot he
atmosphere,e speciallym ethane.
➔ Accordingt oI PCC,p opulationg rowthw illa ccountf or3 5p
ercento ft heg lobal
increaseinC O2e missionsb etween1 985a nd2 100a nd4 8p
ercento ft heincrease
ind
evelopingn ationsd uringt hatp eriod.
4.P opulationa ndH unger:-P ressureo nF oods ecurityr educeso pportunityo fn
utritiousd iet
resultinginm alnutritiona ndh unger.H oweverd irectr elationshipsc an'tb em
aintaineda s
perG HI2
019.
CausesofOverpopulation:-
Thet wom ainc ommonc ausesleadingt oo verpopulationinIndiaa re:
❖ Theb irthr ateiss tillh
ighert hant hed eathr ate.
❖ Thef ertilityr ated uet ot hep opulationp oliciesa ndo therm easuresh asb eenf alling
bute vent henitism uchh igherc omparedt oo therc ountries.
1. EarlyM arriagea ndU niversalM arriageS ystem:-E vent houghlegallyt he
marriageablea geo fa g irlis1 8y ears,t hec oncepto fe arlym arriages tillp revailsa nd
gettingm arrieda ta ny ounga gep rolongst hec hildb earinga gE.
2. Povertya ndI lliteracy:-A notherf actorf ort her apidg rowtho fp
opulationisp overty.
Impoverishedf amiliesh avet hisn otiont hatm oret hen umbero fm
embersint he
family,m orew illb et hen umberst oe arnincome.
3. Ageo ldc ulturaln orm:-S onsa ret heb reade arnerso ft hef amiliesinIndia.T hisa ge
oldt houghtp utsc onsiderablep ressureo nt hep arentst op roducec hildrent illa m ale
childisb orn.M oret heb etteR.
4. Illegalm igration:-L astb utn ott heleast,w ec annotignoret hef actt hatillegal
migrationisc ontinuouslyt akingp lacef romB angladesh,N epalleadingt oincreased
populationd ensity.
EffectofOverpopulation:-
➔ Unemployment:-G eneratinge mploymentf ora h
ugep
opulationina c ountrylike
Indiaisv eryd
ifficult.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Pressureo ninfrastructure:-T hereh asb
eena nincreaseint hen umbero fs lums,
overcrowdedh ouses,t rafficc ongestione tc.
➔ Resourceu tilisation:-L anda reas,w aterr esources,f orestsa reo vere xploited.T here
isa lsos carcityo fr esources.
➔ Decreasedp roductiona ndincreasedc osts:-F oodp roductiona ndd istributionh ave
notb eena blet oc atchu pw itht heincreasingp opulationa ndh encet hec ostso f
productionh aveincreased.Inflationist hem ajorc onsequenceo fo
verpopulation.
➔ Inequitableincomed istribution:-Int hef aceo fa nincreasingp opulation,t hereisa n
unequald istributiono fincomea ndinequalitiesw ithint hec ountryw iden.
DEMOGRAPHY:-Dividendordisaster
D
ATAO
NI NDIAND EMOGRAPHYA NDH OWI TI SD IVIDEND
● As tudyo nd emographicd ividendinIndiab yt heU nitedN ationsP opulationF und
(UNFPA)t hrowsu pt wointerestingf acts.
● First,t hew indowo fd emographicd ividendo pportunityinIndiaisa vailablef orf ive
decadesf rom2 005-06t o2 055-56,longert hana nyo therc ountryint hew orld.
● Second,a ndm oreinteresting,ist hef actt hatt hisd emographicd ividendw indowis
availablea td ifferentt imesind ifferents tatesb ecauseo fd ifferentialb ehaviouro ft he
populationp arameters.
● Thep eako fd emographicd ividendf orIndiaw illb
er eachedint hee arly2 020sf or
Indiaa sa w holea ndh interlandIndiaw illp
eakb y2
040.
● India’sc ontinuingd emographicd ividendc ana dda bout2 p ercentt ot hea nnualr ate
ofe conomicg rowth,ifh arnessedp roperly,a ccordingt ot heInternationalM onetary
Fundr eport.
● Anincreaseint hes hareo fa c ountry’sw orking-age( 15–64y ears)c ang eneratef aster
economicg rowth.T hew orking-agep opulationisg enerallym orep roductivea nd
savesm ore,increasingd omesticr esourcesf orinvestment.
Disaster:-
❏ At2 3.4p ercenta so f2 012,India’sf emalelabourf orcep articipationr ate( LFPR)t rails
thato fS outhA sia( 41.6p ercent).
❏ Att heE ducationf ront,P rathamN goA SERr eports ays5 0%o ft hef ifthg rade
studentsc an'tr eadb ookso fc lasst wo.T heS BIr ecentlyw arnedinitsE cowrapa bout
thed angerso fIndialosingitsd emographicd ividendb yc itingt hee xampleo f" empty
primaryg overnments choolsinK arnataka".
❏ Ont heh ealthf ront,N umbero fm alnourishedc hildrenisa round4 8%.
❏ Joblessg rowth:-T heu nemploymentr atec ontinuest or ise.Ith asb eenr isings teadily
sinceJ uly2 017w henith adr eacheditsr ecentlowo f3 .4p erc ent.
❏ Automationisb ecomingt hen extt hreatt oo urlabourf orce.W orldBankr eporteda
losso fa round6 0%jobsinIndiab y2 050.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ Thep roportiono ff ormallys killedw orkersinI ndiaise xtremelylow,a t4 .69%o ft otal
workforce,c omparedt o2 4%inC hina,5 2%int heU S,6 8%int heU K,7 5%in
Germany,8 0%inJ apana nd9 6%inS outhK orea.
PopulationC ontrolM easures:-
Thec ountrylauncheda n ationwideF amilyP lanningP rogrammein1 952.T hem ain
strategiesf ort hes uccessfulimplementationo ft heF WPp rogrammea re:-
❖ Adoptingt erminalm ethodst oc reatea g apb etweent heb irtho f2
c hildren.
❖ Door-to-doorc ampaignst oe ncouragef amiliest oa cceptt hes mallf amilyn orm
❖ Encouraginge ducationf orb othb oysa ndg irls.
❖ Encouragemento fb reastfeeding
NationalP opulationP olicy,2 000:
Therea ret hreet ypeso fo bjectiveso fN ationalP opulationP olicy( NPP)2 000:
● TheImmediateO bjective:-Theimmediateo bjectiveist oa ddresst heu nmetn eeds
forc ontraception,h ealthc areinfrastructurea ndh ealthp ersonnela ndt op rovide
integrateds erviced eliveryf orb asicr eproductivea ndc hildh ealthc are.
● TheM ediumT ermO bjective:-Them ediumt ermo bjectiveist ob ringt heT otal
FertilityR ate( TFR)t or eplacementlevelb y2 010t hroughv igorousimplementationin
inter-sectorialo perationals trategies.
● TheL ongT ermO bjective:-Thelongt ermo bjectiveist oa chievea s tablep opulation
by2 045
Tof ulfillt heseo bjectivesa ndt argets.N ationalS ocio-Demographicg oalsh aveb een
formulatedw hichine achc asea ret ob ea chievedb yt hey ear2 010.T hesep ointsc anb e
usedinQ uestion:-D oy out hinkP opulationE xplosionB illw ills olvet heissueo f
OverPopulation),Y ES,b utb ills houldf ocuso nt hese:-
❏ Makes choole ducationf reea ndc ompulsoryu pt ot hea geo f1 4a ndr educed ropouts
atp rimarya nds econdarys choollevelst ob elow2 0p erc entf orb othb oysa ndg irls.
❏ Addresst heu nmetn eedsf orb asicr eproductivea ndc hildh ealths ervices,s upplies
andinfrastructure.
❏ Achieveu niversalimmunizationo fc hildrena gainsta llv accinep reventabled iseases.
❏ Promoted elayedm arriagef org irls,n otb efore1 8a ndp referablya ftert hea geo f2 0
years.
❏ Preventa ndc ontrolc ommunicabled iseases.
❏ Achieveu niversala ccesst oinformation/counsellinga nds ervicesf orf ertility
regulationa ndc ontraceptionw itha w ideb asketo fc hoices.
❏ Achieve8 0p ercentinstitutionald eliveriesa nd1 00p ercentd eliveriesb yt rained
persons.
❏ Achieve1 00p ercentr egistrationo fb irths,m arriagea ndp regnancy.
❏ IntegrateIndianS ystemso fM
edicine( ISM)int hep rovisiono fr eproductivea ndc hild
healths ervicesa ndinr eachingo utt oh ouseholds.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ Containt hes preado
fA
cquiredImmuno-DeficiencyS yndrome( AIDS)a ndp romote
greaterintegrationb etweent hem anagemento fR
eproductiveT ractInfections( RTI)
andS exuallyT ransmittedInfections( STI)a ndt heN ationalA
IDSC
ontrolO rganisation
Suggestiont oC heckP opulation:-
1. Development:-L acko fD evelopmentimpliesh ighp overty,h ighilliteracy,h igh
discrimination,lacko fa wareness,lacko fm edicalf acilitiesa ndt husint urnincreased
populationg rowth.
2. Easya ndC heapa vailabilityo fC ontraceptives:-U seo fc ondomsa ndc ontraceptives
likeA ntaraa ndC hhayam ustb ea dvertiseda ndp romoteda longw ithe nsuringc heap
andr eadya ccesst ot hese.
3. Education:-E ducationf ormst heb ackboneo fa nindividuala nde conomy.O nce
educatedp eoplek nowa ndu nderstandt heh armsw hicha h ighp
opulationg rowth
ratep ossesses
4. WomenE mpowerment:-G enderd iscriminationisa m ajorr easonf orp opulation
growth.P eoplek eepg ivingb irtht ok idsino rdert oh avem ores onst hand aughters
5. Incentive:-P rovidinga h ealth,e ducationalo re venf inancialincentivec anb ea h
ighly
effectivep opulationm easure.
6. DelayedM arriage:-A U
Nr eporth ass uggestedt hatt herew ouldb ea s ignificant
declineinw orldp opulationift helegala gef orm arriageism ade2 0y ears.
7. Implementationo fA
ct:-S trictlegals tepsa rer equiredf orc hildm arriage,e ducation,
abolitiono fc hildlabora ndb eggarya ndf amilyp lanningt or eaps ignificantb enefits
fromit.
Them ucha waitedp opulationc ontrolp olicyh asb eenb roughtb yt heU
Pg overnment.
Objective:-
1.D ecreaset her ateo fT FRw hichis1 .8inu rbana reasa nd2 .3inr urala reasr ightn ow.
2.Increaseinu seo fc ontraceptionf romc urrent3 1%t o5 2%b y2 030.
3.D ecreasem aternalm ortalityr atea ndinfantm ortalityr ate
4.D ecreaseu nder5 m ortalityr ate.
● Itp romotest woc hildp oliciesa nda lsod ebarringt hep ersoninlocale lections,
disincentivizing g overnmentjobsa ndg overnments ubsidies.
● Additionalincrementf org ovto fficersh aving2 c hildrenlikep aternityleave.
● Thep olicya lsos ayst of ocuso na warenessp rograms.
Criticismo fp olicy:-
● Itm ayleadt or iseinf oeticide,s keweds exr atio.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● InC
hina,t hep
olicyh
asledt oa geingo
fp
opulationa nda ne ffecto
ne conomic
growth.
MinimumAgeofMarriageofGirl:-
Ont he7
4thIndependenceD ay,a nnouncedt hatt hec entralg overnmenth ass etu
pa
committeet or econsidert hem inimuma geo fm arriagef orw omen,w hichisc urrently1 8.
Whatist her ationalef orp uttingg irlsa gelowert hanb oys?
Ans:-N O,R ationale
1. Sucha lawv iolatesA rticles1 4a nd2 1o ft heC onstitution,w hichg uaranteet her ight
toe qualitya ndt her ightt olivew ithd ignity.
2. TheC ommitteeo nt heE liminationo fD iscriminationa gainstW omen( CEDAW),w hich
monitorst heimplementationo ft heC onvention,c allsf ort hea bolitiono flawst hat
assumew omenh avea d ifferentp hysicalo rintellectualr ateo fg rowtht hanm en.
3. Earlym arriagec ausinge arlyp regnanciesa reinherentlylinkedt oh igherr ateso f
malnourishment,maternala ndinfantm ortality.U NICEFe stimatess uggestt hate ach
year,a tleast1 .5m
illiong irlsu ndert hea geo f1 8a rem arriedinIndia.
Thism akesIndiah omet ot helargestn umbero fc hildb ridesint hew orld-
accountingf ora t hirdo ft heg lobalt otal.
4. AgainstS CJ udgement:-
➔ In2 014,int heN ALSAv sU OI,c ase,t heS upremeC ourt,w hiler ecognising
transgendersa st het hirdg ender,s aidt hatjusticeisd eliveredw itht he
“assumptiont hath umansh avee qualv aluea nds hould,t herefore,b et reated
ase qual,a sw ella sb ye quallaws”.
➔ In2 019,inJ osephS hinev sU OI, t heS upremeC ourtd ecriminaliseda dultery,
ands aidt hat“ alawt hatt reatsw omend ifferentlyb asedo ng ender
stereotypesisa na ffrontt ow omen’sd ignity”.
5. TheL awC ommissiona rguedt hath avingd ifferentlegals tandards“ contributest ot he
stereotypet hatw ivesm ustb ey oungert hant heirh usbands”.
Analysiso fa geo fM arriage
● As tudyc onductedb yt heInternationalF oodP olicyR esearchInstitute( IFPRI)w hich
wasp ublishedin2 019,s howedt hatc hildrenb ornt oa dolescentm others( 10-19
years)w ere5 p
ercentagep ointsm orelikelyt ob es tunted( shorterf ort heira ge)t han
thoseb ornt oy ounga dults( 20-24y ears),a nd1 1p ercentagep ointsm ores tunted
thanc hildrenb ornt oa dultm others( 25y earso ro lder).
● Childrenb ornt oa dolescentm othersa lsoh ad1 0p ercentagep ointsh igher
prevalenceo floww eighta sa dultm others.
● Ita lsoh ighlightedo therf actors,s ucha slowere ducationa mongt eenagem others
andt heirp oore conomics tatus,w hichh adt hes trongestlinksw itha c hild’sh eight
andw eightm easurements.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Policymakersw illd
ow
ellt od
elinka geo
fm
arriagea nda geo
fs exualc onsenta st een
pregnanciesh appeno utsideo fm
arriaget oo.L awst hatp
reventc hildm arriagesa nds exual
exploitationo
fm
inorsm ustb eimplementede ffectively.
PovertyandassociatedIssues:-
WhatisPoverty?
Ans:-A sp ert heW
orldB
ank’slatestp
overtym
easurementm
ethodology,t heinternational
extremep overtylineisU S$1.90( 2011p urchasingp owerp arity[ PPP]U .S.d ollarsp er
individualp erd ay.In2 013,1 0.7p ercento ft hew orld’sp opulationlivedo nlesst hanU S$1.90
ad ay,c omparedt o1 2.4p ercentin2 012.T hat’sd ownf rom3 5p ercentin1 990.W orldB ank
Report s howst hatt os ustainablyr educep overty,c ountriesn eedt o:-
● Growina ninclusive,labor-intensivew ay.
● Investint heh umanc apitalo fp
eople,e speciallyt hosew hoa reu nablet ob enefit
fromb asics ervicesd uet oc ircumstancesb eyondt heirc ontrol.
● Insurep oora ndv ulnerablep eoplea gainstt hes hockst hatc anp usht hemd eeper
intop overty.
Whata ret heindicatorso fP overty?
❖ Levelo fIncomea ndC onsumption:-
❖ SocialIndicators:-M alnutrition,Illiteracy,L acko fD
rinkingW ater.
❖ Indicatorso fV
ulnerability:-B ackwardc lasses,W idowed,D isabled,r iskt heseg roups
facea tt het imeo fn aturald isaster.
❖ Socio-Politicala ccess:-P eopleh avingg reaterc ontrolo vers ociala ndp olitical
resourcesh avea lsoa largers ayine conomicd imension.
POVERTYI NI NDIA:-
Accordingt ot heW orldB ank,b etween2 004a nd2 011p overtyd eclinedinIndiaf rom3 8.9%
oft hep opulationt o2 1.2%.
Trendso fP
overtyinI ndia:-
➔ Povertyd eclinedb y1 .36p ercentagep ointsp era nnuma fter1 991,c omparedt ot hat
of0 .44p ercentagep ointsp era nnump riort o1 991.
➔ Int hep ost-reformp eriod,p overtyd eclinedf asterint he2 000st hanint he1 990s.
Theo fficiale stimatesb asedo nt heT endulkarc ommittee’sp overtyliness howst hat
povertyd eclinedo nly0 .74p ercentagep ointsp era nnumd uring1 993-94t o2 004-05.
➔ ButP overtyd eclinedb y2 .2p ercentagep ointsp era nnumd uring2 004-05t o
2011-12.A round1 38m illionp eoplew erelifteda bovet hep overtylined uringt his
period.
➔ Thet hirdt rendw hichisd isturbingisr isingInequality.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Recentt rendg ivesa v eryimportantinformationt hatp overtys tartsr isinga fter
2012-13.W ew illf indo utt her easonsa ndc onditionso fp
overtya fter 2 012-2013
also.
Reasonf orincreasingp overtyb etween2 013-2020:-
1. Theb lundero fd emonetisation,f ollowedb yintroductiono fG
STw asa gainst
theinteresto fs malla ndm ediume nterprises.
2. Botht heP rivatee xpenditure,p ublice xpenditurea ref alling.
3. Exportsf ellt o$ 315b illion.
4. Consumptions tagnateda ndh ouseholds avingsr atesf ell.
5. Joblessnessincreasedt oa 4 5y earh ighb y2 017-18,a ndu nemployment
tripledf rom6 %t o1 8%b etween2 012-2018.
6. Realr easonf orr isingp overtyist hef allinc onsumere xpenditure.Itis
expectedt of allm orea sa ne ffecto fc ovid.
K
eyH
ighlightb yO
xfamR eport:-
➔ Globally,e xtremep overtyr atesa re4 %h igherf orw oment hanm en.
➔ India'sr ichest1 %o ft hep opulationh old4 2.5%o fn ationalw ealthw hilet heb ottom
50%,t hem ajorityo ft hep opulation,o wnsa m ere2 .8%.
Consequenceso fI nequality:-
1. LowR ateinP overtyR eduction,h ighlightedint heM ultidimensionalP overty
Indexw hichs howsp overtyr educedf rom0 .283in2 005-06t o0 .123in
2015-16.
2. Inequalityist her ooto ft heR evolution.( Aristotle)
3. Extremeinequalityinhibitss ocialm obilityw hichm eanst hatc hildreno fp
oor
parentsw ills tayp oor.
4. UrbanE xclusion:-P eoplew hoa relivingins lumsa ree xcludedf romb asic
needs.
WhatisPovertyTrap?
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Whata ret hec auseso fP overty?T heimportanceisy ouc anu sef ewinformationf romh ere
inq uestiona skingy ouw hatn eedst ob et akenc areo fw hilef ramingp olicy
● Historical:-B ritishL andP olicyr esultedinf ragmentationo flanda ndImpoverishment
ofF ramers.
● Economic:-
❏ Lacko fa dequatee conomicg rowth:-
❏ SluggishA griculturalg rowth:-
❏ Non-implementationo fL andR eforms:-S malla ndm arginalh oldings( Below
twoh ectares)c onstituted8 6.21%o ft het otallandh oldings,a nincreaseo f
1.2p
ercentagep ointsc omparedt o2 010-11( AgriculturalC ensus)
❏ Deprivationo fR esources:-E .g.A lienationo ft ribalso ff orestd wellersf rom
forestp ushedt hemt owardsp overty.
● Social:-
❏ Sociale vilslikeu ntouchability:-
❏ Widespreadignorancea ndilliteracy:-
❏ Overpopulatedp laces:-
❏ Practicingc aste-system:-F ore xample,a lowerc astep ersonw illn
otb e
allowedt ob ecomea b usinessmano ra t rader.
❏ Feminizationo fP overty:F eminineg endero ft hes ocietys houldb eg iven
equale mploymento pportunitiest oe radicatef eminizationo fp overty.
· Inequalityo fa vailableo pportunities:
● GeographicalF actors:-
❏ Densityo fp
opulation:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ Selectivef ertilityo
fland:-
❏ Unevend istributiono ff ertileland:-
● Environmentala ndc limaticf actors:-
❏ Floodingo flands:-
❏ Longs pellso fd
rought:-
❏ Lacko
fs easonalr ainfall:-
● Administrativec auses:-
❏ Lacko fp ropere ducation:-
❏ MassM igrationt oc ities:-
❏ Abuseo fP owera ndr isingC orruption
Povertym easurementa nditsa nalysis:-
Pre-Independence:-
● Povertya ndU n-britishr uleinIndia:-D adabhaiN aorojif ormulateda p overtyline
basedo nt hea veragec osto fa ‘Subsistenced iet’c onsistingo fr icea ndf lour,d al,
mutton,v egetablese tc.
Post– Independence:-
● YK A
laghC ommittee(1973):-Itd efinest heP overtyL inea sp erc apitae xpenditure
levela tw hicha veragep erc apitap erd ayc alorieintakeis2 400c aloriesf orr urala reas
and2 1c aloriesf oru rbana reas.
● LakdawalaC ommittee( 1993):- T hisp aneld idn’tr edefinet hep overtylinea nd
retainedt hem echanismd efinedb yt heA laghe xpertg roup.T hisc ommitteed efined
thep overtylineo nt heb asiso fh ouseholdp erc apitac onsumptione xpenditure.
● TendulkarC ommittee( 2004):-
(a)Ita dopted‘MixedR eferencep eriod’inp laceo f‘UniformR eferencep eriod’.
Duringp reviousm ethodologies,a ‘uniformr eferencep eriod’w asu sedt hatincluded
30d aysjustb eforet hes urveyf ora llf ooda ndn onf ooditems.
B utt heT endulkarg roupc hangedt her eferencep eriodt oo ney earf or5 n
on-food
items– Clothing,f ootwear,d urableg oods,e ducation,a ndinstitutionala ndm edical
expenses.F oro theritemsitr etaineda 3 0d aysr eference.T hisisc alled‘Mixed
referencep eriod’.
( b)Ith
asa lsou seda u niformb asket( f orb othr urala ndu rban)b asedo nt he
previousu rbanp overtylineb asket.
★ Povertylinew asf ormeda sR s3 2p erc apitap erd ayf oru
rbana reasa ndR s2 6p
er
capitap erd ayf orr urala reas.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Rangarajane xpertg roup( 2012):-Ith oweveru sed‘Monthlye xpenditureo f
householdo ff ive‘f orp
overtylinep
urposesw hichc ameo uto fR
s4
680inr urala reas
andR
s7
305inu rbana reas.
★
Asp ert hee stimates,30.9%o ft her urala nd2 6.4%o fu
rbanp opulationw as
belowt hep overtylinein2 011-2012.TheA llI ndiar atiois2
9.5%.
Analysiso fP overtyL ine/Criticismo fP overtyLine:-
➔ Thep overtylineisn ota t rueindicatoro fm
alnourishmentb ecauseo finterpersonal
variationsing oodh abits.
➔ Then otiono fa bsolutep overtyisinadequateb ecauser elativep overtyisa lsoe qually
important.
➔ Thep overtyline,q uantifieda sa n umber,isr eductionist.Itd oesn otc apture
importanta spectso fp overty— illh
ealth,lowe ducationala ttainments,g eographical
isolation,ineffectivea ccesst olaw,p owerlessnessinc ivils ociety,c astea nd/org ender
basedd isadvantages,e tc.
➔ Itisinsensitivet om obilityw ithint heb elowp overtylineg roup.Itisa lsoinvariantt o
upwarda ndd ownwardm obilitya crosst hep overtylines olonga ss uchm obilityt akes
placeine qualm easure.
➔ Ina c ountryo fIndia’sc ontinentals izea ndd iversity,t hep overtylineb asedo n
aggregationa ta ll-IndialevelignoresS tate-specificv ariationsinc onsumption
patternsa nd/orp rices.
➔ Thereisa lacko fc onsensusa mongs tatest oo.W en otet hats omes tatess ucha s
Odishaa ndW estB engals upportedt heT endulkarP overtyL inew hileo therslikeD elhi
andM izorams upportedt heR angarajanP anel.
Howisp overtym easuredino therc ountries?
★ Inm ostE uropeanc ountries,a f amilyw ithn etincomeo flesst han6 0%o fa m
edian
netd isposableincomeisc ounteda sp oor.
★ Int heU nitedS tates,t hep overtyliner epresentst heb asicc osto ff oodf ora f amily
multipliedb yt hree.
NewD imensionso fP overty( VeryI mportant)
● Feminizationo fP overty:-T heg apb etweenw omena ndm enc aughtint hec ycleo f
povertyh asc ontinuedt ow idenint hep astd ecade,a p henomenonc ommonly
referredt oa s"thef eminizationo fp
overty".W orldwide,w omene arno na verage
slightlym oret han5 0p ercento fw
hatm ene arn.( UNW OMEN)
DATA/A nalysis:-
➔ Unpaidw orkd oneb yw
omenlookinga ftert heirh omesa ndc hildrenisw orth
3.1%o ft hec ountry’sG DP.( WorldE conomicF orum)
➔ India’sp oor1 12thr ankingo nt heG lobalG enderG apR eportin2 019-2020.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Accordingt oC
ensus2 011,t hereh
asb
eena 2
4%increaseint hen
umbero
f
femalea griculturallabourersb etween2 001a nd2
011.
Causes/Dimension:
UnitedN
ationsD evelopmentF undf orW omen( UNIFEM)h asidentifiedf ourk ey
“dimensions”t hatindicatea h eightenedr ateo fp overtyf orw omen:-
● Thet emporald imension:-W omena reo ftenp rimarilyr esponsiblef orc hildcarea nd
householdd uties—tasksf orw hicht heyr eceiven op ay.E xA
griculturalw ork
● Thes patiald imension:-W hene mploymentiss carce,w omenm ayh avet om igratet o
othera reast of indw orkt emporarily.Ifa w omanh asc hildren,h owever,s hem ayb e
unablet op ursuea jobt hatt akesh erf arf romh erf amily.
● Thee mployments egmentationd imension:-B eingn aturallyc lassifieda sc aretakers,
womenh aveo ftenb eenc orralledintos pecificlineso fw ork,s ucha st eaching,c aring
forc hildren.T hesek indso fjobslacks tability,s ecuritya nda h igherincome.
● Thev aluationd imension:-Int hes amev ein,t heu npaidlabort hatw omenp erform
int akingc areo ff amilym embersa ndo therh ouseholdc horesisc onsideredo ff arless
worth( atleaste conomically)t hanp ositionst hatr equiref ormale ducationo r
training.
Impact:-
❖ Womenlivinginp overtya reo ftend enieda ccesst oc riticalr esourcess ucha sc redit,
landa ndinheritance.
❖ Theirh ealthc area ndn utritionaln eedsa ren otg ivenp riority.
❖ Female-headedh ouseholdst hatd on oth avea ccesst or emittancesf romm ale
earnersa reg enerallya ssumedt ob ep oorert hanm ale-headedh ouseholds.
❖ Empoweringw omenisa c riticalf actorinf reeingt hem illionso fp eoplew hoa re
caughtint hec ycleo fp
overtya ndh unger.
● MultidimensionalP overty: -In2 005-2006,t hep opulationinIndialivingin
multidimensionalp overtys tooda ta bout6 40m illionp eople( 55.1p erc ent)a ndt his
reducedt o3 69m illionp eople( 27.9p erc ent)livinginp overtyin2 015-16.
Whatist hisc oncept?
Ans:-T hem easuremento fp
overtyisc omposedo ft wof undamentals teps,
determiningw hoisp oor( identification)a ndb uildinga nindext or eflectt hee xtento f
poverty( aggregation)-P rofA martyaS en.
MPIC omplementst raditionalincomeb asedp overtym easuresb yc apturingt he
severed eprivationst hate achp ersonf acesa tt hes amet imew ithr espectt ot hree
differentd imensions likeE ducation,H ealth,a ndL ivingS tandardsa nd1 0Indicators.
Ap ersonisc onsideredp oorift heya red eprivedo fa tleasta t hirdo ft hew eighted
indicators.
● U rbanP overty( Urbanisationo fP overty): -
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Accordingt o1 0thF iveY earP lan,T herea res everalt ypeso fv ulnerabilitiesf acedb y
thep
oorinc itiesa ndt ownsb roadlyc lassifieda s:-
1. PhysicalV ulnerability:- N oo wnershipr ightsa nde ntitlementsf orP oor.
2. EconomicV ulnerability:-E rraticincomeb ecauseo finformale mployment
withloww agesm akest hemm orev ulnerable.
3. SocialV ulnerability:-T heincomeinequalityc reatesd ivergenceb etween
lowers tratao fs ocietyi.e.p
oora ndm iddlec lass.
4. PersonalV ulnerability:-.T hep oora rev ictimso fa llt ypeso
finjusticea nd
violence.P articularly,lowc astep eoplea ndm inorities,e speciallyw omen,
children,t hee lderly,d isableda ndd estituteh aven oa ccesst os ocialjustice.
❖ The2 011C ensusf oundt hata round1 2p ercento ft heu
rbanp opulationin“ ClassI”
citieslivedins lums,w ithh igherr atesint helargerc ities.
❖ Nearlyo ne-third( 32p erc ent)o fu
rbanh ouseholdsliveina s ingler oom,w hilem ore
than3 p ercento fh
ouseholdsh aven oe xclusiver oomt ot hemselvesa ta ll.
❖ Around1 9p
erc ento fu
rbanh ouseholdsh aven
olatrinef acilitiesw
ithint heir
premisesw hilea nothert enp erc entd on oth
avem odernw aterc losetso
rimproved
sanitation.
Challengesf orU rbanP oord uet oC OVID-19P andemic
1. HigherT ransmission:-Itisb ecauseo fo
vercrowding,d enselyp ackedc ities,c rowded
transports ervices.
2. Losso fL ivelihood:-C entref orM onitoringIndianE conomy( CMIE)s aysIndialost3 .4
millions alariedjobsinA pril2 021.
3. Lacko fS ocialP rotection:-A sp erI nternationalL abourO rganisation,C urrently,o nly
47p
erc ento ft heg lobalp opulationa ree ffectivelyc overedb ya tleasto nes ocial
protectionb enefit.T hereisn oU rbane quivalentlikeM GNREGAe xceptins ome
states.E x:-H imachalP radesh,M adhyaP radesh,O dishah aveU rbane mployment
guarantees cheme
BESTM ODEL
Mostc ountriesw hichh aveimplementeds ociald istancinga rea lsop
uttinginp lacep olicies
top rotectt helivelihoodso fw orkers,a sw ella ss upports mallb usinesses.T hesep olicies
include:
1. Wages ubsidiesf orp eoplew hoh avet akenleavet oc aref orc hildrend uet os chools
beingc losed( France,J apana ndK orea)
2. Casht ransfersf orv ulnerableg roups( Chinaa ndItaly)
3. Taxr elieff orp eoplea ndb usiness( China,K orea,Italy,G
ermany,V ietnam,U Sa nd
Iran)
4. Subsidiest of irmsp rovidingp aids ickleave( UK).
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Howt ot ackleU rbanP overty?
Ans:-C itiesa rem agnetso fo pportunity:t heyo fferb etters tandardso flivingt hanr ural
areas,a ndw ills oonh ouse7 5%o ft heg lobale conomy.B utw hend emandf orh ousing,jobs,
ands erviceso utstripsc apacity,u rbana reasc ant urnintoc ongested,h aphazardlocalest hat
amplifye xtremep overty.
1. Dataa ggregation:-D atao fu
rbanp oorn eedst om atchu pw itht heirs killst op rovide
themo pportunitiesf orlivelihood.T hen ationalm igrantd atabase,a nnouncedb yt he
NationalD isasterM anagementA uthority,isa s tepint hisd irection.
2. UrbanM anagement:-U rbanb odiesh avet om anagea llt heirr esources- P hysical,
Financial,a ndH uman.T hee xperienceo ft heC ochinU rbanP overtyR eductionP roject
hass hownt hatt hee stablishmento fa p
overtyc ellw ithina m unicipalc orporation
providesa no pportunityt od ot his.
3. Urbang overnance:- Itr equirese ngagementa td ifferentlevels- t hem acro( states
andm arkets),t hem eso( localg overnmenta ndlocalm arkets),a ndt hem icro
(communitiesa ndh ouseholds).Itinvolvesa m ixtureo ff ormala ndinformal
arrangements,a ndb othd irects ervicep rovisiona sw ella sa ctionst oe mpower
peoplet op articipateinp oliticalp rocesses.Ita lsor equiresp olicym akersa nd
plannerst od istinguishb etweent hosea ctionsw hichw illh elpt hep oort od evelop,
andt hosew hichw illp rotectt hema gainsta r eversalo ff ortunes,n amely
developmenta nds ocialp rotection.
4. UrbanD evelopment:-T hereisa c learr ecognitiont hatimprovedinfrastructureisa
prerequisitef orincreasede conomicg rowthinIndia.W itht hep rojectedincreasein
theu rbanp opulationo vert hen ext1 5y ears,p overtyc an b er educedq uicklyw ith
rapidu rband evelopment.
5. UrbanE mploymentG uaranteeP rogramme:-Itc ang eneratea n ews eto f‘green
jobs’t hatc ans trengthent hec apacityo fU
LBsa sw ella sp romotes ustainableu rban
development.E xample:-S ince2 010,K eralah asb eenr unningA yyankaliU rban
EmploymentG uaranteeS chemew hichg uarantees1 00d ayso fm
anualw orkw age
employmentt oa nu rbanh ousehold.
Whath asb
eent heG overnmentinitiativef orU rbanP oord uring t heP andemic?
Ans:-
★ FreeF oodg rainS upplyt oM igrants:-T hea imist op rovidef oodg raina ssistance( 5
kgo
fg rainsp erp ersona nd1 k gC hanap erf amilyp erm onth)t om igrantsw hoa re
notc overedina nyo ft hee xistings chemess ucha sN FSAo rS tates chemes.
★ Disbursalo fR evolvingF undt oS HGs:-N ationalR uralL ivelihoodM issionh asa
provisionf orp rovidingC ommunityInvestmentS upportF und( CISF)t ot heS elfH elp
Groups( SHGs)int hef ormo fR evolvingF und( RF)a tt her ateo fR s.10,000-15,000a nd
CommunityInvestmentF und( CIF)t ot hee xtento fR
s.2,50,000p erS HG.A so n3 0th
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
June,2 021,a t otalo
fR
s.14,071.02c roreo fC
ommunityInvestmentS upportF unds
haveb eenp rovidedt oS HGsa ndt heirf ederations.
★ SpecialC reditF acilityf orS treetV endors:-U ndert hes cheme,initialw orkingc apital
willb
eu pt oR
s.1
0,000a ndd igitalr epaymentso floansw illb eincentivizedt hrough
monetaryr ewards.
★ OneN ationO nec ardS cheme( ONORC):-O NORCa llowsa b eneficiaryt oa ccessh is
foode ntitlementsf roma nywhereinIndiairrespectiveo ft hep lacew
heret her ation
cardisr egistered.
R
uralP
overty:-
❖ Ther uralp oora red ividedintof urthers ubsetsb asedo np
rofession:t ypically,
cultivatorsw
hoo wnlanda ndn on-cultivatorsw hod on
ot.
❖ Reportc ardo fS ECCo nP
overty:-
➔ Only3 0%o fr uralh
ouseholdsd ependo nc ultivationa st heirm ains ourceo f
income.W hereas,5 1.14%d erives ustenancef romm anualc asuallabour
(MCL).
➔ 56.25%o fr uralh
ouseholdsh oldn oa griculturalland.
➔ 49%o ft heh ouseholdsc anb ec onsideredp oorint hes enseo
ff acings ome
deprivation.
PovertyandAssociatedIssues:-
R
elationshipb etweenP overtya ndS ociety
I mpacto
fp overtyo ns ociety:-
➔ Socialt ensiona ndC rime
➔ ChildL abour,B ondedL abour
➔ Trafficking
➔ Illiteracy
➔ Alcohola ndS ubstanceU se
Impacto fS ocietyo nP overty:-
➔ CasteR iddens ociety
➔ IntergenerationalInequalities
➔ FamilyS tructure
➔ PatriarchalS tructure
Relationshipb etweenD evelopmenta ndP overty
D evelopmentleadingt oP overty:-
❏ EngenderedD evelopmentleadingt oF eminizationo fp
overty.
❏ InequitableD evelopmentleadingt ov iciousc ycleo fp overtyf ort ribals.E xample:-O f
allt her uralh
ouseholds,a round1 8.6%b elongst oS Ca nd1
0.6%b elongst oS T.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ Lacko fS ustainabled evelopmentleadst oo veru tilisationo fn aturalr esources
affectingf orestd wellers.
❏ Lowinvestmentine ducationa ndh ealthh asa b
earingo nc hilda ndm other
ultimatelya ffectingh umanc apital.
D
evelopmentR educingP overty:-
❏ InfrastructureD evelopmentb ringsjobsf orc onstructionw orkers,a m ajors ervice
sector.
❏ Itb ringsd emandint hee conomyw hichr aisesp roductivityo fP SUa ndP rivates ector.
❏ Developmentt hrought hes ectorala pproacho fG
overnmenth asp rovidedimpetust o
commoditya ndf actorm arkets.
❏ CommunityD evelopmentp roject
❏ Approacho fg ovtt hroughm icrofinance,S HG,NGO
Relationshipb etweenG lobalisationa ndP overty
“Wea reb ecominga m iddleincomes ociety,n ota m iddlec lasss ociety,t hep roportiono ft he
poorint hep opulationh asg oned ownb utincomeinequalityh asg rown.
P
ositives ideo fg lobalisationo np
overty:-
❖ Morea ndm orem edicalinnovationsa rec ominginw hicha reimprovingt heh ealth
situationinIndia.
❖ Duet ot heh ighd emanda ndt hes upplyc hains,t hereh asb eens ignificantg rowthin
them arket.
❖ Exportg rowtha ndincomingf oreigninvestmenth aver educedp overty.
❖ Globalisation--Industrialisation- -U rbanisation--Morejobso pportunities.
F lipS ideo fG lobalisationo np overty:-
❖ IncomeInequality.
❖ Erosiono ft raditionalm arkets,h ats.
❖ Foreignc ompetitionr educesp rofitsa ndlargelyh itw
orkers.
❖ Globalisationh ast ransformeda griculturet hroughc ontractf arminga ndt he
extensionc entreh asb eenr eplacedb ys eedc ompanies.
❖ Ith ass upported t heg rowtho ft hes ervices ectora tt hec osto flaborintensive
industriest husimpactingt hec ottagea ndt extileindustryinr uralindia.
Relationshipb etweenP overtya ndM alnutrition
Malnutritionr eferst od eficiencies,e xcesseso rimbalancesina p erson’sintakeo fe nergy
and/orn utrients.T het ermm alnutritionc overs3 b
roadg roupso fc onditions,c alleda sT riple
Burdeno fM alnutrition
● Undernutritionw hichincludess tunting( lowh eightf ora ge),w asting( loww eightf or
height),u nderweight( loww eightf ora ge).
● HiddenH unger:-M icronutrientd eficiencieso rinsufficiencies( alacko fimportant
vitaminsa ndm inerals).
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Overweight:-Itc anleadt oe arlyo nseto ft ype-2d iabetes,s tigmatizationa nd
depression,a ndisa s trongp redictoro fa dulto besity,w iths erioush ealtha nd
economicc onsequences.
TheU nitedN ations( UN)G eneralA
ssemblyp roclaimed2 016–2025t heU nitedN ations
Decadeo fA ctiono nN utrition.T heD ecadeisa nu nprecedentedo pportunityf ora ddressing
allf ormso fm
alnutrition.Its etsa c oncretet imelinef orimplementationo ft hec ommitments
madea tt heS econdInternationalC onferenceo nN utrition( ICN2)t om eeta s eto fg lobal
nutritiont argetsa ndd iet-relatedN CDt argetsb y2 025,a sw ella sr elevantt argetsint he
Agendaf orS ustainableD evelopmentb y2
030—inp articular,S ustainableD evelopmentG oal
(SDG)2 ( endh unger,a chievef oods ecuritya ndimprovedn utritiona ndp romotes ustainable
agriculture)a ndS DG3 ( ensureh
ealthylivesa ndp romotew ellbeingf ora lla ta lla ges).
Ledb yW
HOa ndt heF ooda ndA gricultureO rganizationo ft heU nitedN ations( FAO),t heU N
Decadeo fA ctiono nN utritionc allsf orp olicya ctiona cross6 k eya reas:
● creatings ustainable,r esilientf oods ystemsf orh ealthyd iets;
● providings ocialp rotectiona ndn utrition-relatede ducationf ora ll;
● aligningh ealths ystemst on utritionn eeds,a ndp rovidingu niversalc overageo f
essentialn utritioninterventions;
● ensuringt hatt radea ndinvestmentp oliciesimproven utrition;
● buildings afea nds upportivee nvironmentsf orn utritiona ta lla ges;a nd
● strengtheninga ndp romotingn utritiong overnancea nda ccountability,e verywhere.
DATAO
NM
ALNUTRITIONI NI NDIA
KeyI ndicatorso
fG
lobalH
ungerI ndex:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Reasonsf orc ontinuingM
alnutrition:-
1. FoodI nsecurity:-
rd
2. ClimateC hange:-N early2
/3 o fa llt hem
alnourishedp eopleliveinc ountriesw
ith
highe xposuret oc limatee xtremes.
3. Failureo fG
overnmentI nterventions:-Itc anb es eeninc orruptiona tP DS,
inadequateh ealthInfrastructure.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
4. Socialf actor:-C aste,c hildm arriage.Ex-H aushalaP oshanY ojnao fU
PF aileda sh
igh
castec hildrend eniedt ot akef oodf romlowc astep
eople.
5. Qualityo fF ood:-A ccordingt ot heG lobalN
utritionR eport,o
nly2 1%o ff oodinIndia
isr ateda sb
eingh ealthy.
6. Erratica ndirregularincomeo flandlessw orkers.
7. Villagea ndc hildD evelopmentc entresa ref oundt ob en
onf unctionald uet o
absenceo ff unds.
Policya ndP
rogramI ntervention
DirectP olicyM
easures
➔ Expandt hes afetyn ett hroughICDSt oc overa llv ulnerableg roups.
➔ Fortifye ssentialf oods:-
➔ PoshanA bhiyan:-
Vision:-T or educea llf ormso
fM alnutritionb y2 030.
Approach:-
● Integrationo fn
utrientr elatedInterventionc uttinga crosss ectorslikeH
ealth,
PDS.
● DecentralisedA pproach:-S trengtheningO wnershipo fP
RI’s
● MaternalC are:-F ocuso
nInstitutionalisedC hildB
irth
● Focuso nC
hildren:-T hroughp roactives tepslikeB iannualD eworming.
