Lemon (Citrus Limon) As Laundry Liquid Detergent

A Research Paper Presented to Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Basic Education Department

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject

Science 10

GLORY, Jester P.

GUTIERREZ, Lorenzo Gabriel M.

IBIAS, Eduard Geoffrey G.

IRINCO, Rex Jhoelhee M.

JUMAWAN, Klaine O.

KÑOPFEL, Francel Adelaide D.

LABORTE, Regina Gabrielle F.

MANALO, Joanna Kathleen E.

PACHECO, Vivian Marie M.

1
 ABSTRACT

In this study, the researchers seek to find a natural alternative for traditional liquid laundry

detergents, thereby trying an experiment on making a natural laundry liquid detergent with Citrus

Limon (Lemon) as the primary cleaning ingredient.

Lemon as a cleaning agent, specifically as the main ingredient of a liquid laundry detergent

have multiple advantages that prevent the flaws of a traditional liquid laundry detergent. It has

citric acid that makes an effective alternative to harsh chlorine bleach, break down stains, and is

much gentler to clothes. Additionally, lemons have a natural compound that produces a pleasant

aroma, which is an important factor in liquid laundry detergents.

Using this Lemon Laundry Liquid Detergent also helps in conserving our environment.

Traditional liquid laundry detergents are often loaded with chemical compounds, ranging from

phosphates to surfactants. Phosphates, for example, are recognized to be toxic to fish and the

environment. Using natural liquid laundry detergent reduces the amount of chemicals that enter

the soil and groundwater.

We need to test the detergent's effectiveness to guarantee that the product we made is safe

to use for washing our clothes. To determine the effectiveness of the liquid detergent, the

researchers tested it in two ways: machine wash and hand wash. In both ways, the "used clothes"

after washing have been fully cleaned. The clothes had no strong scent. The color of the clothes

did not change, and they were not damaged.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we researchers thank God for giving us strength to pursue this research.

We thank Him for all the blessings we have and for helping us achieve our goal in study.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Science teacher, Mr. Albert C.

Gerodias, for guiding us always, for teaching us all the information and skills needed to complete

this research. We also thank our parents and family for all the support and for giving us inspiration.

Lastly, to the members of this group who are always helping, working hard, and having

cooperation since the start of this research. We are thankful for the time and effort each researcher

exerted in this study. We, researchers, are happy to experience to conduct an experiment and create

this product.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ 3

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6

a. Background Of The Study ....................................................................................................... 7

b. Statement Of The Problem ...................................................................................................... 8

c. Significance Of The Study ...................................................................................................... 9

d. Scope And Limitations .......................................................................................................... 10

e. Definition Of Terms .............................................................................................................. 10

Review of Related Literature ........................................................................................................ 16

Research Methodology ................................................................................................................. 29

a. Materials And Equipment ..................................................................................................... 29

b. Procedure............................................................................................................................... 29

c. Testing ................................................................................................................................... 30

d. Budget ................................................................................................................................... 31

e. Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 31

Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................. 40

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations........................................................................... 44

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 a. Summary ............................................................................................................................... 44

b. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 45

c. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 45

References / Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 47

Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................................... 50

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Before the invention of modern detergent, civilizations of the past used animal fat or lye to

wash clothes. Other times, they used chamber lye for washing some clothes. While in the present,

people are using detergents that have cationic surfactants that are impart with an anti-static

property. Detergent is a mixture of chemical compounds including alkylbenzene sulfonates, which

are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water. But sometimes, not all modern detergents Commented [AG1]: reference

are capable enough to remove all the stains, all the bacteria, especially to prevent the colors of the

fabric from fading. This is the reason why we used Citrus Limon as Laundry Liquid Detergent.

Detergent is a chemical substance that has synthetic compounds, which is generally

ammonium or sulfate salts of long chain carboxylic acids and these synthetic compounds cannot

be broken down into simple molecules by microbes, hence, it is a non-biodegradable product

which can possibly create a water pollution. While a Citrus Limon is also known as Lemon is a

powerful eco - friendly antibacterial that can easily break down anaerobically because most of

the fruits are biodegradable substances.

The Citric Acid in Lemon helps to break down stains, kills most of the bacteria, and get

those dingy whites back to bright. Aside from the fact that it has the power to make your clothes

cleaner, brighter, and is safe for a fabric that have colors, different unpleasant odors can also be

removed using lemon which can cause acidity that neutralizes the bad smell.

Lemon has a natural compound called limonene that is commonly found in its skin, it

produces the pleasant aroma and also functions as a solvent that breaks down and dissolves. In

addition, citric acid has no significant negative effects produced.

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 According to Luiz Alberto Colnago, the antiviral activity can be attributed in a detergent

to the biocide action of surfactants. The chemical stability of a detergent indicates that the

properties of the mixtures will be preserved for the same period of time and may maintain a

residual protecting effect due to its long-term stability (Menezes, 2020).

Thus, making a natural detergent has higher chances of certain benefits like prevention

against the virus from your clothes in a chemical - free way, effectively reducing exposure to

harmful chemicals.

A. Background of the Study

In this study, our group tried an experiment on making a laundry liquid detergent having

Citrus Limon (lemon) as its main cleaning agent. Our study aims for this product to be used in

fighting germs and bacteria especially in these times of pandemic where all of us could be exposed

from the virus. In today’s situation, many individuals visit various locations, sitting in chairs or

leaning against the wall, where germs and bacteria may be adhered to their worn clothing. We

chose lemon because of its cleaning properties and because it is readily available. By definition, a

lemon is a yellow, oval citrus fruit with a thick skin and fragrant, acidic juice. Lemon has an

antibacterial and antiseptic properties that can kill germs and bacteria. Nowadays, store-bought

cleaning goods, such as laundry liquid detergents, contain chemicals that are either harmful to

people or can damage our garments. According to research by the University of Washington, Top

selling detergent brands like Tide contain many toxic chemicals that are harmful to the body. (Go

new mommy article, 2018) The aforementioned properties of a lemon also act as a natural bleach.

Citric acids in lemon helps to break down stains and can also whiten the clothes. It is a good

alternative to a bleach given the fact that it is also safe with colors and is not harmful to us. It not

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only has cleaning properties, but it also has a pleasant aroma that many people enjoy. The process

of making the product is an economic one for the materials are easy to find and also inexpensive.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

● How does this project benefit us from using Lemon Liquid Laundry Detergent?

● Would the Lemon Liquid Laundry Detergent be successful enough to be used as alternative

for commercial products?

This study also aims to fulfill the following objectives:

• General Objective

To produce an effective laundry liquid detergent with citrus limon (lemon) as the Commented [AG2]: how do you intend to measure the
effectivity?
main ingredient.

