1

10/19/2021
 1. Introduction

𝑽𝒔

𝜌𝑎
Above water part 𝑹𝑻 Air-Water Interface ▼
Under water part 𝑔, 𝑝, 𝜌𝑤 , 𝜇𝑤 p=patm=const

𝑳𝑾𝑳

2
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
 1. Introduction
➢When a ship of length 𝐿𝑊𝐿 moves forward in the vicinity of
the free surface of water at a constant velocity 𝑉𝑆 , then its
forward motion generates:
• Dynamic pressure on the immersed (wetted) surface
producing a resultant force in the longitudinal direction
and opposite to the advancing direction.
• Tangential stresses on the immersed (wetted) surface due
to the viscosity; their resultant force is also opposite to
the ship’s moving direction.
➢The total force opposite to the motion is called the
resistance of the ship or drag. Each of the resistance
components most concerned arise from one of the two
forces; namely normal dynamic pressures and tangential
stresses on the ship’s wetted surface.
3
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
 1. Introduction
➢The ship actually moves at the same time through two
fluids, water and air, with widely different density. While
the lower part of the hull is moving through water, the
upper part is moving through air.

➢Like moving in the water, the upper part of the ship moving
in the air is also subject to the same types of forces
(dynamic pressures and tangential stresses).

➢Because 𝝆𝒂 ≪≪ 𝝆𝒘 , the air resistance of the conventional

ships (merchant, service, pleasure, …) is usually much
smaller than the water resistance, except for those
aerostatically supported crafts.
4
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

➢Wave-Making Resistance: belongs to the

category of normal dynamic pressures. Due to
these dynamic pressures, waves are generated
on the surface of water and spread away from a
ship. Waves possess energy. Thus, a ship making
waves means a loss of its energy. Wave-making
resistance is important to surface ships,
especially those of high speeds, but may be
negligible to submarines. 5
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance
➢The wave systems consist of divergent waves starting
with a large wave at the bow at an angle of 19o28`
followed by other divergent waves and transverse
waves.
Wave-making Resistance (𝑹𝑾 )

6
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance
➢ 𝑅𝑊 appears in the form of normal pressure on the hull due to
surface wave systems generated by the ship (Bow wave,
Shoulder wave, Quarter wave and Stern wave).

0.4 m
Wave-making Resistance (𝑹𝑾 )

Direction of motion
Fn= 0.238
1.77 m 1.34 m 1.77 m
Primary wave
Secondary waves

Stern Bow
Components of transverse wave
systems for a simple body. 7
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

➢Frictional Resistance: arising due to the

viscosity of water, i.e., tangential stresses.
Because of viscosity ( 𝜇 ) and velocity
𝜕𝑣
gradient ( ) in the direction normal to the
𝜕𝑦
ship hull, there is a mass of fluid being
dragged along with a ship. Energy
necessary to drag the mass of fluid is the
work done by the ship against the
frictional resistance. 10
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

Eddy-Making Resistance (𝑹𝑬 )

11
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

➢Eddy-making Resistance: contributed

from normal pressure applied on a hull.
Due to the viscosity of the fluid, the flow
separates from the surface of a hull and
eddies (vortices) are formed. These eddies
induce the changes in the velocity field and
thus change the normal pressures on a hull.
The changes in the pressure field around a
ship result in the eddy-making resistance. 14
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

Eddy-Making Resistance (𝑹𝑬 )

16
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

➢Air resistance: mainly resulting from

wind resistance.