CanI ndiaa chieveitst arget??Y esiff ocuso
n:-
1. Focuss houldb eo nm othere ducatione speciallyh ighere ducationh as
am
ultipliere ffecto nc hildf eedingp racticesa nds anitationf acilities.
2. Focuso nW ASHinitiativet hatiss afed rinkingw ater,s anitationa nd
hygiene.
3. Leveraginga griculturalp oliciesa ndf ocusingo nd iversificationo ft he
dietb
asket.
4. Promotiono fe xclusiveb reastf eedinga ndintroductiono fd
iverse
dietsa ftert hes ixm onthsw hich ise ssentialt om eett hen utritional
needso finfants.
IndirectP olicyM
easures
➔ EnsureF oodS ecurityt hroughN FSA.
➔ ImproveD ietaryp atternb yp
romotingp roductiona ndincreasingp erc apita
availability.
Performanceo fN
FSA:-
Undert heN FSA,t heg overnments upplies5 k go fs ubsidisedf oodgrainst oe achp ersonp er
montht hroughm oret han5 lakhr ations hops,k nowna sp ublicd istributions ystem( PDS).
Riceiss upplieda tR s3
/kg,w heata tR s2 /kga ndc oarseg rainsa tR s1 /kg.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ TheE conomicS urvey2 019-20s uggestedt hatt her ateso ff oodg rainsu nderN ational
FoodS ecurityA ctn eedst ob er evisited.“ Ther atesf ixedu ndert heN FSAinitiallyf ora
periodo ft hreey earsh aven otb eenr eviseds ince2 013,r esultinginb urgeoningf ood
subsidies.
Challenges:-
● LeakagesinP DS:-L eakagesm ayb eo ft hreet ypes:( i)p ilferaged uringt ransportation
off oodg rains,( ii)d iversiona tf airp rices hopst on on-beneficiaries,a nd( iii)e xclusion
ofe ntitledb eneficiariesf romt helist.
● Storage:-T heC AGinitsp erformancea uditf oundt hatt hea vailables toragec apacity
ins tatesw asinadequatef ort hea llocatedq uantityo ff oodg rains.
● Quality:-P oorq ualityo ff oodm ayimpactt hew illingnesso fp
eoplet ob uyf oodf rom
fairp rices hops,a ndm ayh avea na dverseimpacto nt heirh ealth.TheM inistryh as
statedt hatw hiler egulars urveillance,m onitoring,inspectiona ndr andoms ampling
ofa llf ooditemsisu nder-takenb yS tateF oodS afetyO fficers,s eparated ataf orf ood
grainsd istributedu nderP DSisu navailable.
● Annapurnas chemep rovides1 0k go ff oodgrainst oe lderly6 5y earsa ndo lder.B utn o
foodgrainst ot hosew hoa ree ligiblef orN ationalo lda gep ension( NOAP)T heissueis
ins omes tateslikeK
eralaa lla ree ligiblef orN
OAP,s ot heya ren
otg ettingf oodg rains.
Suggestion:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
FAOa ndU
NICEFS uggested:-
➔ Mainstreamn utritionint heira pproachest oa griculture.
➔ Workt oc utc ost-escalatingf actorsint hep roduction,s torage,t ransport,d istribution
andm arketingo ff ood,includingr educinginefficiencies,a ndf oodlossa ndw aste.
➔ Supportlocals mall-scalep roducerst og rowa nds ellm
oren
utritiousf oods,a nd
securet heira ccesst om
arkets.
➔ Fosterb ehaviourc hangest hroughe ducationa ndc ommunication.
➔ Agroecologya ndS ustainableF oods ystem:-A groecologyb aseds ustainable
agriculturee mphasizesf armer’sp articipation,u
tilizationo ft raditionalk nowledge,
adaptationt os mallf arme nterprises,increasedp lantg eneticd iversity,s oilf ertility
ands ustainablep roductivity.
➔ Adoptiono fc ropsa ndt echniquesw ithlowerw
aterr equirements,s ucha st he
Systemo fR
iceIntensification( SRI)m ethodo fr icep roduction,c ontributest o
resilienceb ye nablinge qualo
rb
ettery ieldst ob
ea chievedw
ithlessw
ater
withdrawal.
➔ Cropd iversification:-H
igherp
rofitabilitya nds tabilityinp
roductionh
ighlightt he
importanceo fc ropd
iversification,e .g.legumesa lternativew ithr icea ndw
heat.
Growingn on-cerealc ropss ucha so ilseeds,f ruitsa ndv egetablese tcn eedt ob
e
encouraged.
➔ Focuso nF oods ystem:-T hef oods ystemisa c omplexw ebo
fa ctivitiesinvolvingt he
production,p rocessing,t ransport,a ndc onsumption.Issuesc oncerningt hef ood
systemincludet heg overnancea nde conomicso ff oodp
roduction,itss ustainability,
thed
egreet ow hichw
ew
astef ood,h owf oodp roductiona ffectst hen atural
environmenta ndt heimpacto ff oodo
nindividuala ndp opulationh ealth.
UNF OODS YSTEMS UMMIT
TheS ummita wakenst hew orldt ot hef actt hatw
ea llm
ustw
orkt ogethert o
transformt hew ayt hew
orldp roduces,c onsumesa ndt hinksa boutf ood.
AIMT OA CHIEVE
1.G enerates ignificanta ctiona ndm easurablep rogresst owardst he2 030A
genda
forS ustainableD evelopment.
2.D evelopp rinciplest og uideg overnmentsa ndo thers takeholderslookingt o
leveraget heirf oods ystemst os upportt heS DG.
3.R aisea warenessa nde levatep ublicd iscussiona bouth owr eformingo urf ood
systems
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Biotechnologya nda ppropriatet echnology:S electiveb reedingo rg enetic
modification( GM)o fp
lantsa nda nimalsc anb
ed
onet op
roduces pecificf eatures
anda daptations.
➔ Accordingt oG
lobalp
ulsef ederationa ndw
orldf oodp
rogramme,P
ulseisimportant
toc heckr isingN
onc ommunicabled
isease.
BRAZILM ODEL:-
Incomed istributionw asa k eye lemento ft hep olicies.Thep olicyw asd esignedo nt he
premiset hatp overtyr eductionc ano nlyb
ea chievedw itha b
etterincomed istribution
rathert hanincreasede conomicg rowth.
TANZANIAM ODEL:-
Thef ocush asb eeno n:-
A. Scale-upc ommunity-basedp rogrammest op rovideinformationa ndc ounsellingo n
optimala nda ppropriateb reastfeedinga ndc omplementaryf eedingp ractices.
B. Conductc ommunicationc ampaignso np reventativea ctivitiesm oref requently
(prenatalc are,n utritiono fp
regnantw omen,p romotiono fe xclusive
breastfeeding,c omplementaryf eedinga ndc ontinuedb reastfeeding,g ood
hygienicp ractices,e tc.).
CHINESEM ODEL:-
Thec onvergenceo fv ariouss ectorh ealth,n utritiona nda griculturew ithf ocuso n
providingm oren utritiousa ndd iversifiedc ropsh asb roughta griculturala nde conomic
success.T hish ase nableds upplyo fn
utritiousf oodt oitslargep opulationr esultingina
reductiono fs tuntinga ndw asting.T heG oCh asd evelopedt wop lans:H ealthyC hina2 030
with‘health-in-all-policies’a pproacha ndN ationalN utritionP lan2 017-2030.
CaseS tudy:-
MaharashtraN utritionM issionh asimprovedn utritionals tatusb yf ocussingo nf ollowing
fourt hings:-
➔ Focuso nA
dolescentG irls.
➔ MonitorP regnancyw eight.
➔ Communityb asedIntervention.
➔ Educationa ndE mpowerment
Agriculturea ndM alnutrition:-T heG overnmenth aslaunched“ PoshanA tlas”T om
apt he
cropsa ndf oodg rainsg rownind ifferentr egionso
ft hec ountrys ot hatn
utritiousp roteinr ich
foodinlocala reasc anb ep
romoted.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Sanitationa ndM alnutrition:-M alnutritionc annotb ee xplainedo nlyf romt hea ngleo fp
oor
Diet,b
utitisa lsob ecauseo fp
oors anitation.
HOW?
● Whenc hildrena reu ndernourished,t heirr esistancet oinfectionislowereda ndt hey
arem ores usceptiblea ndm orelikelyt od ief romd iarrhoeald iseasea ndo ther
infections.Inf act,D iarrhoeaist hes econd-leadingc auseo fd eathg loballyinc hildren
underf ivey ears.W herec hildrenr egularlys ufferf romd iarrhoea,t heya rea lsov ery
likelyt ob em
alnourisheda sa r esult.F orinfants,p articularlyt hoseu nders ixm
onths
ofa ge,d iarrhoeac anc ausep ermanentd amaget ointestinald evelopment,r educing
ac hild'sa bilityt oa bsorbn utrients.
● Parasiticintestinalw orms:s ucha sh elminths( transmittedt hroughs oilc ontaminated
withf aeces)c auseb loodlossa ndr educeda ppetite,b otho fw
hichn egativelya ffecta
child’sn utritionals tatus.
● Intestinaln ematodeinfectionslikeA scarisa ndh ookworminfectionsc laimn utrients
fort hemselvess ot hatt heya ren ota vailablet ob et akenu pb yt heh
umanb ody.T his
issueh asa nimpacto nt helong-terma ndc ausesc hronicm alnutrition.
WHOO NT HER ELATIONB ETWEENS ANITATIONA NDN UTRITION
● Accordingt ot heW orldH ealthO rganisation,5 0p erc ento fa llm
al-a nd
under-nutritionc anb et racedt od iarrhoeaa ndintestinalw orminfections,w hicha re
ad irectr esulto fp oorw ater,s anitationa ndh ygiene.N utritiona ndw ater,s anitation,
andh ygiene( WASH).
● WHOh ase stimatedt hata ccesst op roperw ater,h ygienea nds anitationc anp revent
thed eathso fa tleast8 ,60,000c hildrena y earc ausedb yu ndernutrition.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
GovernmentE ndeavour:-1 0Y earR uralS anitationS trategy( 2019-2029),r eleasedb y
Ministryo fJ alS hakti,f ocuseso ns ustainingt hes anitationb ehaviourc hangea ndincreasing
accesst os olida ndliquidw astem anagement,t hroughp rovisionss ucha s:-
● Itlaysd owna f rameworkt og uidelocalg overnments,p olicy-makers,implementers
ando therr elevants takeholdersint heirp lanningf orO penD efecationF ree( ODF)
Pluss tatus,w heree veryoneu sesa t oilet,a nde veryv illageh
asa ccesst os olida nd
liquidw astem anagement.
● Itlaysd owna f rameworkt og uidelocalg overnments,p olicym akers,implementers
ando therr elevants takeholdersint heirp lanningf orO DFP lus,w heree veryoneu ses
at oilet,a nde veryv illageh asa ccesst os olida ndliquidw astem anagement.
● Ad istrict-levelT rainingM anagementU nit( TMU)w illb es etu pt op rovideo versight
ands upportt oG ramP anchayats( GPs)s ot hatt heye nsuret heo perationa nd
maintenanceo fs anitationinfrastructure.
● TheG Psa rea lsos upposedt oc onductr apida ssessmento fw atera nds anitationg aps.
● Whileg overnmentf undingist hep rimarys ourceo ff inancingint hes anitations ector,
thes trategym entionedint hef rameworka lsos uggestsa lternatives elf-financingb y
gradualleveragingo fc ommunityr esourcesint hef ormo ft ariffsf orO DFp lus
activities.
● Thef rameworkt alksa bouts tate-specifics trategieso nm enstrualh ygiene
management,includingm enstrualw astem anagement,w hichm ayb es upported
undert heO DFp luss trategy.
KitchenG
arden/N utritionG ardena ndM alnutrition:- N utritiong ardensa rea
micro-solutiona nda na ffordablew
ayo fe nsuringh
ealthyf ooda ndb
alancedn utrition.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
CASES TUDY
● KanS ikul,K anH uana imst oc urbt hep roblemo fs hortageo
f
fruitsa ndv egetablesint her egionb ys ettingu pk itchen/
nutritiong ardensine verys chool.
● Thep rojects eekst om akeL awngtlais elf-sufficientint helocal
varietyo ff ruitsa ndv egetablesa ndf ightm alnutritiona mong
children( byM arch2 020)b ylettinge verys chool,A nganwadi,
childc areinstitutionsa ndh ostelinL awngtlait og rowt heir
ownf ruitsa ndv egetablesw itht heh elpo ft eachers,p arents
andc ommunitym embers.
BenefitsofNutriGardens
● Itp romotess afea ndh ealthye atingh abitsa mongs tudents.
● Itp rovidesn utritiousf oodt hatc ana ddressm icro&
m
acron
utrientd
eficienciesa nd
hiddenh unger inc hildren.
● Itp rovidesb etteru
seo
fv acantlandlyingidlea tt hes choolsa ndA WCs( Anganwadi
Centres).
● Ita lsoe nsuresa ninexpensive,r egulara ndh andys upplyo ff reshv egetables,w
hich
areb asict on utrition.
● Itb ringsd iversificationint hem
enuo fm
id-daym ealsa tg overnments choolsa nd
AWCs.
● Itt urnsc hildrenintoc atalystsw hop romotea warenessa ndb ehaviouralc hangesin
society.
ApproachoftheGovernmenttoreducePoverty:-
➔ GrowthO rientedA pproach:-Itisb
asedo nt hee xpectationt hatt hee ffectso f
economicg rowthw oulds preadt oa lls ectionso fs ocietya ndw illt rickled
ownt ot he
poors ectionsa lso.
➔ PovertyA lleviationP rogrammes:-T hiss econda pproachh asb
eeninitiatedf romt he
ThirdF iveY earP
lan( 1961-66)a ndp rogressivelye nlargeds incet hen.O neo ft he
notedp rogrammesinitiatedint he1 970sw asF oodf orW ork.E xpanding
self-employmentp rogrammesa ndw agee mploymentp rogrammesa reb eing
considereda st hem ajorw ayso
fa ddressingp overty.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ ProvidingM inimumB asicA menities:-P
rogrammesu ndert hisa pproacha re
expectedt os upplementt hec onsumptiono ft hep
oor,c reatee mployment
opportunitiesa ndb ringa boutimprovementsinh ealtha nde ducation.
Criticala nalysiso fG overnmente ffort:-
● Thep roductiono rienteda pproacho fp
lanning,w ithouta lteringt hem odeo f
productionr esultedint hea ppropriationo ft heg ainso ft hed evelopmentb yt he
ownerso finstrumentso fp roduction-Richc lass.
● Comparedt ot hem agnitudeo ft hep roblem,r esourcesa llocatedf orp rogramsa re
nots ufficient.
● Thesep rogramsd ependm ainlyo ng overnmenta ndb anko fficialsf ort heir
implementation.T heyw erep ronet oc orruption,illt raineda ndv ulnerablet o
pressuref roma v arietyo flocale lites.
● Duet ou nequald istributiono flanda ndo thera ssets,t heb enefitsf romd irect
povertya lleviationp rogramsh aveb eena ppropriatedb yt hen onp
oor.
● Povertyc anb ee radicatedo nlyw hent hep oors tartc ontributingt og rowthb yt heir
activeinvolvementint heg rowthp rocess.T hisisp ossiblet hroughs ocial
mobilization.
ALTERNATIVEM ODELT OE RADICATEP OVERTY:-
➔ Roleo fV oluntaryO rganisation:-E xample:-P rathamN GOinE ducationa ndA kshay
Patrainp rovidingg oodq ualityf oodinM idd aym eals cheme.
➔ CorporateS ocialR esponsibility:-C ompaniesh aveb eend oings everalp overty
alleviationp rojectsu nderC SR.E xample:-
A. TATAG roup:-Int hef ieldo fe ducation,T ataG roupp rovidess cholarshipa nd
endowmentsf orn umerousinstitutions.
B. Ultratechc ement:-T hec ompanyh aso rganizedm edicalc amps,s anitization
programs,p lantation,waterc onservationp rograms,industrialt raininga nd
organicf armingp rograms.
➔ PPP:-T heyh avea p otentialt or educeinfrastructured eficita ndo penn ewa venues
fore mploymentg enerationa ndr educingp overty.
➔ Entrepreneurship:-E ntrepreneursc omeu pw ithinnovativep roductsa ndideast o
solvet hep roblemo fs ociety.T heyg eneraten ewjobo pportunitiesa sw ell.
CapabilityA pproacho fP rofA martyaS en:-Toa ddressP overty
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
AmartyaS en’sc apabilitiesa pproachr evolvesa round“ people”s eena sh umanb eingsw ith
emotionala ndp sychologicald emands;its eesd evelopmenta se xpansiono fp eople’s
capabilities– itisa ne nabling( empowering)p reposition.Ita imst oe nhancep eople’s
well-beingb ye xpandingt heirc apabilitiesw hichisc onnectedt of reedomo fc hoices.It
explicitlyr ecognizest hep resenceo fd
iversitiesa ndt hem ultidimensionaln atureo fh
uman
well-being.
NITIA AYOGA pproach:-
Thes trategyf orc ombatingp overtym ustr esto nt wolegs:s ustainedr apidg rowtht hatisa lso
employmentintensivea ndm akinga nti-povertyp rogramse ffective.
● Employment-intensiveS ustainedR apidG rowth:-.
➔ Indian eedsa ccelerationint heg rowtho fo rganizedlabour-intensives ectorss ucha s
apparel,f ootwear,f oodp rocessing,e lectronica nde lectricala ppliances,o therlight
manufactures,c onstructiona ndr etailt rade.
➔ Thep apers uggestst hatt hisc anb ea chievedt hrought hec reationo fa h
andfulo f
CoastalE conomicZ ones( CEZs)M akingA nti-povertyP rogramsM oreE ffective
● Makinga nti-povertyp rogramss ucha st heP ublicD istributionS ystem( PDS),M idday
MealS cheme,M GNREGAa ndH ousingf orA llm oree ffectiver epresentst hes econd
lego ft hes trategyt oe liminatep overty.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
U
rbanisationandassociatedIssues
SociologicalM eaningo fU rbanisation:-T hep rocesso fu
rbanisationd enotesp opulation
growtho ft hec itiesa ndt owns.S ociologicallyita lsod enotest hes preado fu rbanw ayo flife
tot hec ountryside.T hus,t hep rocesso fu rbanisationh asd emographica sw ella ss ocial
dimensions.
DemographicM eaning:-Thed emographicc oncepto fu rbanizationd ealsw itht hed ynamics
ofp
opulationina p articularr egion.
UrbanisationinI ndia:-
● Thelevelo fu rbanisationint hec ountrya sa w holeincreasedf rom2 7.7%in2 001t o
31.1%in2 011.B y2 031,itise xpectedt og rowb y6 %a ndb y2 051,m oret hanh alfo f
then ation’sp opulationw illb elivinginc ities.
● Atp resent,C itiesc ontributen early6 5%o ft hec ountry’sG DP,w hichislikelyt og ou p
to7 0%b y2 030.( McKinseyr eport).
● India’su rbanisationis“ messya ndh idden”,s aysa r eportb yt heW orldB ank.T he
reports uggestedt hreef undamentald eficits– ine mpowerment,r esourcesa nd
accountabilityo fu rbanb odies.
Whatist heU rbanA rea?
Ans:-D efinitiono fU rbanA rea:-F ort heC ensuso fIndia2 011,t hed efinitiono fu rbana reais
asf ollows;
● Allp lacesw itha m unicipality,c orporation,c antonmentb oardo rn otifiedt owna rea
committee,e tc.
● Allo therp lacesw hichs atisfiedt hef ollowingc riteria:-
➔ Am inimump opulationo f5 ,000.
➔ Atleast7 5p ercento ft hem alem ainw orkingp opulatione ngagedin
non-agriculturalp ursuits;a nd
➔ Ad ensityo fp opulationo fa tleast4 00p ersonsp ers q.k m.
Formso fU rbanisation:-
❖ UrbanA gglomeration( UA):-A nu rbana gglomerationisa c ontinuousu rbans pread
constitutinga t owna nditsa djoiningo utgrowths( OGs),o rt woo rm orep hysically
contiguoust ownst ogetherw itho rw ithouto utgrowthso fs ucht owns.A nU rban
Agglomerationm ustc onsisto fa tleasta s tatutoryt owna nditst otalp opulation( i.e.
allt hec onstituentsp utt ogether)s houldn otb elesst han2 0,000a sp ert he2 011
Census.
❖ OutG rowths( OG):-AnO utG rowth( OG)isa v iableu nits ucha sa v illageo ra h amlet
ora ne numerationb lockm adeu po fs uchv illageo rh
amleta ndc learlyidentifiablein
termso fitsb oundariesa ndlocation.S omeo ft hee xamplesa rer ailwayc olonies,
universityc ampuses,p orta reas,m ilitaryc amps,e tc.,w hichh avec omeu pn eara
statutoryt owno utsideitss tatutorylimitsb utw ithint her evenuelimitso fa v illageo r
villagesc ontiguoust ot het own.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Impacto fU rbanisationo nS ociety
Urbanizationa ndF amily: -
➔ Sizeso ft hef amiliesa res hrinkinga ndk inshipr elationshipsa reg ettingc onfinedt o
twoo rt hreeg enerationso nly.
➔ Theh usbandd ominatedf amilyisb eingr eplacedb ya ne qualitarianf amilyw heret he
wifeisg ivena s hareint hed ecisionm akingp rocess.
➔ Parentsn olongerimposet heira uthorityo verc hildrena ndc hildrenn olongerb lindly
obeyt hec ommandso ft heirp arents.
Urbanizationa ndC aste:-
➔ Then etworkso fu
rbanitesc omprisep eoplef roma llc astes.Classt iesa rem ore
importantt hanc astet ies.
➔ Att hes amet ime,e ducatedm emberso fs omeo ft hec asteg roupsc omeint ogether
tom akes omek indso fp ressureg roupsinu rbana reas.H owever,s uchp ressure
groupsw orklikea s ocialo rganizationinsteado fc astes tructuresinv illages.S uch
groupsa lsob rings everals ub-castest ogether.
➔ Thec asten ormsa ren otf olloweds trictlyinu rbana reas.T hereisa r emarkable
changeinc ommensal,m arital,s ociala ndo ccupationalr elations.
➔ Morea ndm orep eoplea reinf avouro finter-castem arriage.
➔ TheJ ajmanis ystemisw eakeninga ndinter-castea ndinter-classr elationsa re
changing.
U
rbanizationa ndS tatuso fW omen
➔ Thes tatuso fw
omeninu rbana reasa ren oto nlya wareo ft heire conomic,s ociala nd
politicalr ightsb uta lsoa rea blet oe xerciset hoser ights.
➔ Averagea geo fm
arriageo fg irlsish
igherinc ities.
➔ Thep articipationr ateint helabourm arketh asincreaseda mongm arriedw omena nd
theyn olongera re‘housewives.
➔ However,S omep eculiarp roblemsf acedb yu rbanw omenincluded ifficultyt or emain
single;e xpecteds ubordinatec areert ot hato fh
usbandse tc.
➔ Higherf requencyo fd
ivorcea ndr emarriage.
➔ Ins ummary,w hiler uralw omenc ontinuet ob ed ependento verm en,u rbanw omen
areindependenta nde njoyg reaterf reedom.
Urbanizationa ndV illageL ife
● Urband evelopmenth asledt ot hec entrifugalm ovemento fv illagep eoplet ou rban
areas.
● Mostp eoplem igratet oc itiesf ore mploymenta ndb usiness.
● Att hes amet ime,r uralr esidencea ndu rbane mploymenth asr esultedina n ewt ype
oflifestyleinr ural-urbanf ringea reas.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Ith
asr esultedinm
odificationso
fs ocialp
atternsa sw
ella sa djustmentst oa n
eww
ay
oflife.
Urbanizationa sa na gento ft ransformationa ndinnovation:-
● Citiesa ren odeso fn ewideas,c ommunicationa ndinnovation.Its preadsint he
immediateh interlandsa sw ella sint hew holec ountry.
● InA sia,c itiesh aveb eent ermedt he“ centreo fc hange”.T hisislargelyd uet o
migrantsr eturningh omef ora s hortw hilef romu rbana reasa nds preading
awarenessa mongr uralv illages,e ncouragingt hemt oa dopts omeinnovations
alreadyw itnessedinu rbana reas.
Roleo
fu
rbanizationine xpansiono fc ommunicationm echanisms
● Them ostimportantr oleo fm ajorc itiesist heirlinkingo fd
ifferentp artso ft hew orld
throught ransporta ndc ommunications.A irr outes,r oada ndr ailn etworks,
telephone,a ndE -mailn etworksa ret hem aint ransporta ndc ommunication
mechanismst hath aver evolutionizedt hec onceptso ft imea ndd istancet hroughout
thew orld.
ProblemA ssociatedw ithU rbanisation:-
1. Sluma nds quatter:-A ccordingt ot he2 011c ensus,6 6M illionp eopleliveins lums,
whileU NH abitats ayst herea re1 04m illions lumd wellers.T hisr eflectst heissueo f
accurated ataa ndt hes econdm ajorissueism osto ft hes lumsa ren otc onsidereda s
slumsint heo fficiallist.Example:-B lueP olygon( FourP oless urmountedb y b lue
plastics heet.T heU NH abitate mploysf ivec riteriat oidentifys lums:-
● Lacko fD urableh ousingo fp
ermanentn ature.
● Sufficientlivings pace.
● Easya ccesst os afew ater.
● Accesst oa dequates anitation.
● Securityo ft enure.
NegativeI mpacto fS lum:-
● Womena ndG irls:-W omena ndg irlsa ren ota ffordedt imef ore ducation,a s
theya reb urdenedw ithc arryingw aterlongd istancesa ndc aringf ors ick
familym embers.
● Healtha ndC hildM ortality:-Illnessa ndd iseases preadlikew ildfireins lums;
int heK iberas luminK enya,H IVinfectionist wicet hen ationala verage,a nd
diarrhoeaist heleadingk illero fc hildrenu nderf iveinD haravi.
● Education:-M anyc hildrenn everr eceivea nyf ormale ducationa ndf ew
completea p rimarye ducation.
● Finance:-B ankso ftenr efuser esidentso fs lumsb ecauset heya rec onsidered
‘unbankable.’
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Politicala ndS ocialE xclusion:-G overnmentso ftenignores lumd wellers;t hey
aree xcludedf romv oting,c ityd evelopmentp
lans,a ndf ullp
rotectionu
nder
thelaw.
● Disasters:-F loodinginK eralaa ndH
yderabad.
PMU DAYS cheme:-T og ranto wnershipr ightsf orp ropertiesinD elhiu
nauthorised
colonies.
B
enefitsf orp eoplelivingint heses lumsa ndu nauthorisedc olonies:-
1.T heyc ana vailloanf romt heb anka fterr egistrationo fp
roperty.
2.T heyc ana vailt heb enefitso fs ocials ecuritys chemeso ft heg overnment.
3.T heyw illg aina v oiceinp
oliticsa lso.
2. SocialC rime:-T hereisa p ositivec orrelationb etweenc rimer atea nds izeo
fc ities.
Biggert hec ity,t heh ighert her ateo
fc rime.
3. ChildL abor:-Itist hep roblema ssociatedw ithm igration,d eprivation,lacko f
governmentinitiativest op rovidec hildrena s afea nds ecurelivelihood.
4. Environment:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
4.U
rbanG overnance:-W eaku rbang overnanceist hea bsenceo ft imeb oundc itizen-centric
qualitys erviced eliveryw ithouta dequatem onitoring,f eedbacka ndp erformancea ppraisal.
Reasons:-
❖ Absenceo fincentives,e ncouragementa ndp romotionso nt heb asiso
fe fficiency.
❖ Finance:-A ccordingt ot heN itiA
ayog,Indiar equiresa INR4 0-trillioninvestmentu ntil
2030t oo verhaulitsinfrastructurew hereast her evenueo fa llt hem unicipal
corporationsp utt ogetherisn otm oret hanINR1 .2t rillion.
❖ Rampantc orruptiona tm ultiplelevels,n epotism,v estedinterests,u nduep olitical
interference,c ronyc apitalism,a llocationo ft enderst oincapablec ontractors( Eg.
recentf lyoverc ollapseinW estB engal).
❖ Lacko fm
onitoringa nde valuationo fo
fficialsa ndd uea ccountabilitya nd
responsibilityf ort imelyc ompletiono fw
ork.
❖ Absenceo fa llocationo fs ubjectsa sp er7 4thC AA.
❖ Limitedm onetarys ourcesf orU rbanlocalb odies.
❖ Multipleg overnmentb odiesw itho verlappingm andatesleadingt oinordinated elays
andr edt apism.
Measures:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Reformsinu rbanb odiesb yintakeo fp
rofessionalsa nde xpertsinu
rbanp olicy,
planninga ndimplementation.
❖ Givingm oret eetha ndp owert oc ommissionersa ndc ouncillorst ot akeimportant
decisions.
❖ Increaset helimito fp rofessionalt ax,p opularisem unicipalb
ondsw iths tate
guarantees,p rovideb udgetarya llocation.
❖ MunicipalB onds
❖ Sharingo fr oyaltyifm
iningist hereint hea rea
5. Linkageb etweenU rbanisation,M igrationa ndI ssues:-
6. Urbanisationa ndW ater:-
● Theg lobalw aterc onsumptionr ateisd oublet her ateo fP
opulationincrease.
Demandise xpectedt oo utstrips upplyb ym
oret han5 0p ercentb
y2
025,
leaving1 .8b
illionp eopleinw aters carcec onditions.
● Accordingt ot heC ompositeW aterM anagementI ndex( CWMI)r eport
releasedb yt heN
itiA ayogin2 018,2 1m ajorc ities( Delhi,B engaluru,C hennai,
Hyderabada ndo thers)a rer acingt or eachz erog roundwaterlevelsb y2
020,
affectinga ccessf or1 00m illionp eople.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
WhyS ucha C ondition?
Ans:-
● Thist rendh asb eend rivenc hieflyb yu nsustainablea griculturalw ater
extraction,e speciallyn on-renewableg roundwaterp umpinga ndf lood
irrigation,a sw ella sincreasingu rbanization.
● Thec hangingc limatew illn egativelyimpactw aterr esources ecurity
anda griculturalp roductionf orp artso ft hew orlda lreadys truggling
withs carcity.E x:-E lNinoc reatedD roughtinS outhernA fricaa ndIndia.
● Urbanizationa lsoincreasest hed emandf orp owerg eneration,w hich
itselfr equiresa loto fw
ater.T hisw ater-energyn exusisr eallya w ater
energyf oodn exus,b ecausea largep ortiono ft hee nergy( 30p ercent)
andw aterc onsumption( 70p ercent)isr equiredt of eeda r apidly
growinga ndu rbanizingp opulation.
S uggestion:-
1. Recyclinga ndH arvesting:-A ne xampleo fr ecycleds ewagew aterb eingu sedf or
industrialp urposesist he3 0M LDw astewatert reatmentf acilitya tG andhinagara nd
AnjarinG ujarats etupb yWelspunI ndiaLtd.A lso,a lternativer ainw aterh arvesting
methodss ucha sh arvestingr ainw aterf romc oncretes urfacesu singp orousc oncrete
canb eu
sedt os upplementr oof-topr ainw aterh arvesting,t oh elpr eplenish
groundwater.
2. Communityinitiativest os upplementr egularw aters upply:Initiativess ucha s
communityw aters toragea ndd ecentralizedt reatmentf acilities,includinge levated
watert owerso rr eservoirsa ndw aterA TMs.EX:-W aterA TMinM arathwada
3. Collaborativea pproach:-F inally,a c ollaborativea pproachliket hea doptiono fa
public-privatep artnershipm odelf orw aterp rojectsc anh elp.F ore xample,int he
Netherlands,w aterc ompaniesa reincorporateda sp rivatec ompanies,w itht helocal
andn ationalg overnmentsb eingm ajoritys hareholders.
4. Botht hec entralg overnmenta ndt hes tateg overnmentsn eedt oh avec onsiderations
ons ettingt heM inimumS upportP rice( MSP)o fw
aterc onsumingc rops.
5. FollowM ihirS hahP anelR ecommendations:-
➔ Tor estructuret heC entralW aterC ommission( CWC)a ndt heC entralG round
WaterB oard( CGWB).
➔ AquiferM appinga ndP articipatoryG roundWaterM anagementD ivision.
➔ Participatoryg roundwaterm anagement:- G roundw atern eedst ob e
recogniseda sa c ommonp oolr esourcea nditsc ontinuous,u nchecked
extractionn eedst ob es topped.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
BestM
odel:-
➔ InR ajasthan,t hereisa s chemec alled‘MukhyaMantriJ alS wavlambanA bhiyan’.
Oneo fitso
bjectivesist oe nsuree ffectiveimplementationo fw
aterc onservation
andw aterh arvestingr elateda ctivitiesinr urala reas.
➔ Maharashtrah aslauncheda p rojectc alled‘Jalyukt-Shivar’,w hicha imst om
ake
5000v illagesf reeo fw
aters carcitye veryy ear.
➔ TheT elanganag overnmenth aslauncheda m issionc alledM issionK akatiya,t he
objectiveo fw
hichist oe nhancet hed evelopmento fa gricultureb asedincomef or
smalla ndm arginalf armers,b ya cceleratingt hed evelopmento fm
inorirrigation
infrastructure,s trengtheningc ommunityb asedirrigationm anagementa nd
adoptinga c omprehensivep rogrammef orr estorationo ft anks.
GovernmentS teps:-
1. PradhanM antriK rishiS ichaiY
ojna:-T heo verarchingv isiono fP
radhanM antri
KrishiS inchayeeY ojana( PMKSY)ist oe nsurea ccesst os omem eanso fp
rotective
irrigationt oa lla griculturalf armsint hec ountry,t op
roduce‘perd ropm orec rop’,
thusb ringingm uchd esiredr uralp
rosperity.
BroadO
bjectives:-
● Achievec onvergenceo finvestmentsinirrigationa tt hef ieldlevel
(preparationo fd istrictlevela nd,ifr equired,s ubd istrictlevelw ateru
se
plans).
● Enhancet hep hysicala ccesso fw atero nt hef arma nde xpandc ultivable
areau ndera ssuredirrigation( HarK hetk op ani).
● Integrationo fw aters ource,d istributiona nditse fficientu se,t om
akeb
est
useo
fw
atert hrougha ppropriatet echnologiesa ndp ractices.
● Improveo n- f armw ateru see fficiencyt or educew astagea ndincrease
availabilityb othind urationa nde xtent.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Enhancet hea doptiono fp
recision- irrigationa ndo
therw
aters aving
technologies( Morec ropp erd
rop).
● Enhancer echargeo fa quifersa ndintroduces ustainablew aterc onservation
practices.
2. JalS
haktiM ISION:-O
inistry:-V ptimals ustainabled
evelopment,m
aintenanceo
f
qualitya nde fficientu seo
fw
aterr esourcest om atchw itht heg rowingd emandso n
thisp
reciousn aturalr esourceo ft hec ountry.
3. InterlinkingR ivers:-U ndert heN ationalP erspectiveP lan( NPP)p reparedb yt he
Ministryo fW aterR esources,N WDAh asa lreadyidentified1 4linksu nder
HimalayanR iversC omponenta nd1 6linksu nderP eninsularR iversC omponentf or
interb asint ransfero fw
aterb asedo nf ields urveysa ndinvestigationa ndd etailed
studies.E xample:-G odavari-Cauvery( GrandA nicut)linkp roject,K enB etwalink,
Damanganga– P injalL inkP rojecta ndP ar– T api– N
armadaL inkP roject
7.U rbanisationa ndS treetV endor:-
W
hoa reS treetV endors?
Ans:-N ationalP olicyo nS treetV endors2 004isd efineda sa p ersonw hoo ffersg oodsa nd
servicesf ort hes aleo fP
ublicw ithouth avinga p ermanentlyb uilts tructure.
Accordingt ot heM inistryo fH
ousinga ndP overtya lleviation,t herea rea pproximately1 0
millions treetv endorsinIndia.
Issuesw ithS treetV endors:-
1. Neitherp rotectedb yN
GO,n orb yt heG
overnment.
2. Incomeism inimala ndt heya rea lsof orcedt op ayb
ribest oP olicea ndM
unicipal
Bodies.
3. Theya reu suallya ssociatedw itht hee ncroachmento fP
ublicp lacesa ndt huse viction
takesa h eavyt ollo nt heirb usiness.
4. Negativeimpacto fo nlines hopping.
Judiciaryo nS treetV endor:-
● SodanS inghV SN DMC:-DeclaresH awkingo nP avementist heF undamentalR ight.
● BombayH awkersU nionV sB MC:-E achC itys houldf ormulates chemest oinclude
Hawkingo rN
oH awkingZ ones.
Lawo nS treetV endor:-T heS treetV endors( Protectiono fL ivelihooda ndR egulationo f
StreetV ending)A ct,2 014
● Anyp
ersona bove1
4y earso
fa ge,w
hoisa s treetv endorh
ast or egisterh
im/herself
witht heT ownV
endingC
ommittee( TVC).
● TheT VCs hallh
avea 4
0%r epresentationf roms treetv endorsa nda nother1
0%f rom
civils ociety.T her emainingw
ouldb
er epresentedb
ylocala uthorities,r esidential
associationse tc,.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Everys treetv endorh
ast oo
btaina c ertificateo
fv endingf romT VC,f orw
hichh
e/she
willb
eissuedw
itha nidentityc ard.
● Thelocala uthoritiess hallf ramea s treetv endingp
lan,w
hichs hallb
er evisede very5
years.T hep
lans houldc ontainf reev endingz ones,r estrictedv endingz ones,a nd
no-vendingz ones.
● Thereisa lsoa p
rovisiont op
rovidec reditinsurancea ndw
elfares chemest ot he
streetv endorsb
yt hea ppropriateg overnment.
● Thereisa p
rovisionf orindependentG
rievanceR
edressalM
echanismc omposedo
fa
retiredjudicialo fficer.
ExecutiveA
ctiono nS treetv endor:-
● Providing1 0000R sa sa w
orkingc apitalf ore achv endor&
InterestR
ates houldb
e
linkedt ot heM CLR.
CASES TUDY:-
1. PheriwalaA ctionC ommittee:-L obbieso nv ariousissuesa ffectings treetv endors
2. NationalA ssociationo fS treetv endorso
fI ndia:-C
elebratedW orldF oodD ayt o
highlightt hev alueso
fS treetv endors.
Suggestion: -
1. Promotea ndd evelopn aturalm arkets ystem
2. HavingC ooperativesa ndS HGf oru rbana reas.
8.U
rbanisationa ndM igrants:-
● ScheduleT ribesM igrationism ainlyf ors easonala griculturala ndc onstructionw ork,
workinB rickk ilnso ra sm
anualw orkersinu rbana reas.
● Contractorsa reo fteng ivena dvancep aymentsa ndt hew orkersa ret hent reateda s
bondedt ot hec ontractor.
● TheInterS tate“ MigrantW orkmenA ct1
979”isinadequates inceitd ealso nlyw
ith
thoseM igrantW orkersint heC ontractors ystema nde xcludesw orkersw hom igrated
ont heiro wna ndm ostlyS Tc omesu ndert hisc ategory.
● InU rbana reas,t heM arkets ystemw orksina w
ayt hatc apitala ndL abourc ann otb
e
equals.
● Ther iseo fc asualisationf urtherf racturest hew orkforce.
Problemsf acedb yt heseM igrants:-
1. Lacko fImplementationo ft he“ MigrantW orkmenA ct1
979.
2. Accordingt ot he2 011C ensus,1 in7
p
eoplelivesins lums.
3. Challengeo fd ocumentationa ndIdentity.
4. Limiteda ccesst oF inancialS ervices.
5. Violencea gainstM igrantw omen.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
SCh
asd
irectedt heg overnmentt ot akem easuresf orm igrantw orkersd urings econd
wave:-
● Fooda ndt ravela rrangements.
● C ommunityk itchen
● Stateg overnmentt oa rranget ransportationf orm igrantw orkers.
● SCh asf ixed J uly3 1a st hed eadlinet oimplementO neR ationo nec ards cheme.
● Recognisedt hen eedf ord irectc asht ransferb enefitf ort hem.
● Directedt hem inistryo flaboura nde mploymentt oe nsureN ationald atabasef or
unorganisedw orkers.
NITIA
AYOGO NM IGRANTI SSUE
Therew eret woa pproachesp utf orwardb yN
ITIA ayog:-
● HandoutA pproach-T hism eansu sageo fa llt hef acilitiesp rovidedb yt heIndian
Governmentt om igrants
● R ightsb aseda pproach-T hisa pproachm eanst her ightsm ustb ee nsuredina lls tates
Proposals:
● Creationo fa n
odala gency:-NITIA ayogh asr ecommendedt hec reationo fa n
odal
Ministry.T heM inistryo fL aboura ndE mploymentm ustb et hen odala gencyw hich
mustc reatea s pecialu nitt oh elpc onverget hea ctivitieso fo therM inistries.
● CreateM igrationR esourceC entres( MRCs):-N ITIA ayogh asr ecommendedc reating
MigrationR esourceC entresinh ighm igrationz ones,c reationo fN
ationalL abour
helpline,interstatem igrationm anagementb odiesw hichm ustb ec oordinatedb ya
specialu nit.
● Identificationo fM
igrationC orridors:-T hes tatesw heret hem igrationh appensm ust
ber egulatedb otha ts ourcea ndd estination.
● Ther oleo fP anchayatsw ouldb ec rucialinp rovidingt her ightst ot helabourersw ho
havem igrated.T heP anchayatm ustissuet hew orkersw ithIDC ards,p assbooks,
training,p lacementse tc.
● StemM igration:-T hes tatesh aveb eena skedt or aiset hem inimumw agest ob ringa
majors hiftint hem igrationp atterna ndt huss temm igration.Int hist heC ommunity
BuildingO rganizationso rC BOsa nda dministratives taffh asb eena skedt oc ontrolt he
pushf actors.
● Thed rafth asc alledt oc reatea c entrald atabaset oh elpt hee mployerst of illt heg ap
betweend emanda nds upplya ndt oe nsuret heb enefitso fv ariouss ocialw elfare
schemesr eachese veryone.
● TheA ayogh asa lsoa skedt heN ationalL egalS ervicesA uthoritya ndt heM inistryo f
Labourt os etu pG rievanceH andlingC ellsa ndf astrackt her esponses ystemsf or
humant rafficking,m inimumw agev iolationsa nda busesa tw orkplacef orm igrants.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Suggestion:-A c oncertedN ationalP olicyf ort heirw ellb eingk eepinginm indt he
constitutionp romisem entionedinA rticle2 3ist hen eedo ft heh our.
LinguisticH eterogeneitya ndM igrants
Migrationh asledt olinguisticd iversity,e speciallyint het ermso fm othert onguess poken.
Example:-Ify oud rawt wop eoplea tr andominM aharashtra,t hereis5 0% p robabilityt hat
theys haret hes amem othert ongue.