• Specific Objectives

a) Observe and describe the characteristics of the Lemon Liquid Laundry Commented [AG3]: What is the purpose of observing and
describing?
Detergent

❖ Consistency

❖ Scent

❖ Color

b) For hand wash, observe the hands’ condition after using the Lemon Liquid

Laundry Detergent

❖ Is the detergent irritating on the skin?

c) Observe the washed clothes after using the Lemon Liquid Laundry

Detergent

❖ Odor
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 ➢ Is the scent of the clothes strong enough that it can trigger

nasal allergies?

❖ Color

➢ Did the color of the clothes fade?

❖ Cleanliness

➢ Were stains still present on the clothes?

C. Significance of the Study

This science investigatory project entitled “Citrus Limon (Lemon) as Laundry Liquid

Detergent”, was conducted to contribute information and understanding about the effectiveness

and use of citrus limon or lemon as a laundry liquid detergent. This study was also created to

benefit every individual and is expected that the following will also benefit through this study.

COMMUNITY. The study will contribute to the community’s knowledge in using this kind

of organic citrus substance in their daily laundry. Moreover, this will benefit the community in a

way that such citrus substance serves as a cheaper alternative to use as a stain removal.

DETERGENT INDUSTRY. The study will bring impact to the detergent industry

progressively by providing innovative information about the Citrus Limon (Lemon) extracts

having stain removal property.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The future researchers who will conduct research aligned to

this can utilize this research. This investigatory project will serve as a future reference to other

researchers regarding the use of lemon as laundry liquid detergent. Commented [AG4]: This portion could be in the
recommendation

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 It is essential to take care and maintain our clothing for us to have a healthy lifestyle. Dirty

clothes may carry a variety of germs and bacteria that can infect our bodies and may lead to

different diseases.

D. Scope and Limitations

Our study focuses on the assessment of the citrus limon (lemon) as a laundry liquid Commented [AG5]: What specific part? The entire fruit or
the peel etc..
detergent, the researchers only used the juice of the lemon where the citric acid is found. For the

production, they did it manually wherein they formed a base by mixing all major components

which are the: Lemon, Industrial Salt (thickener), and SLES (surfactant). In terms of the quantity,

the usage of it depends on how much clothes you’ll wash. This product’s quality was only tested

through 2 methods: Hand wash and Machine wash. In this research study, the researchers only Commented [AG6]: Elaborate this

observed the physical appearance of the clothes and the hands’ condition after using the detergent

made. This study was performed in our own homes for everyone’s safety due to the COVID-19

pandemic. This research was conducted during the 2021-2022 academic year.

E. Definition of Terms

• Citrus Limon (Lemon)

An acid fruit that is botanically a many-seeded pale yellow oblong berry produced by a

small thorny citrus tree.

A lemon is a yellow, oval citrus fruit with a thick skin and fragrant, acidic juice.

• Laundry Liquid Detergent

Any of numerous synthetic water-soluble or liquid organic preparations that are chemically

different from soaps but are able to emulsify oils, hold dirt in suspension, and act as wetting

agents.

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 A chemical substance, usually in the form of a powder or liquid, which is used for washing

things such as clothes.

• Alkylbenzene sulfonates

Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) refers to a family of branched chain organic chemical

compounds that were used as detergents.

A chemical compound, which are very similar to soap but are less affected by hard water.

• Citric acid

A tricarboxylic acid C6H8O7 occurring in cellular metabolism, obtained especially from

lemon.

Citric acid helps to break down stains, kills most bacteria, and get those dingy white back

to bright.

• Limonene

A component used in many commercially prepared cleaning products. A natural solvent

that cuts through grease and dirt and will leave your house smelling fresher.

Commonly found in its skin, it produces the pleasant aroma and also functions as a solvent

that breaks down and dissolves.

• Eco-friendly product

Not environmentally harmful, earth friendly.

Products that do not harm the environment because of the biodegradable substances.

• Antibacterial

Directed or effective against bacteria, intended to kill or reduce the harmful effects of

bacteria.

Can kill germs and bacteria.

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• Antiseptic

Opposing microbial infection, preventing or inhibiting the growth or action of

microorganisms (such as bacteria).

Can kill germs and bacteria.

• Chamber lye

Urine, especially as used domestically or agriculturally, typically for a purpose such as

washing, the preparation of crops, or the care of horses.

Chamber lye was a useful laundry product. Precious urine collected from chamber pots, its

many uses included stain removal and pre-wash soaking.

• Cationic surfactants

Cationic surfactant is a type of surfactant with a positive charge on its hydrophilic end. One

of the benefits of having a positive charge is that it makes them very useful in an anti-static

product such as hair conditioners or fabric softeners.

Impart with an anti-static property. Cationic surfactants are frequently used in disinfectants

since they can also act as antibacterial agents.

• Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic Acid is an organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group. They

occur widely in nature and are also synthetically manufactured by humans. Carboxylic acid

is a type of organic compound that widely occurs in forms of acetic acid and amino acids.

Carboxylic acids are generally long chain of ammonium or sulfate salts.

• Surfactants

Also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid,

reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.

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 Refers to a substance that acts as a surface-active agent.

• Antiperspirants

A preparation used to reduce perspiration. An astringent preparation for reducing

perspiration, usually containing aluminum or zirconium, and used to prevent body odor

and clothing stains.

Prevent bad odors and neutralizes the bad smells.

• Discoloration

A discolored spot or formation.

Yellow stains on clothes.

• Disinfectant

An agent used to disinfect something. Any chemical agent used chiefly on inanimate

objects to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organisms.

Used to disinfect, traditionally used for the purpose of cleaning.

• Alkaloid

Any of numerous usually colorless, complex, and bitter organic bases (such as morphine

or caffeine) containing nitrogen and usually oxygen that occur especially in seed plants and

are typically physiologically active.

Main content of lemon, which have function as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal,

antiviral, and antidiabetic.

• Antioxidant

Substances that inhibit or delay the oxidation of biologically relevant molecules either by

specifically quenching free radicals or by chelation of redox metals.

The main content of lemon juice that contain vitamin C and citric acid.

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• Water-soluble

Capable of dissolving in water.

Particularly effective in hard water.

• Versatility

The state or quality of being useful for or easily adapted to various tasks, styles, fields of

endeavor, etc.

Can be used as a pre-treatment and for in the wash itself.

• Builders

A substance added to or used with detergents to increase their cleansing action, a substance,

as an abrasive or filler, added to soaps or other cleaning agents to increase their

effectiveness.