19
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance
➢Air resistance may be calculated according to (API-RP-
2A, WSD, 2000)
𝟏
𝑹𝑨 = ∙ 𝝆𝑨 ∙ σ𝒆𝒓=𝟏 𝑪𝒇𝒓 ∙ 𝑨𝒑𝒓 ∙ 𝑼𝑨𝒓 𝒛 ∙ 𝑼𝑨𝒓 𝒛
𝟐
𝑼𝑨𝒓 𝒛 = 𝑼𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝒎 ∙ 𝒁𝒓 Τ𝟏𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝟏

Variation of
mean wind
speed with
height
𝑅𝐴 = 1 ~ 2 % 𝑅𝑇 Slow and medium speed crafts
𝑅𝐴 = 8 ~ 10 % 𝑅𝑇 High speed crafts
0.10 ≤ 𝐹𝑛 < 0.40 Displacement/Slow speed crafts
0.40 ≤ 𝐹𝑛 < 0.80 Semi-disp./Semi-plan./Medium speed crafts
0.80 ≤ 𝐹𝑛 Planning/High speed crafts 20
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

➢Appendage resistances: are caused by the

appendages of a ship, such as propellers,
rudders, bilge keels, skegs, etc.

21
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
2. Components of Still Water Ship Resistance

Rudder of single screw ship Spade rudder Shaft bracket

Bossing Bilge keel Shaft

22
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of Ship Resistance
➢The purpose of studying Dimensional Analysis
• Dimensional Analysis is helpful to classify and compute
various components of resistances, by examining the
basic laws governing the resistance components of a body
moving through a fluid.

• Although CFD has made considerable progresses, the

present practice still depends on ship model test to
determine the resistances of the ship.

• Dimensional Analysis is especially useful in data

analysis of ship model test, which may deduce the
resistances of the corresponding prototype ship.

23
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
➢The foundation of dimensional analysis (review)
• Dimensional Analysis is based on the principle that an
equation which expresses a physical relationship must be
dimensionally homogenous.
• In other words, the physical units of all terms on both
sides of an equation must be the same, e.g., 𝐴 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝑅2 , 𝑃
= 𝐹 Τ𝐴.
➢In general, all physical units can be expressed by 3
fundamental units, such as mass-length-time or force-
length-time.
➢Buckingham 𝚷 theory: if there are 𝒏 dimensional variables
in a physical equation, described by 𝑚 fundamental
dimensions (M, L, T), they may be grouped into
𝑛– 𝑚 dimensionless variables.
24
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
Fundamental
Dimensions of
physical quantities
used in ship
hydrodynamics.

25
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
𝑽𝒔

𝜌𝑎
Above water part
𝑹𝑻 Air-Water Interface ▼
𝑔, 𝑝, 𝜌𝑤 , 𝜇𝑤
Under water part
p=patm=const

𝑳𝑾𝑳
➢Still water total resistance of a ship 𝑅𝑇 depends
on ship particulars (speed 𝑉𝑠 , length 𝐿𝑊𝐿 ), fluid
particulars (fluid mass density 𝜌𝑤 , fluid
dynamic viscosity 𝜇 ) and surrounding
particulars (gravitational acceleration 𝑔, fluid
pressure 𝑃).
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633
26
10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
➢Applying the dimensional analysis and assuming that
the resistance 𝑅𝑇 can be written in terms of unknown
powers of these variables.
𝑅𝑇 ∝ 𝜌𝑎 ∙ 𝑉 𝑏 ∙ 𝐿𝑐 ∙ 𝜇𝑑 ∙ 𝑔𝑒 ∙ 𝑝 𝑓 (1)
➢Introducing the fundamental dimensional quantities
into equation (1).
𝑀𝐿 𝑀 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏 𝑐 𝑀 𝑑 𝐿 𝑒 𝑀 𝑓
= 𝐿 (2)
𝑇2 𝐿3 𝑇 𝐿𝑇 𝑇2 𝐿𝑇 2
➢Equating the powers of the same terms on both sides.
Mass: 1 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑓
Length: 1 = −3𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑 + 𝑒 − 𝑓 (3)
Time: 2 = 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 2𝑒 + 2𝑓 27
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
➢Solving for 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 in terms of 𝑑, 𝑒 and 𝑓
𝑎 =1−𝑑−𝑓
𝑏 = 2 − 𝑑 − 2𝑒 − 2𝑓 (4)
𝑐 =2−𝑑+𝑒
➢Re-arranging equation (1)
𝜌𝑉𝐿 −𝑑 𝑔𝐿 𝑒 𝑝 𝑓
𝑅𝑇 ∝ 𝜌𝑉 2 𝐿2 ∙ 𝑓 (5)
𝜇 𝑉2 𝜌𝑉 2
➢Re-arranging equation (5)
𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝐿 𝑔𝐿 𝑝 𝜇
1 =𝑓 , 2, 2 ;𝜈= (6)
𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 𝜈 𝑉 𝜌𝑉 𝜌
2
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑛 𝐹𝑛−2 𝐸𝑛 28
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
➢Equation (6) states that: if all the parameters on
the right-hand side have the same values for two
geometrically similar but different sized bodies,
the flow pattern will be the same for each.
➢ The 1st term is a function of the kinematic
viscosity 𝜈 and relates to the frictional resistance
𝑅𝐹 ; while the 2nd term is a function of the
gravitational acceleration 𝑔 and relates to the
residuary resistance 𝑅𝑅 ; whereas the 3rd term is
a function of the fluid density 𝜌 and has
insignificant relation with the resistance.
29
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.1. Case (I): Froude’s Law of Similarity
➢Consider a non-viscous liquid in which there is no
frictional or other viscous drag.
1 𝑔𝐿
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 ∙𝑓 (7)
2 𝑉2
➢For two geometrically similar bodies; 𝑠 denotes the
ship particulars and 𝑚 denotes the model particulars.