Thelinguistich eterogeneityo ft hec itiesist ypicallyignoredb yt her espectiveS tate
Governments.T hisr esultsintod ifferentissuesf orM igrants:-
1. Migrantsa ree ligiblet ob er egistered u nder“ Buildinga ndc onstructionw orkers'
act”.R egisteredw orkersa ree ligiblef ors ocials ecurityb enefitsa ndt heirc hildreng et
financials upportf ore ducation.B utt heya ren ota blet od os o,b
ecaused ocuments
ont hew ebsitea reinM arathia ndE nglisho nly.
2. Languageisa b arriert oc hildreno fM igrantw orkers.T hem ediumo finstructionin
governments choolsist ypicallyt heo fficiallanguageo ft hes tate.A nu nfamiliar
mediumo finstructionw illp osea b arrierf orc hildreno finters tatem igrants.
CASES TUDY:-W estB engala ppearst ob es ensitivet ot heissueo flanguaged iversity.
Thea cts aysina b lockw heret hep opulationo fU rdu,H indi,S anthali,O riyae xceeds
10%,r ules,n otifications,a nde verythingw illb ea vailableinm ultiplelanguages.
9. U
rbanisationa ndP andemics:-
● TheW HOh asidentifiedu rbanisationa so neo ft hek eyc hallengesf orp ublich ealthin
the2 1stc entury.E x:-E bola,Z ikaa ndC OVID.
● Crisiso fU rbanisationr eflectedd uringP andemic: -
1. PoorT ransport:-
2. Lacko fP lanning:-Theb uildingsa rea llowedt ob eb uiltf irsta ndt hent he
otherb asicm unicipals ervicesf ollowf romt hed emandg eneratedf romt he
increasedp opulationd ensity,w ithouta nyf easibilitys tudyb eingc onducted.
Thism akesu rbang rowthinIndiat ob ep redominantlyu nplanned
3. BondingV sS ocialD istancing:-U rbana ctivitieso fa gglomerationr equire
peoplet oc omet ogether.T hisg oesa gainstt hem andateo fs ociald istancing.
4. Theincreasedn umbero fp assivee ncountersb etweenp eopled uet oh igh
populationsa ndm oreo pportunitiesf ort hist ypeo fc ontactt oh append uet o
densityc anleadt oa d ominoe ffectint ermso finfectivityo fv irusesa nd
diseases.
5. Deforestationf orU rbanisationh asd isturbedIsolateds ystemw hichb rought
usinc losec ontactw ithB atsa ndP rimates,r esultinginZ oonoticD iseases.
Howt hec itys houldb eP lannedP ostP andemic?
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Ans:-
● Decentralisation:-P rivatisationa ndd ecentralisationo fp
ublic
services,s ucha sw astec ollectiona ndh ealthcare,h avep roven
effectiveind eliveringo perationale fficiencies.D uringa c risis,
decentralisationd eliversa nothers trength:r esilience.Itr educest he
singlep ointso ff ailuret hatm akec entraliseds ystemss ov ulnerable.
● Cityw ideD igitalT ransformation:-T hep andemich asp rovedt hen eed
forr eal-time,g eo-located,p ubliclya vailableinformationt oc ity
managersa crossa lls ectors.
● Focusingo nP edestrianization,b iking,a ndb uildingh armonious
opportunitiesf ors treetv ending
● Cross-disciplinaryc ollaborationo fp
ublicp olicies,u
rbanp lanninga nd
designu singo penp ublics paces,p arks,u rbanf orestsa ndintegrated
bluea ndg reeninfrastructurea ren eededa st oolst om akec ities
healthy.
● Promotingt heu seo fb
lue-greens paces,p hysicala ctivitieso na
neighbourhoodo rlocala nda pproachablelevelc anh elpn egate
impactso finfectiousd iseases,c hronicillnessese tcint hef uture.
● Them appingo fu nderuseda ndlow-functionings itesa ndt heir
reclamationc anb ea nothera pproacha tlocallevels.
Theo
ngoingp andemico fC
OVID-19isa s trongr emindert hatu
rbanisationh asc hangedt he
wayt hatp
eoplea ndc ommunitieslive,w ork,a ndinteract,a ndt hen
eedt os trengthen
systemsa ndlocalc apacitiest op
reventt hes preado finfectiousd iseasesisu
rgent.
DHARAVIM ODELT OT ACKLEC OVIDI NU RBANA REAS:-F ocuso nT racing,
Tracking,T esting,T reating
1. BMCd ecidedt od
op
roactives creeninginh igh-riskz onesa nd
organisedf everc ampst oidentifyt hes uspects.
2. Mobilizeda lla vailable‘private’p ractitionerst hrought hed rive
conductedin‘mission-mode’..
3. Latera llp
ractitionersw erea skedt oo pent heirc linicsa nda ttendt o
patientsa ndc ommunicatet oB MCa bouta llt hes uspectedc ases.
4. BMCs anitiseda llt hec linicso
ft hesep rivatep ractitionersa nd
providedt hemw ithP
PE,g lovese tc.
10.U
rbanisationa ndT ransport:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Issues:-
1. TrafficC
ongestion
2. Oldv ehiclesp
latingo
nR
oad
MeasurestoCheckT rafficCongestion
IntelligentT ransportationS ystem:-
Intelligentt ransportations ystemsa ret hea pplicationo fs ensing,a nalysis,c ontrola nd
communicationst echnologiest og roundt ransportationino rdert oimproves afety,m obility
ande fficiency.
IntelligentT ransportS ystem( ITS)a imst oa chievet raffice fficiencyb ym inimizingt raffic
problems.Ite nrichesu sersw ithp riorinformationa boutt raffic,localc onvenience,r eal-time
runninginformation,s eata vailabilitye tc.w hichr educest ravelt imeo fc ommutersa sw ella s
enhancest heirs afetya ndc omfort.
Theu seisn
otjustlimitedt ot rafficc ongestionc ontrola ndinformation,b uta lsof orr oad
safetya nde fficientinfrastructureu sage.B ecauseo fitse ndlessp ossibilities,ITSh asn ow
becomea m ultidisciplinaryc onjunctivef ieldo fw
orka ndt husm anyo rganizationsa round
thew
orldh aved evelopeds olutionsf orp rovidingITSa pplicationst om eett hen eed.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Ones uche xampleist hec ityo fG lasgow.Int hec ity,IntelligentT ransportS ystemg ives
regularinformationt ot hed ailyc ommutersa boutp ublicb uses,t imings,s eata vailability,t he
currentlocationo ft heb us,t imet akent or eacha p articulard estination,n extlocationo ft he
busa ndt hed ensityo fp assengersinsidet heb us.
Howd oest heI ntelligentT ransportS ystemw ork?
TrafficM anagementC entre( TMC)ist hev italu nito fITS.Itism ainlya t echnicals ystem
administeredb yt het ransportationa uthority.H erea lld ataisc ollecteda nda nalyzedf or
furthero perationsa ndc ontrolm anagemento ft het rafficinr ealt imeo rinformationa bout
localt ransportationv ehicles.Itsw orkingc anb eu nderstoodind etailinf ollowingp oints
● Datac ollection:-S trategicp lanningn eedsp recise,e xtensivea ndp romptd ata
collectionw ithr eal-timeo bservation.S ot hed atah ereisc ollectedv iav aried
hardwared evicest hatlayt heb aseo ff urtherITSf unctions.T hesed evicesa re
AutomaticV ehicleIdentifiers,G PSb aseda utomaticv ehiclelocators,s ensors,
camerase tc.
● DataT ransmission:-T raffic-relateda nnouncementsa rec ommunicatedt ot he
travelerst hroughinternet,S MSo ro nboardu nitso fV ehicle.O therm ethodso f
communicationsa red edicateds hort-rangec ommunications( DSRC)u singr adioa nd
ContinuousA irInterfaceL onga ndM ediumR ange( CAILM)u singc ellularc onnectivity
andinfra-redlinks.
● DataA nalysis:-T hed atat hath asb eenc ollecteda ndr eceiveda tT MCisp rocessed
furtherinv ariouss teps.T heses tepsa ree rrorr ectification,d atac leaning,d ata
synthesis,a nda daptivelogicala nalysis.Inconsistenciesind ataa reidentifiedw ith
specializeds oftwarea ndr ectified.A ftert hatd ataisf urthera ltereda ndp ooledf or
analysis.T hism endedc ollectived ataisa nalyzedf urthert op redictt raffics cenarios
whicha rea vailablet od elivera ppropriateinformationt ou sers.
● TravelerI nformation:-T ravelA dvisoryS ystems( TAS)isu sedt oinformt ransportation
updatest ot het ravelingu ser.T hes ystemd eliversr eal-timeinformationliket ravel
time,t ravels peed,d elay,a ccidentso nr oads,c hangeinr oute,d iversions,w orkz one
conditionse tc.T hisinformationisd eliveredb ya w
ider angeo fe lectronicd eviceslike
variablem essages igns,h ighwaya dvisoryr adio,internet,S MS,a utomatedc ell.
Metroa ndB uss erviceisc onsidereda sa nimportantc omponent o fU rbanisation
Asp ert wor ecentindependents tudyr eports,o nee achb yM ckinseyG lobalInstitutea ndt he
HighP oweredE xpertC ommittee( HPEC)c ommissionedb yM inistryo fU rbanD evelopment,
Governmento fIndia,t het otalinvestmentinu rbant ransporth asb eenp rojecteda sm ore
than5 0%o ft het otalinvestmentr equiredf oru rband evelopmentinn ext2 0y earsw hich
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
includesh ousinga sw ell.T her oughf igureo finvestmentw orkso utt or oughlya bout1 lakh
crorep ery earf orn ext2 0y earsf oru rbant ransport.
Indianc itiesh avev arioust ypeso fu rbant ransits ystemso perational,u nderc onstructiona nd
planned.T heses ystemsa reb eingimplementedb asedo nt hep opulationo fa c ity,f inancial
feasibilitya ndd emand.
● RapidT ransit:-T her apidt ransito rp opularlyk nowna sm etroinIndia,isa nu rban
high-capacityr ails ystem,c ommonlyo peratedinm etropolitanc ities.T heses ystems
ares egregatedf romIndianr ailwayE xample:-D elhiM etro
● SuburbanR ailway:-Suburbanr ailo rp opularlyk nowna slocalt rains ysteminIndia,is
anu rbanr ailt ransits ystemw heret hes uburbsa rec onnectedt ot hec ity'sc entre.
Theses ystemsa relinkedt oa ndo peratedb yIndianR ailways.E xample: Mumbai
Suburbanr ailway
● MediumC apacityR ail:-Itisa r apidt ransit( metro)s ystemw hichh asa c apacity
highert hanlightr ailb utlowert hanr apidt ransports ystemt os ervea m edium
demand.E xample: R apidm etroG urugram
● LightR ail:-Lightr ailisu sedinc itiest hath avelowd emand.Itisa c ombinationo f
rapidr aila ndt rams ystems.Ith asa h igherc apacitya nds peedc omparedt ot ram
servicesa ndh asd edicatedt rackst hata rem ostlyf enced.E xample: S rinagarM etro
● Monorail:-T hiss ystemh ast rainsr unningo na s ingler ail/beam.Ith asf oundits
applicationinm ediumc apacityt ransport,b utd uet olowe fficiencya ndh ighc osts,it
hasb eens idelinedinIndia.E xample: M umbaiM onorail
● RegionalT ransitS ystem:-T hiss ystemiso peratede itherb etweent wos imilarly-sized
cities,w hicha rec loset oe acho thero rb etweena nu rbanc itya nds mallerc itieslying
nearby.E xample: D elhiM eerutR RTS
● Tram:-T heses ystemsa reo neo ft heo ldestm odeso fu rbant ransportinIndia.T hey
arelowc apacity,s low-movingt rainsw hichr uno nt rackst hata ree mbeddedint he
urbans treets.E xample:-K olkataT ram
Meroisg rowinga sa s ignificantt ransportations ysteminI ndia:-A ccordingt oa r eport
publishedin2 021,a t otalo f2 ,636m illionp eoplet ravela nnuallyinm etros ystemsa cross
India'st hirteenm ajorc ities,p lacingt hec ountrya so neo ft heb usiestu rbanr apidt ransit
hubsint hew orldint ermso fr idership.T hec ombinedlengtho fm etros ystemsinIndia
makesitt hef ifthlongestint hew orldw ith7 31.5k mino peration
Int hisc ontext,M etroR ailp olicyisimportantt ok now:-
1. Thep olicyr equirest hes tatest of ocuso nf ivek ilometerso fc atchmenta reao ne ither
sideo ft hem etros tationa ndt oc ommitint hep rojectr eports,d evelopmento f
feeders ervices,n on-motorizedt ransports erviceslikew alkingp athways,c ycling
pathwayse tc.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
2. Ith
asb
eenm adem andatoryt os etu pa U
rbanM etropolitanT ransportA uthority
(UMTA)w hichw
ouldb einvolvedind raftingc omprehensivem obilityp lansf orc ities,
withm ultim
odalintegrationf ore fficiente xploitationo fc apacities.
3. Itp
roposesa genciest ob
eidentifiedb yt heg overnmentt op utinp
lacea t hirdp
arty
assessmentm echanismf ora t horougha ssessmento fn
ewm etrop roposals.
Buss ervices:-
Busr apidt ransports ystem:-B usR apidT ransit( BRT)isa h igh-qualityb us-basedt ransit
systemt hatd eliversf ast,c omfortable,a ndc ost-effectives ervicesa tm etro-levelc apacities.
Charactero fB RTS ystem:-
1. DedicatedR ighto fw
ay:-B us-onlylanesm akef orf astert ravela nde nsuret hatb uses
aren everd elayedd uet om ixedt rafficc ongestion
2. Buswaya lignment:-C entero fr oadwayo rb us-onlyc orridork eepsb usesa wayf rom
theb usyc urbsidew herec arsa rep arking,s tanding,a ndt urning.
3. Offb oardF arec ollection:-F arep aymenta tt hes tation,insteado fo
nt heb us,
eliminatest hed elayc ausedb yp assengersw aitingt op ayo nb oard
Relevanceo fT ransitO rientedD evelopment
Transito rientedd evelopmentisr egionalp lanning,c ityr evitalization,s uburbanr enewal,a nd
walkablen eighborhoodsc ombined.Ine ssence,T ODintegrateslandu sea ndt ransport
planninga nda imst od evelopp lanneds ustainableu rbang rowthc enters,h avingw alkable
andlivablec ommunesw ithh ighd ensitym ixedland-use.C itizensh avea ccesst oo peng reen
andp ublics pacesa nda tt hes amet imet ransitf acilitiesa ree fficientlyu tilized.
Transit-orientedd evelopment( TOD)isd efineda s“ walkable,c ompact,m ixed-use,
higher-densityd evelopmentw ithinw alkingd istanceo fa t ransitf acility.”T ODg enerally
providesa m ixo fr esidentiala ndc ommercialu sesa ndisd esignedt om akep ublict ransit
successful,e nhancet hec onveniencea nds afetyo fw alkinga ndb icycling,a ndp rovidef ora
vibrant,livablec ommunity.B y2 025,1 4.6m illionh ouseholdsw illd emandh omesw ithin
walkingd istancet op ublict ransita ndr ails ystems.T ODc anh elpm eets omeo ft hatd emand.
FEATURESO FT OD:-
Transit-orientedd evelopmenth asf ivek eyc haracteristics:-
● Itc ontainsa w alkable,h igh-qualityp edestriane nvironmentt hatintegrates
streetscaping.
● Theh ighesth ousingd ensitiesa relocatedc losestt ot het ransitc enterino rdert o
decreases prawla ndp romotec ompactness.
● Thet ransitc enterisa lsoa tt hec entero fa d
estinationt hath asa d
iverse,m ixed-use
development.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Parkingisc arefullylocated,d
esigned,a ndm
anaged.
● Mostimportantly,t hec ommunityh
asq
ualityp
ublict ransitf acilitiesa nds ervice.
Benefitso fT OD:-
● TODc animprovep ublich ealth.A c ommunityw itha s tronga ndd ependablet ransit
systema nds treetscapinge lementsc and iscouragev ehicled ependencea nd
congestion.
● TODc anc reatea m ores ustainablec ommunity.T heC enterf orT ransit-Oriented
Developmentr eportedt hatt ransportationc ontributesa bout2 8p ercento fa ll
greenhouseg as( GHG)e missions.H owever,T ODh ast hep otentialt or educea nnual
GHG.T heD elawareV alleyR egionalP lanningC ommissionf oundint heirG HG
inventoryt hatP hiladelphiah adlowert ransportation-relatede missionsp erc apita
becauseo fa h
igherr elianceo np ublict ransit.
● TODc ans trengthenlocale conomies.Improvinglocalp ublict ransitc anc utv ehicle
transportationc ostsa ndt imes pento nc ommuting.W ithr educedc ommutingt imes
andc osts,p eoplew illb
ea blet os pendt heirt imea ndm oneya tr estaurants,s hops,
andm useumsint helocala rea.
● Sprawld evelopmentisc ostlyb ecauseitr equirest hee xpansiono fp ublic
infrastructurea ndu tilities.T ODp romotesa c ompactc ommunitya ndu sese xisting
infrastructure.A t ransit-dependentc ommunitys avesm oneyo nr epairing
infrastructurea sv ehicleu sed ecreases.
OldV ehicles:-
Indiah as5 1lakhlightm otorv ehiclest hata rem oret han2 0y earso lda nd3 4lakho ver1 5
yearso ld.A round1 7lakhm ediuma ndh eavyc ommercialv ehiclesa reo ldert han1 5y ears
withoutv alidf itnessc ertificates,a ccordingt od ataw itht heM inistryo fR oadT ransporta nd
Highways.
Indiah asintroducedS crappageP olicy.G lobally,a s crappagep olicyh asb eenf ollowedb ya
boostind emandint hea utom anufacturings ector,e speciallyinE uropea ndt heU S.T hish as
alsob eena t oolt od ealw ithe conomics lowdownint hem anufacturings ectora nd
consumptiond uet or ecession.B esides,t herea res pelt-outb enefitsv is-à-vist he
environments incen ewerc arsc omew ithb ettere missions tandardsa ndb etterf uel
efficiency.
Thep olicyd ictatest hata lla utomobileso vera c ertaina ges houldb eo fft her oadsint he
interesto fb etterp ollutionc ontrola nds afety,w hichn ewv ehiclese nsure.C ommercial
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
vehicleso ver1 5y earso lda ndp ersonalv ehicleso ver2 0y earso lda rem arkedf ors crapping;
itd oesn'tm atterift heyr uno nd
ieselo rp
etrol-ift heyf aila na utomatedf itnesst est.
Thisd oesn otm
eant hatv ehicleo wnersn eedt or usht os crapt heiro ldv ehicles.Indiaiss till
notr eadyw itht heinfrastructuret oe ithert esto rs crapv ehiclesins uchlargen umbers.T he
investors ummits eekst os ensitiseIndia’sindustrya boutt hes copea ndp rofitabilityo ft he
scrappageindustry.
GovernmentS tep:-
1. AMRUT:A talM issionf orR ejuvenationa ndU rbanT ransformation
Vision:-F illt heg apb etweeninfrastructuraln ecessitya ndt heira ccessibility.
Thep urposeo fA talM issionf orR ejuvenationa ndU rbanT ransformation( AMRUT)
ist o:-
● Ensuret hate veryh ouseholdh asa ccesst oa t apw itht hea ssureds upplyo f
watera nda s eweragec onnection.
● Increaset hea menityv alueo fc itiesb yd evelopingg reenerya ndw ell
maintainedo pens paces( e.g.p arks)a nd
● Reducep ollutionb ys witchingt op ublict ransporto rc onstructingf acilitiesf or
non-motorizedt ransport
F ocus:-B uildinga menitiest oimprovet heq ualityo flifeint hes electedc ities.
● Ita doptsa p rojecta pproacht oe nsureb asicinfrastructures ervices.
● Undert hism ission,1 0%o ft heb udgeta llocationw illb eg ivent os tatesa nd
uniont erritoriesa sincentiveb asedo nt hea chievemento fr eformsd uringt he
previousy ear.
● Undert hism ission,s tatesg ett hef lexibilityo fd esignings chemesb asedo n
then eedso fidentifiedc itiesa ndint heire xecutiona ndm onitoring.
F eatures:-
● CooperativeF ederalism:-S tateG overnmentsh aveb eene mpoweredt o
appraise,a pprovea nds anctionp rojectsf ort heirA MRUTC ities.
● Frameworkf orinstitutionalR eforms:-A MRUTlaysm ajore mphasiso n
institutionalr eformsw hicha imt oimproveg overnancea ndinstitutional
capacitieso fU
LBs.
● Principleso fI ncrementalisma ndP rioritisation:-Itisa g radualp rocesso f
achievingt heb enchmarksa ndp riorityisg ivent ow aters upplya nds ewerage
projects.
● Incentivisingo verp enalising:-D uringt hee rstwhileJ NNURM,1 0%o ft he
Additionalc entrala ssistancef orp rojectsw asr etainedf orn onc ompletiono f
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
reforms.T hisledt oa llS tates,U
Ts,losingt his1
0%
a sn
onec oulda chieve
100%o fr eforms,h ences everalp rojectsw
eres tarvedo ff undsa ndr emained
incomplete.T hisisr eversedinA MRUT.
Thed
ataf romt heM inistryo fH ousinga ndU rbanA ffairsh asr evealedt hef ollowingf acts
aboutt heimplementations tatuso fA
MRUTY ojana:-
➔ Witho nlya y eart ot hed eadline,o nly2 0p erc ento ft het otalp
rojectsw ere
completedu tilising3 p
ercento ft het otalf undsa pproved.
➔ StateslikeB ihara ndA ssamw eren ota blet oc ompletee vena s inglep roject.
➔ TamilN adut oppedt helistb yc ompleting3 78p rojects.
➔ About4 6%o fw aterc onnectiona nd2 8.3%o fs ewerc onnectiont argetsh aveb een
achievedb etweenJ une2 015a ndD ecember2 019.
➔ Thed atam inistryo fh ousinga ndu rbana ffairsr evealt hato vert helastf ivey ears,
only2 ,316p rojectsw orthR s7 ,195c rore– 9 .2%o ft het otalo utlay– h aveb een
completed.
Achievement:-
1. 79lakhh ouseholdw atert apc onnectionsa nd4 5lakhs ewerc onnectionsh aveb een
provided,includingins lumsa ndlow-incomeh abitations.
2. TheM issionh elpedc itiest ou ndertakea s eto f1 1r eformsc omprising5 4m ilestones
aimeda ts trengtheningc apacitieso fc itylevelinstitutionsf ore ffectiveg overnance
andc itizens erviced elivery.
3. Ino rdert op romotee nergye fficiencya crosst heIndianc ities,7 6lakhs treetlights
werer eplacedw ithe nergye fficientL EDs treetlights.
4. Creditr atinge xerciseu ndertakenin4 69o ft he5 00M issionc itiesw hichh ash elped
Urbanb odiest or aiseM unicipalB onds.
AMRUT2 .0( SECONDP HASE):-
1. AMRUT2 .0a imst op rovide1 00%c overageo fw aters upplyt oa llh ouseholdsin
around4 ,700u rbanlocalb odies.
2. 100%c overageo fs eweragea nds eptagein5 00A MRUTc ities.
3. AMRUT2 .0w ouldf ollowc irculare conomyp rinciplesa ndp romotet hec onservation
andr enewalo fs urfacea ndg roundwaterb odies.
4. Ith asb eenm andatedf orc itiesh avingm illionp lusp opulationt ot akeu pP PPp rojects
5. Notificationo np ropertyt axr elated,a ndu serc hargesr elatedt oO &Mc ostsisa
mandatoryr eform.
6. Rainw aterh arvestingina llinstitutionalb uildings.
2. SmartC ity:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Vision:-T oc reate'SmartC ities'b ye mpoweringt hems ocially,e conomicallya nd
technologicallyt oa cta sa s upports ystemint hen eighbourhood.
Strategy:-
● Retrofittingw illintroducep lanningina ne xistingb uilt-upa reat oa chieves martc ity
objectives.Inr etrofitting,a na reac onsistingo fm oret han5 00a cresw illb
eidentified
byt hec ityinc onsultationw ithc itizens.
● Redevelopmentw ille ffecta r eplacemento ft hee xistingb uilt-upe nvironmenta nd
enablec o-creationo fa n
ewlayoutw ithe nhancedinfrastructureu singm ixedland
usea ndincreasedd ensity.T woe xampleso ft her edevelopmentm odela ret heS aifee
BurhaniU pliftmentP rojectinM umbaia ndt her edevelopmento fE astK
idwaiN agar
inN ewD elhi..
● Greenfieldd evelopmentw illintroducem osto ft heS martS olutionsina p reviously
vacanta rea( moret han2 50a cres)b ylandp ooling/landr econstitution)E xampleis
theG IFTC ityinG ujarat.
● Pan-cityd evelopmente nvisagesa pplicationo fs electedS martS olutionst ot he
existingc ity-wideinfrastructure.E x:-S martT ransport I ntelligentS ystem
Smartc itya tt het imeo fP
andemic:-
Thec omponento fS martc ity:-" Integratedc ommanda ndc ontrolc entre"
functioneda sa w arr ooma ndh elpedinInformationd issemination,p redictive
analysisa nde ffectivem anagementint het imeo fC
OVID.
IssuesinS martC ity:-
1. DesignC hallenges:-
2. FundU tilization:-Ith asb eenlowesta monga llt heU rbanS chemes.O nly
1.8%o ft hef undsh aveb eenu tilized.
3. Availabilityo fm asterp lano rc ityd
evelopmentp lan:-U nfortunately7 0-80
perc ento fIndianc itiesd on’th aveC ityD
evelopmentP lan.
4. Providingc learancesina t imelym anner:-F ort imelyc ompletiono ft he
project,a llc learancess houldu seo nlinep rocessesa ndb ec learedina
time-boundm anner.
5. Dealingw itha m ultivendore nvironment:-A notherm ajorc hallengeint he
Indians martc itys paceist hat( usually)s oftwareinfrastructureinc ities
containsc omponentss uppliedb yd
ifferentv endors.
6. Reliabilityo fu tilitys ervices:-F ora nys martc ityint hew orld,t hef ocusiso n
reliabilityo fu tilitys ervices,w hetheritise lectricity,w ater,t elephoneo r
broadbands ervices.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
7. FinancingS martC ities:-U
singa na veragef igureo f1
m
illionp
eopleine acho
f
the1
00s martc ities,t het otale stimateo
finvestmentr equirementsf ort he
smartc ityc omest oR s7
lakhc roreo
ver2
0y ears
Successo fS martC ity:-
1. PUNE:-Installationo fS ensor,DopplerR adare tc.
2. BHUBANESWAR:-C ommonP ayments ystemf orc ommutation.
3. JABALPUR:-G ISb asedS ewageD isposal.
4. Asp erE conomics urvey,a pproximately5 ,000p rojectsw orthm oret hanR s2
lakh
crorea reb eingimplementedin1 00c itiesu nderS martC itiesM ission.
5. TheB hopalintegratedc ommanda ndc ontrolc entrea imst oe nhancet hes afetya nd
securityo fc itizenst hroughimplementationo fIndia‘sf irstc loudb asedIntegrated
commanda ndc ontrolc entrew hichc onsistso fa c loudd atac entref ora lls even
smartc itieso ft hes tates ucha sB hopal,G walior,J abalpur,Indore,U jjain,S atnaa nd
Sagar.
6. Theb iga chievementsint hey ear2 018-2019a rea t hree-foldr iseo fp
rojects
tendered,a nda nothert hree-foldr iseinp rojectsc ompleted.
7. PuneM unicipalC orporation IsA lsoF irstC ityA dministrationInIndiaT oL aunchIts
OpenD ataP olicyA ndO penD ataInitiativesL ikeS haringR ealT imeA PIF or
Co-Creation/ C o-Innovation.
SMARTC ITYR EQUIRESS MARTD EPARTMENT
Itisb
ecauses martc itiesd on'te mergef romt opd own,b utf romo rganicc ollaboration
betweend epartments,e mployeesa ndc itizens.
Howisitp ossible?
Ans:-
● As martd epartments houldb ea blet oa pplyd igitalt echnologiesa cross3 d
omains:-
Process,H umanr esources,a ndc itizenc entricity.
● Processs houldb es imple,h umanr esourcess houldh aveleadershipq ualitiesa nd
citizenc entricitym eansu rbanb odiess houldf ocuso ns erviced eliveryr athert han
justu singt echnology.
● Butw hatism oreimportantis B ehaviouralc hange:-S witchf romp enb asedt o
computerb asedr ecordk eepings ystem.
● Urbanlocalb odiess houldu sea c ombinationo fe xpectations ettingsa ndincentives
fore mployees.E x:-A ndhraU LBr eporteda s avingo fa na verageo f1
1hourse very
weeku singd igitalt echnologies,t heys houldb eincentivised.
● Leaders s houlds etp hasedt argetsf ora doptiono fn ewt oolsa ndc apacityb uildingo f
employees.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
3
.H
ousingf orA llb y2 022:-“ Housingf orA llb y2 022”a imedf oru rbana reasw ithf ollowing
components/optionst oS tates/UnionT erritoriesa ndc ities-
A. Slumr ehabilitationo fS lumD wellersw ithp articipationo fp rivated evelopersu sing
landa sa r esource:-C entralg ranto fR s.o nelakhp erh ouse,o na na verage,w illb
e
availableu ndert hes lumr ehabilitationp rogramme.A S tateG overnmentw ouldh ave
flexibilityind eployingt hiss lumr ehabilitationg rantt oa nys lumr ehabilitationp roject
takenf ord evelopmentu singlanda sa r esourcef orp rovidingh ousest os lum
dwellers.
B. Promotiono fa ffordableh ousingf ort hew eakers ectiont hroughc reditlinked
subsidy:-U ndert heC reditL inkedInterestS ubsidyc omponent,interests ubsidyo f6
.5
percento nh ousingloansa vailedu ptoa t enureo f1
5y earsw illb ep rovidedt o
EWS/LIGc ategories.
C. Affordableh ousinginp artnershipw itht heP ublic& P rivates ector:-C entral
assistancea tt her ateo fR s.1.5lakhp erh ousef orE WSc ategoryw illb ep rovided
undert heA ffordableH ousinginP artnershipa ndB eneficiary-ledindividualh ouse
constructiono re nhancement.
D. Subsidyf orb eneficiary-ledindividualh ousec onstructiono re nhancement.
NEEDO FS MARTV ILLAGE
Ministero fM SMEa tC IIC onference:-T hep urchasingp owero fp eopleinr urala reasm ust
increasef orb iggerindustriest ob enefit,a ndt heg rowthr ateo ft hec ountryt oincrease,
addingt hatc reationo fe mploymentinr urala reasw illp
reventm igrationo flabourers,
potentiallya voidinga c risist hath asr isena midt heC ovid-19p andemic.T husn eedt of ocus
onS martV illagesr athert hanS martC ities.B asicallyt hisc onceptisb asedo nt hec oncept
toPURA( ProvidingU rbanA menitiest oR uralA reas)
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Thec oncepto
fS martV
illageism
entioneda s:-
S Simplea nds killed
M Morala ndM
odern
A Awarea ndA
daptive
R Responsivea ndR
eady
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Whatt od o?
Ans:-
➔ Wem ustc reatea ne cosystemt hatm akesy outhinterestedinw orkingf romt heir
villages.B POs/KPOsc ano peratef romv illagesa ndy oungp eoplec anb ee ncouraged
tot akeu
pITjobst here.
➔ Farmings houldb em
adea r emunerativeo ccupation,w ithg uidancea ndm entoring
tos mallf armers.
➔ SkillIndiac ane mpowery outhst os tartt heiro wns mallb usinessesa ftert raininga s
masons,m echanics,e lectricians,a ndd riverso rt or unr epairs hops,p oultrya ndd airy
farms,k iranas tores,t ea-shops,d habasa nds oo n.
➔ Trainingv illagersinw aterh arvestingm ethods,r ejuvenatingp onds/wellst oimprove
waters toragea nds haringt heseg oodp racticess ystematicallyw itho
thers,w ould
helpm itigateh ardships.
➔ Ag reatd ealo fe xportp otentialish
iddeninc raftlikeP ottery,Ivoryc raft,w oodc raft,
paperc rafte tc.
CASES TUDY:-
PUNSARIV illageinG ujarat:-S etu
pA irC
onditionedC lassroom,C CTV,O pticF ibre
Communication.
DharnaiV illageinB ihar:-S incet helauncho fG
reenpeace’ss olar-powered1 00k ilowatt
micro-gridin2 014,q ualitye lectricityisb eingp rovidedt om oret han2 ,400p eopleliving
int hisv illageinJ ehanabadd istrict.
HiwareB azar,M aharashtra:-F acinga m ajorw aterc risise
achy ear,t odayt hev illageh
as
294w ells
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Roleofwomenandwomen’sorganization
Woman,t hisisy ourlifes toryM otheringy ourr ole,s adnessy ourd estiny: -Maithlisharan
Gupt
Byc herishingw omeno nev irtuallyw orshipst heg oddesso fp
rosperity:-M ahabharat
Statuso fW omen:-( EconomicS urvey2 017)
Overt helast1 0-15y ears,India’sp erformanceimprovedo n1 4o uto f1 7indicatorso f
women’sa gency,a ttitudes,a ndo utcomes.
● Agenciesr elatet ow omen’sa bilityt om aked ecisionso nr eproduction,s pendingo n
themselves,s pendingo nt heirh ouseholds,a ndt heiro wnm obilitya ndh ealth.
● Attitudesr elatet oa ttitudesa boutv iolencea gainstw omen/wives,a ndt heideal
numbero fd
aughtersp referredr elativet ot heidealn umbero fs ons
● Outcomesr elatet os onp reference( measuredb ys exr atioo flastc hild),f emale
employment,c hoiceo fc ontraception,e ducationlevels,a gea tm arriage,a gea tf irst
childbirth,a ndp hysicalo rs exualv iolencee xperiencedb yw omen.
Roleo fW omeninP olity:-
KofiA nnann oted,“ studya fters tudyh ast aughtu s,t hereisn ot oolf ord evelopmentm ore
effectivet hant hee mpowermento fw
omen.
M
adeleineA lbrighth ass tated,t hew orldisw astinga p reciousr esourceint hed ramatic
underrepresentationo fw omeninleadershipp ositions,o ftenr esultingint hee xclusiono f
women’st alentsa nds killsinp oliticallife.
UNICEFc itest hef ollowingr easonsf ort hep oliticalp articipationo fw
omen:-
➔ Politicalp articipationo fw
omenh ast hep otentialt oc hanges ocieties.
➔ Itc anh avea nimpacto no utcomesf orw omena ndc hildrene speciallyint he
distributiono fc ommunityr esources.
➔ Theirp articipationinp eacen egotiationsa ndp ost-conflictr econstructionis
importantt oe nsuret hes afetya ndp rotectiono fc hildrena ndv ulnerable
INDIA:-
The1 7thL okS abhah ast heh igheste vern umbero fw omenp oliticiansw itha t otalo
f7 8
whichisn early1 4%.InR ajyaS abha,t hep ercentageo fw omenisa round1 1.T herea reo nly
around9 p
erc entw omenM LAsint heA ssemblieso fo urs tates.T hisism uchlessint hec ase
ofL egislativeC ouncils,w herea round5 p
erc enta rew omen.
ANALYSIS:-
★ Anincreaseinw omen’sp articipationiss eeno nlyint hem unicipala ndP anchayat
levele lections,e speciallys incet her eservationint he1 990’s
★ ElectionC ommissiond atah aves hownt hatw omenc ontestm oreinS Cs eats,b utn ot
STs eatsa sc omparedt og enerals eats.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
★ Itiso bservedt hatw omena rem orelikelyt ow inw henn ominated.
★ Itisc ertainlyn ote asyforw omenM Pst os peakinP arliament.S eniorM Psg etm ore
chancest os peak,a ndt heym ostlyt endt ob
em
en.
★ TheP arliamentitselfc ontinuest ob ea s iteo fs exualh arassmenta ndo verts exism.
MPsJ ayaB achchana ndP riyankaG andhiw eres ubjectedt os existc ommentsf rom
theirp eers,a nda m aleM Piss upposedt oh aves aidw hend ebating,“ ift hisist he
statew ith1 1%,w hatw ould3 3%b ringu s?”.
★ Accordingt oG lobalg enderg apr eport2 021,Indiah asd eclinedo nt hep olitical
empowermentindexb y1 3.5p ercentagep oints,a nda d eclineint hen umbero f
womenm inisters,f rom2 3.1%in2 019t o9
.1%in2 021.
Wayf orward
★ Genders tereotypesw hichp erceivew omena sw eakr epresentativess houldb e
changedt hrougha warenessa nde ducation.
★ TheW omen'sR eservationB illw
hichr eserves3 3%o fs eatsf orIndianw omena tt he
legislaturesh ast ob ep
asseds oonint heP arliament.
★ Women’sleadershipa ndc ommunications killsn eedt ob ee nhancedb yincreasing
femaleliteracye speciallyinr urala reas.
WomenR eservationB illp
endingint heH ouse:-
Featureso ft heB ill:-
● Theb ills eekst or eserve3 3%s eatsinL okS abhaa nda lls tatelegislativea ssemblies
forw omen.
● Reserveds eatsm ayb ea llottedb yr otationt od ifferentc onstituenciesint hes tateo r
uniont erritory.
● Reservationo fs eatsf orw omens hallc easet oe xist1 5y earsa ftert he
commencemento
ft hisA
mendmentA
ct.
Issuesw
itht heB ill:-
● Ith asb eena rguedt hatitw ouldp erpetuatet heu nequals tatuso fw
omens incet hey
wouldn otb ep
erceivedt ob
ec ompetingo nm erit.
● Itisa lsoc ontendedt hatt hisp olicyd ivertsa ttentionf romt helargerissueso f
electoralr eforms ucha sc riminalisationo fp
oliticsa ndinnerp artyd emocracy.
● Itr estrictst hec hoiceo fv oterst ow
omenc andidates.
● Rotationo fr eservedc onstituenciesine verye lectionm ayr educet heincentivef ora n
MPt ow orkf orh isc onstituencya sh em
ayb eineligiblet os eekr e-electionf romt hat
constituency.
Roleo
fW
omeninE conomy:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Womenp laya s ubstantialr oleint hee conomyb yb eingh ousewives,w orkingin
hospitalitys ectors,largestc onsumersint hem arket,workingint heinformals ector.
➔ Aw omanp urchasesh ouseholdg oodsw hicha ren otlimitedt of ooditems,b ut
clothing,a ccessoriesa ndm anyd ailyu sesitems.
➔ Informals ector:-Itise stimatedt hato ver9 0p ercento fw omenw orkersa reinvolved
int heinformals ector.T heinformals ectorincludesjobss ucha sd omestics ervants,
smallt raders,a rtisanso rlabourerso na f amilyf arm.
➔ Agriculture:-W omenc onstitutea bout6 5%o fa lla griculturalw orkersa nda bout7 4%
oft her uralw orkforce.
Observation:-
➔ ChristineL agardes aysw en eedt ow orko nT he“ 3L ’s”o fw
omen’se mpowerment:
learning,laboura ndleadership.
➔ Raisingw omen'sp articipationint helabourf orcet ot hes amelevela sm enc anb oost
India'sG DPb y2 7p
erc ent,( IMFC hiefC hristineL agarde).
➔ TheB eijingD eclarationa ndP latformf orA ction,a doptedb yM
emberS tatesin1 995,
highlighted“ Womena ndE conomy”a so neo ft he1 2c riticala reaso
fc oncern.
➔ IMFS tudy:-
● Ab iggerb oostt og rowth:-
● Higherp roductivity:-
● Higherm aleincomes:-O urr esultss uggestt hatm en’sw agesw illa lso
increasea sa r esulto fg reaterinclusiono fw
omenint helaborf orces ince
productivityw illincrease.
RoleinS ciencea ndT echnology:-T heirc ontributionc anb es tudiedinf ollowingt hree
phases:-
Pre-Independence:-
● KadambaniG anguly:-S hew ast hef irstf emalep hysiciano fs outhA siat ob
et rained
inW esternIndia.
● AnnaM ani:-S hem ades ignificantc ontributionsint hef ieldo fM
eteorological
instrumentation.
● RajeshwariC hatterjee:-S heist hef irstw
omans cientistt op ioneert hef ieldo f
microwavee ngineering.
Post– Independence:-
● DrI ndiraH induja:-S hew ast hef irstw omanw hod elivereda t estt ubeb aby.
● KiranM azumdarS haw:-S heist hec hairmano fB
ioconL imited,biotechnology
companyb aseda tB angalore.
● DrS umanS ahai:-S heist heb raina ndb rawnb
ehindt hep atentc ampaignf orN eem
andH aldi.S heb elievest hatn
aturalt echnologyc anm eett hen eedso fh
umanity.
● KalpanaC hawla:-F irstIndianw omenins pace.
R
oleinc onservationo fE nvironment:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Fromt heh ighlevelt ot heg rassroots,t he1 992U NE arthS ummit,India’sC hipko
movementa ndK enya’sG reenB eltM ovementa llh ighlightedt her oleo fw omen’s
voicesa ndp erspectivesins ustainabled evelopment.
★ ResourceM anagers:-W omenint hed evelopingw orlda rep redominantlyr esponsible
form anagementa ndc onservationo fr esourcesf ort heirf amilies.
★ Theirt raditionala ndg enerationalk nowledgeo fb
iodiversity,f ore xample,s upplies
communitiesw ithm edicines,n utritionalb alancea ndc ropr otationm ethods.
★ TheC ountriesw ithh ighr ankin“ EnvironmentalP erformanceI ndex”a reb eingledb y
WomenL eaders.
★ TheJ ointF orestM anagement( JFM)p rogramo ft he1 990sm andatedt hatw omen
mustc omprise3 3%o ft hem embershipo ft heV anaS amarakshanaS amitis.
★ Womenf romM aldhari,B ishnoic ommunityk nownf orc onservationo fL iona ndB lack
buck.
Somew ellk nownN ame:-
● A mritaD evi- -B ishnoisS trugglet os aveK hejrit ree
● B achniD evia ndG auraD evi- -C hipkom ovement
● MedhaP atkar- -N armadaB achaoA ndolan
● SunitaN arain- -C entref orS ciencea ndE nvironment
● V andanaS hiva– A ctivist,N avdanya
WomenR eformM ovement
GailO mvedtg ivesf ourk indso fm ovementsr elatedt ow omenw hichc anb ec alleda s
women’sm ovementa nda lsod istinguishesb etweent hem.
1. Movementsw herew omenp articipate:- Int hesem ovements,m ena ndw omen
togetherf ights omef ormo fo
ppression.B utt heo ppressiond uet os exual
differentiationisn ott hef ocuso ft hesem ovements.
2. Movementso fw omen:-Therem ayb em ovementso ng eneralissues( slum
improvement,p ricer isee tc.)w herew omena ret heo nlyp articipants.