Builders are added for the surfactant to be more efficient and to enhance the quality of the

water.

• Alkalies

A soluble salt obtained from the ashes of plants and consisting largely of potassium or

sodium carbonate.

These are soluble salts and bases that react with an acid to neutralize it. They effectively

remove dirt and stains from fabric without rubbing excessively.

• Sodium chloride

An ionic crystalline chemical compound consisting of equal numbers of sodium and

chlorine atoms.

Food seasoning that is also a bleaching and anti-scalling agent commonly used in

household cleaning products.

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• Solvents

Substance, ordinarily a liquid, in which other materials dissolve to form a solution.

Dissolve the grease

• Chelating agent

A chemical compound that reacts with metal ions to form stable, water-soluble metal

complexes.

Water softener compound that eliminates ions such as calcium and magnesium from

laundry products and decreases yellow discoloration.

• Sodium Hypochlorite/Chlorine

An unstable salt NaOCl produced usually in aqueous solution and used as a bleaching and

disinfecting agent.

The most powerful and used laundry bleach since they disinfect, clean, and whiten clothes.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

High in citric acid, lemon juice is one of the best natural cleaners due to its low pH and

antibacterial properties. Lemons also smell great and aren’t likely to cause damage to materials

around what you are cleaning such as fabric or wood. Lemon fruit contains a great deal of citric

acid which is weak. It also serves as an environmentally benign cleaning agent (E. Aswani, H. J.

Sherlin, G. Jayaraj, K.R. Don, A. Santhanam, 2020). Lemon extracts as a replacement to synthetic

surfactants (M. Madhusudhan, 2021). Lemon is the best cleaning agent based on pH meter and

sugar level. Sugar helps in activating the enzyme from fruits (Nuramirah Juma’at, Nurul Fatin

Hidayah Mohd Lazim, 2021).

Some antiperspirants react with body salts to create yellow stains on white clothes and

discoloration on colored shirts. Lemon works great for cleaning. The acidic quality and fresh scent

can work wonders around the house, and it can work similarly to a bleach. Many things can tarnish

clothing, including coffee, lipstick, paint, and acidic sweat. The acidity of lemon juice reacts with

the impurities (calcium carbonate). Some types of bad odors that are alkaline can be removed using

lemon which can cause acidity that neutralizes even the bad smell. Lemon juice which is obtained

from fruits of Citrus limon L. belonging to the family Rutaceae is traditionally used for the purpose

of cleaning due to its disinfectant properties (Sandeep DS, Charyulu R Narayana, 2016).

Lemon fruit is an herbal plant that has the main content of alkaloid compounds which have

the function as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antidiabetic. Lemon (Citrus

limon) juice contains many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, limonoid,

tannin, and terpenoids. The bioactive compounds contained in lemon (Citrus limon) each have an

16
antibacterial. Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) juice besides being used as an antibacterial, it is also

useful as an antioxidant. The main content of lemon (Citrus limon) juice is vitamin C and citric

acid. Lemons are great for cleaning, especially when combined with basic household products like

vinegar and baking soda. Citrus contains d-limonene, a natural solvent that cuts through grease

and dirt, and will leave your house smelling fresher. Lemons are a powerful citrus fruit with

enzymes in their acids that are strong enough to whiten everything (ER Ekawati and W Darmanto,

2019).

The citric acid in lemons helps to break down stains and get those dingy whites back to

bright. And unlike bleach, lemon juice is safe for colors. Lemon is a natural choice when it comes

to removing stains from fabrics, ceramic, and even plastic. Lemon juice has a natural whitening

action that can be enhanced by exposure to sunlight, making it a good alternative to harsh bleaches

and other chemicals. Lemon juice's high acidity means that it has a high concentration of hydrogen

ions, and its corrosive properties make it a useful ingredient in cleaning products, because it softens

the minerals in hard water, allowing the cleaning agents to work more effectively (Michelle L.).

Laundry Detergent

Surfactants and detergents are very widely used both in the home and in industry; they are

used as household detergents, in personal care products such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

and in different industrial formulations used in textile and fibre processing; mining, flotation and

petroleum production; paint, plastics and lacquers production; food industry; pulp and paper

industry; leather and fur industry; and agriculture (Gonzalez et al, 2004).

Laundry detergents are highly water-soluble and are particularly effective in hard water.

Unlike soap, they do not bind with the salts in hard water to create a scum, meaning no residues

17
left on your clothing. Further, detergents emulsify dirt and hold it in suspension, meaning they mix

with the dirt in your wash, lift it and allow it to be carried down the drain (Kind Laundry, 2021).

There are different types of detergent used depending upon the type of laundry, the amount

of dirt in them, the hardness of stains or as per the requirements of the cloth (Cleancult, 2021).

Laundry Liquid Detergent

Liquid detergents are often favored for their versatility, they can be used as a pre-treatment

and for in the wash itself (Kind Laundry, 2021).

Powder Detergent

Laundry powders were the dominant consumer choice in the early 1990s, accounting for

about 60% of detergents used (Morse, 1999). By the mid-1990s, the market was nearing a 50-50

split between powders and liquids (Kirschner, 1998), primarily because liquids were easier to use

and dissolved better in hard water. By 2004, liquid laundry sales accounted for 75% of the market,

with sales of more than $2.4 billion (McArdle, 2005). Sales of liquid detergents have only

continued to increase. In 2009, liquid detergents accounted for 83% of the market, with sales of

$3.1 billion (McCoy, 2010).

When using powder detergent, it’s important to know what temperature to wash clothes.

“Avoid using very cold water, unless the powder detergent states it’s designed to dissolve in cold

water,” says Johnson. That’s because some powders struggle to dissolve in cold water. If you

prefer a powder vs. liquid detergent and also want to wash in cold water, “pre-dissolve the powder

in a little warm water before adding it to the washer,” says Gagliardi (Liles, 2021).

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Pods

Easily one of the most convenient and mess-free options, laundry pods are the kind of

detergent that is increasing in popularity. The detergent is contained within a soluble resin that

dissolves in contact with the wash water (Kind Laundry, 2021).

Pods pose a risk of poisoning if ingested and chemical eye burns if the detergent touches

the eye. That’s why you should always store them in a child-proof container out of reach of young

kids. “Pods must be kept in their original packaging—don’t give in to the temptation to transfer

them to a cute container that allows you to see them,” says Gagliardi. That’s because, in addition

to having all the important safety information handy, “packaging for detergent pods is opaque, so

the pods won’t be visible and therefore are not appealing to children.” (Liles, 2021).