Scaled model: Full-scaled Design/ship:

1. Model particulars. 1. Ship particulars.
Length of load waterline 𝐿𝑚 Length of load waterline 𝐿𝑠
Design speed 𝑉𝑚 Design speed 𝑉𝑠
Wetted surface area 𝑆𝑚 Wetted surface area 𝑆𝑠

2. Water particulars. 𝑹𝑻𝒎 2. Water particulars.

𝑹𝑻𝒔
Fresh
Mass density 𝜌𝑓
Kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝑓
𝑽𝒎 Salt / fresh
Mass density 𝜌𝑠
Kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝑠
Pressure 𝑝𝑠
Pressure 𝑝𝑓
𝑽𝒔 30
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.1. Case (I): Froude’s Law of Similarity
➢The ship-model geometric similarity means
𝐿𝑠 𝐵𝑠 𝐷𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2 𝑆𝑠 3 𝛻𝑠 3 𝜌𝑓 3 ∆𝑠
𝐿𝑚
=
𝐵𝑚
=
𝐷𝑚
=
𝑑𝑚
=
𝑆𝑚
=
𝛻𝑚
=
𝜌𝑠
∙
∆𝑚
(8)
➢The residuary resistance of the ship 𝑅𝑅𝑠 and that of its
1 2 ∙𝑓 𝑔𝐿𝑠
∙𝜌 ∙𝑆
2 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
∙𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑠 𝑉2
𝑠
model 𝑅𝑅𝑚 are in the ratio
𝑅𝑅𝑚
= 1 2 ∙𝑓 𝑔𝐿𝑚
(9)
∙𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚
2 𝑉2
𝑚
➢If the value of the function argument on the RHS is the
𝑔𝐿𝑠 𝑔𝐿𝑚
same for ship and model, then 2 = 2 (10)
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑠 𝐿𝑠
➢The corresponding speed is = (11)
𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚

31
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.1. Case (I): Froude’s Law of Similarity
➢The ratio of the ship-model residuary resistance is
1
𝑅 𝑅𝑠 ∙𝜌𝑠 ∙𝑆𝑠 ∙𝑉𝑠2 𝜌𝑠 ∙𝑆𝑠 ∙𝑉𝑠2
2
= 1 2
= 2 (12)
𝑅𝑅𝑚 ∙𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚 𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚
2