3. Women’sr eformm ovements:-E xampleso ft hesem ovementsc anb et hes erieso f
movementso ne ducationf orw omen,f ora bolitiono fS atie tc.T hesem ovementsd id
notc hallenget hef undamentals tructureo fo
ppressioninf amilya nds ociety.
4. Women’sliberationm ovements:-T hesea reg uidedb ya nideologyo ff ightingt he
sexuald ivisiono flaboura ndp atriarchy.T hesem ovements,a ccordingt oO mvedt,c an
bec alledw omen'sm ovements.
PreI ndependenceM ovements:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Theb roado bjectiveso ft hesem ovementsw erec aster eform,improvementint he
statuso fw
omen,p romotingw omen’se ducationa nda na ttacko ns ocialp ractices
whoser ootslayins ociala ndlegalinequalitiesa ndr eligioust raditionso fd
ifferent
communities.
● Theissuest hatw eret akenu pb yt hemw ereS ati,illt reatmento fw idows,b ano n
widowr emarriage,p olygyny,c hildm arriagea ndd enialo fp
ropertyr ightst ow omen
andt hen eedt oe ducatew omen.T hisp eriodh asw itnessedt hep roliferationo f
variouso rganisations.
● Them ostimportanto ft heseo rganizationsw eret heB rahmoS amaj,P rarthana
Samaj,A ryaS amaj.
DuringI ndianN ationalM ovement:-
● Equalityb etweenm ena ndw omenw asa ccepteda so neo ft heo
bjectivesint he
FundamentalR ightsR esolutiono ft heIndianN ationalC ongressin1 931.
● Women’sO rganisationsa ndI ssues:-D uringt hee arlyt wentiethc enturys everal
women’so rganisationsw eref ormedT heW omen’sIndiaA ssociation( WIA)w as
formedin1 917b yM argaretC ousins,a nIrisha nda nIndiann ationalist.Thisw as
followedb yt hef ormationo ft heN ationalC ouncilo fIndianW omen( NCIW)in1 926
andA llIndiaW omen’sC onference( AIWC)in1 927.
● Demand:-
➔ Fort heF irstt imein1 917,t hed emandf orw omen’sr ightt ov otew asr aised.
➔ Questiono fP articipationint heF reedomM ovement:- Int he1 920sa nd
1930sw omenp articipateda ctivelyint heC ivilD isobediencem ovement.
● Contribution:-
➔ Womenw erem orea ctiveint heS wadeshim ovement( campaignt ow ear
homespunK hadi)a ndp icketingo fs hopss ellingf oreigng oodsa ndliquor.
➔ Theyp articipatedinp oliticalp rotests,p icketeds hopss ellingf oreigng oods
andorganised
P
rabhatP heri( singingp atriotics ongs).
➔ In1 930,w omeninlarge-numberp articipatedint heS altM archS omef oreign
womena lsoworked w
ithIndianr evolutionariesa broad.
➔ RevolutionaryW omen:-K alpanaD utta ndK amalaD asgupta( Calcutta),
LakshmiS ahgal( whow asinc hargeo ft heR
aniJ hansiW omen’sr egiment,p art
oft heIndianN ationalA rmyf ormedb yS ubhasC handraB ose)w ereinvolved
inr evolutionarya ctivities.
PostI ndependenceM ovement:-
Resurgenceo fW omen’sM ovementint he7 0s:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Theg enesiso ft hen eww omen’sliberationm ovementlayint her adicalizationo fIndian
politicsint helates ixties.
Timelineo fM ovement
● InM aharashtra,w omena ctivistsa ndw omenintellectualsinvolvedinp rogressive
movementst ookinitiativesinf orminga u nitedf rontc alledA nti-pricer iseW omen’s
Committeea ndo rganisedd irecta ctiona gainstt hec ulpritsw hoc reatedm an-made
scarcityo fe ssentialg oods.T housandso fp oora ndlowerm iddlec lassw omenjoined
thes truggleu ndert heleadershipo fs easoneda nda blew omenf romt helefta nd
socialistb ackground.M rinalG ore,A halyaR anganekar,M anjuG andhia ndT araR eddy
madet heirs pecialm arkint hee yeso ft hem assesa sa r esulto ft heiru niquea bility
tor eacho utt ow omeno fd ifferentc lassb ackgrounds.T heirintellectuals elf
sufficiency,a bilityt or elatem icroissuest om acrop oliticalr eality,s implelifestylea nd
non-bossyn aturep rovidedr olem odelst ot hey oungerg enerationo fw
omen’s
liberationa ctivistso fa llp oliticalh ues.
● Aroundt hes amet ime,a c onferenceo ft heWomen'sL iberationM ovement
CoordinationC ommitteewaso rganisedinP une.T hish ada ne venlarger
socio-politicala ndc ulturalb asea sr ightf romy ounge ducatedw omen,p rofessionals,
writers,t eachers,industrialw orkingc lassw omen,w omenw orkersf romt he
unorganiseds ector,t emplep rostitutesa ndt ribalw omenp articipatedint he
deliberationsa ndh ighlightedt heird emands.
● TheS treeM uktiS anghatanainB ombaya ndP rogressiveO rganisationo fW omenin
Hyderabadw eref ormedin1 974.InD elhi,n ewleadershipa mongw omene volved
fromt her adicals tudents’m ovementa ndt hed emocraticr ightsm ovement.
Individualw omenind ifferentp oliticalg roupingsa llo verIndiaw eref eeling
discontenteda boutp atriarchalb iasesint heiro rganisationsb utt heyc ameo ut
openlya gainstito nlya ftert hee mergencyr uleg oto ver.
● TheU ND eclarationo f1 975a sa nI nternationalW omen’sY earc oincidedw itht he
EmergencyR uleinIndia.B yt het imet heE mergencyw asliftedin1 977,s everal
women’sg roupsh adv ouchsafedd emocraticr ightsissues.
● TheS tatuso ft heW omen’sC ommitteea ppointedb yt heG overnmento fIndia
releaseda v oluminousr eportin1 974.
● Shockingd escriptiono fIndianw omen’sr eality,w hichm anifestedind eclinings ex
ratio,v eryh ighr ateo ff emalem ortalitya ndm orbidity,m arginalisationo fw omenin
thee conomya ndd iscriminatoryp ersonallawsw eres omeo ft hem ajorh ighlightso f
ther eport.
● Between1 977-79,n eww omen’sg roupse mergedint hec itieslikeD elhi,B angalore,
Hyderabad,B ombay,A hmedabad,P atna,a ndM adras.T heyo rganisedp rotesta ctions
againstd owrym urders,b eautyc ontests,s existp ortrayalo fw omeninm edia,
pornographicf ilmsa ndliteratureimportedf roma broad,introductiono fv irginity
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
testsb yt heU
.K.immigrationa uthorities,c ustodialr apea ndp itiablec onditiono f
womeninp rison.
● Then ationwidea nti-rapec ampaignin1 980resultedint hee mergencea nd
proliferationo fa utonomousw omen’so rganisationsins everalc itiesa ndt ownso f
India.T heseg roupss ucha sF orumA gainstO ppressiono fW
omen( Mumbai),S aheli
(Delhi),S treeS haktiS angathana( H yderabad),V imochana( Bangalore)m anagedt o
gett remendousp ublicityint hep
rinta sw ella st hea udio-visualm ediab ecausea t
thatt ime‘violencea gainstw omen’w ast hem osts ensationala ndt hen ewestissue.
Familym embers,e speciallyf athersa ndb rotherso ft hew
omenv ictimso fv iolence
floodedt hew omen’sg roups.
Whyin1 970?
Ans:-
● Theg rowtho f‘ protestp olitics’a ndb reakingo uto fa limitedp erspectiveo f
legislationa nde ducationa st hem aininstrumentf orimprovingw omen’sp osition
markedt hew omen’sm ovementint he1 970s.
● Promisesm adeb yt heC onstitutiona ndL egalP rovisionsw eren
otf ulfilled.
● Ther eporto ft heC ommitteeo nt heS tatuso fW
omeninIndia( 1974)w asa
watershedinthed ebateo nw omen’sissuesinIndia.
Issuesa ndA ctionso fW omenM ovement:-T helate1 970sa nd1 980sw asm arkedb ya
resurgenceo fw
omen’ss trugglea nde mergenceo fn eww omen’sg roupsa ndo rganisations.
❖ Theissuesw omenr aisedw eret her etrenchmento fw omenf romt extilem illsa nd
otherindustriesd uet ot echnologicalc hangesa ndr eplacingt hemb ym
enw ho
receivedt rainingo nn ewm achines,lacko fm aternityb enefittt ow omenw orkers,
lacko fp rovisiono fc hildrena tw orkp lace,w aged iscriminationb etweenm ena nd
women,inadequatee ducationa ndt rainingf acilitiesf orw omenw orkersa nd
discriminationa tw orkp laces.
Emergenceo fO rganisation:-S uchn ewo rganisationsa sS elf-EmploymentW omen’s
Association( Gujarat),W orkingW omen’sF orum( TamilN adu),S ramikM ahilaS angathan
(Maharashtra)c oncernedt hemselvesw itht hep lighto fw
omenw orkersint heu norganised
sector.O rganisingw omenlaboura ndt akingu pt heissueso ft heirw ages,w orking
conditions,e xploitationa ndh ealthh azardsb ecamea nimportantt askf ort hesew omen’s
organisations.
Approacheso ft heseM ovements:-Int helaten ineteens eventiess everalw omen’s
organisationse mergeda nda dopted‘ protestp olitics’f orm obilisingw omeno ns pecific
issues.
TakingI ssue-basedM ovements
➔ Anti-dowryM ovements:-“ DahejV irodhiC hetnaM anch”.c ampaignedt hrough
protest,demonstrations,d iscussions,s treett heatre,p osterse tc.a gainstt heg hastly
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
murderso fy oungb ridesf ord owry.D owryP rohibition( Amendment)A cto
f1 961w as
amendeda ftert hesep rotests.
➔ Anti-satiM ovement:-Theb urningo fa y oungw idowR oopK
anwarin1 988ledt ot he
passingo ft heC
ommissiono fS ati( Prevention)B ill,w
hichw
ash
urriedlyp assedint he
Parliament.
➔ Anti-rapeM ovement:-S everalw omen’so rganisationsa ndlegala nds ociala ctivists
heldd iscussionsw itht heL awC ommissiont oa mendt helawa ndin1 983C riminal
Law( Amendment)A ct.
IMPORTANTO RGANISATION
● Nationala llianceo fw
omen:- M ajoro bjectiveo ft hiso rganizationa re:-
❖ Strengtheninga ndb uildingn ewinitiatives,n etworks,f orumse tc.,f or
protectingw omen'sr ights.
❖ Monitoringt heG overnmento fIndia'sc ommitments,implementingt he
Platformf orA ctionw iths pecialf ocuso nt hee ightp ointa gendad iscusseda t
theC onferenceo fC
ommitment,C EDAW,t heH umanR ightsa ndo
therU nited
NationsC onvention.
❖ Advocacy,lobbyinga ndc ampaigningo nw
omenr elatedissues.
● B haratiyaG rameenM ahilaS angh: -T heo rganisationc reatesM ahilaM andals
(womens elf-helpg roups)a crossv illagesinitsa reas,f orw omene mpowermenta nd
education.
● LawyersC ollective:-.A nandG roverledt heNazF oundation’slegalc asef ort he
repealo fSection3 77o fIPC w hichisa lawc riminalisingh omosexualityinIndia
CriticalA
nalysiso fW orkingo fW omenO rganisations:-( Tob eU sedinC hallengeso f
WomenO rganisation/W omen)
1. NCWinsensitivity:-
2. Rural-Urband ivide:-
3. Casted ifferentiation:-
4. Richv sP oord ivide:-
5. Threato fG lobalisationo nT raditionalW ork:-
6. NoF ocuso nE conomicE mpowerment:-
WomenandAssociatedIssues:-
WorkingWomenIssue:-
LowL aborF orceP articipationR ateo fW
omen:-
Thef emalelabourf orcep articipationh ash
ada d
ecadalf allf rom36.7p
erc entin2
005t o2
6
perc entin2
018,w
ith9
5%( 195m
illion)w omene mployedint heu norganiseds ectoro rin
unpaidw ork,” (Deloittereport).
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
AccordingtoUNGlobalCompact:-Thefemalelabour-forceparticipationinIndia
hasdeclinedfrom34percentin2006to24.8percentin2020
Whyisits o?
Ans:-
➔ Absenceo fc omprehensivea ndr ationalp olicyf orw omen’se mancipation.
➔ Thep erceptiono fm alea st heb readwinnero ft hef amily.T hisp erceptiona dversely
affectsw omen’se ducation& t raining.
➔ Employersa lsov isualizew omenw orkersa ss upplementaryw orkers
➔ Structuralc hangesint hee conomye .gd eclineint raditionalr uralindustrieso r
industrialization.
➔ Lacko fa ssets( land,h ouse)int heiro wnn ameino rdert oh avea ccesst oc redita nd
selfe mploymento pportunities.
➔ Huged emando ft imea nde nergyo fw omenf orv arioust asksa th omelikec hild
bearinga ndr earing.
➔ Risingh ouseholdincome.
➔ NoT radeU nion.
➔ Employmente lasticityisa m easureo fh owemploymentv ariesw ithe conomic
output.A ne mploymente lasticityo f1 impliest hatw ithe very1 p
ercentagep oint
growthinG DP,e mploymentincreasesb y1 %.T odayb etween2 004–05t o2 018–19,
employmente lasticityo fIndiaw asa slowa s0 .01
➔ SafetyIssue.
➔ Defeminizationo fe mploymentinm anufacturing.
Thereisa n
eedt olookintot hef emalelabourf orcep articipationr atew hichh asb eenh itb
y
pandemic.T heF LFPRb eforet hep andemicw as2 0.5%inIndia,w hichise xpectedt o
decreaseb y9
-10%.
Whatc anb ed one??
Ans:-
● Addressc hildc areissue:-C entrelike" Sangini"o fS EWA( t radeu niono fw
omen)
whichp rovidesf ulld ayc hildc aret ob ee xpanded.
● Tot ackled igitald ivide:-F ocuso na ffordabilityo fp
honea ndc omputerf orw omen.
● Lowerincomet axf orw omenc anincentiviset heirp articipation.
● Havea g enderd atac ollectiona ndm onitort hema ndf illt heg apsb asedo nt hese
data.A U Nw omeninitiative" m akinge veryw omana ndg irlc ount"w aslaunchedin
2016t op rioritiset hed ata.
SpecialC ontext:-U npaidW orko fH omemakers
● Genderinequalitya ndt heg hostlyt reatmentg ivent oh ouseholdc horesh asb een
discusseda ndd ebatedf ord ecades.S adly,t hec ontributionm adeb yw
omenint heir
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
homesf ort hew ell-beingo ft heirf amiliesh asn everb eenr ecognisedo r
acknowledged,n eitherb ys ocietyn ort heg overnment.
● TheW orldE conomicF orum( WEF)r ecognisest hatu npaidw orkp erd ayisf arh igher
forw oment hanm eng lobally.A ccordingt oI LO,W omenp erform8 0% o ft otalh ours
ofu npaidc arew orkint heA siaP acificr egion.
● Accordingt ot he2 011c ensus,p eoplee ngagedinh ouseholdd utiesh aveb een
treateda sn on-workers,e venw hen1 59.9m illionw omens tatedt hath ouseholdw ork
wast heirm aino ccupation.
● TheN ationalS ampleS urveyO ffice( NSSO’s)d ecisiont oe stimatet hev alueo fu npaid
work,e speciallyh ouseholdc horesb yw
omen,is,p erhaps,t hef irsts tepinr egistering
thec ountry’su npaidlabour.
● Recently,“ MakkalN eedhiM aiam”ledb yK amalH assanh asm adea ne ye-catching
electionP romiset oc alculatea ndr ecogniseu npaidw orkd oneb yw omena th ome.
Movementf orR ecognitiono fW
omenW ork:-
● TheInternationalW agesf orH ouseworkC ampaigns tartedinItalyin1 972u nder
SelmaJ ames.Itw asb asedo nt hep remiset hath ouseworkw ast heb asiso findustrial
worka nds houldb ed
ulyp aidf or.
● Them ovementf urthers preadt oB ritaina ndA merica.S ilviaF ederici,a mongt he
founderso ft hem ovement,inh erb ook‘ WagesA gainstH ousework’s upported
Wagesf orw omena th omes.
● In2 014,G iuliaB ongiorno,a nItalianlawyera nde x-parliamentarian,p roposedt hat
homemakerss houldb ep aida s alarya sa w ayo fa ddressingissueso nd omestic
violence.
SUPREMEC OURT
Kirtia nda notherV SO
rientalI nsurancec ompany:-Indianw omens pend2 99
minutesa d ayo
nu
npaidd omesticw orkf orh
ouseholdm embers,m ens pendjust
97m
inutes.
ArunK umarA garwalv sN ationalinsurancec ompany:-T heS Cn oto
nly
acknowledgedt hec ontributiono ft heh
ousewivesa sinvaluable,b uta lso
observedt hatitc annotb ec omputedint ermso fm
oney.H ers ervicesr endered
witht ruelovea nda ffectionc annotb ee quatedw iths ervicesr enderedb yo
thers..
Whyt henist hew
orkd
oneb yh
omemakersn ote ligiblef orb eingp
aid?
● Ina p redominantlya grariane conomylikeIndia,t herea rea mplep recedentsin
religiousa sw
ella sm
ythologicalt extso
nt her oleo
fa w
omana th
ome.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Int heW
est,w heret herew asa c leard
ivisiono flabourb etweenm ena ndw omen.
Mostm enw orkedo nt hef armsa ndt hew omena th ome.
● Evena ftert heIndustrialR evolution,T hem ens tillw orkedo utsidet heh omes,t his
timeint hec itiesa ndint hef actories,a ndt hew omenc ontinuedt ow orka th ome.
● The‘culto fd omesticity’f oundg rounda roundt hes amet imeint hen ineteenth
centuryint hem iddlea ndu pperc lassesinA mericaa ndB ritain.S imilart oIndian
culturew heret hew omanisp atroniseda ndp uto na p
edestal,t hisc ultp romotedt he
virtueso fp iety,p urity,d omesticitya nds ubmissivenessw hilec onstrainingh ers phere
ofw orkt ot heh ome.T hisk eptm arriedw omenf rome nteringt hejobm arket,a sit
waslookedd ownu pon,m akingt hemd ependento nt hes alaryo ft heirh usbands.
Maternityb enefitA ct1 961:-AnA ctt or egulatet hee mploymento fw omenf orc ertain
periodsb eforea nda fterc hildbirtha ndt op rovidef orm aternityb enefitslikep aidleaves
for6 m
onths.
Amendment:-
I ncreasedP aidM aternityL eave:
● TheM aternityB enefitA mendmentA cth asincreasedt hed urationo fp
aid
maternityleavea vailablef orw omene mployeesf romt hee xisting1 2w
eekst o2 6
weeks.
● Undert heA ct,t hisb enefitc ouldb ea vailedb yw omenf ora p eriode xtendingu pt o
8w eeksb eforet hee xpectedd eliveryd atea ndr emaining1 8w eeksc anb ea vailed
postc hildbirth.
● Forw omenw hoa ree xpectinga fterh aving2 c hildren,t hed urationo fp
aid
maternityleaves hallb e1
2w eeks.
M
aternityleavef ora doptivea ndc ommissioningm others:-
● Everyw omanw hoa doptsa c hilds hallb ee ntitledt o1
2w eekso fm
aternityleave,
fromt hed ateo fa doption
W
orkf romH omeo ption:-
● Thism ayb ee xerciseda ftert hee xpiryo ft he2 6w eeks’leavep eriod.
C
rèchef acility:-
● TheA ctm akesc rèchef acilitiesm andatoryf ore verye stablishmente mploying5 0o
r
moree mployees.
● Womene mployeesw ouldb ep ermittedt ov isitt hec rèche4 t imesd uringt hed ay.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
BestP ractices:-
1. MaharashtraG overnment:-A llowedw oment ow orkinn ight
2. BiharG overnment:-A llowsf or3 5%o fr eservationinG overnmentJ obs.
3. Concepto fT erritorialA rmy:-T heD elhiH ighC ourth asp avedt hew ayf orr ecruitment
ofw omenint heT erritorialA rmy,s ayinga nyp rovisiont hatb arst hemisu ltrav ires
fundamentalr ightsp rovidedu ndert heC onstitution.
4. Venezuelap aysitsh omemakers8 0%o ft hem inimumw age( approximately$ 180p er
month)s ince2 006.T houghitisa m odests um,ith asb eenh elpingw omenint he
country.
GenderP ayD iversity:-
● Accordingt ot heG enderG apIndex2 021,Indiah ass lipped2 8p lacest or ank1 40th
among1 56c ountriesint heW orldE conomicF orum’sG lobalG enderG apR eport
2021,b ecomingt het hird-worstp erformerinS outhA sia.
● Accordingt ot her eport,itw illt akeIndiac loset o1 00y earst ob ridget heg apina reas
ofp olitics,e conomy,h ealtha nde ducation.Itr anks1 49thine conomicp articipation
ando pportunity,a nd1 17thinw agee qualityf ors imilarw ork.
● Theg apise xacerbatedb yt hes ociala nds tructuralo ppressiont hatw omenh avet o
face.
● WomeninIndiah avet od ealw itha s eto fc omplexissuesr angingf romlessa ccesst o
educationt os ocials tigmas urroundingw orka fterm arriage/childbirth.
● Accordingt ot heM onsterS alaryI ndex2 019in2 019,a round4 6%w omenb elieve
thatt hereisa p erceptiont hatt heyw illq uita fterm aternityleave.
● Thereisa lsoa g enerals tereotypeo fw omenn otp erformingw ellinleadership
positions,p ossiblyd uet ot heirc ommitmentst ot heirf amilyo rh ousehold,w hich
leadst oa f allint hen umbero fw
omenw hog ett heo pportunityt ou ndertakes uch
roles.
Toa ddresst hesed eficienciest he“ GlobalG enderG ap”s uggests:
1. Workforces trategiest oe nsuret hatw omena reb ettere quipped( int ermso f
improveds killso rr eskilling)t od ealw itht hec hallengesa ndt akea dvantageo ft he
opportunitieso ft heF ourthIndustrialR evolution.
2. Diverseh iringt oa ddresst hec urrents ituationt hats eesg enderp arityina n
in-demands kills etb utn ote qualr epresentation.
3. Creatinginclusivew orkc ultures.
Healtha ndR eproductiveI ssue:-
➔ India’sm aternalm ortalityr atiois1 67d eathsp erL akhliveb irths.
➔ NFHSd atas howso vero neins evenIndianw omend on'tr eceivea ntenatalc are.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ UNICEFIndiaa ndW orldB ankd atap uta ta ne stimated4 5,000m aternald eathse very
year,o ra na verageo fo
nem
aternald eathe very1 2m
inutes)
➔ Only2 2%o fa bortionsa red onet hroughp ublico rp
rivateh ealthf acilities-LANCET
➔ Lacko fa ccesst os afea bortionc linics,p articularlyp ublich ospitals,a nds tigmaa nd
attitudest owardw omen,e speciallyy oung,u nmarriedw omens eekinga bortion,
contributet ot his.
FemaleF oeticidea ndI nfanticide:-
● Thes tocko fm
issingw omena so f2
014w asn early6 3m illiona ndm oret han2
millionw omeng om issinga crossa geg roupse veryy ear( eitherd uet os exs elective
abortion,d isease,n eglect,o rinadequaten utrition).
● InIndia,a round4 60,000g irlsw entm issinga tb
irth,w
hichm eanst heyw eren otb orn
duet os ex-selectionb iases,e achy earb etween2 013a nd2 017.
DomesticViolenceandDowryDeath:-
● Accordingt oU nitedN ationP opulationF undR eport,a roundt wo-thirdo fm
arried
Indianw
omena rev ictimso fd
omesticv iolencea nda sm anya s7 0p
erc ento
f
marriedw omeninIndiab etweent hea geo f1
5a nd4
9a rev ictimso fb
eating,r apeo
r
forceds ex.
● InIndia,m oret han5 5p
ercento ft hew omens ufferf romd omesticv iolence,
especiallyint hes tateso fB
ihar,U .P.,M .P.a ndo thern ortherns tates.
WHY?
➔ Orthodoxa ndidioticm indseto ft hes ocietyt hatw omena rep hysicallya nd
emotionallyw eakert hant hem ales.
➔ Domesticv iolenceo ftenh appensinIndiaa sa r esulto fd
owryd emands.
DowryP
rohibitionA
ct1
961:-A
mendmentin2
005:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Includesp hysicala ndm entalill-treatment.
● Primarilym eantf ort hep rotectiono fw
ifeo
rf emalelive-inp artners.
● TheJ urisdictiono fL awa lsoe xtendst os isters,w idowso rm others.
● Givesw oment her ightt os ecureh ousing.
● Breacho fp rotectiono rderisa n on-bailableo ffense.
Amendmentin2 017:-
Int her ecentR ajeshS harmaa ndO rs.v S tateo fU
Pc asea lso,a w omanh ad
complainedo fd owryd emandb yh erin-lawss ubsequentt ow hichs hew as
droppeda th erm atrimonialh omew hens hew asp regnant.S heh adt og ot hrough
traumaa ndh ada m iscarriagef ollowedb yh
erin-lawst akinga wayh ers tridhan.
TheC ourtint hisc aseg avef urthers tringentc riteriaf ord eterminationo fc ase
underS ection4 98A.:-
● Itm andatest hes ettingu po fa f amilyw elfarec ommitteeine veryd istrict
fors crutinizingt hed owryh arassmentc ases.
● Them emberso ft hisc ommittees hallb es ocialw orkerso rp
ersons
interestedint hes ubject.
● Thep oliceh avet olookintot her ecommendationso ft hesec ommittees
beforem akinga nya rrests.
➔ Thereisw idespreadh esitationa mongstm ostIndianw omenw hoe xperience
domesticv iolencet or eporto rp
rosecutea gainsts uchc rimes.A m ajorr easonf ort his
reluctanceist hep atriarchals tructure.
➔ Domesticv iolenceiso ftenn oth andleda sa legitimatec rimeo rc omplaint,b utm ore
ofa p
rivateo rf amilym atter.
➔ Caste,c lass,r eligiousb iasa ndr acea lsod eterminew hethera ctionist ob et akeno r
not.
➔ Otherf actorsr esponsiblef ord omesticv iolenceincludes ocio-economicc lass,
educationallevel,a ndf amilys tructureb eyondt hep atriarchalf ramework.
➔ Inu rbana reast herea rem anym oref actorsw hichleadt od ifferencesint he
beginninga ndlatert aket hes hapeo fd
omesticv iolence.T heseinclude– m ore
incomeo fa w
orkingw omant hanh erp artner,h era bsenceint heh ouset illlate
night,a businga ndn eglectingin-laws,b eingm oref orwards ociallye tc.W orking
womena req uiteo ftens ubjectedt oa ssaultsa ndc oercions exb ye mployeeso ft he
organization.A tt imes,itc ouldb ev oluntaryf ora b etterp aya ndd esignationint he
office.
E ffecto
fD
omesticv iolence:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Accordingt oa s tudyb
yt he“NationalC entref orB
iotechnologyI nformation”,
suicidea ttemptsinIndiaa rec orrelatedw ithp hysicala ndp
sychologicalintimate
partnerv iolence.
● Serioush ealthp
roblemso ftenr esultf romp hysical,e motional,a nds exualf ormso f
domesticv iolence.
DomesticV
iolencea gainstM an:-
● Accordingt os tatisticso f“ SaveI ndiaF amilyF oundation”(anN GO),a round1 .2lac
harassedh usbandsh avec ommitteds uicideint hec ountryint helastf oury ears.
● Recently,h undredso fh
usbandsg atheredinC handigarha ndS himlat ov oicet heir
opinionf orm en’sr ightsa ndp rotectiona gainstd omesticv iolences ubjectedt ot hem
byt heirw ivesa ndo therf amilym embers.
Reasons:-
1. Nota bidingb yt heinstructionso ft hew ives.
2. Inadequatee arningo fm
en.
3. Infidelityt owardsw ives.
4. Noth elpingt hep artnerinh ouseholda ctivities.
5. Nott akingp roperc areo fc hildren.
6. Abusingt hes pouse’sf amily,infertilityo fm
en,s pyingo nt hea ctivitieso ft he
partner.
Protectiono fW omenf romD omesticV iolenceA ct2
005:-
● Thed efinitionincludesn otjustp hysicala buse,w hichism oreidentifiablea ndis
easiert op rove( fore xample,u singm edicalr ecords),b uta lsoa spectslikee motional
ands exuala buse.Ite venincludest het hreato fv iolencea sp arto ft hed
efinition.
● Oneo ft hem aino bjectiveso fP
WDVAw ast os ecurer esidencef ora w oman;itw as
immaterialt hats hed idn’th avet itleo ro wnershipo fs ucha s haredh ousehold.
SexualH
arassment:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Rape,S exualh arassment,e vet easing,m olestationa cta sa f unctiono flimiting
women’sf reedom.E vet easinginc olleges,p ublict ransport,a ndo therp ublicp laces
arer ampant.
● TheD ecember16,2013G angr apec aseinD elhis hookt hee ntirec ountrya ndledt o
thec hangeinC riminalA mendmentA ct.
● CriminalA mendmentB ill2 019:-
❖ Them inimump unishmentf ort her apeo fa g irlu
nder1 2w illb
e2 0y earso f
rigorousimprisonment,t hem aximumb eingt hed eaths entence.
❖ TheB illa lsop rovidesf orc ompletiono finvestigationo fr apec asesw ithint wo
monthsf romt her egistrationo fa nF IR.
❖ TheB illm akest hep rovisiono fa nticipatoryb ailn ota pplicablet or apea nd
gangr apeo fm
inorg irlsb elow1 6y earso fa ge.
❖ Ac ourth ast og iven oticeo f1 5d ayst oa p ublicp rosecutora ndt he
representativeo ft hev ictimb efored ecidingo nb aila pplicationsinc aseo f
rapeo fa g irlu
nder1 6y earso fa ge.
❖ Newp rovisionp roposest hatt hec ourtw herer apec asesa reb eingt akenu p
shouldb ep residedb ya w
omanjudge.T hes tatementint her apec ases
shoulda lsob er ecordedb ya w
omanp oliceo fficer.
PatriarchalM indseto fJ udiciary
CJIh asa skedt her apea ccusedt om arryt hev ictim.
Itist ob
eu
nderstandt hatinr apec ase,p artiesa ren
ota llowedt oe nterintoc ompromise.
Butt hisisn ott hef irstInstancet hatjudgesh avem ades ucha r emarkw hichisinjusticet o
genderjustice.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Instances:-
1.Inf amousB hanwaric ase,t hec ourth ass aidt hato ldm
anc annotr ape.S ucha b izarre
statement.
2.M adrasH C: -D
ivorceess houldm aintains exualp urityt oc laima limony.
Rapes houldn otb ev ieweda sa ninfringemento fa w
omen'sc hastityo rv irginityb
uta
violationo fb
odilyintegritya nds exuala utonomy.
● Protectiono fC
hildrenf romS exualO ffencesA ct:-A mendedin2 019
★ TheA ctd efinesd ifferentf ormso fs exuala buse,includingp enetrativea nd
nonp enetrativea ssault,a sw ella ss exualh arassmenta ndp ornography.
★ TheA ctd eemsa s exuala ssaultt ob e“ aggravated”u nderc ertain
circumstances,s ucha sw hent hea busedc hildism entallyillo rw hent he
abuseisc ommittedb ya p ersonina p ositiono ft rusto ra uthoritylikea f amily
member,p oliceo fficer,t eacher,o rd octor.
★ TheA cta lsoc astst hep oliceint her oleo fc hildp rotectorsd uringt he
investigativep rocess.
★ TheA cts tipulatest hata c aseo fc hilds exuala busem ustb ed isposedo f
withino ney earf romt hed atet heo ffenceisr eported.
R
ecentA mendment:-
➔ Gendern eutral:-T hea mendmentw illincludet hed eathp enaltyina llc aseso f
aggravatedp enetratives exuala ssaulta gainstc hildren,b othb oysa ndg irls,b elowt he
ageo f1
8,t husm akingt heA ctg endern eutral.
➔ Definition:-T hed efinitiono f‘sexuala ssault’inP OCSOh asb eena mendedt oinclude
administeringh ormonest oc hildrene xpeditet heirs exualm aturityf ort hep urposeo f
commercials exuale xploitation.
➔ Thee xistingd efinitionc overs2 0c ategorieso fp enetratives exualc rimesa gainst
childrena ndt heC abineth asa pproveda ddings exuala ssaulto fc hildrenw hoa re
victimso fc alamitieso rn aturald isasters,t akingitu pt o2 1c ategories.
➔ Listo fp
erpetrators:-T he2 1c ategoriesu ndera ggravatedp enetratives exuala ssault
coverc hildv ictimsw hoh aveb eens ubjectt op enetratives exuala ssaultb ya p olice
officero ra m
embero ft hea rmedf orceso rs ecurityf orces,b ya p ublics ervant,a
relative,t hes taffo fa jailo rr emandh omeo rp rotectionh ome,s taffo fa h
ospital,
educationalinstitution,o rr eligiousinstitutiona mongo thers.
➔ Mores tringentp unishment:-T hea mendmentse xtendt hep unishmentf or
aggravatedp enetratives exuala ssaultf roma m inimumo f1
0y earst oa m inimumo f
20y ears,u pt oa m
aximumo flifeimprisonmenta nde vent hed eathp enaltyu nder
Section6 o
fP OCSOA ct.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
NewP OCSOR ules2 020a fterM uzaffarpurS helterC aseI ncident:-
1. Mandatoryp olicev erificationo fs taffina nyinstitutionh ousingc hildren.
2. S tateG overnmentst of ormulatea c hildp rotectionp olicyb asedo nt he
principleo fz ero-tolerancet ov iolencea gainstc hildren.
3. CentralG overnmenta ndS tateG overnmentss hall:-
➔ Providep eriodict rainingF orG ender s ensitization.
➔ Preparea ge-appropriatee ducationalm ateriala ndc urriculumf or
children.
4. Orientationp rogrammea ndintensivec oursesf orp olicep ersonnela nd
forensice xpertsf orb uildingt heirc apacitiesint heirr espectiver oleso na
regularb asis.
Issues/Challenges:-
● Treatmento fs urvivorsa th ospitala ndc ourt:- D uringm edicale xamination,
survivorss ometimesh avet ow aitf orh ourso utsidet her ooma ndt her oomisc learly
markedo uta ss uch.A tc ourtt hejudgeisr eluctantt oh olda ninc amerah earing.
● Fearo fr eporting:-S tudyc onductedb yN LU-Bangloreinf ives tatesh ass hownt hat
mosto ft hep reparatorsw erek nown,t husf earo fr eporting.
● OtherI ssues:-S ystematicg apss ucha slapsesininvestigation,lacko fc hildf riendly
procedures,c hallengesr elatingt oa ged etermination.
● SexualH arassmenta tW orkPlace:-T hisA cta imedt op rovidee veryw oman,
irrespectiveo fh era geo re mployments tatus,a s afea nds ecurew orking
environmentf reef roma llf ormso fh
arassment.
➔ ThisA ctc overedb otht heo rganizeda ndu norganizeds ectorsinIndia.
➔ TheA ctp rovidedf ort hee stablishmento fa nInternalC omplaintsC ommittee
(ICC)a te acha nde veryo fficeo rb rancheso ft heo rganizatione mploying1 0o
r
moree mployees.
➔ Ita lsop rovidedf ort hee stablishmento fa localc omplaintsc ommittee( LCC)
att hed istrictlevelb yt heG overnmentw heret heICCh asn otb een
constitutedf ort her easonb eing,ith avinglesst han1 0e mployees.
C
oncerns:-
● Lacko finitiativeo nt hep arto fg overnmenta uthoritiest om onitort he
implementationa nde nforcet helaw.
● Theg overnmenta tt heS tatelevelh asn ote venb otheredt oa ppointd istricto fficers
orlocalc ommitteesu ndert he2 013A ct.
● Therea ren oa ppointmentso fn odalo fficerso rinternalc omplaintsc ommitteesin
certaino ffices.
● Thereh asb eenn om ovet oe nsuret her eportinga ndc ollectiono fa nnualc ompliance
reportsf romw orkplaces.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● 70%o ft hew
omend on
otr eports exualh arassment b ys uperiorsb
ecauseo ff earo
f
repurcussions.
● Casest hatr emainp endinginc ourtf ora longt imee nhancest hea gonyo
fv ictims.
● Thea ctd oesn
otc ontainp rovisionsf ora nonymousc omplaints.
“MET OO”M ovement:-
Significance:-
➔ ManyP ersonals torieso fa ngera ndg uilt,buriedu ndery earso fs ilencee mergedin
publicb ecauseo ft hisc ampaign.
➔ Itisc reatinga warenessa bouts exualv iolencea nds exuala ssault.
➔ Itr evealso net hing-legala nds ystematicp rovisiont od ealw iths exualh arassment
havef ailed.
➔ Thish asf orcedt hea dministrationt ot aket hem atters eriouslya nds tartt her edress
process.
➔ TheM eT ooM ovementr esonateda tt heo peningp lenarys essiono ft hef ifthG lobal
symposiumo nh ealths ystemr esearch.
Concerns:-
● Therec anb ec ollaterald amagew ithp eopleg ettingw ronglya ccused.
● Itm ayw ideng enderd iversitya tt hew orkplace.
● TheF ederalB ureauo fInvestigationb elievest hen umbero f" unfounded"a ccusations
isa boute ightp erc ent.
● Veryd ifficultt om akec onclusivee vidence.
WomenV iolencea ndP andemic:-
Gender-basedv iolencea “ shadowp andemic”h asb eeno nr iseint hep eriodo fC OVID( UN
Women)
TheN
ationalC ommissionf orW omen( NCW)h asa lsor eceived6 9o nlinec omplaintso f
domesticv iolencef roma crosst hec ountry.
Reasons:-
● Stricterc ontrolo nm obility,p utw omenina busiver elationshipsa te xtremelyh igh
risko fd amagef romp hysical,s exuala nde motionala buse.T hisisf uelledb y
mandatorys tay-at-homer ules,p hysicald istancing,e conomicu ncertainties,a nd
anxiety.
● DeclineinM onthlyp aymento rL osso
fJ obr esultsinF rustration.
StepsT aken:-
1. “Suppressc orona,n oty ourv oice”: -InitiativeB yU
PG overnment.
2. Ac ommunityr adiop rograminU ttarP radesh,h elpedr aisea warenessa bout
violencea gainstw omen.
3. “Mpower1 on1”isa n ewlylaunchedh elplineinM umbait or eportd omestic
abuse.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
MaritalR ape:-Maritalr apeisn ota no ffenceb ecauseo fe xceptiont ot hed efinitiono fr ape(
exception2 o
fs ection3 75o fIPC).
Whym aritalr apes houldb ec onsidereda sr ape?
Ans:-
1. Itisc ontraryt ot hep rovisionso fa rticle2 1,a nd1 4.
2. Int heJ osephS hinec ase,S Ch eldt heo ffenceo fa dulterya su nconstitutionalo nt he
groundt hatw omena ren ott hep ropertyo fh erh usband.
3. Itisp rotectedo nt heg roundt hatM arriageiss exualr elationship,t husd etermining
thev alidityo fm aritalr apea llegationsw ouldb ed ifficult.T henh owo nec anr econcile
thef actt hatt hisg ivesp owert oh usbandt or apeh er.
Whyisitn otc riminalised?
Ans:-
1. Itw illd estroyt heinstitutiono fm arriage.
2. Itw illb ev erye asyf ora w ifet oa lleget heh usband.
3. Difficultf ort hec ourta ndinvestigationt eamt oe stablisht hef actw hichh appened
withina c losedr oom.
Conclusion:-C onsentins exualr elationshipsisv eryimportant,b eitp reo rp
ostM arriage.
ChildM
arriage:-
● Accordingt oU NICEFIndiah ass eena s harpd eclineinc hildm arriageso vert helast
teny earsw ith2 7%o fg irlsg ettingm arriedb eforet heir1 8thb irthdaya sa gainst4 7%,
ad ecadea go.
● UNICEFh asc reditedb etterh ealtha nde ducationalo pportunitiesinIndiaf ort his
● TheU Nc hildren’sa gencya ttributedincreasingr ateso fg irls’e ducation,p roactive
governmentinvestmentsina dolescentg irlsa nds trongp ublica warenessa boutt he
illegalityo fc hildm arriagea ndt heh armitc ausesa rea mongt her easonsf ort he
decline.
MajorR easonsf orp revalenceo fC
hildM arriageinI ndia
Economieso fm
arriage:-
● Povertya ndm arriagee xpensess ucha sd owrym ayleada f amilyt om arryo fft heir
daughtera ta y ounga get or educet hesec osts.
● PatriarchalIndians ocietyc onsidersa g irla sa ne conomicb urden.
● Them arriageo ft heb oyb ringsh omea na dditionalh andt oa ssistt heu npaid
householda nde conomica ctivities.
Lacko
fe ducation:-
● Poore ducationalo pportunitiesf org irls,e speciallyinr urala reasincreaset he
vulnerabilityo fa g irlc hildt ob em arriedo ffe arly.
● Prevailingc ulturalp erspectivest ooe ncouraget hec hildm arriaget ot hrivein.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Inadequateimplementationo flawsisa m
ajorr easonf orp ersistingm enaceo fc hild
marriageint hec ountry.
Violencea gainstg irls:-S omeg irlsa rem arriedo ffd uet of earo fK
harabM ahaul– t he
corruptede xternale nvironment.
Betrothal:-Someg irlsa rep romisedinm arriageb eforet heya reb orn ino
rdert o“ secure”
theirf uture.O ncet heyr eachp uberty,g uanao r“ send-off”c eremoniest akep lacea ndt hey
ares entt ot heirh
usband’sh omet oc ommencem arriedlife.
Impactso fC hildM arriage:-
● Onw omen'sh ealth:-Issuesr elatedt oe arlyp regnancy.M entalh ealthisa lsoa m ajor
concern.
● OnE ducation-:G irlsa ref orcedt od ropo uto fs chools.
● Onf ertility:-L owera gea tm arriaged irectlya ffectsf ertilityr ates.L owert her ateo f
agea tm arriageh igherist hef ertilityr ate.
● Childm arriaged eniest hef ollowingr ights:-
❖ Ther ightt ob ep rotectedf romp hysicala ndm entalv iolence,injuryo ra buse,
includings exuala buse,r apea nds exuale xploitation.
❖ Ther ightt ot hee njoymento ft heh ighesta ttainables tandardo fh ealth,
❖ Ther ightt or esta ndleisure,a ndt op articipatef reelyinc ulturallife.
❖ Ther ightt on otb es eparatedf romp arentsa gainstt hec hild’sw ill.
❖ Ther ightt op rotectiona gainsta llf ormso fe xploitationa ffectinga nya specto f
thec hild’sw elfare.