Sheets

Laundry detergent sheets are all the necessary cleaning ingredients suspended in a

dissolvable and biodegradable resin that you simply add to your usual wash cycle in the same way

as powders or liquid detergents. But without the chemical or environmental footprint (Kind

Laundry, 2021).

Sheets are the type of laundry detergent that combines the mess-free benefits of a pod, with

powerful cleansing ingredients all suspended in a biodegradable, water-soluble sheet (Kind

Laundry, 2021).

Laundry detergent sheets are the zero mess, no fuss option that leaves nothing behind

except clean laundry. There is no need for added softeners, no gloopy detergent messes or powder

19
spills, and no need to clean your machine which makes them dead easy to use (Kind Laundry,

2021).

Composition of Laundry Detergents

Cleaning detergents contain surfactants, one of the primary and key components that makes

up a detergent. The term “surfactant” refers to a substance that acts as a surface-active agent

(International Products, 2022). According to the American Cleaning Institute (ACI), surfactants

change how water behaves. The surface tension is reduced when a surfactant is added, water can

now spread out and wet the surface people were trying to clean.

There are four diverse types of surfactants that differ in composition and use. These are

nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric.

● Nonionic Surfactants – These are often used in coatings and as wetting agents. Nonionic

surfactants are used in a variety of items, including polishes, cleaners, fragrances, and even

some food products (Mancuso, 2020).

● Anionic Surfactants – These can be found in products such as laundry and dish detergents,

toothpaste, and some bath products such as shampoo and body soaps. Anionic surfactants

are often used as wetting agents (Mancuso, 2020). According to International Products,

anionic surfactants create a lot of foam when mixed and are excellent for lifting and

suspending particulate soils. One example is SLES or Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate. This

is widely utilized in laundry products as a primary surfactant. It thickens the final product

formulation. It also has a lower degree of skin irritation, ease of compaction, and

insensitivity to hard water compared to SLS or Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (IPS-Ingredis,

2018).

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 ● Cationic Surfactants – Anti-static products, such as fabric softeners, use cationic

surfactants, which contain a positive charge. Cationic surfactants are frequently used in

disinfectants since they can also act as antibacterial agents. In addition, it will no longer be

effective when mixed with negatively charged anionic surfactants (International Products,

2022).

● Amphoteric Surfactants – These surfactants, also known as Zwitterionic surfactants, have

both cationic and anionic surfactants. Amphoteric surfactants have antibacterial properties,

low toxicity, high resistance to hard water, and excellent compatibility with other

surfactants. As a result, they are used in a variety of detergents, including powdered and

liquid cleaning solutions (Babajanzadeh, 2019).

The second most important ingredient in most laundry detergents are the Builders.

According to research, these are added for the surfactant to be more efficient and to enhance the

quality of the water. Builders have several functions including softening, buffering, and

emulsifying (Speight, 2017).

Another major component in laundry detergents is Alkalies. These are soluble salts and

bases that react with an acid to neutralize it. They effectively remove dirt and stains from fabric

without rubbing excessively. These are also good grease removers. Strong Alkalies can damage

fabrics and may cause roughness in the texture of clothes. Example of mild alkali is baking soda,

a sodium bicarbonate. Strong Alkalies include washing soda that is a sodium carbonate, and lye

that is caustic soda. In addition, moderate Alkalies include borax, household ammonia, and

trisodium phosphate or TSP (Leverette, 2022).

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 To help brighten and whiten fabrics, bleaching agents are used. Sodium hypochlorite, also

called chlorine or liquid household bleach, is the most powerful and used laundry bleach since

they disinfect, clean, and whiten clothes. Oxygen or color-safe bleaches are gentler than the

Sodium hypochlorite bleaches; it works safely on all washable fabrics (American Cleaning

Institute).

As stated in an article from LibreTexts Chemistry, a chemist named Otto Rohm introduced

the use of enzymes for laundry in 1913. Nowadays, it is always blended into detergent

formulations. Enzymes help in breaking down complex soils, such as blood and grass to be easily

removed from fabric or clothing (Tripathy, 2007). Enzymes allow people to use lower water

temperatures and less detergents for clothes to be clean (Leverette, 2022).

Use of Industrial Salt in the Detergent Industry

Industrial salt used as fillers for both solvents and detergents. Industrial salts cause

chemicals to dissolve immediately in water (S. Rasheed, 2017). Sodium chloride, known as table

salt, is a white solid. Sodium chloride is a food seasoning that is also a bleaching and anti-scaling

agent commonly used in household cleaning products. Sodium chloride is a surfactant

(Puracy.com, 2020). Salt is a super stain remover on clothing, helps maintain bright colors, armpit

discoloration and can even eliminate sticky spots on your iron. It can also reduce yellowing in

clothes and mildew on shower curtains. Salt is an excellent household cleaner that you can use to

remove different kinds of stains, including wine, rust, grease, blood, ink, and mildew from your

clothing (Christine Halvorson, 2021).

Other Lemon Based Ingredient for Related Literature & Studies

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 One Lemon main-based ingredient is the Lemon Soap which is a balanced cold process

soap recipe with fresh lemon zest for color and shea butter for moisture. This cleaning agent is

used for both the kitchen or bathroom when you’re showering or hand washing. It is also gentle

enough to be used over and over on your hands because the lemon ripe or zest is said to be so

refreshing and beautiful to look at. A palm free recipe and it does have a large percentage of olive

oil, which means it will seem slightly soft and sticky at first but will firm up nicely over a few

weeks. The recipe of this Lemon Soap is a 4.27 ounces lye, 9.5 ounces water, 11 ounces olive oil,

11 ounces coconut oil, 6 ounces shea butter, 2 ounces castor oil, 2 teaspoons grated lemon zest,

divided, 0.4 ounces sodium lactate but it is optional, and 3 tablespoons of fragrance oil which is

also optional. The ingredients of this have something to do with the ripeness of Lemon (Katie

Shaw, 2020).

Another is a Lemon Soap. Lemon juice makes a good natural cleaner because it is high in

citric acid. Different materials get dirty in different ways. Acids like lemon juice work best on

alkaline types of stains. Since soap is alkaline, lemon juice and vinegar are both great at removing

soap scum. They are less effective at removing grease. Alkaline cleaners like soap are better at

removing grease by emulsifying it, or spreading it out into the dishwater. Solvents actually dissolve

the grease. By understanding the chemistry behind cleaning, you can choose the best cleaners for

the job. When lemon juice interacts with oxidized metal, it reacts with the dark oxides and the

penny looks shiny and new again. This is especially noticeable with copper pennies. Since most

pennies made after 1982 are made out of zinc with a thin copper coating, you used real copper

pennies to get the true effect. If you’re cleaning metals like copper or brass with lemon juice over

the long term, this can react with the metals and can cause corrosion, damaging the metal. Take a

ripe lemon and cut it in half (education.com).