➢Substituting the ship-model geometric similarity and

corresponding speed, i.e., xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
𝑆𝑠 𝐿𝑠 2 𝑉𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝛻𝑠 𝐿𝑠 3
= , = and =
𝑆𝑚 𝐿𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚 𝛻𝑚 𝐿𝑚

➢The ratio of the ship-model residuary resistance is

𝑅𝑅 𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝐿𝑠 3 𝜌𝑠 𝛻𝑠 ∆𝑠
= ∙ = ∙ = (13)
𝑅𝑅𝑚 𝜌𝑚 𝐿𝑚 𝜌𝑚 𝛻𝑚 ∆𝑚
32
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.1. Case (I): Froude’s Law of Similarity
➢It means that the residuary resistance per unit
displacement is the same for ship and her model.
𝑅𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑅𝑚
= (14)
∆𝑠 ∆𝑚

𝑉𝑠 𝐿𝑠
𝐿𝑠 ≫≫≫ 𝐿𝑚 and 𝑉𝑠 ≫≫≫ 𝑉𝑚 ; =
𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚

➢Froude’s Law of similarity states that “when the

speed of a ship and her corresponding model are in the
ratio of the square routs of their lengths, then the
residuary resistances varies as their displacements“.
33
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.1. Case (I): Froude’s Law of Similarity
➢ Comparing the specific
𝑅
resistance ( ) curves of models
∆
and ships, Froude noted that
they exhibited a similarity of
form although the model curve
was always greater than that
for the ship.
➢ Froude concluded that two
components of resistance were
influencing the performance of
the vessel and 1st one of these,
the residuary resistance 𝑅𝑅 ,
depends on 𝐹𝑛 ; whereas, the
2nd, the frictional resistance
𝑅𝐹 , depends on 𝑅𝑛 . 34
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.2. Case (II): Rayleigh’s Law of Similarity
➢Consider a deeply submerged body, where the total
resistance is that due to friction only.
1 𝑉𝐿
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝐹 = 𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 ∙𝑓 (15)
2 𝜈
➢For two geometrically similar bodies; 𝑠 and 𝑚 denotes
the submarine and model particulars, respectively.

Scaled model: Full-scaled Design/sub.:

1. Model particulars. 1. Submarine particulars.
Length of load waterline 𝐿𝑚 Length of load waterline 𝐿𝑠
Design speed 𝑉𝑚 Design speed 𝑉𝑠
Wetted surface area 𝑆𝑚 Wetted surface area 𝑆𝑠

2. Water particulars. 2. Water particulars.

Fresh Salt
Mass density 𝜌𝑓 Mass density 𝜌𝑠
Kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝑓 Kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝑠
Pressure 𝑝𝑓 Pressure 𝑝𝑠

35
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.2. Case (II): Rayleigh’s Law of Similarity
➢The sub.-model geometric similarity means
𝐿𝑠 𝐵𝑠 𝐷𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2 𝑆𝑠 3 𝛻𝑠 3 𝜌𝑓 3 ∆𝑠
= = = = = = ∙ (16)
𝐿𝑚 𝐵𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑑𝑚 𝑆𝑚 𝛻𝑚 𝜌𝑠 ∆𝑚

➢The ratio of the frictional resistance of the sub. 𝑅𝐹𝑠 and

1 𝑉 𝐿
𝑅𝐹 𝑠 ∙𝜌𝑠 ∙𝑆𝑠 ∙𝑉𝑠2 ∙𝑓 𝑠 𝑠
2 𝜈𝑠
that of its model 𝑅𝐹𝑚 are = 1 2 ∙𝑓 𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚
(17)
𝑅𝐹𝑚 ∙𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚
2 𝜈𝑚