StepsT aken:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● AN
ationalA ctionP lant op reventc hildm arriagesw asd raftedb yt heM inistryo f
Womena ndC hildD evelopmentin2 013,b uth asn oty etb eenf inalised.K ey
Componentsincludelawe nforcement,c hangingm ind-setsa nds ocialn orms,
empoweringa dolescents,q ualitye ducationa nds haringk nowledge.
● Theg overnmenth asa lsou sedc ashincentives( sucha st heD hanL axmis chemea nd
theA pnib etia pnad hunp rogramme),a dolescents’e mpowermentp rogrammes
(KishoriS haktiY ojana)a nda wareness-raisingt oe ncourageb ehaviourc hanger elated
toc hildm
arriage.
● Prohibitiono fC hildM arriageA ct,2 006
➢ Thisa ctisa k indo fa na mendmento ft hef lawsc ontainedint heC hild
Marriage R estraintA ct.
➢ Undert hislaw,t hec hildrenh avet hec hoicet od eclaret heirm arriagea s
worthlessu pt ot woy earso fr eachinga dulthood.
➢ TheA ctm akesc ontractinga m arriageb ya m
anw hoiso
ver1 8y earso fa ge
witha w omanu nder1 8y ears,a c ognizablea ndn on-bailableo ffence
punishablew ithimprisonmento ft woy earsa nda f ineo fR so
nelakh,b ut
recognizest heu niona sv alid.
● Rajasthanc ompulsory r egistrationo fm
arriagesa ct:-T heR
ajasthanlawp
rovides
forc ompulsoryr egistrationo fa llm
arriagesa ndt hea cts ayst hatp artiesinm arriage(
boya ndg irl)w illh
avet or egisterift heya rea bove2 1y ears.
❖ Thea mendmentb roughtb yt heg overnmentw as:-` `Ift heb rideisu nder1 8
andt heg roomisu nder2 1”,t hep arentso rg uardiansm usts ubmita
memorandumf orr egistrationo fm
arriagew ithin3 0d aysf romt hed ateo
f
marriage.
❖ Sociala ctivista rguedt hen ewp rovisionw asr etrogradeb ecauseite ffectively
legalisedc hildm arriage.
❖ Thelegald ebatec entresa rounda 2 006S upremeC ourtjudgmentin“Seema
vsA shwaniK umar”,w hichd irecteds tatesa ndt hec entret on otify
proceduresf orr egistrationo fa llm
arriages.A llm
arriagesm eansm arriagein
permissiblea gea sa m attero fe vidence.
❖ Its eemst hatg overnmenth asw ronglyinterpreteda S upremeC ourto rder,
whichd oesn ots tatet hatc hildm arriagess houldb er egistered
Feminisationo fA
griculture:-E conomicS urvey2 017-18,s ayst hatw ithg rowingr uralt o
urbanm igrationb ym
en,t hereis‘feminisation’o ft hea gricultures ector,w itha nincreasing
numbero fw omeninm ultipler olesa sc ultivators,e ntrepreneurs,a ndlabourers.A ccording
toC ensus2 011,t hereh asb eena 2 4%increaseint hen umbero ff emalea gricultural
labourersb etween2 001a nd2 011.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
REASONS:-
➔ Poverty:-P overtyisa m ajorf actord uet ow hichw omena ref orcedt ow orka s
agriculturallabourerst os upplementt hef amily’sincome.
➔ AgrarianD istressa ndS hifto fm
ent oC asualw ork:-A grariand istressisa
predominantf actorf ord isruptiono ff armlabouro rd epeasantizationi.e.m igration
ofm alesf roma griculturet owardsc asualw orkr esultinginW omenh aveg ot
absorbedina griculturala nda llieda ctivities.
➔ Migrationt oU rbanA reas-:Accordingt ot heE conomicS urvey2 017-18,w ithg rowing
ruralt ou rbanm igrationb ym
en,t hereh asb een‘feminisation’o ft hea griculture
sector;t hereh asb eena nincreaseinp articipationo fw omena sc ultivators,labourers
ande ntrepreneurs.
➔ Mechanizationo fa griculture:-W ithincreasedm echanisationo fa griculture,m en
havem ovedt oo thern on-farma ctivitiesw hilew omenh aveb eenc onfinedt o
traditionalr oless ucha sw innowing,h arvesting,s owings eedsa ndr earinglivestock.
ISSUES:-A ccordingt o“ MahilaK isanA dhikarM anch”,W omenf armersh aveu nequala ccess
toland,w
atera ndf orests.
➔ Accesst oland:-A sp erC ensusA griculturalC ensus( 2015-16),o uto fa t otal1 46
milliono perationalh oldings,t hep ercentages hareo ff emaleo perationalh oldersis
only1 3.87%.
➔ Accesst oc redit:-A lacko fo
wnershipo flandd oesn ota lloww omenf armerst o
approachb anksf orinstitutionalloansa sb anksu suallyc onsiderlanda sc ollateral.
➔ Accesst oa griculturalinputs:-W henc omparedt om en,w omeng enerallyh aveless
accesst or esourcesa ndm oderninputs( seeds,f ertilizers,p esticides)t om akef arming
morep roductive.
➔ Accesst ot echnology:-M echanizationo fa gricultureh asr esultedinc onfinemento f
womeninlowp ayingt raditionalw orks.F urther,m ostf armm achineryisd ifficultf or
woment oo perate.
➔ Wage:-D espitem orew orkf orlongerh oursw henc omparedt om alef armers,
womenf armersh avelowerw ager atesa nda tt imesr emainu npaid.
➔ TheG
overnmenta lsod
oesn
otc onsidert hemF armersa ndlabelleda so
nly
Cultivatorsa nda griculturallabourers.
LANDR IGHTSO FW OMEN
Ana mendmentinH indus uccessiona cth asr ecognisedw omena sc oparcenerint heland
rights.S Cr uledt hata H
induw
oman’sr ightt ob ea jointh
eirt ot hea ncestralp
ropertyisb
y
birtha ndd oesn
otd ependo nw
hetherh erf atherisa liveo rn
ot.
Butw hatisr eality:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Thereisn og enderd isaggregatedd atao nlandr ights.Neithert heN SSOn ort he
Agriculturals urveyh ighlightst helando wnedb yw omen.
● Ther ightt op
ossessionm ayn otb
ee asyf orw omenw hoa rem arrieda ndd on ot
resideint heira ncestralh omes.
● Propertyt ransactionsm ayb em orec onvenientf oru rbans ettings.H owever,itm ay
notb
et hate asyint her uralc ontext,w herem osto ft hep
ropertyisint hef ormo f
agriculturalland.
● Becauseo fP
atriarchy,itisd oubtfulifm aleh eirsw ills harep roperty-related
documents,informationo rinitiatelegalp rocessesint heinteresto ft hew
omen's
familym embers.
● Mostimportantly,t hosew hos eekp ropertyr ightsu ndergoh arrowinge motional
abusef romt heiro wnf amiliesf ora skingw hatisr ightfullyt heirs.
Thef ollowingm easuresh aveb eent akent oe nsurem ainstreamingo fw omenina griculture
sector:
1. Earmarkinga tleast3 0%o ft heb udgeta llocationf orw omenb eneficiariesina ll
ongoings chemes/programmesa ndd evelopmenta ctivities.
2. Initiatingw omenc entrica ctivitiest oe nsureb enefitso fv ariousb eneficiary-oriented
programs/schemesr eacht hem.
3. Recognizingt hec riticalr oleo fw omenina griculture,t heM inistryo fA
griculturea nd
FarmersW elfareh asd eclared1 5thO ctobero fe veryy eara sW omenF armer’sD ay.
Women’sR ightinA
rmy
Ther oleo fw
omenint heIndianA rmyb eganin1 888w hent he‘IndianM ilitaryN ursing
Service’w asf ormedd uringt heB ritishR ajb
utitw
aso nlyin1
992t hatt heo rganisation
openedd oorsa nds tartedinductingw omeninn on-medicalr oles.In2 015,Indiaa lsoo
pened
newc ombata irf orcer olesf orw omena sf ighterp ilots.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● In2 020,t hec ourtinS ecretary,M inistryo fD efencev .B abitaP uniyah asa skedt he
governmentt og rantp ermanentc ommissiont ow omenins horts ervicec ommission
andg ivet hemc ommandp ostingina lls erviceso thert hanc ombat.
● Thec ourta lsoa llowedw oment oa ppearint heN DAe xam,t illn ow,t heyc oulde nter
theIndiana rmyt hroughIndianm ilitarya cademya ndo fficert raininga cademy.C ourt
lookeditf romt hep erspectiveo fg enderd iscriminationa ndinvokeda rticle1 4,1 5,16,
19t oe nsurew omenr ightsina rmy
Thep ositiono fw omenint hea rmedf orces,w hichisd escribeda sa m ale-dominated
establishmentg enerally,o ffersa limitedw indowf ora nyk indo fc hangeint her oleo fw
omen
ino ccupationala ndb ureaucratics tructures.H owever,b reakingt heg lassc eiling,t wow omen
officersh aveb eens electedt ot raina sh elicopterp ilotsa tC ombatA rmyT rainingS chool,
Nashik.T illn ow,w omeno fficersw ereo nlylimitedt op erformingg roundd utiesint heA rmy
AviationC orps.
However,d espitea llt hesed evelopments,t hew omenint heIndiana rmedf orcest hat
constitute3 %o ft heIndiana rmya res tilln ota llowedt ob ea p
arto ft hea ctivec ombat.
ReproductiveR ightso fW omen
"Reproductiver ights"a ret her ightso findividualst od ecidew hethert or eproducea ndh ave
reproductiveh ealth.T hism ayincludea nindividual'sr ightt op lana f amily,terminatea
pregnancy,u sec ontraceptives,learna bouts exe ducationins choolsa ndg aina ccesst o
reproductiveh ealths ervices.
MedicalT erminationo fP regnancyA ct1 971:-
WhatisM TPA ct,1 971?
Ans:-
● AbortioninIndiaislegalo nlyu pt ot wentyw eekso fp regnancyu nders pecific
conditionsa nds ituations.
● TheM TPA cta llowsa bortionso fm
oret han2 0-weekp regnancieso nlyw hen
“itisimmediatelyn ecessaryt os avet helifeo ft hep regnantw oman.
● Ita lsor equirest hejudiciary’ss anctionf ors ucha bortions.
R
ecentissues:-
★ Inm anyo ccasions,t hec ourth asr ejecteda bortionp etitionso nt heg round
thatitsh andsa ret iedb yt heM TPA ct.
★ InJ anuary,itd ida llowa r apev ictimt oa borta 2 4-weeko ldf oetust hath ad
severea bnormalities,b uto nlya ftera p anelo fd octorsr uledt hatt he
pregnancyc ouldp uth erlifeind anger.
★ Am onthlater,t hes amec ourtc itedt hec onstraintsimposedb yt heM TPA ct
whiler efusingp ermissiont oa w omant oa borth er2 6-weeko ldf oetust hat
wouldb eb ornw ithD own’sS yndrome.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
ActA
mended
● Thea mendmentM TPincreasedt helegallimitf ora bortionf rom2 0w
eekst o
24w eeks.
● Itp rovidesf ora bortionb eyond2 4w eeksu nderd efinedc ondition.
● TheB illa mendsS ection3 o
ft he1 971A ctt op rovidet hat“ thelengtho f
pregnancys halln ota pply”ina d ecisiont oa borta f oetusd iagnosedw ith
“substantialf oetala bnormalities”o rifitis“ allegedb yt hep regnantw oman
toh
aveb eenc ausedb yr ape”.U ndert he1 971A ct,e venp regnantr ape
victimsc annota borta fter2 0w eeks,c ompellingt hemt om ovec ourt.
● Ita lsot akesintoa ccountt her ealityo fa m
assives hortageo fb
othd octors
andt rainedm idwives,a nds eekst oa llowA yurveda,U nania ndS iddha
practitionerst oc arryo uta bortions.
I ssuesinA
mendment
● Evena ftert hea mendmentint hea ct,itist hes taten ota w
omenw illt ake
absoluted ecisionint hem attero fa bortions.
● 24w eeksisn ota r ationalt imep erioda st echnologyt odayc ana borts afely
uptof ullt erm.
● Theb iggestissuea sp ert hea ctisw omenn eedt og ot om
edicalb oardsa nd
theseb oardsp uta loto fo
bstacles.
a. Therew illb eo neb oardine verys tatet hatc anh andles ucha large
numbero f c ases.
b. Issueo ff inanceint hes tatet os etu ps uchm edicalb oards.
c. Invasiono fw omen'sp rivacy
4.SurrogacyB ill:-Surrogacyist hep racticew herebyo new omanc arriest hec hildf or
anotherw itht heintentiont hatt hec hilds houldb eh andedo vera fterb irth.
Concern:-T heC onfederationo fIndianIndustrye stimatedc ommercials urrogacyt ob ea 2
billiond
ollarindustryb y2 012,a ndt heIndianC ouncilo fM
edicalR esearch,b eforer ecent
regulation,e xpectedt hosen umberst or iset o6 b
illiond ollarsb y2 018.
● Noto nlyd op regnancy-specificc oncernslikem iscarriage,e ctopicp regnancy,a nd
similaro bstetricc omplicationsb ecomem orelikely,m anyc ycleso fIVF,h
ormone
treatmenta nde mbryot ransferh urtt hes urrogate’sp hysicalh ealth.
● Commercials urrogacyh asb eenc omparedt op racticeslikeo rgans alesb ecauseo f
thec ontrolo fa w
oman’sw ombf orn inem onthsf ort hee xchangeo fm
oney.
● Racketsinvolvingintermediariesimportingh umane mbryosa ndg ametes.
● Abandonmento fc hildrenb orno uto
fs urrogacyinc aseo fg eneticd efects
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
TheS urrogacy( Regulation)B ill,2 020(SurrogacyB ill)isa ne thical,m orala nds ocialp ieceo f
legislationw hichp rotectsb othe xploitationo ft hes urrogatem othera ndt her ightso fa c hild
bornt hroughs urrogacy.F ollowinga ret heF eatureso ft heB ill:-
● Regulationo fs urrogacy:-T heB illp rohibitsc ommercials urrogacy,b uta llows
altruistics urrogacy. A ltruistics urrogacyinvolvesn om onetaryc ompensationt ot he
surrogatem othero thert hant hem edicale xpensesa ndinsurancec overaged uring
thep regnancy. C ommercials urrogacyincludess urrogacyo ritsr elatedp rocedures
undertakenf ora m onetaryb enefito rr eward( inc asho rk ind)e xceedingt heb asic
medicale xpensesa ndinsurancec overage.
● Purposesf orw hichs urrogacyisp ermitted:-S urrogacyisp ermittedw henitis:( i)f or
intendingc ouplesw hos ufferf romp roveninfertility.
● Eligibilityc riteriaf orintendingc ouple:-T heintendingc ouples houldh avea
‘certificateo fe ssentiality’a nda ‘certificateo fe ligibility’issuedb yt hea ppropriate
authority.
● Ac ertificateo fe ssentialityw illb eissuedu ponf ulfilmento ft hef ollowingc onditions:
(i)a c ertificateo fp roveninfertilityo fo neo rb othm emberso ft heintendingc ouple
froma D istrictM edicalB oard;( ii)a no rdero fp arentagea ndc ustodyo ft hes urrogate
childp assedb ya M agistrate’sc ourt;a nd( iii)insurancec overagef ora p eriodo f1
6
monthsc overingp ostpartumd eliveryc omplicationsf ort hes urrogate.
● Thec ertificateo fe ligibilityt ot heintendingc oupleisissuedu ponf ulfilmento ft he
followingc onditions:( i)t hec oupleb eingIndianc itizensa ndm arriedf ora tleastf ive
years;( ii)b etween2 3t o5 0y earso ld( wife)a nd2 6t o5
5y earso ld( husband);( iii)
theyd on
oth avea nys urvivingc hild( biological,a doptedo rs urrogate);t hisw ould
notincludea c hildw hoism entallyo rp hysicallyc hallengedo rs uffersf romlife
threateningd isordero rf atalillness;a nd( iv)o therc onditionst hatm ayb es pecified
byr egulations.
● Eligibilityc riteriaf ors urrogatem other:-T oo btaina c ertificateo fe ligibilityf romt he
appropriatea uthority,t hes urrogatem otherh ast ob e:( i)a c loser elativeo ft he
intendingc ouple;( ii)a m arriedw omanh avinga c hildo fh ero wn;( iii)2 5t o3 5y ears
old;( iv)a s urrogateo nlyo nceinh erlifetime;a nd( v)p ossessa c ertificateo fm edical
andp sychologicalf itnessf ors urrogacy. F urther,t hes urrogatem otherc annot
provideh ero wng ametesf ors urrogacy.
● Appropriatea uthority:-T hef unctionso ft hea ppropriatea uthorityinclude;( i)
granting,s uspendingo rc ancellingr egistrationo fs urrogacyc linics;( ii)e nforcing
standardsf ors urrogacyc linics;( iii)investigatinga ndt akinga ctiona gainstb reacho f
thep rovisionso ft heB ill;( iv)r ecommendingm odificationst ot her ulesa nd
regulations.
Criticism:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Itp
reventss ames exc ouples f romh avings urrogatec hildrene vent hought hereisa
credibles cientificr esearcht os howt hats ames exp arentsa rea sg ooda sh etrosexual
parents,t husv iolatingt heA rticle1 4o ft heC
onstitution.
❖ TheB illa lsov iolatest heP uttaswamyjudgemento ft heS upremeC ourt( Rightt o
privacyw asa ddedint helisto ff undamentalr ightsg uaranteedb yt heC onstitution)
❖ Thee ligibilityc onditionu ndert heB illa mountst ou nreasonabler estrictiono nt he
reproductiver ightso fa m
arriedIndianc ouple,v iolativeo fA
rticle2 1o ft he
constitution.
ConstitutionalP rovisionf orW omen:-
● Article1 4- M ena ndw oment oh avee qualr ightsa ndo pportunitiesin
thep olitical,e conomica nds ocials pheres.
● Article1 5(1)- P rohibitsd iscriminationa gainsta nyc itizeno nt he
groundso fr eligion,r ace,c aste,s exe tc.
● Article1 5(3)-S pecialp rovisione nablingt heS tatet om akea ffirmative
discriminationsinf avoro fw
omen.
● Article1 6-E qualityo fo pportunitiesinm atterso fp
ublica ppointments
fora llc itizens.
● Article2 3-B anst raffickinginh umana ndf orcedlabor.
● Article3 9(a)-T heS tates halld irectitsp
olicyt owardss ecuringa ll
citizens,m ena ndw omen,e qually,t her ightt om eanso flivelihood.
● Article3 9(d)-E qualp ayf ore qualw orkf orb
othm ena ndw omen.
● Article4 2-T heS tatet om akep rovisionf ore nsuringjusta ndh umane
conditionso fw orka ndm aternityr elief.
● Article5 1( A)(e)-T or enouncet hep racticesd erogatoryt ot hed ignityo
f
women
Whata ret hed ifferenta pproachest oW omenE mpowerment?
Ans:-
★ TheW elfareA pproach:-T hef ocusw aso
nm othera ndc hildh ealth,c hild-carea nd
nutrition.P opulationc ontrol- o rf amilyp lanninga sitlaterc amet ob
ek nown- w
asa
majorf ocusa sw elld uet ot helinkm adeb etweenp opulationg rowtha ndp overty.
★ TheE quityA pproach:-Ite mphasisedt her evaluingo fw omen’sc ontributiona nd
shareo fb
enefitsf romd evelopment.T hee quitya pproacha lsod ealtw ithb otht he
productivea ndr eproductiver olesa sa r esponsibilityo fg overnment.T hee quity
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
approach,inc ontrastt ot hew elfarea pproach,s aww omena sa ctivep articipants
organisingt ob ringa boutn ecessaryc hanges.
★ TheA ntiP
overtyA pproach:-A k eyo
perationals trategyr equireda ccesst oincome
generationa ndw agede mployment.T het endencyw itht hisa pproachw ast o
reinforcet heb asicn eedsa ndignoret hes trategicn eedso fw
omen.
★ TheE fficiencyA pproach:-T hee fficiencya pproacht argetsw omena sw orkersa ndisa
producto ft he1 980s’e conomicr eformsk nowna st heS tructuralA djustment
Programmeso ft heInternationalM onetaryf unda ndt heW orldB ank.Itsa imh as
beenincreasedp roductiona nde conomicg rowthw itha ne mphasiso nf ullu seo
f
humanr esources.E ducationa ndt raininga ret hereforek eys trategies.
★ TheE mpowermentA pproach:-T hea imo ft hee mpowermenta pproachist o
increaset hes elf-relianceo fw
omena ndt oinfluencec hangea tt hep olicy,legislative,
societal,e conomica ndo therlevelst ot heira dvantage.Itsm ainp ointo fr eferenceis
the“ tripler oles”o fw
omena ndite mphasisesw omen’sa ccesst od ecision-making.
Itsm
ains trategyisa wareness-raisinga nds ituatesw omenf irmlya sa ctive
participantsine nsuringc hanget akesp lace.
P
olicyP
erspectivef orW omen:-
NationalP olicyf orW omen2 001:-
Pillarso
fP
olicy:-
1. JudicialA spect:-TheP olicyw oulda imt oe ncouragec hangesinlawsr elatingt o
ownershipo fp ropertya ndinheritanceb ye volvingc onsensusino rdert om aket hem
genderjust.
CoparencerR ightso fW
omen:-Recently,t heS upremeC ourt( SC)h ase xpandedt he
Hinduw omen’sr ightt ob et hec oparcener( jointlegalh eir)a ndinherita ncestral
propertyo nt ermse qualt om aleh eirs.T hejudgmentp ertainst ot heH indu
Succession( Amendment)A ct,2 005.
Implicationso ft heJ udgement:-
1. Thec ourtr ecognizedt hatg enderc annotb eg roundsf ord enyinga nyonet heir
inheritancer ights.T hisinterpretationb yt heS upremeC ourth asr emovedm ale
primacyo verH indua ncestralp roperty.
2. Settlingt hec onfusiono verC oparencyR ights.
3. Highlightingt heP atriarchalp ractices.
Challengese vena ftert heJ udgement:-
1. Note asyf orR uralw omen:-Itisb ecausep ropertyisint hef ormo fa griculturalland.
2. Litigation:-Isc ostly,a ndt imec onsuming.
3. Patriarchal:-Maleh eirsm
ayn ots haret hep ropertyr elatedd ocuments,information.
4. Emotionala buseso fw
omen:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
5. Lacko fA
warenessA mongstt heW omen:T hereisa c hallengeine nsuringt hat
womena rea ctuallye mpoweredb yt hislegalp
rovision,a st hem ajorityo fw
omena re
nota warea boutt heirr ights.
6. Itisq
uitelikelyt hats omeb usinessf amiliesa ftert hisr uling,w illb
ypasst hisr uling,t o
parkt heira ssetso rw
ritew
illst ob
equeatha ssetsinf avouro fm
aleh eirs.
Conclusion:-T herea res ignificantc ultural,r eligious,e ducationalb arriersa ndc astea ndc lass
inequalitiest hatr equirem assiveo verhaulingo fs ociala ttitudes.
2. DecisionM aking:-A ffirmativea ctions ucha sr eservations/quotas,includinginh igher
legislativeb odies,w illb
ec onsideredw henevern ecessaryo na t imeb oundb asis.
3. EconomicE mpowermento fw
omen:-
A. PovertyE radication:-S tepsw illb
et akenf orm obilizationo fp
oorw omena nd
convergenceo fs ervices.
B. MicroC redit:-T hroughf inancialinstitutionsa ndb anks.
4. SocialE mpowermento fW omen:-
A. Education:-F ocuso nR educingt heg enderg apins econdarya ndh igher
educationw ouldb ea f ocusa rea.
B. Health:-M easuresw illb ea doptedt hatt akeintoa ccountt her eproductive
rightso fw oment oe nablet hemt oe xerciseinformedc hoices.
C. Housinga ndS helter:-Speciala ttentionw illb eg ivenf orp rovidinga dequate
ands afeh ousinga nda ccommodationf orw omenincludings inglew omen,
headso fh ouseholds,w orkingw omen,s tudents,a pprenticesa ndt rainees
DraftN
ationalP olicyf orW omen( PAMR AJPUTC ommittee)
● Ita imst oimplement“ ag endert ransformativeh ealths trategy”w hichs hiftst he
focuso ff amilyp lanninge ffortsf romf emales terilisationt om ales terilisation.
● Itf ocuseso np rioritisingt hen utritiono fw omeno fa lla gesa nds trengthening
geriatrics ervicest oa ddressw omena geda bove6 0,w hof orm8 .4%o ft he
population.
● Itt riest oa ddresst hep roblemo fn avigatingt hed istancef romh omet os choolb y
suggesting“ innovativet ransportationm odels”s ucha s“ clusterp oolingo f
minibuses.”t oe nrolm oreg irlsins econdarys choolsa ndr etainc urrentg irls tudents.
● Thep olicyt alksa boute ngagingm ena ndb oyst hrougha dvocacy,a wareness
generationp rogrammesa ndc ommunityp rogrammest oinstilr espectf orw omenin
menf roma y ounga ge.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Ita lsot akesn
oteo fm
orew
oment akingr ecourset oa rtificialr eproductive
techniques.Itp roposese ffortst oe nsuret her ightso fs urrogatem others,
commissioningm othersa longw itht hoseo ft hec hildrenb ornt hroughs urrogacy.
● Itm entionsd esigning“ ac omprehensives ocialp rotectionm echanism”t oa ddresst he
vulnerabilitieso fw
idows,s ingle,d
eserted,s eparateda ndd ivorcedw omen
Whatist her oleo fG enderS ensitivityinW omenE mpowerment?
Ans:-Genders ensitivityist hem odificationo fb ehaviour b yr aisinga warenesso fe quality
concerns.T hisc anb ea chievedb yc onductingv ariouss ensitizationc ampaigns,t raining
centres,w orkshops,p rogramse tc.
WhyisG enders ensitivityimportant?
Ans:-T helawsh asb eena mended( POCSOA ct,C riminalA mendmentA ct)m
anyt imest o
makeitm ores tringent,butt her apea ndv oilenceh asn
otr educed.A S urveyc onductedb y
theW orldE conomicF orum( WEF)f oundt hatw omenh aveo nly6 8p
ercento ft her ights,
opportunitiesa nda ccesst or esourcese njoyedb yt hew orld’sm en.T hosed ifferencesa nd
thes peedo fp
rogressinr educingt hem,v aryf romc ountryt oc ountry.B uta ccordingt ot he
WEFr esearchers,a to urc urrentp ace,itw illt ake1 00y earst oe radicateg enderd isparities.
ThusG enderS ensitivity.
HowG enders ensitivityisd one?
Ans:-
● Householdc horesa ndc hildren’sc area ree verya dult’sr esponsibility.A sky ourselfif
thereisa ne quald ivisiono flaboriny ourh ome.
● Offeringt heb uss eatt oa p regnantw oman,a dvocatingt heinstallationo fc hildren’s
changingr oomsina llb athroomsins hoppingc enters( noto nlyint hew omen’s
facilities)a nda skingt hatc ompaniesg uaranteem aternitya ndp aternityleavea rea ll
necessarya ctions.
● Thereh asb eenm uchp rogressinincreasinga ccesst oe ducation,b utp rogressh as
beens lowinimprovingt heg enders ensitivityo ft hee ducations ystem,including
ensuringt extbooksp romotep ositives tereotypes.
● Theu npaidw orkw omena ndg irlsd op rovidet hef oundationf ort heg lobale conomy.
Thisf actn eedst ob eh ighlightedm oreint hem edia,w itht hep rivates ector,a ndin
communities.
● Ap rovenw ayt oo vercomem anys ystemicb arrierst oa w oman’ss uccessh asb een
increasedp articipationb yw omeninlocal,r egionala ndn ationallegislationa s
empoweredc hangea gents.
● Supportingw omeninn on-traditionaljobsisc rucialinn oto nlym akinglong-lasting
changeint heirlivesb uta lsoh elpb
reaks ocialt aboos.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
GlobalP
latformF orW omenE mpowerment:-
● Thec reationo fU
NW omenc amea bouta sp arto
ft heU
Nr eforma genda,b
ringing
togetherr esourcesa ndm andateso ng endere qualitya ndw omen’se mpowerment
forg reaterimpact.
● Itt alksa boutt of ocuso
nf ollowinge lements:-
● Ar eport“ AN
ewE raf orG irls:T akings tocko f2
5y earso fp
rogress”w asr eleasedb y
UNICEF,P lanInternationala ndU NW omenb yBeijingD eclarationa ndP latformf or
Action.
➔ Then umbero fg irlso uto fs choolw orldwided roppedb y7
9m illionb etween
1998a nd2 018.
➔ Sonp referencea nda ccesst op renatals exd eterminationt echnologiesh as
ledu nfavourablec hilds exr atiof org irls.E .g.E astA sia,C entralA siaa nd
SouthA siae tc.
➔ Thep revalenceo fF emaleg enitalm utilation( FGM)h asd eclinedo vert he
past2 5y earsb uto neint hreea dolescentg irlsa ged1 5–19y earsa ree ven
todayu ndergoingf orF GM.
SuggestionM adeinR eport:
★ NoD ecisionf orG irlsw ithoutP articipatingG irls:-
★ Focuso nG irl’sE ducationf ort heF ourthI ndustrialR evolution.
★ EvidenceB asedP olicyM akingf orG irls.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Conventiono nE liminationo fa llf ormso fd
iscriminationa gainstw omen:-B y
acceptingt heC onvention,S tatesc ommitt hemselvest ou ndertakea s erieso f
measurest oe ndd iscriminationa gainstw omenina llf orms,including:-
1. Toincorporatet hep rincipleo fe qualityo fm
ena ndw omenint heirlegal
system,a bolisha lld iscriminatorylawsa nda dopta ppropriateo nes
prohibitingd iscriminationa gainstw omen.
2. Toe stablisht ribunalsa ndo therp ublicinstitutionst oe nsuret hee ffective
protectiono fw
omena gainstd iscrimination.
3. Toe nsuree liminationo fa lla ctso fd
iscriminationa gainstw omenb yp
ersons,
organizationso re nterprises.
Tob
eu
sedine
xamination:-
Socialempowerment
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Ans-P
atternso fu
nequala ccesst os ocialr esourcesa rec ommonlyc alleds ocialinequality.
Theses ocialr esourcesc anb ed ividedintot hreef ormso fc apital-E conomicc apital(Wealth),
Culturalc apital(Education),a ndS ocialC apital( Networko fc ontact).
➔ Sociologistsu sedt het ermS ocialS tratificationt od escribea s ystemb yw
hich
categorieso fp
eopleins ocietya rer ankedinh
ierarchy.
➔ SocialS tratificationp ersistso verg enerations.
➔ SocialS tratificationiss upportedb yp atternso
fb
eliefo rideology.
SocialE xclusioninI ndianC ontext:-
DiscriminationinI ndia( Studyb yP
ewR esearchc entre)
Factorso
fd
iscriminationinI ndia:-
1. Pewr esearchc entrer eports aysp eopleinIndiad iscriminateb asedo nr eligion
especiallyt heyd on'tw antn eighboursf romd ifferentr eligions.
2. Silents egregationisc arriedo uto
nt heb
asiso
fg ender,s exualo
rientation,e ating
preferences,e thnicitye tc.
3. Socialp rejudicea gainstL GBTQIAc ommunity.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
4. Intersectionald iscriminationi.ed
iscriminationb
asedo nd
ifferentf actorsa tt hes ame
time.E x:-d
alitw
omenisd
iscriminatedb ecauseo fb
eingw
omena ndd alita lso.
Constitutionalp osition:-
● Stateh asp owert om akelawu ndere ntry8 o
fc oncurrentlistt oe nacta nti
discriminationlaw.
● Article1 5(1) p rohibitsd iscriminationb asedo nr eligion,s ex,r acec astea ndp alceo
f
birth,b utn oto
nt heb asiso flanguage,e thnicityp hysicala ppearancee tc.A nda lso
prohibitionisf ort hes tate,n otf orp rivateindividuals.
Keralag overnmentisc onsideringt ob ringa ntid iscriminationb ill: -
Features:-
● Theb illr ecognizev ariousk indso fd iscriminations ucha sd irect,indirect,a ggravated
discrimination,h arassment,a ndv ictimization.B oycottingp ersonsa ndt argeted
violencea lsof allw ithint heu mbrellao ft hep roposal.
● Theb illf urtherimposea na nti-discriminationd utyo np
rivatee mployers,landlords
ands ervicep roviders,a ndp ersonsh oldings ignificants ociala nde conomicp ower.
● Ane qualityc ommissionisa lsop roposed.
● Theb illp rohibitslanlords,t raders,p rivatep ersona ndp ublica uthorities
todiscriminateo nt heg roundo fc aste,r ace,s ex,g ender,m edicalc ondition,m arital
statuse tc.
Specificcontext:-
● ScheduledCaste:-S Cm
akesu
p1
6.6%
o
ft het otalp
opulationa ccordingt ot he
2011c ensus.T heya ref acingd iscriminationo nt heb asiso ft heirp ositionint he
bottomo fc astep yramid.
Typeso fD iscrimination:-
● CulturalD iscrimination:-Higherc asteg roupsw ouldn ott ouch,interacta nd
speakw ithD alitsr esultingint heire xclusionf romc ommunitylife.
● HealthD iscrimination:-U nder5 M
ortalityR atef orS Ciss ubstantiallya bove
nationala verage-5 5.8p ert housando uto fc hildrenw herea sn ational
averageis3 9p er1 000.
● EconomicD iscrimination:- T raditionalD alitjobsincludess treetc leaninga nd
removingt oiletw aste.
● EducationalD iscrimination:-R eflectedint heg apinliteracy. S CL iteracyr ate
is6 6.1%a ndn ationala verageis7 3%.
● Multiplef ormso fE xclusion:-A ccordingt oN HRCS tatistics,5 4%o fS Ca re
undernourished,8 3p er1 000d ieb eforet heirf irstb irthday.D alitsa re
preventedf rome nteringP olices tationsin2 8%o fIndianV illages.D alitsd on’t
getm aild
eliveredt ot heirh omesin2 4%o fv illages.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● S cheduledTribes:-T heyc onstitute8 .6%o fIndia’sP opulation.
Typeso
fD
icrimination:-
● CulturalD iscrimination:-S tereotypingo fa divasig roupsa su ncivilised,
primitivea ndu nskilled
● HealthD iscrimination:-U nder5 m
ortalityr ateiss ubstantiallya bovet he
nationala verage:-5 7.2o uto
f1
000c hildrenw hereast hen ationala verageis
39o uto f1 000.
● EconomicD iscrimination:-T heirlivelihoodisb aseda roundt hef orest,a nd
manyt ribalg roupsd on
otd
ependo nt radew itho utsidem arkets.A tt he
samet imet hec orporatelobbyise xtractingn aturalr esourcesf ort heir
benefits.
● EducationalD iscrimination:-O nly5 9%o ft hoseb elongingt oS Tso vert hea ge
of7
c anr eada ndw ritec omparedt on ationala verageo f7
3%.
● MultipleF ormso fE xclusion:-N FSC-4showst hat4 5.9%
o
ft heS Ts a reint he
lowestw ealthb racketc omparedt o2 6.6% o fS Cs.
LegalSafeguards:-
➔ ManualS cavengers:-
D
ATA:-
● Socio-Economica ndC asteC ensus( SECC)s tatest hatt herew erea round0 .18m illion
manuals cavengingh ouseholdsinr urala reas.
● Ag overnments urveyidentifies1 2,226m anuals cavengersin1 2s tates.M osts eptic
tanksa ree mptiedm anuallyinIndianc ities.
● Manuals cavengingisr egulatedb yt heP rohibitiono fE mploymenta s“ Manual
Scavengersa ndt heirR ehabilitationA ct,2 013”.
★ Undert his,n op erson,locala uthorityo ra gencys houlde ngageo re mploy
peoplef orh azardousc leaningo fs ewersa nds eptict anks.
★ Mechanisedc leaningo fs eptict anksist hep rescribedn orm.
★ Safetyg earf orr areinstancesw henh umaninterventionisu navoidableis
prescribed.
★ Av iolationc anb ep unishedw itht woy earso fimprisonmento rf ineo rb
oth.
★ Ita lsop rohibitst hec onstructiono finsanitarylatrines.
★ Eacho ccupiero finsanitarylatriness hallb er esponsiblef orc onvertingo r
demolishingt helatrinea th is/hero wnc ost.
★ Ita lsot alksa boutr ehabilitationo fm anuals cavengers
Whye
vena ftert hesea cts,t heissueh
asn
otb
eens olved?
➔ Castes ystem
➔ Patriarchy
➔ Nor eliableD ata
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Stigmaa ndD
iscrimination
➔ UnplannedU rbanisation
➔ Lacko
fA
warenesso fA
ct
TheGreaterHyderabadMunicipalCorporation(GHMC)hasprocureda
manhole-cleaningrobotcalled'Bandicoot',whichwouldhelpendthe
practiceofmanualscavenging.
➔ TheS cheduledC astesa ndT ribes( Preventiono fA trocities)A ct:-
Thep
rovisionso fS C/STA ctc anb ed ividedintot hesec ategories:-
1. Provisionso fc riminallaw.
2. Provisionsf orr eliefa ndc ompensationf orv ictims.
3. Provisionst hate stablishs peciala uthoritiesf ort heimplementationa nd
monitoringo ft heA ct.
● Creationo fS pecialC ourtsa nds pecialp ublicp rosecutors.
● Mandatory,p eriodicm onitorings ystema tD istrict,S tatea ndN ational
level.
● Identificationo fa trocityp ronea reas
TheS cheduledC astesa ndS cheduledT ribes( Preventiono fA
trocities)A mendment
Act,2
015:-
1. Offencesinc aseo fs exuale xploitationo fS Co
rS Tw omen:-( i)U singa cts,
wordso rg estureso fa s exualn aturea gainstS C/STw omen.( ii)T ouchinga n
SC/STw omanintentionallyina s exualm annerw ithouth erc onsent( iii)
Practiceo fd edicatinga nS C/STw omana sa d evadasit oa t emple.
2. Newo ffences:-( a)g arlandingw ithf ootwear,( b)c ompellingt od isposeo r
carryh umano ra nimalc arcasses,o rd
om anuals cavenging,( c)a busingS Cso r
STsb yc asten ameinp ublic,( d)a ttemptingt op romotef eelingso fill-will
againstS Cso rS Ts.
3. PreventingS Cso rS Tsf romu ndertakingt hef ollowinga ctivitiesw illb e
considereda no ffence:( a)u singc ommonp ropertyr esources,( c)e nteringa ny
placeo fw orshipt hatiso pent ot hep ublic,a nd( d)e nteringa ne ducationo r
healthinstitution.
4. Presumptiont ot heo ffences:-Ift hea ccusedw asa cquaintedw itht hev ictim
orh isf amily,t hec ourtw illp resumet hatt hea ccusedw asa wareo ft hec aste
ort ribalidentityo ft hev ictimu nlessp rovedo therwise.
5. Thea cts pecifiest hed utieso fp ublics ervants:-
❖ Amendments pecifiest hata nE xclusiveS pecialC ourta nd e xclusive
SpecialP ublicP rosecutorm ustb ep rovideda tt hed istrictlevel.
❖ Casess houldb ed isposedo fw
ithint wom onths.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Addsa c haptero nt her ightso
fv ictimsa ndw
itnesses.
❖ Thed utyo ft hes tatet om
akea rrangementsf ort hep rotectiono
f
victims,t heir,a ndw itnesses.
S CJ udgementsin“ Subhashk ashinathM ahajan”:-
➔ Thea cth asb ecomea t oolt op ersecuteinnocentsa ndp ublics ervantsf orp olitical
andp
ersonalg ains.
➔ Providedg uidelinesf orp reventingt hem isuseo ft hea ct:-
❏ Preliminaryinquirya tt helevelo fD
SPisr equiredt ov erifyt hea uthenticityo f
thec aseb eforer egisteringF IR.
❏ Ap ersonc anb er eleasedo na nticipatoryb ailu
nlessa p
rimaf aciec aseo f
crimeso ra trocitiesism adeo ut.
❏ NoF IRs houldb er egistereda gainstg overnments ervantsw ithoutt he
approvalo ft hea ppointinga uthority.
A
mendmentin2 018:-
❏ Governmenth asr everseda llt heS Cg uidelines.
W
hata ret heC onstitutionalS afeguardst oS C/ST?
❖ Article1 7:-S eekst oa bolish‘untouchability’.
❖ Article4 6:-P romotet hee ducationala nde conomicinterestso fS Cs,S T.
❖ Article3 38:-N ationalC ommissionf orS cheduledC astes.
❖ Article3 38-A:-N ationalC ommissionf orS cheduledT ribes.
ImportantG overnmentS chemesa ndP lanf orS C/ST
ST:-
TribalS ubP lan( TSP):-
TSPa pproache nvisagesintegratedd evelopmento ft ribala reasw hereina llp rogrammes
irrespectiveo fs ourceo ff undingo perateinu nisont oa chievet heg oalo fb
ringing( tribal)
areaa tp
arw ithr esto ft heS tatea ndimproveq ualityo flifeo
ft ribals.Itisg earedt owards
takingu pf amilyo rientedincomeg eneratings chemes,e liminationo fe xploitation,h uman
resourced evelopmentt hroughe ducation& t raininga ndinfrastructured evelopment.T SP
programmesa ref inancedf rom:-
● TSPf undsf romS tate/ U.TP lansa ndC entralM inistries/Departments
● SpecialC entralA ssistance( SCA)t oT SP
● Grantsu nderA rticle2 75( 1)o ft heC
onstitutiont oS tates/U.T
● Fundst hroughC entralS ectorS chemes/C entrallyS ponsoredS chemesa nd( f)
InstitutionalF inance.
Whatist heO bjectiveo fT SP?
Ans:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
1. HumanR esourceD evelopmentb ye nhancinga ccesst oE ducationa ndH ealth
services.
2. Toe radicatet hee xploitationa ndd evelopt her emotea reas.
3. Toimprovet helifet hereb yp rovidinga dequateh ealtha nde ducationals ervices.
4. Top rovidep hysicala ndf inancials ecuritya gainsta nyk indo fo
ppressiona nd
exploitation.
Issuesw ithT SP:-T heP ublicA ccountsC ommittees ubmitteditsr eporto n‘ Tribal
Sub-Plan’a ndf oundt hat:-
● Financialm anagement:-T heC ommitteen otedt hatt hereh asb eenn o
segregationo fT SPf undsu ndera s eparateh eada tt hes tate,d istricto rb
lock
level. F undsu nderT SPa rer equiredt ob ep utintoa s eparateh eado f
account,t os trengthena dministrativea rrangementsf orp roperu tilisationa nd
monitoringo fT SPf unds. T heC ommitteer ecommendedt hats tricta dherence
toe armarkingo ff undsintoa s eparateh eada te verylevels houldb em ade
mandatoryf orr eleaseo ff unds. Ita lsos uggestedt hata m orep roactive
approachs houldb et akent ok eept racko fm onitoring,f undu tilisation,a nd
implementationo fs chemes.