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 There is a Lemon Dishwashing Liquid investigated and conducted by a company named

Limoneira since 1893. They believe that a lemon has many properties that ensures clean dishes,

from the citric acids that help to remove mineral and hard water deposits to the lemon oil in the

rind with bacterial and cleaning properties from limonene, a component used in many

commercially prepared cleaning products. Add white vinegar’s cleaning power, and salt as a

scouring agent, and you’ve got a complete dish cleaner. The white pith and rind also add pectin, a

natural thickening agent. The recipe made up for 4 medium lemons, 1 1/2 Plus 2 cups Water, 4

ounces white vinegar, 1 cup Kosher salt. The ingredients of this have different processes compared

to the other Lemon-based products but they have the same result which are always successful

(limoneira.com, 2017).

An investigation made by a couple of student researchers proves that there are possibilities

in making a cleaning agent with the use of Lemon. They researched about inventing a dishwashing

liquid detergent that has a citrus scent and doesn't have a bad effect on our environment and health.

According to Bradford (2018), dishwashing liquid known as the dishwashing soap, dish detergent

and dish soap, is a detergent used to assist in dishwashing. It is usually a highly-foaming mixture

of surfactants with low skin irritation. It is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, plates,

cutlery, and cooking utensils in a sink in a bowl in addition to its primary use. Dishwashing liquid

also has various informal applications, such as for creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning

oil affection bird (coursehero.com).

Domex, also known in many countries as Domestos, was launched as a powerful, quick-

acting bleach in the UK in the 1920s and was sold door-to-door by salesmen on bicycles. At that

time, it was used in the home to whiten cotton and household surfaces, and salespeople were

assigned to do live demos. Today it is sold all over the world, promoting health and hygiene in

24
households, with its wide range of disinfection products. The brand is active in its sustainability

work to extend access to toilets and sanitation in disadvantaged parts of the world. Like the Domex

Ultra Thick Bleach Lemon Explosion Toilet Cleaner which is a germ-killing product with the use

of Lemon or Citric Limon as its main-based ingredient. The sheer power of Domex bleach

combined with its thick formula lets you be absolutely certain that the job is done. It is ideal to

sanitize and clean toilets, sinks and other bathroom surfaces (Unilever, 2022).

Another is a Lemon Shampoo with a Tea Tree extract. It is a shampoo that can lessen the

dandruff and it is also a defense with all-natural paraben sulfate that is suitable for free scalp

therapy, moisture therapy, and also compatible for all hair types. A complete hair and scalp tonic,

this complex disinfects the scalp, treats and prevents dandruff, while nourishing the hair. Lemon’s

astringency further tightens the hair follicles, strengthening the roots and preventing hair-fall. The

tea tree extract, in this formulation, moisturizes dry hair, making it shinier and softer. It gently

seeps through the layers of the scalp, regulating the sebaceous glands secretion thereby treating

dandruff from its root cause-oil (Vaadi Herbals, 2015).

Lastly is the Lemon Liquid Detergent conducted by the group of people of

todaysparent.com, that proves that creating a Lemon based ingredient liquid detergent will work

and is legitimately proven. It does not show whether it's successful or not but with the right

procedures, it can increase the success rate. This product is basically a lemon product that is

pleasantly scented laundry detergent that has above-average cleaning powers. It is said that this

product also performed better than some leading brands. They put this product on a test if the stains

sit overnight on one set and then stained a second set of onesies right before hitting the laundromat

to test how well the detergent alone removes stains. After washing in cold water, they found that

this product did a better-than-average job of cleaning away grass and mud stains, and significantly

25
lightened areas of spilled coffee and jarred spaghetti sauce, even on the onesies they let sit

overnight. “None of the detergents we tested completely removed the spaghetti sauce or coffee

stains, and this product completely removed grape juice, pureed sweet potato, washable marker

and formula stains”. The Sunlight Lemon Fresh Liquid Laundry Detergent earned an above-

average rating for quality, performance and value, and two-thirds of their testers said they would

recommend it to other parents who are shopping for a scented laundry detergent. Its mid-range

price per load means it’s a good choice for families who are on a budget (Jen Cutts, 2017).

Benefits of Lemon in Laundry Clothes

Citrus Limon (Lemon) has many benefits not only in our skin, hair, or our health but also

in the laundry. Lemon has Citric Acids in its juice that acts in cleaning. Citric Acids acts as a water

softener, chelating agent, pH adjuster. Citric acid has the ability to chelate metals which makes it

useful in soaps and laundry detergents (LemiShine, 2019). Chelating agent is a water softener

compound that eliminates ions such as calcium and magnesium from laundry products and

decreases yellow discoloration. Citric acid is a naturally occurring chelating agent (Freitas, 2003).

The Citric Acids in a lemon helps to adjust the pH level so that the laundry’s pH level

would be suitable with the pH level of the skin. The alkaline pH of a normal laundry detergent is

not compatible with our skin and tends to irritate it. With the citric acid in the laundry detergent,

the alkalinity of the detergent neutralizes the clothes, functions as a pH regulator, and puts the

alkaline pH of the clothes closer to the natural pH of our skin (Silvia, 2019). Maintaining the

alkaline pH level of each detergent helps it to be more effective in cleaning. Surfactants and

cleansers work effectively in cleaning if the pH level is maintained, that’s why citric acid is added

to many detergents like liquid laundry detergent (Brown, 2020). Each detergent formulation has

26
maximum effectiveness in specific pH value. Cloth such as wool, silk and dyes can tolerate the

absorption of limited amount of mild acid however it can be destroyed by strong acids and alkalis.

Maintaining a pH level helps to effectively clean the surfaces without damaging the dyes or fibers

(Aziz Ullah).

Lemon is also known for effectively breaking down of stains and is used for stain removal.

The citric acid in lemon acts as a natural bleach which is commonly used as an alternative for stain

removal and as well as for whitening and brightening clothes. Clothes are often stained by drinks

like coffee, cosmetic products, paints, and sweats from every day. These stain causing things need

an acidic-water based solution for it to be removed, in which a lemon can be used. The citric acid

of the lemon helps to break down stains by dissolving the stains (Ossola, 2016).