➢If the value of the function argument on the RHS is the

𝑉𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚
same for sub. and model, then = (18)
𝜈𝑠 𝜈𝑚
𝑉𝑠 𝜈𝑠 𝐿𝑚
➢The corresponding speed is = ∙ (19)
𝑉𝑚 𝜈𝑚 𝐿𝑠
36
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.2. Case (II): Rayleigh’s Law of Similarity
➢The ratio of the sub.-to-model frictional resistances is
1
𝑅𝐹 𝑠 ∙𝜌𝑠 ∙𝑆𝑠 ∙𝑉𝑠2 𝜌𝑠 ∙𝑆𝑠 ∙𝑉𝑠2
2
= 1 2
= 2 (20)
𝑅𝐹𝑚 ∙𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚 𝜌𝑚 ∙𝑆𝑚 ∙𝑉𝑚
2

➢Substituting the sub.-to-model geometric similarity and

corresponding speed, i.e., xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
𝑆𝑠 𝐿𝑠 2 𝑉𝑠 𝜈𝑠 𝐿𝑚 𝛻𝑠 𝐿𝑠 3
= , = ∙ and =
𝑆𝑚 𝐿𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝜈𝑚 𝐿𝑠 𝛻𝑚 𝐿𝑚

➢The ratio of the sub.-to-model frictional resistances is

𝑅𝐹 𝑠 𝜌𝑠 ∙𝜈𝑠2 ∙𝐿2𝑠 ∙𝐿2𝑚 𝜌𝑠 𝜈𝑠2
= 2 ∙𝐿2 ∙𝐿2 = ∙ 2 ≅ 1.0 (21)
𝑅𝐹𝑚 𝜌𝑚 ∙𝜈𝑚 𝑚 𝑠 𝜌𝑚 𝜈𝑚
37
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.2. Case (II): Rayleigh’s Law of Similarity
➢It means that the frictional resistance is the same for
submarine and her model, provided that the working
fluid is the same for ship and model.
𝑅𝐹𝑠 = 𝑅𝐹𝑚 (22)
𝑉𝑠 𝜈𝑠 𝐿𝑚
𝐿𝑠 ≫≫ 𝐿𝑚 but 𝑉𝑠 ≪≪≪ 𝑉𝑚 ; = ∙
𝑉𝑚 𝜈𝑚 𝐿𝑠

➢Rayleigh’s Law of similarity states that “when the

speeds of a ship and her model are inversely
proportional to their respective lengths, then the
frictional resistance of the model is equal to that of the
ship provided that 𝜈 is the same“.
38
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.3. Coefficients of Resistance
➢The dimensional form of the total resistance of any
marine vehicle may be written as:
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝐹 + 𝑅𝑅 (23)
1
➢Dividing both sides of equation (23) by the 𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 ,
2
non-dimensional form of the resistance components can
be written as:
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝑅
1 =1 +1 (24)
𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 𝜌𝑆𝑉 2 𝜌𝑆𝑉 2
2 2 2

𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝐶𝑅 (25)
39
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.3. Coefficients of Resistance

𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑆

40
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.4. Example 1
➢Calculate the towing speed of a 5 𝑚
length model, if its full-scale ship has a
length 𝐿𝑠 = 125 𝑚 and speed 𝑉𝑠 = 25 𝑘𝑛,
using both Froude's and Rayleigh’s laws of
similarity.
➢Froude’s law: 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑠 ∙ 𝐿𝑚 Τ𝐿𝑠
𝑉𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑛.
➢Rayleigh’s law: 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑠 ∙ 𝐿𝑠 Τ𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑚 = 625 𝑘𝑛. 41
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021
3. Dimensional Analysis of SW Ship Resistance
3.5. Concluding Remarks
➢Geometrical similarity indicates that the main
characteristics and dimensions of a model and its
prototype are in the same ratio.
➢It is possible to satisfy Froude’s law of similarity, but it
is uneconomical and impracticable to satisfy Rayleigh’s
law of similarity.
➢It is impossible to satisfy both laws of similarity at the
same time.
➢To overcome the difficulty of simultaneous satisfaction
of both similarity laws, Froude assumed that the
resistance components are independent of each other,
and each depends on a different parameter. !!!!!!!
42
Prof. Khaled Ali Hafez, EM: khaled.hafez@alexu.edu.eg, Ph.: +201271190633 10/19/2021