● Non-lapsablep oolf orT SPf und:-T heC ommitteeo bservedt hatp resently,
fundsa tt hee ndo ft hef inancialy earw eren otb eingt ransferredintoa
non-lapsablep oolo fT SPf und,t hatc ouldb eu tilisedlater. Itr ecommended
that:( i)e ffortss houldb em adet owardso ptimalu tilisationo fa llocatedT SP
fundsf ora g ivenf inancialy ear;a nd( ii)a n on-lapsablef unds houldb ec reated
top oolf undst hatc ouldn otb eu tilisedina f inancialy ear.
● Centraln odalu nitf oro verview:-T heC ommitteen otedt hatg uidelines
detailingt hep rocessf ora no versighth adn otb eenp uto utb yt heM inistryo f
TribalA ffairs. T heb asico bjectiveo fT SPist oc hannelizet hef lowo fo utlays
fromc entralm inistriesb ye armarkingf undsf ort hed evelopmento fS Tsin
states( inp roportiont ot heirp opulation). T heC ommitteer easonedt hatt o
overseet hisimplementationo ff undf low,a c entralu nito fo versights hould
bes etu p. Itr ecommendedt hatt heM inistryo fT ribalA ffairss houldc reatea
centraln odalu nitf oro versightw hichw illf acilitateb etterc o-ordinationa nd
efficientimplementationo fT SPt hrougha no nlinem onitorings ystem.
● Nodalu nitsa ts tate/districtlevel:-T heC ommitteen otedt hatN ITIA ayogh ad
suggestedt hatT SPm inistrieso rd epartmentss houlds etu pn odalu nitsf or
programmem onitoring. T heseu nitss houlda lsoindicates tate-specific
allocationa ndr eleasef orS Tss eparatelyu nderc entrallys ponsoreds chemes
andc entrals ectors chemes. T heC ommittees tatedt hatp resently,t he
Departmentso fS choolE ducationa ndL iteracya ndH igherE ducationh avea
dedicatedu nitt of ormulatea ndimplementT SPu ndert heM inistryo fH uman
ResourceD evelopment. Itr ecommendedt hata llT SPm inistrieso r
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
departmentss houlds etu pt heiro
wnd
edicatedn odalu nitsf ore ffective
monitoringo fT SPa tt heimplementations tage.
● Involvemento flocalc ommunityint hep lanningp rocess:-AC omptrollera nd
AuditorG enerala uditr eportin2 015h
adh ighlightedt hatp lansf ors chemes
wereb eingf ormulatedw ithouts pecificc onsiderationo ft ribalb
eneficiaries
asr equiredu nderT SP. T heC ommitteen otedt hatt hep lanningp rocessc ould
bes trengthenedw itht heinvolvemento ft hec ommunityint ribald ominant
blocks. Itr ecommendedt hatinputs/s uggestionso flocalt ribalc ommunities
shouldb es oughtb eforef inalisingt hep lanf orimplementationo fa ny
programmeu nderT SP.
● Disability:-A
sp erC ensus2 011,D
isabledc onstitute2
.21%
o
ft het otalP
opulation.
➔ Social/ CulturalP erceptiono fD
isability:-
1. Thed isabledp ersoniss eena sa v ictim.
2. Thev eryideao fd
isabilitys uggestst hatt heya reinn eedo fh
elp.
3. Somes eeD isabilitya sa p unishmentf ors ins.
T ypeso fD
iscrimination:-
● HealthD iscrimination:-L acko fa ccesst oh ealthc areinstitutionsa nds pecialf acility
fors pecialp eopleislacking.
● EconomicD iscrimination:-T heyf inditv eryh ardt oe nterinjobm arketa st heya re
oftens eena su nemployable.
● EducationalD iscrimination:-T heW Bs tudyr evealst hatc hildrenw ithD
isabilityin
Indiais5 t imesm orelikelyt ob eo uto
fs choolt hanc hildrenb elongingt oS Ca ndS Ts.
● Multiplef ormso fE xclusion:-D isabledp eoplew hob elongt oS Ca ndS Tf aceg reater
challengesa st heyh avet od
ealw ithm ultiplef ormso fs ociale xclusion.
Whata reI nvisibleD isabilities?
Ans:-W henw eu set het ermD isability,m anyp eopleh avea m
entalp ictureo fp
ersonsw
ith
assistived
evices.H oweverd isabilitiesa lsoincludea n
umbero fo
therc onditionst hata re
typicallyn
ota pparentt oo nlookers.H iddend isabilitiesh aves omeu niquep sychological
issuesw hichm akec onditionsa llt hem orec omplexa ndd ebilitating.
CommonI nvisibleD isabilities:-
1. Neurologicald isordersr esultinginimpairmentinr eading,w ritingo rm athematics
commonlya ssociatedw ithL azy,D
istracteda nda ttentiond eficit.
2. Autisms pectrumD isorder
3. ChronicD iseaselikeR enalf ailure.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
4. Minimalb raininquirya ndd evelopmento fc ognitived isorders.
Challengeso
fI nvisibleD isabilities:-
1. Difficultt od etectb yP
arents,T eachers,a ndc aregivers.
2. Disclosurec anr aiseq uestionsa boutw hethert hed isabilitya ctuallye xistso
rt he
individualisf akingit.
3. Individualst ryt od efys ocials tigmab
yn
otd isclosingit.
LegalProvision:-
Indiar atifiedt heU nitedN ationsC onventiono nR ightso fP ersonsw ithD isabilities
(U.N.C.R.P.D.),m uchb eforea nyo thers ignificantc ountryint hew orld.
Righto fP
ersonsw ithD isabilitiesA ct2 016
➔ Thet ypeso fd isabilitiesh aveb eenincreasedf rom7 t o2
1.Ina ddition,t he
Governmenth asb eena uthorizedt on otifya nyo therc ategoryo fs pecifiedd isability.
➔ Itincreasest heq uantumo fr eservationf orp eoples ufferingf romd isabilitiesf rom3 %
to4 %ing overnmentjobsa ndf rom3 %t o5 %inh ighere ducationinstitutes.
➔ Everyc hildw ithb enchmarkd isabilityb etweent hea geg roupo f6
a nd1 8y earss hall
havet her ightt of reee ducation.
➔ Stressh asb eeng ivent oe nsurea ccessibilityinp ublicb uildingsina p rescribedt ime
framea longw itht he“ AccessibleIndiaC ampaign”.
➔ TheC hiefC ommissionerf orP ersonsw ithD isabilitiesa ndt heS tateC ommissioners
willa cta sr egulatoryb odiesa ndG rievanceR edressala gencies,m onitoring
implementationo ft heA ct.
➔ As eparateN ationala ndS tateF undw illb ec reatedt op rovidef inancials upportt ot he
personsw ithd isabilities.
As tudyc onductedb yt he“ DisabilityR ightsI ndiaF oundation”( DRIF)o nt he
implementationo ft heR ightso fP ersonsw ithD isabilities( RPWD)A ct,a cross2 4S tates,h as
revealedt hatm oret hanh alfh
aven otn otifiedt heS tater ules.
GovernmentS teps:-
1. AccessibleI ndiaC ampaign:-A ccessibleIndiaC ampaign( SugamyaB haratA bhiyan)
hast hef ollowingt hreeimportantc omponents:-
● BuiltE nvironmentA ccessibility.
● TransportationS ystemA ccessibility.
● Informationa ndC ommunicationE cosystemA ccessibility.
2. ShiftinP olicy
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
PublicP olicys hiftingt owardsa s ocialm odelo fd
isabilityist hen
eww ayf orwardf or
buildingd isabilityinclusives ocieties.
EarlierM odel:-MedicalM odel
Thef ocusiso nb odilya bnormalitiesa ndt hed ysfunctionsc ausedt hereby.Itisr ightly
referredt oa sa p
ersonalt ragediesm odel,b ecauset heindividualisr egardeda sa
victim,a nda ss omeonew hoisina p
erpetualn eedo f“ care”a ndc ompletely
dependento no thers.D isabilityr ightsa ctivistsh avec riticiseda ndr aisedc oncerns
againstv iewingd isabilitya sa p
ersonalt ragedy.
RecentM odel:-SocietalM odel
Thism odelo fd
isabilityw asp
utf orwardb ya ctivistM ikeO liver,w heres ocietya nd
barriersw eres eena sc ausingd isability,r athert hana nindividual’sb odyo rt he
limitationsw ithin.T hisa pproachist olooka td isabilitya sc ausede xternallyb y
barriers( attitudinalo re nvironmentalo rc ultural)a ndh asv erylittlet od
ow
ith
physicallimitations.
3. NationalP olicyS tatement:-NationalP olicyS tatementint hey ear2 006.
Rehabilitationm easuresc anb ec lassifiedintot hreed istinctg roups.
● Physicalr ehabilitation,w hichincludese arlyd etectiona ndintervention,
counselling& m edicalinterventionsa ndp rovisiono fa ids& a ppliances.E x:-
Assistancet oD isabledP ersonsf orP urchase/ Fittingo fA idsa ndA ppliances
(ADIPS cheme)
● Economicr ehabilitationincludingv ocationale ducation.
➔ TheM inistryo fP etroleuma ndN aturalG ash asr eserved7 .5p erc ent
ofa llt ypeso fd
ealershipa gencieso fp
ublics ectoro ilc ompaniesf or
personsw ithp hysicald isabilities.
➔ Personsw ithd isabilitiesa reg ivena na ger elaxationo fu pt ot eny ears
int heu ppera gelimitf orr ecruitmentt og overnmentp ositions
● Educationalr ehabilitationf ora d
ignifiedlifeins ociety:-
➔ UnderS SA,a c ontinuumo fe ducationalo ptions,learninga idsa nd
tools,m obilitya ssistance,s upports ervicese tc.a reb eingm
ade
availablet os tudentsw ithd isabilities.
● Transgender:-
➔ T he“ Ardhanarishvaraf ormo fd
ivinee nergy”,c reatedb ym
ergingS hivaa nd
Parvatiisw orshipedinH induism.It’sr eallys adt hatitt ooks olongf ort rans
peoplet og ett heirlegalr ecognitioninIndia.
➔ Transgenderr eferst os omeonew hoseg enderd oesn’tm atchw itht heg ender
thatw asa ssignedt ot hema tb irth.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Accordingt ot he2 011C
ensus,Indiah ad4
.8lakht ransgenders.A
study
conductedo n'transgenders'b yt he“ KeralaD evelopmentS ociety”s ayso nly
2p
ercento
ft ransgenderss tayw itht heirp arents.
SocietalP erspective:-
● BeingT heP arento fa T ransgenderC hildI sS hameful:-
● TransgenderW omenC anN everB ecomeM others:-B iologicalm othersa ren ott he
onlym others.
● Discrimination:-R ecently,a t ransw oman,SabiG iri,w
hoh adb eenp osteda sa s ailor
int heIndianN avy,w ass ackedf romh erjobb ecauseo fh
ert ransition.India’sf irst
transw omanp rincipalM anabiB andyopadhyayresignedf romh erjobb
ecauseh er
colleaguesw eren on-cooperative.
● SocialE xclusion:-T heya ree xcludedf romp articipatingins ocial,c ulturala nd
economiclife.Inb rief,t heya ree xcludedf rom–
★ Excludedf roms ocietya ndf amily.
★ Lacko fp rotectionf romv iolence.
★ Restricteda ccesst oe ducation,h ealthc area ndp ersonalc are.
★ L imiteda ccesst op ublics paces.
★ L imiteda ccesst oc ollectivization.
★ Rightso fC itizenship.
★ Excludedf romd ecision-making.
★ Lacko fs ocials ecurity
GovernmentS teps:-
➔ TheM adhyaP radeshG overnmenthasa ppointedS anjanaS ingh,a st hep ersonal
secretaryo ft hed irectoro fs ocialjusticea ndd isabledp ersonsw elfare.
➔ Odishaist hef irstr egionint hec ountryt og ivet ransgenderp eoples ocialw elfare
benefits- s ucha sa p
ension,h ousinga ndf oodg rains.
➔ KerelaT ransgenderP olicy:-It r ecommendst hes ettingu po fa T GJ usticeB oardw ith
theS tateM inisterf orS ocialJ usticea sitsc hairperson.
➔ TheT ransgenderP ersons( Protectiono fR
ights)B ill2 019:-T heB illw asb rought
followinga 2 014o rdero ft heS upremeC ourt( NALSAv s.U niono fIndia).
➔ Provisionsint heb ill:-
● Definitiono fa T ransgenderP ersons:-T heB illd
efinesa t ransgenderp erson
aso new hoseg enderd oesn otm atcht heg endera ssigneda tb irth. It
includest rans-mena ndt rans-women,p ersonsw ithintersexv ariations,
gender-queers,a ndp ersonsw iths ocio-culturalidentities,s ucha sk innara nd
hijra
● Prohibitiona gainstd iscrimination:-T heB illp
rohibitst hed iscrimination
againsta t ransgenderp erson,includingd enialo fs erviceo ru nfairt reatment.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Offensesa ndP enalties:-T heB illr ecognizest hef ollowingo ffenses:( i)
begging,f orcedo rb
ondedlabor( ii)d enialo fu
seo fa p ublicp lace;( iii)d enial
ofr esidenceint heh ousehold,v illage,e tc.;( iv)p hysical,s exual,v erbal,
emotionala nde conomica buse.Theseo ffensesw illa ttractimprisonment
betweens ixm onthsa ndt woy earsa nda f ine.
● Certificateo fidentityf ora t ransgenderp erson:-A t ransgenderp ersonm ay
makea na pplicationt ot heD istrictM agistratef ora c ertificateo fidentity,
indicatingt heg endera s‘transgender’.
● Ther ighto fr esidence:-Ift heimmediatef amilyisu nablet oc aref ort he
transgenderp erson,t hep ersonm ayb ep lacedina r ehabilitationc enter,o n
theo rderso fa c ompetentc ourt.
● Settingu po fN ationalC ouncilf orT ransgenderp ersons( NCT):-
➔ Itsc hairpersonw illb et heU nionM inistero ft heM inistryo fS ocial
Justicea ndE mpowerment.
➔ Itw illa lsoc onsistso f:
1. Representativesf romf ives tateso rU nionT erritories( onee ach
fromt hen orth,s outh,e ast,w esta ndn ortheastr egions),o na
rotationalb asis.
2. Fivem emberso ft het rangenderc ommunity( onee achf rom
then orth,s outh,e ast,w esta ndn ortheastr egions).
3. Thet enureo ft hec ommunitym emberss hallb et hreey ears.
4. Representativesf rom1 0c entrald epartments.
5. Thec ouncilw illh avejoints ecretary-levelm embersf romt he
Ministrieso fH ealth,H ome,M inorityA ffairs,E ducation,R ural
Development,L aboura ndL aw.
6. Ina ddition,t herew illb ea m emberf romt heD epartmento f
Pensions( Ministryo fP ersonnel,P ublicG rievances&
Pensions),N ITIA ayog,NHRC,N CM)
F unctions:
● Advisingt heC entralg overnmento nt hef ormulationo fp olicies,p rogrammes,
legislationa ndp rojectsw ithr espectt ot ransgenderp ersons.
● Monitoringa nde valuatingt heimpacto fp oliciesa ndp rogrammesd esignedf or
achievinge qualitya ndf ullp articipationo ft ransgenderp ersons.
● Reviewinga ndc oordinatingt hea ctivitieso fa llt hed epartments.
● Redressingg rievanceso ft ransgenderp ersons.
● Performings ucho therf unctionsa sp rescribedb yt heC entre
Concernsint heB
ill:-
● TheB illd
oesn otg ivet her ighto fs elf-identificationt ot ransgenderp
ersons,
instead,itisc ertifiedb ya d istricts creeningc ommittee.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Billiss ilento
ng rantingr eservationst ot ransgenderp ersons.
● TheB illlackr obustnessa sith asp
rovisionf ora lowerp unishmentf ors exual
violencea gainstt ransgenderp ersons,a sa gainsts eveny ears’imprisonment
awardedinc aseo fs exuala ssaulto nw
omen.
● Theb illd oesn otp
rovidea m echanismf ora ppealifa t ransgenderp ersonis
denieda c ertificateo fidentity.
● TheS tandingC ommittee’sc oncernsa boutr ecognizingr ightsinm arriage,
divorcea nda doptiono ft ransgenderp ersonh aven otb eena ddressed.
S uggestions:-
● Establishmento fh
elplinef orc areerp lanninga ndg uidance,c areero pportunitiesa nd
onlinep lacements ystemm ustb ee mpowered.
● Liberalc reditf acilitiesa ndf inanciala ssistancem ustb ee nsuredt os tartu
pt heir
careera sa ne ntrepreneuro rb
usinessman.
● Separatep oliciesr elatedt oh ealthc arem ustb
ef rameda ndc ommunicatedina ll
privatea ndp ublich ospitalsa ndc linics.
● Awarenessp rogrammesm ustb eo rganizeda tm
asslevelt oo utreacht hep ublica nd
thisc ommunity.
● Ac omprehensives ex-educationp rograms houldb eincorporatedins chool
curriculuma ndc olleges yllabust oa wares tudentsa tg roundlevel.
WhatisS ocialI nclusion?( Uset hisinC onclusion)
Ans:-T heE Ua dopteda listo
f1
8indicatorsc alled“ Laekenindicators”c overingf our
dimensionso fS ocialInclusion-F inancialP overty,E ducation,H ealth,E mployment.
GlobalS ocialM obilityR eport:-Increasings ocialm obilityb y1 0p
erc entw
ouldb
enefits ocial
cohesiona ndb oostt hew orld’se conomiesb yn early5 p
erc entb y2
030.
Regionalism,CommunalismandSecularism
Regionalism
Whatd oy ouu nderstanda boutR egionalism?
Ans:-
Tou nderstandr egionalism,w en eedt ok nowv ariousd imensionso ft her egion.R egiona sa
geographicalu nit,isd
elimitedf rome acho ther.R egiona sa s ocials ystem,r eflectst he
relationb etweend ifferenth umanb eingsa ndg roups.R egionsa rea no rganizedc ooperation
inc ultural,e conomic,p oliticalo rm ilitaryf ields.R egiona ctsa sa s ubjectw ithd
istinct
identity,language,c ulturea ndt radition.R egionalismisa nideologya ndp oliticalm ovement
thats eekst oa dvancet hec auseso fr egions.A sa p
rocessitp laysa r olew ithint hen ationa s
wella so utsidet hen ationi.e.a tinternationallevel.B otht ypeso fr egionalismh aved ifferent
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
meaningsa ndh avep ositivea sw ella sn egativeimpactso ns ociety,p olity,d iplomacy,
economy,s ecurity,c ulture,d evelopment,n egotiations,e tc.A tt heinternationallevel,
regionalismr eferst ot ransnationalc ooperationt om eeta c ommong oalo rt or esolvea
sharedp roblemo ritr eferst oa g roupo fc ountriess ucha sW esternE urope,o rS outheast
Asia,linkedb yg eography,h istoryo re conomicf eatures.U sedint hiss ense,r egionalism
referst oa ttemptst or einforcet helinksb etweent hesec ountries'e conomicf eatures.T he
secondm eaningo ft het ermisr egionalisma tn ationallevelr eferst oa p rocessinw hich
sub-statea ctorsb ecomeincreasinglyp owerful,p owerd evolvesf romc entrallevelt o
regionalg overnments.T hesea ret her egionsw ithina c ountry,d istinguishedinc ulture,
languagea ndo thers ocio-culturalf actors.
Thus,R egionalismist hee xpressiono fa c ommons enseo fidentitya ndp urposeb yp
eople
withina g eographicalr egion,u nitedb yitsu niquelanguage,c ulture,languagee tc.Itisa k ind
off eelingo rloyaltyt owardst heinteresto ft heiro wnr egion.T hisk indo f‘isms’justr estricts
one’sh orizon;itg iveso nea limiteda rmoryt oc hoosef rom.
Ina p
ositives ense,ite ncouragesp eoplet od evelopa s enseo fb
rotherhooda nd
commonnessw hichs eekst op rotectt heinteresto fa p
articularr egiona ndp romotest he
welfarea ndd evelopmento ft hes tatea nditsp eople.
Int hen egatives ense,itimpliese xcessivea ttachmentt oo ne’sr egionw hichisa g reatt hreat
tot heu nitya ndintegrityo ft hec ountry
MajorC haracteristicso fR egionalism:-
❖ Regionalisms ometimesisa p sychicp henomenon.
❖ Regionalismisd evelopeda sa ne xpressiono fg roupidentitya sw ella sd evotiont oa
particularr egion.
❖ Regionalisma ssumest hec oncepto fd evelopmento fo ne'so wnr egionw ithout
consideringt heinteresto fo therr egions.
❖ Regionalismp roscribesp eoplef romo therr egionst ob eb enefitedb ya p
articular
region.
Historyo fR
egionalisminI ndia:-
➔ First,int he1 950sa nd1 960s:-A ndhraP radeshinIndia’ss ouths howedt hew ay.T he
fastu ntod eathin1 952o ft helegendary( Telugu)leaderP ottiS riramuluf ora s tatef or
theT elugu-speakerso uto ft hec ompositeM adrasP residency.
➔ Second,int he1 970sa nd1 980s:-T hem ainf ocuso fr eorganizationw asIndia’s
North-east.S tatehoodg rantedt oN E astS tates.
➔ Third,2 000:-C hhattisgarho uto fM adhyaP radesh,J harkhando uto fB ihara nd
Uttaranchalo uto fU
ttarP radesh.
ImportantR egionalM ovements:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ ShivS enaa gainstK annadigas:-In1 966,S hivS ena,inM aharashtra,launchedits
agitationa gainstK annadigasint hen ameo fM arathip ride.
❏ KhalistanM ovement:-T heK halistanm ovementisa S ikhs eparatistm ovement,
whichs eekst oc reatea s eparatec ountryc alledK halistān( "TheL ando ft heK halsa")
int heP unjab.R eportso ft hea ppointmento fa w
antedK halistanit erroristt o
spearheadt he‘KhalistanR eferendum2 020’c ampaignb y‘SikhsF orJ ustice’( SFJ)h as
exposedt het ruem otivea ndintentb ehindt hes eparatistm ovement.
❏ Attackso nB iharL abourersb yt heU
LFA:-In2 003,t heU LFAw asa ccusedo fk illing
labourersf romB iharinr esponset om olestationa ndr apingo fm
anyA ssameseg irls
ina t raininB ihar.T hisincidents parkedo ffa nti-Biharis entimentinA ssam.
❏ TheM NST argetingN orthI ndians:-Itw asin2 008t hatM aharashtraN avnirmanS ena
(MNS)w orkersb egant heirv iolenta gitationa gainstN orthIndians.T heira gitationis
basedo n“ Sono fS oilD
octrine”.
Whys ono ft hes oil?
★ Therer emainsa c ompetitionf orjobsb etweenm igranta ndlocale ducated
middlec lassy outh.
★ Thist heoryw orksm ostlyinc ities,b ecauseh ereo utsidersa lsog et
opportunitiesf ore ducation,e tc.
★ Ins ucht heories,m ajorinvolvemento fp
eopleisd uet or isinga spiration.
★ Economy’sf ailuret oc reatee noughe mploymento pportunities.
HowisR egionalisminN -Eastd ifferentf romP eninsularI ndia?
Ans:-
➔ VariedD emands:-R angingf romA utonomyt oS ecessionisminN E astw hilein
PeninsularIndia,d emandm ostlyr evolvesa roundA utonomy.
➔ Reasons:-InN orthE ast,itisa m ixo fe thnicd emanda ndq uestiono nr elation
betweenC entrea ndN e astw hileinP eninsularIndiaitb asicallyr evolvesa roundlack
ofD
evelopment.
➔ Forces:-InN orthE ast,itisledb yInsurgentg roupslikeN SCN-IM,w hileinP eninsular
India,itisledb yP oliticalp artieslikeJ MM
➔ Identity:-InN E ast,identityisb asedo nt ribalc ulturea ndlanguages.
Typeso fR
egionalM ovements
➔ Secessionismisa f ormo fr egionalismt hatinvolvesm ilitanta ndf undamentalist
groupsa dvocatings eparationf romIndiao nt heb
asiso fe thnicityo ra nyo therf actor.
Example:-IsakM uivah’sN ationalS ocialistC ouncilo fN
agaland,Islamic
fundamentalistg roupsinJ & K
,U
LFAinA ssama ree xampleso fs uche xtreme
dimensionso fr egionalism.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Demandf orF ullS tatehood:-D emando fS tatehoodt oD elhi.In1
971,H imachal
Pradeshg ott hes tatuso
fa f ulls tatea ndt hereafterM anipur,T ripura,M izoram,
ArunachalP radesh( formerN EFA)a ndS ikkimg otf ulls tatehoods.
➔ Demandf orA utonomy:- S incet he1 960's,w itht hee mergenceo fr egionalp
arties,
thed
emandf ors tatea utonomy.E x:-AssamG anaP arishad,D MK,AIADMK.
Reasonsb
ehindG rowtho fR egionalisminI ndia:-
➔ Impositiono fM onolithicL anguage:-Thisise videntf romt heA nti-H indim ovement
int heS outhIndians tatesa sw ella st heA nti-foreignerM ovementinA ssam.
➔ Ambitiono fR ulingp arties:-T hea mbitiono fr egionalE litet oc apturep ower,f or
example,t heDMK,A IADMK T eluguD esam.
➔ EconomicR easons:-T helowr ateo fe conomicg rowth,investmentinfrastructurea nd
sociale xpenditureb yt hes tateo nh ealthe ducationa nds anitationc ana lsob ea
reasonf ort hed evelopmento f-ofr egionalism.
➔ Thes onso ft hes oild octrinew hicha fter1 950inc ompetitionb etweenlocaly outh
andm igrantsf ore mploymenth asledt ot hed evelopmento fr egionalismn oto nlyin
rurala reasb uta lsoinc ities.
➔ Unevend evelopment:-Its uggestst hatr egionalismisc ausedb ye conomicd isparities
andc ulturala nxieties.Eg.T elanganam ovement.
➔ Cultureo fa ffluence:-E g.T heK halistanm ovementw asp rovidedf resh impetusb y
ther isingp rosperityd uet ot heG reenR evolution.
➔ RegionalD iversity: -W hyr egionald isparitys tillp ersists?
❖ Lowr ateo fe
conomicg rowth:-T hee conomicg rowtho fIndiah asb een
fluctuatings inceindependence.B utw ithr espectt oH ighp opulationg rowth,
thee conomicg rowthh asb eenn ote nought oc atcht hed evelopmentw ith
fulls peed.Int helastd ecade,t hee conomicg rowthw asp rogressive,b utn ow
theya rer eelingu ndert heinfluenceo fw orlde conomicc risisa ndo ther
bottlenecksa td omesticlevel.
❖ Socio-economica ndp oliticalo rganisationo fs tates:-T hes tatesh aveb een
unablet od ot hea dequatelandr eformsa ndt hef eudalm entalitys tillp ersists.
Bhoodana ndG ramdanm ovements,a fterindependence,w eren ot
enthusiasticallyc arrieda nde venlandu nderlandB anksw eren ote fficiently
distributed.T hep oliticala ctivitiesint heb ackwards tatesw erelimitedt ov ote
bankp oliticsa nds cams.
❖ Lowerlevelo finfrastructuralf acilitiesinb ackwards tates:-T helevelo f
infrastructurald evelopment,s ucha s-p owerd istribution,irrigationf acilities,
roads,m odernm arketsf ora griculturalp roduceh asb eenb ackstage.A llt hese
ares tatelists ubjects.
❖ Lowlevelo fs ociale xpenditureb ys tateso ne ducation,h ealtha nd
sanitation:-T heses ubjectsa rec oref orh umanr esourced evelopment.T he
statesw hichh aveinvestedh eavilyo nt heses ubjects,f allu ndert he
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
developeda nda dvanceds tates,f ore xampleT amilN adu,w hereh ealthc are
servicesinP rimaryh ealthc entresa reb enchmarkf oro thers tates.
❖ Politicala nda dministrationf ailure:-T hisisa s ourceo ft ensiona ndg ives
birtht os ubregionalm ovementsf ors eparates tates.J harkhand,C hattisgarh,
Uttarakhanda ndr ecentlyT elanganaa ret her esulto ft hesef ailureso nly.
Manys uchd emandsa reinp ipelines ucha s-V idarbha,S aurashtra,D arjeeling
andB odoland,e tc.T hesef ailuresa lsow eakent hec onfidenceo fp
rivate
playersa ndd on
ota ttractinvestorsint hes tates.
NegativeE ffecto fR egionalism:-
❏ Regionalm ovementso ftenr esultinv iolenta gitations,d isturbs t helawa ndo rder
situations.E x:-A runachalP radesha fterc itizenshipA mendmentB ill.
❏ Regionalisms ometimesu ndercutst hen ationalinterestb yb
einga h urdlein
internationald iplomacy.E x:-T eestac ase.
❏ Regionalismc anb ecomea s hieldf orm ilitancy,e xtremismt oc reatea ninternal
securityt hreat,K ashmirm ilitancyisa ne xampleo ft hist ypeo fr egionalism.
❏ Regionalistt endencieso ftens tirinter-stateh ostilitya sitss pillovere ffect.
PositiveE ffectso fR egionalism:-
❏ Regionalidentitiesn oticeda d emocratice ffect:-F ore xample-T ripuraT ribal
AutonomousD istrictC ouncil( TTAADC),f ormedin1 985,h ass ervedt op rotecta n
otherwisee ndangeredt ribalidentityint hes tate
❏ Riseo fR
egionalP arties:-Ith asb roughtlocalIssuesa tn ationallevel.
❏ RegionS pecificT ourismD evelopment.
❏ Developmento fIndianL anguage.
❏ Resourceb asedD evelopment.E x-S chemesa ndp rojectsa imeda tincreasingincome
offarmersa ndr uralp oorw illg eta R
s9
58c roreb oostint hee conomically-stressed
Vidarbhar egion.
❏ Itw illr educet hec entralisingt endenciesina n ationa ndp owerw ills hiftf romt he
centret ot hes tates.
ConstitutionalS afeguardsA gainstS eparatistT endencies
TheIndianC onstitutionp rovidesv ariousinstitutionala rrangementst or esolvea nyp roblem
includingt het hreatsp osedb yv iolentr egionalism.
➔ Thep rovisionso ft hef iftha nds ixths cheduleso ft heIndianc onstitutionledt ot he
creationo fa utonomousr egionalc ouncilso fd istrictc ouncilsf ort hep eopleo fe thnic
enclaves.
➔ Byincludingt hem ajorlanguagesint hee ighths chedule,a ndG rantingo fficial
recognitiont oc ulturallys ignificantlanguageso ft hes tatea st helanguageo f
educationa ndo fficialt ransaction.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ ReservationinE mploymentf ors pecificr egions:-B yt hev irtueo fa rticle3 71(J)a nd
Article3 71(D)
L egislatives afeguards:-
➔ StatesR eorganisationA ct,1 956:-Givesg reens ignalf orf ormationo fs tatesb asedo n
linguisticc riteria.
➔ TheO fficialL anguagesA cto f1
963p reventedt hep lannedt ransitiono fIndia’so fficial
languagef romE nglisht oH indi.
Solution:-
➔ Culturals ensitizationp rogramsm ustb et akenu pinc ollegest oa voidh atredb ased
onr egionsa ndp romotef riendshipa mongs tudents.
➔ Fairsa ndf estivalsc anb ec onductedt op romoten ationalidentity.
➔ ProgrammeslikeE KB haratS resthaB harat: -O bjectives
➢ ToC ELEBRATEt heU nityinD iversity.
➢ ToP ROMOTEt hes pirito fn ationalintegration.
➢ ToS HOWCASEt her ichh eritagea ndc ulture.
➢ TOE STABLISHlong-terme ngagements.
➢ TOC REATEa ne nvironmentw hichp romoteslearningb etweenS tatesb y
sharingb estp racticesa nde xperiences.
AssociatedT opics:-
1. R egionalisma ndS mallerS tates:-
Whys uchD emands:-
(1) Assertiono fm
arginaliseds ectionsw hoh aveb eenn eglectedint hep rocesso f
Development.E x:-T elangana
(2) Regionalideology,c ulturea ndg eographicd ifferencesn owa ppeart ob e
betterr ecognizeda sv alidb asesf ora dministratived ivision.
(3) ElectoralP oliticsa ftert he1 970'sh asb eenm arkedb ym obilizationo fs ocial
cleavagesa longt erritoriallyc onfinedlineso fc aste,r eligion,region.
Isita dvisable?
Yes:-
● Smallisb eautiful:-C hhattisgarhh asr egistereda na verageg rowtho f9 .2%,
Jharkhand1 1%.
● HomogenousS tatesa llowb etterc ommunication,e nablingm arginals ocialg roupst o
raiset heirv oice.
● Itw ouldc ontributet ot hea gendao fe nhancingd emocraticd evelopment.
● NewS tatew illb
ringn ewInfrastructurea ndt husn ewe mployment.
● GoodG overnance
No:-
● R iseo
fR
egionala ndL anguageF anaticism.
● SmallerS tatesa rev ulnerablet oC orporateo wingt ot heirs malls calee conomics.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● FinancialU nviability:-8 N ES tatesd
ependo nt hec entref org rants.
● Smallers tatesh
aven or elationw ithG
oodG overnance.EX:-T Na ndJ ammu
● SmallerS tatesa rep oliticallyu nstable:-G
oa
● Ito
pensP
andoraB ox.
Suggestion:-
● Increaset hen umbero fD istricts.
● Strengtheningo fP
RI
2.Regionalisma ndN ationalism
Regionalismisa ntitheticalt on ationalisma ndt husimpedest hep rocesso fn
ational
Integration.C omment
● Nationalismisa s enseo fb elongingt oo nen ation,a f eelingo nes haresw itha llt he
citizenso ft hec ountryr egardlesso ft heirc aste,c reed,c ulture,r eligiono rr egion.
● Thisa ssociationw itha n
ationist hep rimarym odeo fidentificationf ora p
ersona nd
everyn atione ncouragesitsc itizenst ot akep rideinb eingitsc itizen.
● However,w henp eopleb eginidentifyingm ores tronglyw itht heirr egiont hanw ith
theirn ation,itisa llegedt hatn
ationalismisu ndercutb ya s enseo fr egionalism.
● Whilea n ationt riest oe stablishh armonyb etweena llitsc itizensb yu nitingt hem
througha c onstitution,n ationals ymbols,a nds ongs,r egionalismg lorifiest he
heritageo fo
nlyo nep articularr egiona ndo fo nec ulture.
● Thisleadst ot hef ormationo fm ultiplec ommunitiesw ithino nen
ationa ndr estricts
thee ffortso fn
ationalintegration.
3.R egionalisma ndF ederalism
Ther olep layedb yIndianf ederalismine nsuringIndia’su nity,s tabilitya nds urvivala sa p
olity
int hef aceo fp
ersistentr egionalism,o ftenv ergingo ns eparation,r ootedinm anifolda nd
complexs ociala ndc ulturald iversity,a ndm assp overty,illiteracy,e xtremer egional
unevennessind evelopment,a ndw idespreadinequality.T heq uestionh asa ssumeds pecial
significanceint hea ftermatho ft hed isintegrationo ft hem ulti-ethnica ndm ultinational
SovietU nion,a ndt hes plitu po ft heF ederalR epublico fY ugoslavia.T hen eedf orf ederalism
ise nhancedinc ountriesw ithe thnicallyd istinctr egionsw heret het erritorial
accommodationo fd istinctg roupso fp eopleiso fp aramountimportance.F ort hose
countries,a c ombinationo fs haredr ule( forg eneralp urposeso fu
nity)a nds omek indo f
self-rule( forr egional/localp urposeso fd
iversity)isa m ustifu nitya ndintegritya ret ob e
maintained.Indianf ederalismiss eena sa m ethodo fa ccommodationo fr egionalismin
India.F ederalismiss eenh erea sa p oliticale quilibrium,w hichr esultsf romt hea ppropriate
balanceb etweens haredr ulea nds elf-rule.Int hep ostS econdW orldW arp eriod,m any
postcolonialc ountriesa doptedf ederalisma sa m ethodo fg overnanceinm ulti-ethnic
contexts.India’sr ichd iversitys ometimeslookslikea no bstaclet ou nity.B utt helatest
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
electionh asp rovedt hata c ommitmentt or esolvingd ifferencesp eacefullya nd
democraticallyc ant ransformd iversityintoa s ourceo fs trength.India’sf ederalr econciliation
ofr egionalidentityw itha utonomyh asa d emocratica spect.D emocracyr athert han
ethnicityist hust helegitimacyb asiso fs uchp
oliticalinstitutions.F ederalismh asb eeng iven
as trongp ushb yd
evolvingp owersa tlocallevelt os tatesa ndt heirlocalb odiest hrough7 3rd
and7 4thA
mendmenta cts.A nda ccordingt ot heIndianjudiciaryf ederalismist heb asic
structureo ft heIndianc onstitution.T her egionsd eclaredu nderf iftha nds ixths chedule
enjoyc ertaina utonomyw hichg ivest hems copet om aintaint heiro wnc ulturea ndd evelop
accordingt ot heiro wnn eed.T hism akest hef ederals tructures tronger.
Secularism
Secularismisf irsta ndf oremosta d octrinet hato pposesa lls uchf ormso finter-religious
dominationa ndintra-religiousd omination( Castew ithint hec ommunity).
Thep rincipleso fs ecularismw hichp rotecta ndu nderpinm anyo ft hef reedomsw ee njoy
are:-
1. Separationo fr eligiousinstitutionsf roms tateinstitutionsa nda p ublics pherew here
religionm ayp articipate,b utn otd ominate.
2. Freedomt op racticeo ne'sf aitho rb eliefw ithouth armingo thers,o rt oc hangeito r
noth aveo ne,a ccordingt oo ne'so wnc onscience.
3. Equalitys ot hato urr eligiousb eliefso rlacko ft hemd oesn'tp uta nyo fu sa ta n
advantageo ra d
isadvantage.
DifferentF acetso fS ecularism
Separationo fr eligionf roms tate
Thes eparationo fr eligiona nds tateist hef oundationo fs ecularism.Ite nsuresr eligious
groupsd on'tinterfereina ffairso fs tate,a ndt hes tated oesn'tinterfereinr eligiousa ffairs.
Int heU nitedK ingdomt herea reo fficiallyt wos tater ecognisedC hristiand enominations–
theC hurcho fE nglanda ndt heP resbyterianC hurcho fS cotland.T heQ ueenisb othh eado f
statea ndS upremeG overnoro ft heC hurcho fE ngland.T hereisn oe stablishedc hurchin
NorthernIrelando rW ales.B utt he2 6u nelectedb ishopso ft heC hurcho fE nglandw hos itin
theH ouseo fL ordsinfluencelawst hata ffectt hew holeo ft heU K.C hristianityiso nem ajor
influencea mongm anyt hats hapeo urc urrentw ayso flife.W ea rea n ationo fm any
denominationsa ndr eligions.L arges ectorso ft hep opulationd on oth old,o rp ractise,
religiousb eliefs.IfB ritainw eret rulya s eculard emocracy,p oliticals tructuresw ouldr eflect
ther ealityo fc hangingt imesb ys eparatingr eligionf romt hes tate.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Secularismp rotectsb othb elieversa ndn on-believers
Secularisms eekst oe nsurea ndp rotectf reedomo fr eligiousb eliefa ndp racticef ora ll
citizens.S ecularistsw antf reedomso ft houghta ndc onsciencet oa pplye quallyt oa ll–
believersa ndn on-believersa like.T heyd on otw isht oc urtailr eligiousf reedoms.
ReligiousF reedom
Secularisms eekst od efendt hea bsolutef reedomo fr eligiousa ndo therb elief,a ndp rotect
ther ightt om anifestr eligiousb eliefinsofara sitd oesn otimpingeo nt her ightsa nd
freedomso fo
thers.S ecularisme nsurest hatt her ighto findividualst of reedomo fr eligionis
alwaysb alancedb yt her ightt ob ef reef romr eligion.
Secularismisa boutd emocracya ndf airness
Ina s eculard emocracya llc itizensa ree qualb eforet helawa ndp arliament.N or eligiouso r
politicala ffiliationg ivesa dvantageso rd isadvantagesa ndr eligiousb elieversa rec itizensw ith
thes amer ightsa ndo bligationsa sa nyonee lse.S ecularismc hampionsu niversalh uman
rightsa bover eligiousd emands.Itu pholdse qualitylawst hatp rotectw omen,L GBTp eople
andm inoritiesf romr eligiousd iscrimination.T hesee qualitylawse nsuret hatn on-believers
havet hes amer ightsa st hosew hoidentifyw itha r eligiouso rp hilosophicalb elief.
Equala ccesst op ublics ervices
Wea lls hareh ospitals,s chools,t hep olicea ndt hes erviceso flocala uthorities.Itise ssential
thatt hesep ublics ervicesa res eculara tt hep ointo fu se,s on o-oneisd isadvantagedo r
denieda ccesso ng roundso fr eligiousb elief( orn on-belief).A lls tate-fundeds choolss hould
ben on-religiousinc haracter,w ithc hildrenb einge ducatedt ogetherr egardlesso ft heir
parents'r eligion.W hena p ublicb odyg rantsa c ontractf ort hep rovisiono fs ervicest oa n
organisationa ffiliatedt oa p articularr eligiono rb
elief,s uchs ervicesm ustb ed elivered
neutrally,w ithn oa ttemptt op romotet heideaso ft hatf aithg roup.
Secularismisn ota theism
Atheismisa lacko fb
eliefing ods.S ecularisms implyp rovidesa f rameworkf ora d emocratic
society.A theistsh avea no bviousinterestins upportings ecularism,b uts ecularismitselfd oes
nots eekt oc hallenget het enetso fa nyp articularr eligiono rb elief,n ord oesits eekt o
imposea theismo na nyone.Secularismiss implya f rameworkf ore nsuringe quality
throughouts ociety– inp olitics,e ducation,t helawa nde lsewhere– f orb elieversa nd
non-believersa like.
Secularismp rotectsf rees peecha nde xpression
Religiousp eopleh avet her ightt oe xpresst heirb eliefsp ubliclyb uts od
ot hosew hoo ppose
orq uestiont hoseb eliefs.R eligiousb eliefs,ideasa ndo rganisationsm ustn ote njoyp rivileged
protectionf romt her ightt of reedomo fe xpression.Ina d emocracy,a llideasa ndb eliefs
mustb eo
pent od iscussion.Individualsh aver ights;ideasd on ot.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Relationb etweenI ndividual,S tatea ndS ociety:-
➔ Asf ara st her elationshipb etweenIndividuala ndh isr eligionisc oncerned,S tate
shouldb ea bsent.
➔ Asf ara st her elationshipb etween Individuala ndS tateisc oncerned,R eligions hould
notm atter.