Lemon acting as a natural bleach is much better than the ordinary bleach most of the people

use. Ordinary bleach has a strong stench and can harm garments despite its effectiveness in

whitening laundry while organic bleache is also effective in cleaning but is not harmful on

garments (OldHouse, 2022). Bleaches, like Chlorine bleach, have a chemical called sodium

hypochlorite that is powerful enough to damage many types of fabrics, dissolves clothing dyes or

colors (Pollick, 2020). Lemon juice contains high level of citric acids that react to the stains on

the laundry to loosen and remove them naturally, leaving the fabrics white (Manneh, 2021).

Ordinary bleaches are not safe with the clothes colors as it makes the colors fade away. Citric acids

in lemon have the ability to remove the stains without damaging the color of the cloth. Although

it is high in acidity, it does not cause any damage or discoloration on some clothes, meaning it is

color safe (Jessica Oliver).

27
 Lemon also has antimicrobial properties which is one of the things needed in a good

laundry detergent. People use their clothes every day and everywhere. A microbiology researcher,

Jason Tetro, says that “As much as I’d like to say, ‘Don’t worry about it,’ the fact is we live in

urban societies and in an urban environment. The majority of microbial species — viruses,

bacteria, and fungi — are coming from other humans'' And that every hour, 37 million

microorganisms are shed from the garments we wear every day hence it advisable to clean your

clothes and change it once you got home (Casatta, 2017).

Another benefit is that lemons are easy to find here in the country, the Philippines. It is

accessible for most people. According to a statistic made by Tridge in 2020, 1.03k mt (Metric

Tons) is the amount of lemon production in the Philippines. According to a study in 2016, the

harvested lemon during mid-July and October costs Php 16 to Php 26, which is much cheaper than

bleaches and detergents by Php 2.00 to Php 29.00 (USCPharmacy times, 2016).

28
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this part of the study, materials and procedures that were used in making the product are

shown. In the process, the researchers used the manual method in which they manually mixed

together the materials to come up with the final product. Guides such as quantities, proportion, and

step by step procedures were presented for the future researchers.

I. Materials and Equipment

• Citrus Limon (Lemon) – 2 to 3 pieces

• Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) – ½ cup

• Industrial Salt (thickener) – 250 ML

• Water – 2 Cups

• Measuring cup

• Mixing bowl

• Mixing Spoon/Spatula

• Lemon squeezer (optional)

II. Procedure Commented [AG7]: Original or copied?

1. The researchers gathered the materials they need. They extracted the lemon juice

from the lemon that makes up to 100 mL. Using a strainer, they filtered it to remove

the lemon pulps and seeds.

2. In a mixing bowl, the researchers put ½ cup of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate

(SLES).

29
 3. Then, they put in half of the Industrial Salt and mixed it until the industrial salt is

dissolved and the mixture is thick.

4. They put half of the water and mixed it until the mixture is smooth.

5. Right after mixing it, the researchers put the extracted lemon juice and mixed it as

well.

6. After that, they mix in the remaining industrial salt and water to the mixture. The

researchers mixed it until it the industrial salt is dissolved and the consistency is in

the middle of thick and semifluid. Commented [AG8]: Differentiate the two

7. They covered it for 24 hours and waited until there were no bubbles present in the

mixture.

8. Lastly, the researchers transferred the liquid detergent on a bottle and is now
ready to use.

III. Testing

The researchers tested the laundry liquid detergent in both machine wash and hand wash.

They used 2 tbsp. (30 ml) of the detergent.

A. Machine Wash

1. The researchers prepared used colored clothes but weren’t stained to test if the

detergent would damage or fade the colors of the clothes.

2. They put 2 tbsp or 30 mL of it into the detergent container of the washing

machine.

3. The researchers programmed the washing machine to the ‘normal’ program and

it was automatically washed by the machine. They waited for a few minutes for

it to be finished.

30
 4. Once finished, the researchers let it dry naturally, under the sun.

5. After drying, they checked the conditions of the clothes, if there were any

changes/discoloration.

B. Hand Wash

1. The researchers prepared stained and used clothes to hand wash.

2. They soaked the clothes in tub with water (normal temperature) and added the

30 mL detergent on a separate basin.

3. They washed the clothes with the detergent then rinsed it with water for 3 times.

4. Lastly, the researchers hung the clothes and let it dry for a few hours. They

checked the smell of the clothes and if the stains were removed.

IV. Budget

• Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) – 1 pack: 125 pesos

• Industrial Salt (thickener) – 1 pack: 20 pesos

• Total: 145 pesos

This is the total expense used by the researchers. The researchers only used 1 pack of SLES

and industrial salt (thickener). Lemons and other materials and equipment were readily available

in their houses.

V. Appendix

Procedure

31
1. The researchers gathered the materials they need. They extracted the lemon

juice from the lemon that makes up to 100 mL. Using a strainer, they filtered it

to remove the lemon pulps and seeds.

2. In a mixing bowl, the researchers put ½ cup of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate

(SLES).

3. Then, they put in half of the Industrial Salt and mixed it until the industrial salt

is dissolved and the mixture is thick.

32
4. They put half of the water and mixed it until the mixture is smooth.

5. Right after mixing it, the researchers put the extracted lemon juice and mixed it

as well.

33
6. After that, they mix in the remaining industrial salt and water to the mixture.

The researchers mixed it until it the industrial salt is dissolved and the

consistency is in the middle of thick and semifluid.

7. They covered it for 24 hours and waited until there were no bubbles present in

the mixture.

34
 8. Lastly, the researchers transferred the liquid detergent on a bottle and is now

ready to use. Commented [AG9]: How about the quantity of the

product?

Testing

The researchers tested the laundry liquid detergent in both machine wash and hand wash.

They used 2 tbsp. (30 ml) of the detergent.

A. Machine Wash Commented [AG10]: What gives you the idea that you
have use this quantity for machine wash and in hand wash?

35
1. The researchers prepared used colored clothes but weren’t stained to test if the

detergent would damage or fade the colors of the clothes.

2. They put 2 tbsp or 30 mL of it into the detergent container of the washing

machine.

36
3. The researchers programmed the washing machine to the ‘normal’ program and

it was automatically washed by the machine. They waited for a few minutes for

it to be finished.

4. Once finished, the researchers let it dry naturally, under the sun.

5. After drying, they checked the conditions of the clothes, if there were any

changes/discoloration.

37
B. Hand Wash

1. The researchers prepared stained and used clothes to hand wash. Commented [AG11]: Have you tried using it in stains that
is difficult to remove?

juice

soy sauce

2. They soaked the clothes in tub with water (normal temperature) and added the

30 mL detergent on a separate basin.

3. They washed the clothes with the detergent then rinsed it with water for 3 times.

38
4. Lastly, the researchers hung the clothes and let it dry for a few hours. They

checked the smell of the clothes and if the stains were removed.