➔ Thes phereo fS tatea ndR eligionism utuallye xclusive.R eligionb elongst ot he
personals pherea ndt heS tateb elongst ot heP ublics phere.
Modelso fS ecularism:-
Americanm odel:-
❏ Separationo fr eligiona nds tateisu nderstooda sm utuale xclusion:t hes tatew illn
ot
interveneint hea ffairso fr eligiona nd,int hes amem anner,r eligionw illn
otinterfere
int hea ffairso ft hes tate.
❏ Focusislesso nintrar eligiousa spectsa sC hristanityiso fr eformn aturea ndc aste
neutral.
❏ WesternM odeliss cientificm anagemento fP
ublics phere,w hileIndianM odelis
basedo nP rincipleso fC
oexistence
Indians ecularism
❏ Itd ealsn oto nlyw ithr eligiousf reedomo findividualsb uta lsow ithr eligiousf reedom
ofm inorityc ommunities.
❏ It h asm ader oomf ora ndisc ompatiblew itht heideao fs tate-supportedr eligious
reform.T hus,t heIndianc onstitutionb ansu ntouchability.
SpecificP ointso fI ndianS ecularism:-
❏ InIndia,itisn otjuste qualt reatmento fr eligionb ute qualr espectf orr eligionieS ava
DharmaS ambhav.
❏ Thereisn oa ctiveh ostilityt owardsa nyr eligiona ndn op assived ifferencet owards
religion.
❏ Stated oesn oth avea nyr eligionb utt hes tateisn ota verset ot heu seo
fa nyr eligion.
❏ Secularismd oest akeintoc onsiderationt heidealso fliberty,e qualitya ndf raternity.
Modelso fI ndianS ecularism:-
TherewassomedivergenceofopinionamongmembersoftheConstituent
AssemblyregardingthenatureofIndiansecularism.Onegroupcalledfora
completewallofseparationbetweenstateandreligion,whileanotherdemanded
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
thatthestatetreateveryreligionwithequalrespect.
WhileKTShahbelongedtothefirstgroup,K.MMunshibelongedtothesecond,
whoargued,‘Weareapeoplewithdeeplyreligiousmoorings.Atthesametime,we
havealivingtraditionofreligioustolerance—theresultsofthebroadoutlookof
Hinduismthatallreligionsleadtothesamegod…Inviewofthissituation,ourstate
couldnotpossiblyhaveastatereligion,norcouldarigidlinebedrawnbetweenthe
stateandthechurchasintheU.S.’
AstudyoftheConstitutionandthedebatesthatwentintoitsframingrevealsthat
ultimatelyitwasthelattervisionthatprevailedasitreceivedendorsementsfrom
stalwartslikeAmbedkarandNehru.
● Thep rincipledd istancem odel,w hicho no neh andr espectst hed iversity( Articles2 5
to2 8,g uaranteeingt hef undamentalr ightt of reedomo fr eligion))a nda tt hes ame
timee mpowerst hes tatet ointerfereinc aseo fa nyd iscriminationint hen ameo f
religion.A rticle2 9&
3
0inC onstitutiono fIndias eeksa p rincipledd istanceb etween
minoritiesa sw ella sm
ajorityt op rotect,p reservea ndp ropagatet heirc ultural,
linguistica ndr eligiousidentityt hroughe stablishmento fc ulturala nde ducational
institutions.
● Communalh armonym odel:-Itisb asedo nG andhiann otionw herebyitish eldt hat
ther oadst oo nea ndt hes ameG oda rem any,b utt heg oalw aso ne,b ecauseG od
waso nea ndt hes ame.Inf act,t herea rea sm anya st herea reindividualsint he
world.T hev ariousr eligionsw erea ss om anyleaveso fa t ree;t heym ights eem
differentb uta tt het runkt heya reo ne.Itd ismissest heideat hatt herec oulde verb e
oner eligionint hew orld,a u niformr eligiousc ode,a sitw ere,f ora llm ankind.
● AmbedkariteM odel:-D rA mbedkarh ass aidinc onstituenta ssemblyt oK Ts hahina
debatet hat" Rightsf orm inoritiess houldb ea bsoluter ights".
● NehruvianS ecularism:- H ew anteda s eculars tatet ob eo net hat“ protectsa ll
religions,b utd oesn otf avouro nea tt hee xpenseo fo
thersa ndd oesn otitselfa dopt
anyr eligiona st hes tater eligion”.N ehruw ast hep hilosophero fIndians ecularism.
Nehrud idn otp ractisea nyr eligion,n ord idh eb elieveinG od.B utf orh ims ecularism
didn otm eanh ostilityt or eligion,a ndh isideasc anb ew ellu nderstoodf romA rticle
15o ft heC onstitution.
Criticismo
fI ndianS ecularism:-
➔ Itiso
ftena rguedt hats ecularismisa nti-religious.HoweverS ecularismisa gainst
institutionalisedr eligiousd omination.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Secularismt hreatensr eligiousidentity.H owevers ecularismp romotesr eligious
freedoma nde quality.
➔ Secularismislinkedt oC hristianity,t hatitisw esterna nd,t herefore,u nsuitedt o
Indianc onditions.
➔ At hirda ccusationa gainsts ecularismist hec hargeo fm inoritism.
➔ Interventionist:-A f ourthc riticismc laimst hats ecularismisc oercivea ndt hatit
interferese xcessivelyw itht her eligiousf reedomo fc ommunities.T hism isreads
Indians ecularism.
➔ Thereist hea rgumentt hats ecularisme ncouragest hep oliticso fv oteb anks.
➔ ImpossibleP roject:-S ecularismc annotw orkb ecauseitt riest od ot oom uch,t of ind
as olutiont oa nintractablep roblem.W hatist hisp roblem?P eoplew ithd eep
religiousd ifferencesw illn
everlivet ogetherinp eace.N ow,t hisisa ne mpiricallyf alse
claim.T heh istoryo fIndianc ivilizations howst hatt hisk indo flivingt ogetheris
realisable.Itw asr ealisede lsewheret oo.T heO ttomanE mpireisa s tirringe xample.
Butn owc riticsm ights ayt hatc oexistenceu nderc onditionso finequalityw asindeed
possible.E veryonec ouldf inda p laceina h
ierarchicallya rrangedo rder.T hep oint,
theyc laim,ist hatt hisw illn
otw orkt odayw hene qualityisincreasinglyb ecominga
dominantc ulturalv alue.
ConstitutionallyI ndiaiss ecular,S ocietyisn ot?
Ans:-F ora s tatet ob es ecular,itise xpectedt hatr eligions houldb ep urelyp ersonala nd
privatem attera ndisn ots upposedt oh avea nythingt od ow itht heg overnanceo ft heS tate.
Non-separationo fr eligionf romp oliticsa ndt hef ewincidentsint hep astliket hed emolition
oft heB abriM asjid,a nti-Sikhr iotsin1 984,M umbair iotsinD ecember1 992a ndJ anuary
1993,G odhrar iotsin2 002h aves hownt hed eeps eatedp roblemo fc ommunalismr isingits
headn owa ndt hen.
Thusr ealityisd ifferentf romw hatise nshrinedint heC onstitution.
Them ajorissuest hatp lagues ecularisma re:-
1. Grievanceo ft hem ajorityH indust hatr ules,r egulationsa ndr estrictionsa re
applicableo nlyt ot heirr eligiousinstitutions.
2. Nonimplementationo ft heu niformc ivilc ode.
3. Appeasemento fr adicala ndo rthodoxM uslime lementsb yt hep assageo fM uslim
Women’sD ivorceA ct.
4. Propagationo fr eligiona ndlarges caler eligiousc onversionsb yM uslimsa nd
Christianse speciallyint het ribalb eltsa nda mongp oorp eople.
5. Riseo fR
eligiousP ressureG roup:-H induR eligiousg roupslikeB ajrangD ala ndIslamic
Fundamentalistg roupsa ndC hristianF undmentalistg roupslikeN LFT( National
LiberationF ronto fT ripura).
GovernmentS tepst oP romoteS ecularism:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Abidingb yt heC onstitutionalP romiseo fA
rticle1 5:-O
peningo fR
eligiousp laces
andinstitutionst oa lls ectionso ft hep
eople.
➔ ReformingP ersonalL aws:-G overnmenth asr eformedH indup
ersonalL awsw itht he
aimt oe volvea c ommonp ersonalL awf ora llc ommunitiesint hec ountry.
➔ EducationalI nstitutions:-A dmissiont oE ducationalInstitutionsa reo penf ora ll
sectionso ft hes ociety.
➔ Settingu po fI nstitutions:-
➔
★ NationalI ntegrationC ouncil:-T heN ICw asc onstitutedt oc ombatt hee vilso f
communalism,c asteism,r egionalism,a ndlinguisma sa f ollowu po ft he
NationalIntegrationC onferenceh eldu ndert hec hairmanshipo ft het hen
PrimeM inisterP t.J awaharlalN ehruin1 961.Them aint asko ft hec ouncilist o
examinet hep roblemo fn
ationalintegrationina llitsa spectsa ndm ake
necessaryr ecommendationst od ealw ithit.
★ NationalC ommissionf orM inorityE ducationalInstitutionsw ase stablishedt o
protecta nds afeguardt hee ducationalinstitutionsw hicha ree stablishedb y
ther eligiousm inoritiesinIndia.
Multiculturalisma ndS ecularism
Multiculturalismd enotesp ositionsa bouth owt oh andles ocietald iversityt hata rguef or
accommodationo fm
inorityg roups.W henm ulticulturalismf ocuseso nr eligiousg roups,t he
accommodationinq uestioniso fr eligiousp ractices,a ndc laimsf ora ccommodation
increasinglya ppealt ot her eligiousimportanceo fs uchp ractices.E xampleso ft hisinclude
casess ucha se xemptionsf roma nimalw elfarer equirementsf orh alalo rk osherb utchering,
thep ermissibilityo fr eligiouss ymbolsa ndc lothinginp ublics ettings,p ublics upportf or
minorityf aiths chools,p ermissionsf ort heb uildingo fm
osquesa ndm inarets,a ndp ublic
consultationsw itha ndr ecognitiono fo
rganisedm inorityf aithc ommunities.Ins uchc ases,
multiculturalistsa rgueinf avouro fe xemptions,p ermissions,s upporta ndr ecognition.2 T his
developmentt hreatenst oc onflictw iths ecularismr equirings eparationo fp oliticsa nd
religion.T hisp
ossiblec onflictleadst oa c riticismo fm ulticulturalismd ifferentf rom
conservativeo rn ationalisto bjections,s inces ecularismiso ftena liberalv iewa ppealingt o
humanr ightsa nde nlightenmentv alues
Whym ightt hereb ec onflictsb etweenm ulticulturalisma nds ecularism?
Theideao fs eparation,i.e.t hatp oliticsa ndr eligions houldo perateint heirr espective
spheresw ithoute itheru ndulyinfluencingt heo ther,isp
rominentint heh istoryo fliberal
politicalt hought.B uta tt hislevelo fd
escription,t heideao fs eparationise xtremelyv ague
whene verythingh ered ependso nw
hatw eu
nderstandb y‘politics’,‘religion’a nd
‘separation’.B utt heideao fs eparationisa lsoc onnectedt om ores pecificp oliticalp
rinciples
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
deart oliberals,s ucha sf reedomo fr eligion,n on-discriminationa nds taten eutrality.
Principlesliket hesec oncernt her elationshipb etweenr eligiona ndp oliticsa ndg ivem ore
practicale xpressiont ot heideao fs eparation.
Religiousf reedomf orinstancer equirest hes taten ott ointerfereinr eligiousp ractices,
withinc ertainlimits,w hichiso new ayt oc asho utt heideao fs eparationino nep articular
respect.A notherideaa boutp oliticsa ndr eligionist hatt hes tates houlde ngagew ith,
activelym aker oomf ora nde vens upportr eligion.R eligionise xtremelyimportantt om any
people,f orw homith asp oliticalimplications,a ndp oliticsc annotb uta ffectp eople’s
opportunitiest oliveina ccordancew itht heirr eligiousb eliefs.T hes tates houldt herefore
activelyr ecogniser eligion.T heg eneralideao fr ecognitionisa lsov eryb road– f orp resent
purposesits ignifiesa q uiteo penc ategoryo fp ossibler elationsb etweens tatea ndr eligion
involvinga ctivee ngagementb yb
othp arties,p ublice xpressiono fa cknowledgemento re ven
affirmation,a nda ctso fs upport,o re vend elegationo fr ightsa ndp owers.J usta st heideao f
separation,t heideao fr ecognitionisa lsoa ssociatedw ithm orec oncretep olitical
expressions,e .g.s tatec onsultationf orp roceduresw ithr eligiouso rganisations( faith
communitiese tc.),e xemptionso fr eligiousm inoritiesf romr ulest hatinterferew itht heir
religiousp ractices,a nds tates ubsidiesf orc ertainr eligiousa ctivities.Ins uchc ases,t hes tate
doesn otk eepitsd istancef romr eligiousa ctorso rignoreh owp oliciesa ffectr eligious
groups,a st heideao fs eparations eemst or equire.R ather,t hes tatea ctivelye ngagesw ith
ands upportsc ertaing roups,n otd espitet hef actt hatt heya rer eligiousb utb ecauset hey
arer eligious,a ndg ivess pecialc onsiderationt ot hec ategoryo fr eligionint hea ssessmento f
theimpacto fitsp olicies.G ivent heset woidealt ypeso fp olitics-religionr elationst he
possibilityo fc onflictsb etweens ecularisma ndm ulticulturalisma ppearsifw ec onsiderh ow
multiculturalismh asd evelopedr ecently,e speciallyinE urope.W hereasm ulticulturalismin
countrieslikeC anadao riginallyc oncernedindigenousg roupsa ndn ationalm inorities
definedo nt heb asiso flanguage,e thnicitya ndc ulture,m ulticulturalisminE uropeis
different.E uroM ulticulturalismh asf irsto fa llb
eenc oncernedw ithd iversityd uet o
immigration.A ndt hisd iversityh asincreasinglyb eenu nderstood,n otint ermso fc ulture,
butint ermso fr eligion– ‘multiculturalism’inE uropeisn owp rimarilya labelf ord iscussions
aboutM uslims.
Communalism:-Itist he R elationshipb etweenR eligiona ndP olitics.
❖ Gandhijiu sedt os ayt hatr eligionc ann everb es eparatedf romp olitics.H
eb elieved
thatp
oliticsm
ustb eg uidedb ye thicsd rawnf romr eligion.
❖ Humanr ightsg roupsino urc ountryh avea rguedt hatm osto
ft hev ictimso f
communalr iotsino urc ountrya rep eoplef romr eligiousm inorities.T heyh ave
demandedt hatt heg overnmentt akes pecials tepst op rotectr eligiousm inorities.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Women’sm ovementh asa rguedt hatF amilyL awso fa llr eligionsd iscriminatea gainst
women.S ot heyh aved emandedt hatt heg overnments houldc hanget heselawst o
maket hemm oree quitable.
Thep roblemb eginsw henr eligioniss eena st heb asiso ft hen ation.T hep roblemb ecomes
morea cutew henr eligionise xpressedinp oliticsine xclusivea ndp artisant erms,w heno ne
religiona nditsf ollowersa rep itteda gainsta nother.T husc ommunalismisa na ggressive
politicalideologylinkedt or eligion.
Communalismc ant akev ariousf ormsinp olitics:-
➢ Them ostc ommone xpressiono fc ommunalismisine verydayb eliefs.T heser outinely
involver eligiousp rejudices,s tereotypeso fr eligiousc ommunities.
➢ Ac ommunalm indo ftenleadst oa q uestf orp oliticald ominanceo fo ne’so wn
religiousc ommunity.
➢ Politicalm obilisationo nr eligiouslinesisa notherf requentf ormo fc ommunalism.
Thisinvolvest heu seo fs acreds ymbols,e motionala ppeal.
➢ Sometimesc ommunalismt akesitsm ostu glyf ormo fc ommunalv iolence,r iotsa nd
massacre.
Dimensiono fC ommunalism:-
★ AssimilationistC ommunalism:-U ndert hist ypeo fc ommunalism,s mallr eligious
groupsa rea ssimilatedintob igr eligiousg roups.F orinstance,s cheduledt ribes,J ains,
SikhsB uddhista reH indusb yv irtueo fH
induM arriageA ct,1 955.
★ WelfaristC ommunalism:-Int hist ypeo fc ommunalism,e mphasisisp lacedo nt he
welfaref ort hep articularc ommunity.P rovidinge ducation,s cholarship,f inancial
assistanceinh ighers tudies,m atrimoniala ssistance,s killd evelopment,a nd
residentiala ccommodationa ree xampleso ft hes ervicesp rovidedu ndert hist ypeo f
communalism.
★ RetreatistC ommunalism:-Int hist ypeo fc ommunalism,p eopleb elongingt oo ne
religiousc ommunitya ttemptst oh arm,h urta ndinjuret hem emberso fo
ther
religiousc ommunities.
★ SeparatistC ommunalism:-Int hist ypeo fc ommunalism,o ner eligiousc ommunity
decidest om aintainitsc ulturals pecificitya ndd emandsa s eparatet erritorials tate
withint hes tate.
StepsT akent oC urbC ommunalism:-
❖ Legislative:-T heIPCd efinesc ommunalV iolencea sa nya ctr esultingininjurya nd
harmt ot hep ersonb yt hev irtueo fh iso rh erm embershipo fa nyr eligiouso r
linguisticm inority.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Judicial:-InK esavanandaB haratiC ase,S Ch asn
amedS ecularisma st heb asicf eature
oft heIndianC onstitution.InM .NagrajC ase,S Ce xpandedt hea mbito fs ecularism
fromb einga m
orer eligiousc onceptt oa r ightu nderA
rticle1
4,1
5,2
1.
❖ Useo fR
eligioninp
oliticsh
asb eend eclareda sC orruptp
ractice( section1 23o
fR PA)
❖ Media:-M ovieslikeB ombay,B lackF ridaym entionedC ommunalV iolence.
ReligiousF undamentalismv sC ommunalism
W
hatisR eligiousF undamentalism?
A
ns:-Itisa ne xtremef ormo fr eligiousr evivalismw hichiss ometimeslinkedt oV iolence,
ParticularlyT errorism.Itisa c onservativer eligiousd octrinet hato pposesintellectualisma nd
accommodation.
SalientF eatureb yT .NM adan:-
❖ Theyg roundt hemselvesint radition.
❖ Theyc laimt od erivet heirlegitimacyf roms criptureslikeB ible,K urane tcw hicha re
considereda sinfallible.
❖ Theseg roupsa reinterestedinO ccupyingP oliticalp owerw ithoutw hicht heyb elieve
theiro bjectivec an’tb ea chieved.
D
ifferences:-
★ Whilec ommunalismisa lla boutt hep oliticalo re conomicinterestso fa p
articular
community,f undamentalismise nforcemento fs ectarianismw itha llr igidityf or
politicalm obilisationo fa c ommunityf ort hep ower-goalso fitse lite.
★ Whilec ommunalismist hee xploitationo fs entimentso fa r eligion-basedc ommunity
fora s ecularg oal( i.e.p oliticalp ower)f undamentalismise nforcingn arrows ectarian
practicesf ors trengtheningr eligiouso rthodoxya sw ella sa chievingp oliticalp ower.
Similarities:-
★ Botha ttackt hec oncepto fs eparationo fr eligionf romP oliticsa ndS tate.
★ Theya dvocatef orc ontrolo vere ducationb asedo nt heideaso fr eligiouss criptures.
★ Bothb elieveinr estorationo ft hep astv aluesr athert haninp rogress.
★ Botho pposet hec oncepto fe qualt ruthina llr eligionso rt heu nityo fd ifferent
religions.
Howt oc heckc ommunalism:-
1. Anideologicalc ampaigna gainstc ommunalismc anb ew
aged.Thelogico ft his
approachist hatc ommunalismw illd
ieo uto nlyift hec ommunalideologyis
removed.
2. Thereh ast ob ea na wakeninga tt heg rassrootslevel.
3. Wes houldn otd ismissa nyr eligionso rp ronouncet hemt ob ef alseb utirationalities
ofr eligions houldb ee xposeda nda r ationala pproacht aken.
4. Restructuringp oliced epartmentsW eaknessesa ndinadequacieso fp olice
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
SocialMovements:-
Socialm ovementisa looselyo rganizedb uts ustainedc ampaignins upporto fa s ocialg oal,
typicallye ithert heimplementationo rt hep reventiono fa c hangeins ociety’ss tructureo r
values.
Socialm ovementsa red ynamic,a ndm aya ssumea d ifferentf orm,a gendao rc onstituency
overt ime.A nalysiso fa s ocialm ovementn eedst ob ep recisea boutt hep eriodb eing
examined. S ocialm ovementsa res ensitivet o‘politicalo pportunitys tructures’b ute xist
eveninh ighlyc losedp oliticals ystems. S ocialm ovementsa ctivelyf rameo rr eframet he
‘problem’t heya ret acklingt om obilisep eoplea nds ustainc ollectivea ction.T hish elps
legitimiset heirs trugglesa nds haredn otionso ft hew orlda ndo ft hemselves.
Socialm ovementsm obilisea ctorsa ndo rganisationss eekingt oa lterp owerd eficitso r
challengea uthority.T heyc ombinet hreem ajore lements: -
● Sustainedc ampaignso fc laim-making
● Ana rrayo fp ublicp erformancesincludingm arches,r allies,p rocessions,
demonstrations,o ccupations,p icketlines,b lockades,p ublicm eetings,d elegations,
statementst oa ndinp ublicm edia,p etitiond rives,letter-writing,p amphleteering,
lobbying,a ndc reationo fs pecialiseda ssociations,c oalitions,o rf ronts– ins hort,t he
socialm ovementr epertoire
● Repeatedp ublicd isplayso fw
orthiness,u nity,n umbersa ndc ommitment( WUNC)b y
suchm eansa sw earingc olors,m archingind isciplinedr anks,s portingb adgest hat
advertiset hec ause,d isplayings igns,c hantings logans,s ingingm ilitants ongs,a nd
picketingp ublicb uildings’.
‘Old’a nd‘ new’s ocialm ovements:-T hee xtensives cholarshipo ns ocialm ovementsd ivides
themintot wom aint ypes:-
● Olds ocialm ovements:-S truggleso verm aterialr esourcesa ndp oliticalp ower.O ld
socialm ovements,s ucha st hoseo f1
9thc enturyE uropea ndN orthA merica,
demanded‘inclusiona ndr ightsw ithint hef rameworko fs tatea nds ocietyr elations’
Theyincludedw orking-classa ndlabourm ovementst hatq uestionedh ows tatea nd
societyw ereo rganised.
● News ocialm ovement:-S truggleso verm oree mergentissues,includingidentitya nd
culturala nds ymbolicissues.Then ews ocialm ovementse mergedint he1 960sa nd
70s‘outo ft hec risiso fm odernitya ndf ocuso ns truggleso vers ymbolic,
informational,a ndc ulturalr esourcesa ndr ightst os pecificitya ndd ifference’T hey
focusedo nissuesincludingh umanr ights( feminist/women’sa ndL GBTm ovements,
andt hosea gainstr aciala nde thnicd iscrimination),t hee nvironmenta ndp eace.T hey
involveda ctorsn otp reviouslym obilised,o rissuesn otp reviouslyc ontestedo r
politicised.T hesem ovementsw ere‘new’,b ecauset heyinvolved: n ewidentities,
classc onstituencies( e.g.t hee ducatedm iddlec lass) p ost-materialc oncernsw ith
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
questionso fc ulture,p
owera ndidentity n ewf ormso fa ction,s ucha ss mall-scale
participatorya ctiono utsidee stablishedc ivils ocietyg roupsT heyd ealtw ithissues
andc onflictsc onsideredp arto
fp
rivatea ndc ulturallifeinsteado ff ocusings olelyo
n
politicalo
rganisations.
Featureso fS ocialM ovements:-
➔ As ocialm ovementr equiress ustainedc ollectivea ctiono vert ime.Spontaneous,
disorganisedp rotestc annotb ec alleda s ocialm ovemente ither.
➔ Collectivea ctionm ustb em
arkedb ys omed egreeo fo rganisation.
➔ Thosep articipatingina s ocialm ovementa lsoh aves haredo bjectivesa ndideologies.
➔ Socialm ovementso ftena risew itht hea imo fb
ringinga boutc hangeso na p
ublic
issue
WhyS ocialM ovements?
Ans:-
❖ Relatived eprivation:-S ocialc onflicta risesw hena s ocialg roupf eelst hatitisw orse
offt hano thersa roundit.
❖ UtilityM aximisingI ndividual:-S ocialm ovementisa na ggregationo fr ational
individuala ctorsp ursuingt heirs elf-interest.A p ersonw illjoina s ocialm ovement
onlyifs /hew illg ains omethingf romit.
Typeso fS ocialM ovements:-
Therea red ifferentk indso fs ocialm ovements.T heyc anb ec lassifieda s:-
❖ Redemptiveo rt ransformatory:-A r edemptives ocialm ovementa imst ob ringa bout
ac hangeint hep ersonalc onsciousnessa nda ctionso fitsindividualm embers.
❖ Reformist:-Its eeks t oc hangelimitedb utf ocuseda spectso rn
ormsw ithr espectt o
rights,a ccesso rp articipationint hes ocials ystem.C onstituentsu suallyt ryt op ursue
goalsb ya dheringt ot hes ystemo ru singt oolsp rovidedb yt hes ystem,s ucha st he
legals ystemt oc hallengeu nfairlawso rp ublicd emonstrationst oinfluencep olicy
reforms.E xamples:t heU Sc ivilr ightsm ovement,t heinternationald omestic
workers’m ovement,m igrants’r ightsm ovements,R TI
❖ Revolutionary:-N otinterestedinw orkingw ithint hes ystem,b uts eekf undamental
changesina s ociala ndp oliticals ystem’sinstitutionals tructuresa ndp ervasive
practiceso rv alues.M ays eekt or edefiner ightsa ndp rivilegeso fc itizenshipa nd
personhood.E xample:s eparatistm ovements,N axalM ovement
ClassBasedMovements:
PeasantM
ovements:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Post-independentIndias awb roadlyt wok indso fp easanto rf armers’s trugglesint her ecent
past.
1. Peasantm ovementsledb yM arxista ndS ocialists-s ucha sT elanganaM ovement
(1946-51),T ebagham ovement( 1946-1949),K agoduS atyagraha( 1951),N axalbari
Movement( 1967)a ndL algarhm ovement( 2009).
2. Farmers’m ovementledb yr ichf armersinU ttarP radesh,K arnataka,M aharashtra,
Punjaba ndG ujarat.T hes o-called“ newf armer’sm ovements”b eganint he1 970sin
Punjaba ndT amilN adu.
● Thesem ovementsw erer egionallyo rganised,w eren on-party,a ndinvolvedf armers
rathert hanp easants.( farmersa res aidt ob em arket-involveda sb othc ommodity
producersa ndp urchasers).
● Theb asicideologyo ft hem ovementw ass tronglya nti-statea nda nti-urban.
● Thef ocuso fd
emandw ere‘pricea ndr elatedissues’( fore xamplep ricep rocurement,
remunerativep rices,p ricesf ora griculturalinputs,t axation,n on-repaymento floans).
● Novelm ethodso fa gitationw ereu sed:b lockingo fr oadsa ndr ailways,r efusing
politiciansa ndb ureaucratse ntryt ov illages,a nds oo n.
ImportantF armer O rganisation:-
● BhartiyaK isanU nionb yM ahendraS inghT aikat:-Itb egana sa no rganisation,ofa ll
ther ichf armerso fw esternU ttarP radeshb utt odayith ase ssentiallyb ecomet he
organisationso ft hew ellt od oJ utp easant.
● ShetkariS anghatana( SS)b yS haradJ oshi:-Them ovementa imsa tr educingt her ole
oft hes tate;t hes tateisc onsidereda st heg reateste nemyo ft hef armers.Itis
becauseo ft hisp ositiont hatith ase mbracedliberalisation,a no penm arket.Someo f
theimportants trugglesa rea sf ollows: N asikA gitation,N ipaniA gitation,R aila nd
RastaR okoa gitation,P andharpurR ally,A gitationa gainstR ajivV astra.
● Duringt hes amed ecade,f armersinP unjabo rganiseds trugglesu ndert heS hetkari
ZamindariU nion.In1 974,t hew ordZ amindariw asd roppedf romt heo rganisation.
Incidentally,t hes ameU nionb ecamep arto fB haratiyaK isanU niond uringt hen ext
decade.H owever,t illt hee ndo f1
970s,itsd emandsv ariedb etweenincreasing
revenuet axa ndd efectiveF armers’M ovements9 19 2N on-ViolentM ovementsa fter
Gandhit ractors.S omeo ft hem ostimportants trugglest hatw erec arriedt illt he
beginningo f1 980sw ere: A nti-SingleF oodZ one,S trugglea gainstP owerT ariff,
Strugglea gainstincreasingw aterr ates,increasingc ommercialt axA gitationa gainst
defectivet ractorD ieselm orcha.
● NarayanaS wamyN aiduo fT amilN aduw ho,d uringt hes amed ecadeo f1
970s,
organisedf armersinT amilN aduu ndert heb annero fT amilagaV ivasayigalS angam.In
facth ew ast heo new holatero na dvocatedf armerst ow earG reenT owelsa s
symbolso fp easantidentity.N onethelessh iso rganisationd uringt hed ecadeo f1 970s
carriedt hef ollowinga gitations: A gitationa gainstp owert ariff,A gitationa gainst
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agriculturalt ax,landt ax,c ess,d ebtr elief,A
gitationf orr emunerativep rices,
subsidiest oa griculture.
● Othert hant hesee conomicissues,t hef armers’m ovementa lsof ocusedo ns ocial
issues.Int hisr espectt hee xperimentd oneb yt heK arnatakaF armers’M ovement
underR aithaS anghaa ndM aharashtram ovementu nderS hetkariS anghatanaa re
noteworthy.B otht riedt oa ddresst heissueso fg endero rw omenb yo
rganising
massiver allies.T heM aharashtram ovementa ttemptedt og ivew oment hep roperty
rightsu ndert hep rogrammec alled“ LakshmiM ukhti”.T heK arnatakam ovement,o n
thec ontrary,o rganiseda m assiver allyinH aliyalin1 983f ort hep
urposeo fs hifting
propertyr elationsa tt her urals ide.F urther,t heK arnatakam ovemento rganised
thousandso fs imple,inter-castem arriagese tc.
Whyist hisF armer’sm ovementc alledt heN ewF armerM ovement?
Ans:-T heM
aharashtram ovementd istinguisheditselfa sN ewF armers’M ovementw itht he
followingf ivec haracteristics:-
● Them ovementise conomistic.
● Them ovementb elievesins ecularism.
● Itb elievesa sw ella sr esortst oc onstitutionalm eanss ucha sa gitationsa ndd harna.
● TheM aharashtram ovementa ddeda n ewd imensiont oa gitationalp olitics.It
introducedn ews trategiess ucha sG avB handi. Itr efusedt og lorifyn eithert he
pastorala grarianp atternn or“ hasa nyn ostalgica ttachmentt oa nidealizedr omantic
viewo ft hev illagelifeb eforet hea dvento findustrialisation”
KisanL ongM arch( 180K M)in2 018:-A ret heF armerM ovementc hangingitsc ourse?
❖ Them archh asb eeno rganisedb ya nu mbrellag roupo ff armers'o rganisationsf rom
differentp artso ft hec ountry.M anyo ft hep rotestersa rea lsom emberso ft he
farmers'w ingo ft heC ommunistP artyo fIndia( Marxist).
❖ Duet os ocialm edia,t hereh asb eena nincreaseda warenessa boutf armers.
❖ Daughters,w ivesa ndo therf amilym emberso ff armersw hot ookt heiro wnliveso ver
cropf ailureo rm ountingd ebta rea lsop articipatingint hep rotest.
❖ Theyw anta s ayint radep olicyw hicht heyt hinkh asa p
ro-consumerb ias.
❖ Theya rea wareo ft heb ailoutp ackagesa ndb add ebtso ft heindustries.T heya sk
questionsa bouth owm etropolitanb ankb ranchesa dvancea griculturec redite vena s
tenantf armersb orrowf romm oneylendersa te xorbitantr ates.
❖ EducatedF ramer:-“ KedarS irohi”,astutelyd issectst heC entre’sf lagshipc rop
insurances chemea ta p olicyt hink-tank’sw orkshop.Y oungf armersh aver ural
experiencea ndu rbane xposure.
❖ Activism:-A llIndiaK isanS angharshC oordinationC ommitteeh asd raftedB ills
(Farmers’sf reedomf romD ebtB illa ndg uaranteedF aira ndr emunerativep ricesb ill)
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❖ Useo fm
edia:-A 2
015s tudyb
yM eredithA grimediaa nda 2
016F armF uturess urvey
foundt hatF acebookist hem
ostp opulars ocialm
ediap latformu sedb yf armers,
followedb yY ouTube,T witter,L inkedIn,P
interesta ndInstagram.
Thec urrenta gitations tarteda ftert het hreef armlawsw eref orcedt hroughP arliament
withoutc onsultationw itht hes ector’ss takeholders.B utinr eality,f armerp rotestsh aveb een
goingo nf ort helastf ivey earsinv ariousp artso ft hec ountry.
Am
obilizationinM aharashtraw itnessedt wolongm arches.S imilard emonstrationsw ere
witnessedinK arnataka,C hhattisgarh,R ajasthana nds everalo thers tates.InM adhya
Pradesh,f armersin2 017w eref iredu pon,r esultingint hed eatho fs evenf armers.
Thec auseso ft hesep rotestsw ered ifferentb uth ada c ommont hemea ndr easons.
Whyh asI ndiab eenw itnessingf armerp rotestsf ora f ewy ears?
● Decliningp rofitabilityo ff arming:-d rivenb yr isinginputc osts,w eakf arm-gatep rices
andt hew ithdrawalo rd ilutiono fp
rotectionsa vailablef romt hes tate.
● Declineinincome:-n oto nlyincomeso ff armersh aved eclinedb etween2 012-13a nd
2018-19,b utt hem ajorityo ft hemh avet urnedt ow ageworkersf romf armers.T his
hasr esultedina nincreaseds hareo fc asual-wageincomeint heo veralle arningsb y
farmers
● Increaseinn umbero fw orkersint hef arms ector:-W ithjobsd ryingu pin
non-agriculturals ectors,t hen umbero fw orkersint hef arms ectorh asr isen,
resultingind eclineinp er-w orkerincome.W ithr uralw agesa lsof allinginr ealt erms
overt hep astt hreey ears,f armers’h ardshiph avew orsened.
● Attemptingt om alignt hef armersp rotest:-t hish asa ngeredf armers.T hisw as
visibleint hee arlym onths,w hent heirm ovementw ass oughtt ob elinkedw ith
foreigne lements.
● Trustd eficit:-T hea bsenceo fc onsultationw ithf armersa ndc riticismo ff armer
unionsh asledt oa w ideningt rustd eficitb etweenf armersa ndp olicymakers.S ucha
situationm ayn otb ec onducivet oa llowinga ndf acilitatingg reaterm arket
penetrationa ndp articipationb yp rivatep layers.Instead,itislikelyt oc ontributet o
farmerr esistancet oa llr eformsint hea griculturals ectorp roposedb yt he
government.
● Nom ajore ffortsb yt heg ovt:-G ovtE ffortst on egotiatew ithf armersh aveb een
superficiala ndlackinga nye nthusiasm.E vent her eporto ft heS upreme
Court-appointedc ommitteeh asn otb eens haredp ublicly,w ithn of urthera ttempts
fromt hejudiciary.
However,t hesef armer’so rganisationsf acesm anyc hallengeslike:-
1. LimitedT erritorialr each:-Int hea ftermatho ft heg reenr evolution,t hed isparity
amongf armersb elongingt od ifferentr egionsh asb eeno nt her ise.T hef armerso f
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
oner egionn olongeridentifyw itht hec auseso ft hef armersf romo therr egions.T his
hasr esultedint hes plinteringo ft hep easantm ovementsa longr egionallines.
2. Interplayo fC asteF actor:-O nt hen ationalh ighway,m oret han1 20k mn ortho f
Delhi,n eart heG haraundaT ollP lazainK arnald istrict,a b handarao rc ommunity
kitchenh asb eens etu pb yt heS amyuktK isanM orcha,t heu mbrellag roupo ff armer
unionss pearheadingt hep rotests.T hek itchenf eedst hes teadys treamo ff armers
drivingt ot hen ationalc apitalo nt heirt ractorsa ndt rolleysf roms everald istrictso f
Haryanaa ndP unjab.Ith asb eenr unningo ns upportf romn earbyv illagesw hereJ ats
ared ominant.
3. Toolo fV
oteb ankp olitics:-T hee xcessived ependenceo ft hesem ovementso n
regionalp artiesa lsoleadt ot heird emise.U nlikep easantm ovements,w hich
squarelyf ocuso nt hec auseso ff armers,t hesep artiesh avev ariedinterestsa ndw hile
lendings upportt oa nyp articularc ause,t heya reg uidedb yt heiro wnp olitical
interests.Affiliationo fp
easanto rganisationsw ithp oliticalp artiesh ade rodedt heir
autonomyt oa rticulatet heird emandst rulyb asedo nt heire conomics ituations.
4. Thes purto fu rbanizationint hea ftermatho fg lobalizationh asr esultedinm ass
exoduso fp easantslivinginr urala reast oc ities.F urther,f armersa ren owleaving
agriculturea nda llieda ctivitiesf oro thers ectors.T hesed evelopmentsh aves everely
dentedt hec adreb aseo ft hesem ovements.
5. Clashesw ithint heg roup:-A llindiak isans angharshc oordinationc ommitteeis
criticalo fs trikec alledb yB hartiyaK ishanM ahasangh.
6. TheM aharashtram ovement,u nderS hetkariS anghatana,b elievedinc ontestingt he
electiona sw ella sn egotiatingw ithd ifferentp oliticalp arties.T hisist her easonw hy
theM aharashtram ovementf oundedt heS watantraB haratP artyin1 994.
Despitea f ewd ifferencest hen ewf armers’m ovementd idb
ringa bouta p aradigms hiftin
thed iscourse,a nalysisa ndp erceptiona boutf armersinIndia.Itm adet hep olicym
akerst o
addresst hed eepr ootedc risiso fa griculturea sw ella sa grarianc lassesinIndia.Ith asa lso
helpedt hef armerst ob ea p arto finternationalm ovementa gainsts uchissuesa s
globalisation,imperialisma ndc apitalism.
JaiJ awan,J aiK isan’– t het wof orcesw hichk eepI ndias ecure,f romt hee nemya ndf rom
hunger.
Workerm ovements:-
Itm ustb ec larifiedr ightint heb eginningt hatt hew orkingc lassm ovementa ndt radeu nion
movementa ren ote xactlyt hes amet hing.T heya red ifferentint hes enset hatt hew orking
classm ovementisa m uchb roaderp henomenona ndc oversa llk indso fm
ovements
involvingw orkers.Itincludesw ithinitsa mbits ilentp rotests,p assiver esistance,individual
protestsa nds trikesa sw ella sm
oreo rganisedf ormso fw elfarea ctivitiesa ndb iggerp
rotests
ands trikesr eachingt ot helevelo fg enerals trikes.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
After1 947:-
❖ Proliferationo ft radeu nionsint hep atterno fp
roliferationo fp
oliticalp artiesh as
beena d istinguishingf eatureint het radeu nionh istoryo fIndiad uringt he
post-Independencep eriod.
❖ InM ay1 947,t heIndianN ationalT radeU nionC ongress( INTUC)w asf ormedb yt he
nationalistsa ndm oderatesa ndw asc ontrolledb yt heC ongressP arty.S incet hen,t he
AITUCh asb eenc ontrolledb yt heC ommunists.
❖ TheC ongresss ocialistsw hos tayedinA ITUCa tt het imeo ft hef ormationo fINTUC
subsequentlyf ormedt heH indM azdoorS abha( HMS)in1 948u ndert heb annero f
theP rajaS ocialistP arty.
❖ Subsequently,t heH MSw ass plitu pw itha g roupo fs ocialista ndf ormeda s eparate
association,n amely,“ BhartiyaM azdoorS abha''( BMS)w hichisn owa na ffiliateo f
theB haratiyaJ anataP arty( BJ P).
❖ Yearslater,t hec ommunistp artys plitintov ariousf actionsf ormingt heU nitedT rade
UnionC ongress( UTUC)a ndt heC entero fIndianT radeU nions( CITU).
Thus,itisc leart hatt heo rigina ndg rowtho ft het radeu nionm ovementinI ndiaisr iddled
withf ragmentedp oliticization.
CaseS tudy:-F ishW orkerM ovement
Thef ishworkersm ovementinK erala,a s tateint hes outho fIndia,h asb eens ingularinits
sustaineda bilityt ob ringb enefitst ot het raditionalf ishingc ommunity.
Whyh ast hereb eena d eclineint hew orkersm ovement?
Ans:-
➔ Fragmentationo f t hew orkingc lassa mongc ommunallines.
➔ Introductiono ft heN ewE conomicP olicy( NEP)s ince1 991a ndt hec onsequent
globalisationo ft heIndiane conomy.
1. Publics ectoru nitsint hec ountrya reb eings oldt op rivatec ompanies.
2. Nos tatutorym inimumw agesf orlabour,n oo bstructionst or etrenchment
givingt hee mployerst hec ompleter ightt oh irea ndf ire.
➔ Unionsint hisc ountryh aven eglectedt hep roblemso ft heu norganiseds ector.
➔ Multiplicityo fT radeU nions:P ostindependence,t het radeu nionsr epresenting
workersint hec ountryh avem ultiplied.M ultiplicityo fu nionsina c apitalists ystem
keepst hew orkingc lassf ragmenteda ndv ulnerablet oa llf ormso fp
ressures.
CasteBasedMovements:
DalitMovement:-
TheD alitM
ovementist her esulto ft hec onstanth atredb eingg eneratedf romc enturiesin
theirh eartf romt heb
arbarica ctivitieso ft heu
pperc asteso fIndia.S inceD alitsw ere
assignedt hed utieso
fs ervingt heo
thert hreeV arnas,t hatisa llt hen
on–D
alit,t heyw
ere
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
deprivedo fh ighert rainingo fm
inda ndw ered enieds ocial-economica ndp oliticals tatus.