39
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the results gathered from the tests conducted by the researchers using

the lemon liquid laundry detergent.

Findings

TABLE 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMON LIQUID LAUNDRY DETERGENT

RESULTS

Consistency Mildly thick consistency.

Scent It has a weak scent, almost no scent at all but it

is not unpleasant.

Color Turns out to be color white, almost transparent.

TABLE 2

HANDS’ CONDITION AFTER USING THE LEMON LIQUID LAUNDRY DETERGENT

RESULTS

YES NO

/
Is the detergent irritating on the skin?

40
 TABLE 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF WASHED CLOTHES AFTER USING THE LEMON LIQUID

LAUNDRY DETERGENT

RESULTS

Odor The clothes smell normal after washing.

Color The colors remained the same. No

discolorations.

Cleanliness It cleaned the clothes, there were no stains that

remained

Analysis of Data

The tables above show the results of the product that the researchers made, the Lemon

Laundry Liquid Detergent. Researchers have expectations for the outcome of the product based on

their perception and from the guide on how to make it.

Table 1

Table 1 shows the results of the characteristics of the lemon liquid laundry detergent that

the researchers made. Its consistency is mildly thick, since it’s thick but still can be poured easily.

It has a nice and smooth texture, there are no chunks of the materials used. It is also very slippery

to the hands which felt like real soap.

Researchers expected that this product might smell like Lemon, a fresh but there’s a hint

of sourness scent, because of its powerful scent. However, the outcome of the scent of the product

is not what the researchers expected. It only has a weak scent of lemon. The smell of the surfactant

used (SLES) is more dominant than the smell of lemon. However, it is not unpleasant and did not

41
trigger any nasal allergies. Unlike other liquid laundry detergent products that have an

overpowering scent, you can barely smell this product and the scent of it is not very noticeable.

The detergent is white in color and is almost transparent. The laundry detergent became

white because of the material we put in the mixture which is Industrial Salt. These are the ones

that are also responsible for removing dirt or stains without excessive rubbing.

When the researchers tested it with a washing machine, there were no leftovers of the

product from the detergent container unlike other commercial products. This means, it easily

combines with water thus, there are no wasted amount in every use.

Table 2

Table 2 determines the effect of the Lemon Laundry Liquid Detergent on the skin. The

result is based on the hand wash test conducted by one of the researchers. According to the assigned

researcher, her hands were comfortable while using the liquid detergent. The researcher observed

her hands as she washes the clothes and after washing. There was no irritation and redness

observed. It is also not itchy on the skin. There are some laundry detergents that cause irritation to

the skin thus, people are looking for a skin friendly one. Irritation causes itchiness and rashes which

makes it uncomfortable.

Table 3

The result on the clothes’ condition after the tests is seen in Table 3. The detergent was

tested in two different ways, machine wash and hand wash. The researchers washed ‘used clothes’

in both ways, and only in hand wash that they test the detergent with the clothes that have soy

sauce and juice stain on it. In both ways, the clothes smell normal after washing. There was no

odor of sweat, smell of soy sauce, or juice, and it is also not unpleasant. It has a weak scent of

lemon. The smell is not overpowering that might cause sneezing. After the clothes were dried, the

42
colors remained the same and there were no discolorations. The stain on the two pieces of clothing

also disappeared. Therefore, the liquid detergent did its job to clean the clothes thoroughly. There

is no damage or discoloration caused by the product and the clothes are all safe after washing.

Estimated usage of this product

Consider that you put 2 tbsp or 30 mL of the lemon liquid laundry detergent into the

detergent container of the washing machine or in a laundry basin when hand washing. Inside of

the detergent container is 4 total stain clothes, so you can clean a minimum of 4 stain clothes in a

30 mL of lemon liquid laundry detergent. The product’s capacity is a total of 4 cups or a 946 mL

in a singular bottle. Dividing the capacity over 30 mL, you can use 32 times of this product and

that’s equal to 128 or more stain clothes in total. But when it will run out? If your laundry schedule

is by day or two, the estimated date that this product will run out is by far a whole month. If by

week like every Sunday, using 150 mL, you can use the laundry detergent up to 6 or 7 times and

the estimated date will be a day until second week of the next month. But all in all, it’s up to the

person who will use this product to determine the amount of detergent he or she will use in any

given time.

Overall, the Lemon Liquid Laundry Detergent did its job in cleaning the clothes. It

effectively removed the dirt and stains that were in the clothes and did not cause any damage to

the clothes. It is like those other normal laundry detergents that are in the market except for its

scent, since it does not have a powerful scent. Tests and results showed that this product can

remove stains and dirt without damaging the clothes because excessive rubbing is not needed and

there were no harmful chemicals used in making this product.

43
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary

This study deals with the use of lemon as the main ingredient in making laundry liquid

detergent. The researchers made a liquid detergent that aims to benefit the community by providing

ingredients that can help them save money and save the environment from too much use of the

plastics coming from each pack of liquid laundry detergents from the market. The materials used

in this product can be found in nearby stores or online shops which makes it very accessible.

First, the researchers gathered all the necessary materials and equipment needed for the

project. They extracted the juice from the fresh lemon and filtered it to remove lemon pulps and

seeds. They mixed sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), industrial salt, and water in a bowl. Lastly,

they added the extracted lemon juice and mixed it as well. The amount of each materials used can

produce 4 cups or 946 ML which is equivalent to almost 4 “coke mismo” bottles.

Next, they tested the product in both machine wash and hand wash. They used the right

amount of detergent to clean the clothes. Then, they observed the researcher’s hands for the hand

wash if there was any irritation on the skin and observed the clothes after drying to see if the

clothes were clean, smelled good, and to see if the stains present before disappeared.

The product made by the researchers is proven to clean clothes as well as clothes with

stains. Lemon contributed in removing the stains which makes the clothes clean. It also did not

cause discolorations nor damage to the fabric of the cloth. However, it is lacking in its scent, it

might not have an unpleasant odor, but the researchers hoped that there would be scent since lemon

scent is very refreshing. A little improvement in it and it’s all good.

44
B. Conclusions

Using the data obtained from our study, we therefore conclude that:

• This product is safe to use on clothing.

• Unlike other brands of detergent, it does not have a strong and overpowering scent. Commented [AG12]: Did you compare it in the
commercial liquid soap?
• You can use this detergent to remove dirt and stains from your clothes without

rubbing too hard.

• Based on all of the researchers’ observations, the detergent created is effective. Commented [AG13]: What is barometer of an effective
detergent?
• Lemon liquid laundry detergent is a great alternative for store-bought detergents. Commented [AG14]: You made a comparison but where
is the data of your comparison?
• It’s a good thing that the researchers didn’t use any harmful ingredients because the Commented [AG15]: Such as……

detergent still did perform well without those.

C. Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, this part shows the researcher’s

recommendations regarding lemon liquid laundry detergent.

• You need to consider what you have in the following materials and equipment and

only buy the things that you do not have to save and lower the budget when creating

this type of product.

• You need to measure and observe the amount of tbsp or mL of the product you put

on the washing machine or container with full of clothes (white or colored) to avoid

rough surfaces on clothes.

• Use safety procedures when using the product, enough safe systems of work,

protect your skin in case of a bad scenario and regularly check skin surfaces.

45
• Make sure that the information sources used are accurate for the betterment of the

study.

• You need to consider the exact amount of every ingredient you put and mix.

• Try and consider washing and cleaning the dirty white clothes as an experiment

instead of colored clothes only, like the researchers did, to be able to see more of

the effects on how this lemon liquid laundry detergent remove and extinguish the

odor, dirt, and germs on the stain clothes.

• Try using the product on different types of stains to better see its effect on the

clothes.

• Add more lemon/lemon scent if aiming for a scented liquid laundry detergent.

• Consider other ingredients for better product outcome.

46
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https://www.networx.com/article/24-things-you-can-clean-with-lemon#

https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA647361502&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linka

ccess=abs&issn=22784748&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E4362cde1

http://www.plantarchives.org/article/use-of-traditional-herbs-for-the-formulation-of-herbal-

powdered-shampoos-and-their-evaluation.pdf

https://www.thespruce.com/ways-to-use-lemon-juice-1900665

https://glimmr.co.uk/using-lemon-fruit-as-a-cleaning-product/

https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=9&issue=7&article=020

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/217/1/012023/pdf

https://www.treehugger.com/ways-use-citrus-clean-your-house-4858126

https://www.limoneira.com/green-cleaning-stain-removal-with-lemon-juice/

http://www.ehow.com/list_7171811_chemical-properties-lemon-juice.html

https://www.kindlaundry.com/blogs/press/what-are-laundry-

sheetshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/detergent

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bruce-Cameron-3/publication/266343859

https://www.rd.com/article/liquid-vs-powder-detergent/

https://www.cleancult.com/blog/different-types-of-detergent/

https://ecolink.com/info/types-of-surfactants/

47
https://www.ipsingredis.com/markets/sodium-lauryl-ether-sulphate-sles-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-

used-in-global-industries/#

https://medcraveonline.com/OAJS/detergents-and-surfactants-a-brief-review.html#

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/detergent

https://www.thespruce.com/how-laundry-detergent-ingredients-work-2146619

https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/cleaning-tips/clothes/detergents/using-bleach-laundry

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Honolulu_Community_College/CHEM_100%3A_Chemistry

_and_Society/19%3A_Household_Chemicals/19.02%3A_Synthetic_Detergents#

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5945251_Laundry_Detergents_An_Overview

https://www.hul.co.in/brands/home-care/domex/

https://heartscontentfarmhouse.com/lemon-soap-recipe/

https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/lemon-cleaning-products/

https://www.limoneira.com/diy-lemon-dishwashing-liquid/

https://www.coursehero.com/file/104937359/Bea-SIP-5docx/

https://www.amazon.com/Lemon-Tea-Tree-Extract-Shampoo/dp/B00K30TBS4

https://www.todaysparent.com/product-reviews/home/laundry-detergent/sunlight-lemon-fresh-

liquid-laundry-detergent/

https://www.healthline.com/health-news/change-clothes-to-get-rid-of-germs?

48
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Citric-acid-is-a-naturally-occurring-chelating-agent-The-

chelation-process-is-water_fig11_27793658?

https://persianutab.com/citric-acid-cleans-clothes-and-sheets/

https://cleanfax.com/carpet-care/the-role-of-ph-in-cleaning/

https://theknowledgeburrow.com/what-is-the-purpose-of-citric-acid-in-laundry-detergent/?

https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/this-product-will-whiten-your-laundry-without-bleach-

and-its-probably-in-your-fridge/?

https://uscpharmacytimes.wordpress.com/a-comparative-study-between-citrofortunella-

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49
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Glory, Jester P.

Address: 9025 Heaven Street Brgy. Catillo Pagbilao, Quezon

Date of Birth: April 21, 2006

Place of Birth: Pagbilao Quezon

Contact Number: 09632758070

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Casa del Niño Jesus De Pagbilao

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Name: Gutierrez, Lorenzo Gabriel M.

Address: Brgy. Parang Pagbilao, Quezon

Date of Birth: August 13, 2005

Place of Birth: Pagbilao, Quezon

Contact Number: 09691294759

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Lord’s Angel Learning School

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

50
Name: Ibias, Eduard Geoffrey G.

Address: Block 3 Lot 4, St. Jude East Village,

Phase 1 Laudres Street, Lucena City, Quezon

Date of Birth: December 28, 2004

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09454290817

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Name: Irinco, Rex Jhoelhee M.

Address: Marville Homes, Lucena City

Date of Birth: December 2, 2004

Place of Birth: Gumaca, Quezon

Contact Number: 09280127223

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

51
Name: Jumawan, Klaine O.

Address: Brgy. Bantigue Pagbilao, Quezon

Date of Birth: July 17, 2006

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09107943215

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Pagbilao Central Elementary School

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Name: Kñopfel, Francel Adelaide D.

Address: St. Jude Village, Brgy. Cotta, Lucena City

Date of Birth: November 23, 2005

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09995735676

Educational Attainment

Elementary:

Grade 1 to 4 - South 1 Elementary School

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

52
Name: Laborte, Regina Gabrielle F.

Address: Happy Family Subdivision, Barangay Domoit,

Lucena City, Quezon Province 4301

Date of Birth: May 4, 2006

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09614729088

Educational Attainment

Elementary:

Grade 1 - Young Learners Home Co. Inc,

Grade 2 to 6 - Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Name: Manalo, Joanna Kathleen E.

Address: Enverga Blvd. cor. Yale st. Site, Lucena City

Date of Birth: April 27, 2006

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09157962919

Educational Attainment

53
Elementary:

Grade 1 to 5 - Young Learners Home Co. Inc.,

Grade 6 - Elvira Razon Aranilla Elementary School

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Name: Pacheco, Vivian Marie M.

Address: 11877 Enverga Blvd., Site Lucena City

Date of Birth: November 23, 2005

Place of Birth: Lucena City

Contact Number: 09292657019

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Highschool: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

54