Thed ivisiono flabourledt ot hed ivisiono ft helabourers,b asedo ninequalitya nd
exploitation.T hec astes ystemd egeneratedD alitlifesintop athogenicc onditionw here
occupationsc hangedintoc astes.TheD alits-thes ubmergedc ommunitieso fIndia,b egan
theirm ovementinIndiaw itht heirb asicd emandf ore qualityb ecauset heys trugglet o
combatinequalityins ocietya sh avingf irmb eliefint heidealo f‗equality‘.T heinhumana nd
barbaricp racticesc ommitteda gainstt heD alits,ledt hemt op rotesta gainstt hec aste– based
hierarchicals ystemo fIndia,t hath asd ividedIndians ocietyo nt heb asiso fc aste( basedo n
Varnas ystem),c lass( Brahminh avesa ndn on–B rahminh aven ots)a ndg ender.T heD alit
movementt hatg ainedm omentumint hep ostindependencep eriod,h aveitsr ootsint he
Vedicp eriod.Itw ast ot heS hramanic- Brahmanicc onfrontationa ndt hent ot heM ukti
Movement.T heM uktim ovementw asledb yv eryp oorD alitsw hof oughta gainstt hes aint-
poetso ft het ime.W itht heintroductiono fw esternlanguage,a ndw itht heinfluenceo ft he
Christianm issionaries,t heD alitsb egant oc omea crosst heidealso fe qualitya ndlibertya nd
thusb egant heD alitM ovementinm odernt imes.T hef rustratedD alitm indsw henm ixed
withr easonb eganc onfrontationa gainstt hea trocitieso fB
rahmanism.E ducatedD alit,
graduallyb egint ot alka boutt hep roblemso fp oora nda boute xploitationa ndh umiliations
fromt heu pperc astesw ithouta nyh esitatione ducatedD alitst riedt oe xplaint ot heo ther
illiterateb rothersa boutt her equiredc hangeint hes ociety.D alitM ovementg aver iset ot he
birtho fm
anyw ritersa ndjournalists.
GhanshyamS hah,a s cholarw how rotea rticleso nD alits,c lassifiest hem ovementsinto
reformativea nda lternativem ovements.
● Ther eformativeist heo net hatt riest or eformt hec astes ystemt os olvet hep roblem
ofu ntouchability.
● Thea lternativem ovementa ttemptst oc reatea na lternatives ocio-culturals tructure
byc onversiont os omeo therr eligiono rb
ya cquiringe ducation,e conomics tatusa nd
politicalp ower.
Features:-
➔ Assertionf ord alitidentityh asa lmostb ecomea c entralissueo fd
alitm ovement.T his
involveslocallevelc ollectivea ctiona gainstd iscriminationa nda trocities.
➔ TheD alitm ovementsa red ominatedb yt heirm iddlec lassr aisingissuesr elatedt o
identitya ndr eservationso fg overnmentjobsa ndp oliticalp ositions.
➔ Thereisw idespreadlocallevela ssertiona gainstt hep racticeo fu
ntouchabilitya nd
discrimination.
➔ Ina cademicc irclest hem ovementsh avef orceda s ectiono fintellectualst oc ritically
reviewn otIndiant raditionsa ndc ulture
Dynamicso fD alitm ovement:
Sanskritization:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● SomeD
alitleadersf ollowedt hep
rocesso
f’Sanskritization’t oe levatet hemselvest o
theh
igherp ositioninc asteh
ierarchy.
● Theyt riedt oa dopte stablishedc ulturaln ormsa ndp racticeso ft heh igherc astes.
● Theya doptedB rahmanm anners,includingv egetarianism,p uttings andalwoodp aste
ont heirf orehead,w earings acredt hread,e tc.
Adi-Hindum ovement:
● TreatingD alitsa so utsidet hef ourfoldV arnas ystem,a ndd escribingt hema s
‘outcastes’o r‘Panchama’g aver iset oa m ovementc alledA di-Hindum ovement.
● Certains ectiono fD alitleadershipb elievedt hatD alitsw eret heo riginalinhabitants
ofIndiaa ndt heyw eren otH indus.
● Aryanso rB rahminsw hoinvadedt hisc ountryf orciblyimposedu ntouchabilityo nt he
originalinhabitantso ft hisland.
● Theyb elievedt hatifH induismw asd iscarded,u ntouchabilityw oulda utomatically
comet oa ne nd.
● Dalitsb egant oc allt hemselvesA di-AndhrasinA ndhra,A di-K
arnatakainK arnataka,
Adi-DravidasinT amilN adu,A di-HindusinU ttarP radesha ndA di-DharmisinP unjab.
Conversions:
● Dalitsa lsof ollowedt her outeo fc onversionw itha p urposeo fg ettingr ido
f
untouchabilitya ndt od evelopt heirm orala ndf inancialc onditions.
● Ag oodn umbero fD alitsw ere c onvertedt oC hristianity, e speciallyinK erala.
● Someo ft heD alits,e speciallyin P unjabw erec onvertedt oS ikhism( knowna s
Mahabis,N amdharis, K abirP anthise tc.
● Dr.A mbedkarc onvertedt oB uddhisma longw ithh ism
illionso ff ollowersa tN agpur
in1
956.
FindingS ects:
Asa p
rotesta gainstH induisms omeo ft heD alitleadersf oundedt heiro wns ectso rr eligions.
● GuruG hasiD as( MP)f ounded S atnamiS ect.
● GurtichandT hakur( Bengal)f oundedM atuaS ect.
● AyyanK ali( Kerala)f oundedS JPY( SadhuJ anaP aripalanY ogam).
● ManguR am( Panjab)f oundedA diD haram.
HistoricalP erspective:-
PostI ndependence:-
❏ B RA mbedkarM ovementa ndB uddhistD alitM ovement:-
★ Ambedkara rguedf ore conomica nds ocialr ightsf orw omena nda lsow on
assemblys upportf ora s ystemo fr eservationinjobs.
★ Conversiont oB uddhism:-H ef oundedB hartiyaB uddhaM ahasabhaa nd
organisedf ormalp ublicc eremonies.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
❏ DalitP anthers:-D alitP
antharisinspiredb yB lackP antherP arty,a r evolutionary
movementinA frica.Itw asa r adicald
eparturef rome arlierD alitM ovements.Its
initialt hrusto
nm ilitancy t hrought heu seo fr ustica rmsa ndt hreatsg avea c haracter
ofm ilitancy.T heyh aver adicalisedt heP oliticals pacef ord alits.T heyimpartedt he
proletarianr adicalc lassidentityt od alitsa ndlinkedt heirs trugglest oa llo ppressed
peoplea llo vert hew orld.
❏ Dalitliterarym ovement:-
● Givent hatt heB rahminsw ouldn evera llowt heD alits’v oice t ob ee xpressed,t he
Dalitsb egant heiro wnm agazinea ndb egant oe xpresst heiro wne xperiences.
● Witht hef ormationo ft heD alitP anthers,a s erieso fD alitp
oetrya nds tories
depictingt hem iserieso ft heD
alitsw
erer eleased.
● Allt heseliteraturea rguedt hatD alitM
ovementf ightsn
oto
nlya gainstt heB
rahmins
buta llt hosep eoplew hoeverp racticese xploitation.
● Newr evolutionarys ongs,p oems,s toriesa nda utobiographiesw erew rittenb yD
alit
writers.
● EducatedD alita ndintellectualse xplainedt ot heo
therilliterateb rothersa boutt he
requiredc hangeint hes ociety.
● Dalitliteraturet riedt oc ompare t hep asts ituationo fD
alitst ot hep
resenta ndf uture
generationn ott oc reateh atred,b utt om aket hema wareo ft heirp itiablec ondition.
❏ Phenomenono fK anshiR ama ndM ayawati:-
★
In1 971,K ashirame stablishedS C,S T,OBC,a ndM inoritiesE mployeew elfare
association.T hem ainO bjectiveist oe ducatea ndc reatea warenessa boutt he
Castes ystem.
★
In1 973,K anshirame stablishedB AMCEF:-B ackwarda ndm inority
communitiese mployeeF ederation.T hiss erveda st heb aset os preadt he
ideaso fA mbedkar.
★
Them ovemento fK
ashiramr eflecteda d ifferents trategyw hichc oined
BahujanIdentity c omprisingt he4 -S C,S T,O
BC,M inorities.
❏ ContemporaryT ilt:-
★
BhopalD eclaration:-T he2 1-pointB hopalD eclarationd emandslegislationt o
enableD alitst oh
avea ne quitables hareint hea ppropriationa ndu seo fr ural
andu rbanc ommonp ropertyr esources.
★
Its eeksd iversityint hew orkforcen oto nlyinp ublicinstitutionsb uta lsoin
privateindustrya ndc orporateh ouses.
★
TheD eclarationd emandst hate veryg overnmenta ndp rivateo rganisation
mustimplement'supplierd iversity'f roms ociallyd isadvantagedb usinesses
and'dealershipd iversity'ing oodsa nds ervices.
★
After2 016:-
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
(a)F ocuso nP
oliticalu
nityr athert hanS ocialU
nity
(b)D alitS elfR
espectt oD
alitP ride
(c) A gitationt akingp laceinC itiesb
yY oungers.
Whatisr equiredf orD alitp rogress?
Ans:-
1. DalitC apitalism:-D alits t om akep rogressr eallyr equirest hatt heyt akeu pissues
aroundw agelaboura ndt heyt akeu pissuesa rounde conomicjustice.The
Governmentisf ocusingo n ‘ DalitC apitalism’( Dalitse ngagementw ithc apital)f or
thea dvancemento fD alits.
2. Dalita ndW omen:-
❖ SwabhimaanS ocietyiso nes uchg roupo f3 5D alitw omen—somee ngineers,
somelawg raduatesa nds omes tillins chool.T heg roupd oesn oth avem any
bigs uccesss toriest oitsc redity et,b utitisa r eflectiono ft hea spirationso f
thesey oungw omena nda s igno fr econfigurationo ft heidentityo fa D
alit
womaninIndia.
❖ AnotherD alitw omen’sc ollective,A llIndiaD alitM ahilaA dhikarM anch,last
monthp articipatedint heU nitedN ationsH umanR ightsC ouncila tits3 8th
sessioninG eneva.
DalitM
ovement,a s ocialr evolutiona imedf ors ocialc hange,r eplacingt hea geo ld
hierarchicalIndians ociety,b asedo nt hed emocraticidealso fliberty,equalitya nds ocial
justice,h asb egunm uche arlier,b ecameintenseint he1 970sa ndb egant od eema t
present.O ner easonb ehindt his,ist hatt hea cademicsa ren otp ayingm ucha ttention.B ooks
onD alitM ovementa rew rittenb utt heseb ooksd on otr eflectt hea ctualt hingsa nda re
writtenk eepinginv iewt heB rahmine lites.N oo new antst oc onfrontt hosew hoh avep ower.
Besidest his,t hem indso ft hep eoplea reb rahmanisedt hroughh egemony.Y eta notherv ital
issueist hatt hem ovementlacksp eoplef roma llt hec ommunitieso fD
alits.F orinstance,in
Maharashtra,t heM aharsd ominatedt hem ovement.T heo therD alitc ommunitiesliket he
Mangs,C hamarsw eren ota ctivelyinvolvedint heM ovement.T heM angsa ndC hamarsh ad
theirt raditionald uties,t heyc oulds omehowm anaget heirf ood.B utt heM aharsd idn ot
havea nyt raditionald utyw hichm adet hemp rotest.A tp
resent,m anyn ewissues.T heD alits
whog otp owerb ecamet hed ollsint heh andso ft heB rahmins.M anyo ft hemt endt o
imitatet heB rahminsc hangingt heirs urnamesa ndt husidentity.T heya rea shamedo fb eing
calledD alitsw hichm aket hemd iscriminatea gainstt heiro wnk itha ndk ins.Its houldb e
notedt hatD alitM ovementisa gainstB rahmanisma ndn otB rahmins.
BackwardClassMovement:-
Thea ctualf eatureo
ft hism
ovementist hatitisc asteb ased.Int heIndianc ontext,
“backwardc lasses''f orma c omprehensiveo r‘closed’p ositiong roupso rc astes.C
aste
associationsc ameintos urvivalind iversep artso ft hen
ationt op
resst heirc laimsf orn
ovel
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
designationsa ndo ccupations.M anyp ublishedjournalsd evotedt oc astew elfare,c omposed
fundsf org ivings cholarshipsa ndb uildingh ostelsf ors tudentsf romp articularc astes,a nd
undertookr eformo fc astec ustoms.T hec ompetenty outhso ft helowerc astess oonr ealised
thatitw asd ifficultt og eta dmissionint hep rofessionalc oursesa ndt hep ost-graduate
courses.T heya reu nablet oc ompetew itht heu pperc astey outhss ucha sB rahmins.H ence
theya ren ota blet og etjobsint heg overnments ervices.T heyf eltt hatt heyw ere
discriminateda gainstb yc aste.T hisledt oa ntiBrahminb elief.T hea spirationf orm obility
amongt heb ackwardc astec amef romt hec ensusp rocedurea lso.T hec aste‘sabhas’g ave
theirr epresentationst ot hec ensusa uthoritiest od emando findividualc astest ob elongt oa
scrupulous‘v arna’a ndn ott oa ninferioro ne.F ore xample,t het woc asteso fT amilN adu,
theV ellalasa ndP adaiyachisw antedt ob er ecordeda s‘V aishyas’a nd’V anniyaK ula
Kshatriyas’r espectively,a ndn ota s‘Shudras’.A loto fs uchc laimsw erem adeint he1 931
census.T he‘Sabhas’a lsoa lteredt helifestyleo fc astesinS anskritisation'sd irection.T his
includedt heg ivingu po fm eat( porka ndc arrionb eef)a ndliquor,a ndt hed onningo ft he
sacredt hread,t hes horteningo ft hem ourningp eriodliket hato ft heB
rahmins.
‘BackwardC lassesM ovement’m eant’t hen on-BrahminM ovement’.T hen on-Brahmin
Movementh adt woa ims:-
★ D
emandingt hes anctiono fm orec oncessionsa ndp rivileges( whichw ouldc ause
discriminationa gainstt heB rahmins)t os urpassB rahminsine ducationa nds ocial
status.
★ Achieving“ SwayamM aryada’o rs elfr espect.E .V .R
amaswamyN aickers tartedt he
Self-RespectM ovementinT amilN adu.T hism ovementw asa nti-Brahmin,a nti-North,
anti-Hindi,a nti-Sanskrita ndf inallya nti-God.T heyb ecamem ored eterminedt o
obtainW esterne ducationino rdert oq ualifyt hemselvesf ort hen ewjobsin
administrationa ndt hen ewp rofessionslikelaw,m edicine,e ngineering,e tc.H igher
casted ominanceine ducationa ndint hen ewo ccupationst husp rovidedt he
conditionsf ort heB ackwardC lassesM ovement.
Thef ramerso fo urC onstitutionw erea wareo fa f actt hatina c aste-riddens ocietylikeo urs,
certainc astesa ndc lassesw eres ociallya bused,e conomicallyc onvictedt olivet helife
penury,a nde ducationallyintimidatet olearnt hef amilyt radeo ro
ccupationa ndt ot aket he
educations eto utf ore achc astea ndc lassb ys ociety,f orc enturies.T heC onstituent
Assemblyt houghtitn ecessaryt oincludep rovisionsint heC onstitutionw hichw oulds erve
asa ne xceptiont ot heg eneralp rovisionsg uaranteeinge qualityt oe nablet heg overnmentin
helpingt he“ BackwardC lasses”t oc atchu pw itht her esto ft hes ociety.
TribalMovement:-
Thet ribalsm
ovementsm
ayb
ec lassifiedo nt heb
asiso
ft heiro
rientationintof ourt ypes:-
● Forest-basedm ovements.
● Socio-religiousm ovementso rs ocial-culturem ovements.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● Movementss eekingp oliticala utonomya ndf ormationso fS tates( Nagas,M izos,
Jharkhand).
● Agrarianm ovement:-N axalbarim ovement-1967a ndB risadalm ovement1 968-69.
● Reformativem ovementw asf ounda mongt heM undasu nderp owerfulleadershipo f
DharliA ba,w hop reachedH induidealso fr itualp
urity,a sceticisma ndc riticisedt he
worshipo fp
riests.
Reason:-
● Forestb asedm ovementsw erem ainlylaunchedf orliberationf romo ppressiona nd
discrimination,b ackwardness.
● AJ harkhandm ovementw ass tartedw hichd emandedf ort hec reationo fa n ews tate
duef oresta lienation,jobd eprivation,a ndinfluxo fo
utsiderse tc.
● Apprehensiveo fd isplacementa ndlosso flivelihood.
● Differentt ribalm ovementsc anb es aidt oc entrea roundt hep roblemo ft heir
identity.B odoa ndN agam ovementa reg oode xamples
● PathalgadiM ovement:-T ribalsh aveb eena gitatinga gainstt hes tateo ver
amendmentt o:-C hotanagpurT enancy( CNT)A ct1
908& S anthalP arganaT enancy
(SPT)A ct1 949
EnvironmentalMovements:-
Ane nvironmentalm ovementc anb ed efineda sa s ocialo rp oliticalm ovement,f ort he
conservationo ft hee nvironmento rf ort heimprovemento ft hes tateo ft hee nvironment.A t
presentE nvironmentalm ovementsinIndiaf ocusingo nd ams,d isplacementa nd
resettlemente ffectivelya rticulatedt heira gendao nt heh umanc onsequenceso ft ampering
witht hec ourseso fn
aturalr esources,h aveinitiatedp rotesta ctiona gainstt hef orcesa nd
agenciesr esponsiblef ore nvironmentald egradation.InIndiaitisa lsos eent hatt hee thnic
practiceso fw
orshippingp lants,t rees,f orest,a ndr iversr eflectst hen aturala nds ocial
domainsa ndt hew isdomo fs eeingu nityint helivinga ndt hen on-livingw orldint heIndian
tradition.T hee nvironmentalm ovementsinIndiae ncapsulatea llc ategorieso fc aste,c lass,
race,r eligion,n ationsa nda lsoc ategorieso fs peciesd ivisionsa ndt hed ivisionso ft he
organica ndinorganicw orld.
“Thee nvironmentalm ovementsa rec onceiveda sb roadn etworkso fp eoplea nd
organizationse ngagedinc ollectivea ctionint hep ursuito fe nvironmentalb enefits.
Environmentalm ovementsa reu nderstoodt ob ev eryd iversea ndc omplex,t heir
organizationalf ormsr angingf romt heh ighlyo rganizeda ndf ormallyinstitutionalizedt ot he
radicallyinformal,t hes patials copeo ft heira ctivitiesr angingf romt helocalt ot hea lmost
global,t hen atureo ft heirc oncernsr angingf roms ingleissuet ot hef ullp anoplyo fg lobal
environmentalc oncerns.S ucha ninclusivec onceptionisc onsistentw itht heu sageo ft he
terma mongste nvironmentala ctivistst hemselvesa nde nablesu st oc onsidert helinkages
betweent hes everallevelsa ndf ormso fw hata ctivistsc all‘thee nvironmentalm ovement”
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
● T heg enesiso ft hee nvironmentalM ovementinIndiaist heC hipkoM ovement.It
wasc oncernedw ithp reservationa ndp rotectiono ff orests.Ith aso rganised
workshopsa ndt rainings essionsa nds ponsoredr esearcho nt heissueo ff orest,w
ater
conservation.
● Thes econdm ajorm ovementw ast he“ S ilentV
alleyM ovement”.Itw ass tarteda sa n
agitationa gainsta h ydroe lectricp roject,w hichh asa nimpacto nB iodiversitya nd
Foresto fS ilentV alley.
● Thet hirdm ovementis“ NarmadaB achaoA ndolan”w hichh asr aisedt hes logano f“
Vikasc hahiye,v inashN ahin’.Itw
asb asicallya gainstn oninclusived evelopmentie-
DamC onstructionw hicha ffectsf amiliesint ermso fD isplacement.
Phaseso
fE nvironmentalM ovement:-
1. FirstP hase(1970):-T hisP haseisc alled “ environmentalismo ft hep oor”,w hich
marriest hec oncerno fs ocialjusticeo nt heo neh andw iths ustainabilityo nt heo ther.
2. SecondP hase(1980):-A D epartmento fE nvironmentw ase stablisheda tt heC entre,
becominga f ull-fledgedM inistrya f ewy earslater.N ewlawst oc ontrolp ollutiona nd
top rotectn aturalf orestsw eree nacted.T herew ase vent alko fr estoringc ommunity
systemso fw atera ndf orestm anagement.T hrought hesev ariede fforts,t he
environmentalismo ft hep oorb egant oe nters choola ndc ollegep edagogy.
Textbooksn owm entionedt heC hipkoa ndN armadam ovements.
3. Thirdp hase(1990):-T hev otarieso fliberalisationm ounteds avagea ttackso n
environmentalists.U ndert heirinfluencet hem edia,o nces os ensitivet o
environmentalm atters,n owb egant od emonisep eoplelikeM edhaP atkar,leadero f
theN armadam ovement.
Characteristico ft heM ovement:-
● Focussingo nG andhianP rincipleso fN onV iolence.
● Ith asu nitedp eoplew hod ifferb yS ex,A ge,R eligion,E thnicity,C astea ndC lass.
● Them ovementsh aditso riginsint heP oliticso fD
istributiono fR esources,b utith
as
expandedt oincludeD istributiono fE conomicC ost.
● Itisn otlimitedt oF orestR estoration,b uta lsow aterc onservationa se videntint he
effortso fT arunB haratS angho fR ajendraS ingh.
● Ith asn otb ecomet hep arto fE lectoralP oliticslikeinw est
● Thee ntireU nderstandingo fM
ovementr emainsb asedo n“ Sangharshw ithS ocial
Reconstruction”.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
Linkagesb etweenE nvironmentalM ovementsa ndN GOs:-
Them osts ignificantf eatureo fe nvironmentalm ovementsinIndiaist hatt hereis
involvemento flocalv oluntaryo rganizationso rN on-GovernmentalO rganizations( NGOs)in
thesem ovements.M anye xamplesc anb ec ited.Int hec aseo ft hef amousC hipko
movement,t hew orko fD asholiG ramS warajyaM andal( DGSM),G opeswar,w hichw as
engagedins ocialw orkinU ttarakhand,w ass ignificant.T hev olunteerso ft heD GSMr ealized
thatf oresta ndland,a ndf oresta ndm anw ereintricatelylinked.T hent heys tartede ducating
thep eoplea boutt heille ffectso fd eforestationint heh ills lopesa ndg raduallyt heyg eared
themselvesint hem ovement.T hes ameist rueint hec aseo ft heS ilentV alleyM ovement.
TheK eralaS astraS ahityaP arishad( KSSP),a nN GO,w asw orkingf ort hreed ecadesa mong
masseso fK
eralaf org rowinge nvironmentala wareness.T hisv oluntaryo rganizationw as
workingw ithp eopleinp opularizings ciencea nda ppropriatet echnologya ndinc ampaigning
againstt hee nvironmentallyd estructived evelopmentp rojects.T heK SSPlauncheda
campaigna gainstt heS ilentV alleyP roject.M anyN GOsa rea lsoc onnectedw itht he
NarmadaB achaoA ndolan.D uringt helasts omey ears,“ voluntaryo rganizationsh aveb een
increasinglyv ieweda sa nintegralp arto fIndia’sd evelopmentp rocess.H undredso fN
GOs
arew orkinga tt hem icrolevel,a nda lthoughe nvironmentalc oncernsa rer elativelyn ew,t hey
area no verwhelmingp henomenon.Indeed,s incet heb eginningo ft helastd ecade,a lmost
allIndianN GOsh aveb eenw orkingw ithe nvironmentalissues.C ommunityo rganizations
havee mergedt hroughlocalr ightsa nde nvironment.N GOsa relocalo re xternalinterveners
thatc reatea nds upportc ommunityg roupsinp rotectinglocalr ightsa nde nvironment”
Majorr easonso ft hee mergenceo fe nvironmentalm ovementsinI ndiah aveb een
● Controlo vern aturalr esources.
● Falsed evelopmentalp olicieso ft heg overnment
● Socioeconomicr easons
● Environmentald egradation/d estruction
● Spreado fe nvironmentala warenessa ndm edia
MiscellaneousT opics:-
Riseo fM
iddleC lassinS ociety:-
● Thism iddlec lass,c urrentlye stimateda t3 50m illiono ra bout2 5%o ft hep opulation,
willr iset o5 83m illiono r4 1%o ft hep opulationb y2 025.T hesee ducatedp eople,
witha nnualincomer angingb etween` 2lakha nd` 10lakh,a ret ob ef oundint ier-2,
tier-3a ndt ier-4c ities.
● Theyd riveb othc onsumptiona sw ella ss avingsint hee conomy.
● Historically,t hisn ewm iddlec lassist hep roducto ff ollowingf orces:
➔ Oneo ft hesew asu nleashedw hene conomicr eforms,implementedint he
1990s,g eneratedo pportunitiesf orm illionso fp eople.
Telegram:-PolityBySaurabhKumar
➔ Politically,a n ewp ost-reformsc onsensusc entringo na m
arket-based
economyt huse merged.T hisr eplacedt hee arlierN ehruvianc onsensusb ased
ona m
uchm orep ublic-sector-dominatedc ommand-and-controlm odel.
➔ MandalC ommissionr eport,a largen umbero fb
ackwardc aste
➔ s ucceededina chievingt heiro bjectivesw hent heC onstitutionw asa mended
tog rantt hem2 7%r eservation.T hisp rovidedm iddlec lassa ccesst om any
poorp eoplew hoo therwisem ayn oth aveb
eena blet og ains uche ntry.
MiddleC lassI mpacto nI ndianS ociety:-
● Itisn otideology,b uta spirationst hatd rivet heM iddleC lass.
● Itm eanst heM iddlec lassa lwaysf ocuso ne conomicindependencea ndd rivef or
risings tatusins ociety.
● Theya rea gentst oc hanget hec astes ystemint heird rivef orInterc asteM arriage.
● Middlec lassf orb etterq ualityo flifeism
ovingt ot ier2 c ities,t husp
ropellingf or
Urbanisation.U rbanisationh asa nimpacto nt heirn
ativep lacesinR urala reas,
evidentint her iseo fP
uccaH ousesinv illages.
RisingS uicide:-
Accordingt ot heN ationalC rimeR ecordsB ureau,b etween2 014a nd2 016,2
6,476s tudents
committeds uicideinIndia.O ft hem,7 ,462c ommitteds uicided uet of ailureinv arious
examinations.
WHOI SA TR
ISK?
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓
↓ ↓
↓
Student F armer Y outh MarriedW omen L abourers MarriedM an
Reasons:-S ociologist“EmileD urkheim”h adf amouslyh ypothesisedt hats uicidesa rea
resulto
fn
otjustp
sychologicalo re motionalf actorsb uts ocialf actorsa sw
ell.
1. Student:-F earo fE xam,P ressuref romp arents,s ocietyf orc areerb uilding.
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2. Farmer:-R isingIndebtedness,F ailingo fc ontractb etweenf armera ndindustrialist.
3. Youth:-C areer,F ailedR elationship,JobP ressure.
4. Marriedw omen:-D omesticV iolence,Lacko fr espectf romh usbanda ndinlaws,
Extramaritalr elationo fH
usband
5. Labourers:-D ecliningw ages,lacko fq
ualitylife.
6. MarriedM an:-E xtramaritalR elation o fW ife,R isingImpotency,P ressuref romf amily
toe arnm
orea ndm ore,B ehavioura tw orkplace.
CaseS tudy:-
Thed eathso f4 9s tudentsinN avodayaV idyalayas choolsint helastf ivey ears,a ndo ft hree
studentsp reparingf ort heIITe ntrancee xaminationsinK otaina s pano ff ourd ays,b rings
theissueo fy ouths uicidest ot hef orea gain.
Morey outhsa ret akingt heirlivesd uet ot hef earo ff ailingine xaminations,c onstantf lak
fromt eachers,b ullyingf romp eers,f amilyp ressurea nda losso fa s enseo fa d
ecentf uture.
Howt oc heckt her isings uicides?
Ans:-
Students:-
● TheD elhig overnment’sinitiativeo nt he‘HappinessC urriculum’m ayb ea s tepint he
rightd irection.
● Withr egardst oh ighere ducation,1 2m easuresw eres uggestedb yt heJ ustice
RoopanwalC ommission.O neo ft hems tressedo nm akingE qualO pportunityC ells
witha na nti-discriminationo fficerf unctionalinu niversitiesa ndc olleges.
Farmers:-
● IncreasingIncomes upport.
● Top lugt heloopholesinP MFBY
● Institutionaliset helendingm echanism
● Redistributiono fland
Youth:-
● Opportunitieso fe mployment
● Careerc ounsellinga tD istrictlevel
Marriedw omen:-
● Familys ensitisationP rogram
● StrictImplementationo fD omesticv iolenceA ct
● Counselling
Labourers:-
● MinimisingIncomeinequality
● Increasew agea ndlabourp roductivity
● Toc heckc asualisationo flabour
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MobLynchingandthecreationofaSegregationistsociety:-
Moblynchinga sa nissueinvolvess ociala spects,d imensionsr elatedt olawa ndo rder.It
needst ob es tudieda t4 levels:-
1. Sociala spects
2. Lawa ndO rdera ndInternals ecurityissues
3. Mobjusticev iolatingC onstitutionala spectso fR uleo fL aw
4. Technologicala spectsi.e.p roblemo flacko fr egulationo finterneta nditsimpacto n
thes ociety
WhatisL ynching?
Ans:-L ynchingisa premeditatede xtrajudicialk illingb ya g roup.Itism osto ftenu sedt o
characterizeinformalp ublice xecutionsb ya m obino rdert op unisha na llegedt ransgressor,
ort ointimidatea g roup.
SocialD imensiono fM
obL ynching:-
● PrejudicesinIndians ocietya rea geo lda ndd eepr ooted.T hesep rejudicesa reb ased
onv ariousidentitiesliker ace,g ender,c aste,c lass,r eligion,e tc.
● Theya res trongideologicalf orcesw hent heym anifesta ndp layo
utint hes ociety
whichh inderc onsolidationo fIndia.
● Thesep rejudicesh aveb eenf ueledf urthera ndh aveg otn ationala ttentiont hrough
technologicala dvanceslikes ocialm edia.O ns ocialm ediae veryone'sa na uthorin
himself/herself.Ins ucha nu nregulatede nvironment,p rejudiceb attleisp layedo ut.
● Differencesint heb eliefsa mongt hep eople/ intolerancet owardse acho ther
● Illiteracyt hatm akesp eoplen ott ot hinkb uta cto na r umor( attackingo nb eggars
thinkingt hatt heyh adc omef ork idnappingt heirc hildren).
● Unemployment.
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● Stateg overnmentss hallp reparea lynching/mobv iolencev ictimc ompensation
scheme.
● Caseso flynchinga ndm
obv iolences hallb
es pecificallyt riedb yd
esignated
court/fastt rackc ourtse armarkedf ort hatp urposeine achd istrict.T het rials hall
preferablyb ec oncludedw ithins ixm
onths.
Needo fS ocialS ecurity:-
Socials ecurityist hep rotectiont hata s ocietyp rovidest oindividualsa ndh ouseholdst o
ensurea ccesst oh ealthc area ndt og uaranteeincomes ecurity,p articularlyinc aseso fo
ld
age,u nemployment,s ickness,d isability,w orkinjury,m aternityo rlosso fa b
readwinner.
WhyisS ocialS ecurityn eeded?
Ans:-
1. Erratica ndIrregularP ayment.
2. ToB olsterQ ualityo fL ife.
3. Forb ettere ducationa ndH ealthf acilities.
4. StableL abourr elationb etweenE mployeea ndE mployers.
5. Toc heckR isingInequality.
Whath ast heG overnmentd oney et?
Ans:-
1. SchemeslikeN ationals ocialA ssistanceP rogram,N FSA,P DS,e tc.
2. Revisiono fL abourL aws t hroughL abourC ode.
3. PensionS chemelikeA talP ensionY ojna,P MJJBY,P MJSY.
Whata ret heissuesins uchm easures?
Ans:-
1. Inclusiona ndE xclusione rroro fB eneficiaries.
2. Lacko fa warenessa boutt hes chemes.
3. Implementationissueh ighlightedinL eakages.
4. Poora ssessmento ft hes calea nds pecificr equirementso fe ffortsn eededd uring
COVID-19ledt os hortagesa ndq ualityissuesint hep ublicd istributions ystem.
Doy out hinkU niversalB asicI ncomeist heP anacea?
Ans:-
UBI:-U niversalb asicincome( UBI)isa g overnmentp rograminw hiche verya dultc itizen
receivesa s eta mounto fm oneyo na r egularb asis.T heg oalso fa b
asicincomes ystema ret o
alleviatep overtya ndr eplaceo thern eed-baseds ocialp rogramst hatp otentiallyr equire
greaterb ureaucraticinvolvement.U BIist hef oundationo fJ usts ocietyb asedo nM
inimum
BasicIncomes ot hate veryonec anm eett heird emands.
UBIh asf ivec omponents:-
● Universality:-Itisu niversalinn ature.
● Periodic:-P aymentsa tp eriodicr egularintervals( noto ne-offg rants)
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● Paymentst oindividuals
● Paymentsinc ash( notf oodv oucherso rs ervicec oupons).
● Unconditionality:-T herea ren op reconditionsa ttachedw itht hec asht ransferredt o
theb
eneficiary.
Benefits:-
1. PovertyR eduction:-
2. Spendingo nH ealtha ndE ducationw illincrease.
3. AdministrativeE fficiencyw illimprove.
4. UBIt reatsb eneficiariesa ss ubjectsn ota sa gents.
5. JobL ossd uet oA rtificialIntelligence.
6. Citizensc ouldh aves imple,s traightforwardf inanciala ssistancet hatm inimizes
bureaucracy.
Challenges:-
1. Equationa tH omew illc hangea sM alem embersw ills pendm orem oneyo n
themselves.
2. Thef iscalc osto fa U
BIp eggeda tR s.7
,620,a t7 5%u niversality,w as4 .9%o ft heG
DP.
3. Mayr esultina d ecreasein labours upply.
4. Therew on'tb ea nincreaseds tandardo flivingint helongr unb ecauseo finflated
prices.
5. Thereisn og uaranteet hatt heg ivenc ashw illb
es pento np
roductivea ctivities,
health& e ducation,e tc.Itm ayb es pento nt obacco,a lcohol,d rugs,a ndo therluxury
goodse tc
Suggestion:-
1. Namea nds hameifw ello ffa reu
singU BI.
2. Exclusionb asedo nc ertainp arameters.
3. “Giveitu p”c ampaigno fL PGS ubsidy.
4. Firstly,U niversalisea crossc ertaing roupslikeW omen,S C/ST.
DrugA
buse
Druga buseist heu seo fillegald rugso rt heu seo fp rescriptiono ro ver-the-counter
medicationsinw ayso thert hanr ecommendedo rintended.
Intensity:-
1. Therea re1 m
illionh eroinr egisteredinIndiaa ccordingt oa U Nr eport,b
utu nofficial
estimatess uggest5 m
illionisa t ruerf igure.
2. Accordingt ot heN ationals urveyo ne xtenta ndp atterno fs ubstanceu seinindia
2019,a bout2 .1%o ft hec ountry’sp opulation( 2.26c roreindividuals)u seso pioids
whichincludeo pium( oritsv ariantslikep oppyh uskk nowna sd oda/phukki),h eroin,
andp
harmaceuticalo pioids.
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3. Whatisa larmingist hen
umbero fs uicidesd
uet od
ruga busea nda lcohola ddiction
hasm
oret hand
oubledint helastd
ecadeinIndia.
Causes:-
1.G eography:-L ocationo fg oldent rianglea ndg oldenc rescent.
2.A griculture:-G reenr evolutionincreasedd isposableincomeinp unjab.
3.F amilyh istory.
4.P eerg roups.
5.N egativef eelings
6.C hangingc ulturalv alues.
SocialC onsequenceso fD
rugA buse:-
● Familiess ufferd uet oc ulturala nds ocialf actorso fd rugb ehavior,includingt heiro wn
understandingo ft hed iseasep rocessa ndt hea ddict’sb ehaviord uet od ruga buse.
● dDrainingo ff amilyr esources,s hrinkingf romr esponsibilities,s icknessa ndd eath
faceda sa c onsequenceo fd
ruga buse,e xtramaritalr elations,d istortiono f
interpersonalf amilyr elationships,a ndv iolenceisa a nothers ocialp roblem.
● Familyr eactiont od ruga ddictionincludesd enial,b laming,s uppresseda nger,
depression,b argaining,p reoccupation,c hangeo fp ersonality,a ndc odependency
Lawsa ndp olicies:-
● NDPSa ct:- Itp rohibitsa p ersonf romp roducing,p ossessing,s elling,p urchasing,
transporting,s toring,a nd/orc onsuminga nyn arcoticd rugo rp sychotropics ubstance.
● TheN ationalP olicyo nN arcoticD rugsa ndP sychotropicS ubstancesisb asedo n
Article4 7o ft heIndianC onstitutionw hichd irectst heS tatet oe ndeavourt ob ring
aboutp rohibitiono ft hec onsumption,e xceptf orm edicinalp urposes,o fintoxicating
drugsinjurioust oh ealth.
1. Thep olicyr ecommendsp roductiono fC oncentrateo fP oppyS traw( CPS)in
Indiab ya c ompanyo rb odyc orporate.T hisw oulde nableIndiat or etainits
statusa sa t raditionals uppliero fO piateR awM aterial( ORM)t ot her esto f
thew orld,w hiler emainingc ompetitive.
2. Thec onsumptiono fp
oppys trawb ya ddictsw illb
eg raduallyr educeda nd
finallys toppedina t imef ramed ecidedb yt heS tates.
3. Ont heillicitc ultivationo fp
oppya ndc annabis,t hep olicye mphasizesu seo f
satelliteimageriesf ord etectiono fillicitc ropsa nditss ubsequente radication
andd evelopmento fa lternatem eanso flivelihoodinr especto fc ultivatorsin
pocketso ft raditionalillicitc ultivation.
4. Thep rivates ectorm ayb ea llowedp roductiono fa lkaloidsf romo pium.A t
presenta lkaloidsf romo piuma rep roducedo nlyinG overnmentO piuma nd
AlkaloidF actories( GOAFs)
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5. Non-intrusivem ethodso fr egulatingt hem anufacture,t radea ndu seo fs uch
psychotropics ubstancesw illb
eintroduced.
6. Emphasisw illb elaido na dequatea ccesst om orphinea ndo thero pioids
necessaryf orp alliativec are,a s trategyt oa ddresss treetp eddlerso fd
rugs,
periodics urveyso fd
ruga buset og auget hee xtent,p atterna ndn atureo f
druga buseint hec ountry,r ecognitiono fd
e-addictionc enters.
7. Therew illb
ea t imeb oundp lano fa ction,d etailingt hes tepst ob
et akenb y
differentM inistries/D epartments/a gencies,inr esponset ot he
recommendationso ft heInternationalN arcoticsC ontrolB oard.
● NarcoticsC ontrolB ureauh asb
eenp rovidedf undsf ord
evelopinga n ews oftwarei.e.
SeizureInformationM anagementS ystem( SIMS)w hichw illc reatea c ompleteo nline
databaseo fd
rugo ffencesa ndo ffenders.
● Theg overnmenth asc onstituteda f undc alled“ NationalF undf orC ontrolo fD
rug
Abuse”t om eett hee xpenditureincurredinc onnectionw ithc ombatingillicitt raffic
inN arcoticD
rugs;r ehabilitatinga ddicts,a nde ducatingt hep ublica gainstd ruga buse,
etc.
Whyisd
ruga buses tillg oingo nd
espitet hea cta ndp
olicy?
Ans:-
● Lacko fr ehabilitationc entres:-
● Smuggling:-
● Useo fd
arknetsb yo
rganisedg roups:-Thed arkn
eto rt heh
iddeno nlinew orld
"cannotb ea ccessedt hroughT raditionalw ebs earches.B uyersa nds ellerso
fd
rugs
usinga s pecials earche nginec alled“ OnionR outert oh
idet heiridentity...
Whatt od o:-
● Certainc ropd rugsw hichh avem oret han5
0%a lcohola ndo pioidsn eedt ob e
contained
● Included ruga buseins choolc urriculum.
● Sometimesr adicalp oliticald ecisionsa lsow
orklikea lcoholb ansinb
ihar.
● Govts houldh avee xactd atao nd
ruga buses ot hate videnceb
asedp olicyc anb e
formulated.
IndianF ilmsa ndS ociety
“Movies c an a nd d oh ave t remendous influence in s haping y oung lives in t he r ealm
ofe ntertainmentt owardst heidealsa ndo bjectiveso fn ormala dulthood”( WaltD isney)
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Cinemaisg reatlyinfluencedb ys ocietya nds ocietyisa lsog reatlyinfluencedb yc inema.
Fromt heintroductiono fc inemaint hew orld,itt riedt op ortrayt hes ocialr eflectiont hrough
itsb
igs creen.F ilmsh aveb eent heinteractivem ediumt oc reatea warenessint hes ocietyo n
differents ocialissues.T herea rev ariousf ilmsw hichinspired,m otivated,a nde venc hanged
them entalityo ft hes ocietyo nt heissueso fc asteism,s ociald iscrimination,z amindari
system,u ntouchability,w omene mpowerment,n ationalintegratione tc.Inm oderne raf ilms
haveo ftent alkeda bouts omes ensitives ubjectslikeh ealth,s exualv iolence,L GBT.In
2017-18s omef ilmmakersd aret oa ddresss uchissuest hata ret abooint hes ocietylike
erectiled ysfunction,s anitation,c orruption,h onork illinga ndm enstrualh ygienet hrough
theirf ilms- T oiletE kP remK atha,P hullu,P adman,S hubhM anglam,H indiM edium,G K
utta
Se& L ipstickU nderM yB urkha.
Contributiono fR egionalC inema
● Tamilf ilmmakerM ariS elvarajinh isf ilmslike K abalia ndk aalar epresentingt heD alits
asn ewh erosb reakingt hes hackleso fu ntouchabilitya nda ctivelyf ightinga gainstt he
upperc aste.
● Thesef ilmsf urthert hep oliticso fs ocialjusticeins ubtlew aysinsteado fd
epicting
communities.la sp itiableb eneficiaryo fp
olicies.
● Malayalif ilmslike" Theg reatIndiank itchen"iso neo ft heb iggestd isruptorso f
genderedlaboura ndr elations.
● Certainf ilmmakersinB engalia ndM arathic inemaa rec hallengingp olarisationa nd
threatt oIndia'sd iversity.A parnaS enh ighlightst hejingoismp revalentinp olitical
systems
Basically,r egionalc inemasa red oingw ellint hisa spectc omparedt ob ollywoodw hicha cts
asa t oolint heh andso ft heg overnment,w hichisf ocusingm oreo nb oxo ffice,inspiredf rom
theW est.B ollywoodt endst ob elouda nds ensationalf ocusingo nc ostume,s etd esign,light,
coloura ndlocation.
Cinemaisa ne ffectivea gento fs ocialc hange.C inemah ast hep otentialt oinfluencep eople
tom anipulatet heirp erspectivea bouta nys ocialissue.Indianc inemah asg ivent heb est
moviest hata ctuallym anaget ob ringc hangeint hes ociety.S omef ilmsh elpt os peedu p
pendingjustice,s omee ncouragep eoplet oc omef orwardt of ighta gainsts ociale vilsa nd
someg ivea c ompleten ewd irectiont ot heliveso fv iewers.
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