24.

Risk management typically includes all of the following except:

A) Risk assessment B) Risk mitigation

C) Risk acceptance D) Risk reduction

27. The risk prior to mitigation activities is called:

A) Risk mitigation B) Unacceptable risk

C) Unmitigated risk D) Unidentified risk

36. QRA generally uses “which of these” to depict combinations of events and
progression of incidents that provide both qualitative and quantitative insights into the
level of risks?

A) Logic & probabilistic trees B) Event and Fault Trees

C) Logic & probabilistic models D) Event & Fault Models

37. QRA generally uses analysis logic models to estimate the frequency of each incident
sequence using what is known as:

A) Probability trees & decision trees B) Probability trees & fault trees
C) Logic trees & decision trees D) Event trees & fault trees

43. Which of the statements are not true regarding the API 580 definition of cost-
effective?
A) It is an activity with a level of risk acceptable to the owner-user
B) It is an activity that is a financially sound use of resources
C) It is an activity that is effective in resolving an issue
D) It is an activity that is a form of mitigation

60. Methodology whereby damage or flaws/imperfections contained within a component

or equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service
is a:

A) Process Safety Management

B) Process Hazards Analysis
C) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
D) Fitness-for-Service Assessment

63. Which of the statements is false regarding the API 580 definition of a HAZOP
Study?

A) A HAZOP study is a form a Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA)

B) HAZOP studies use systematic techniques to identify risks & operability issues in a
facility
C) It is useful to identify unforeseen hazards designed into facilities (due to lack of
information)
D) It is useful to identify unforeseen hazards introduced into existing facilities (process
changes)

74: The mathematical definition of probability is:

A) A long-run relative frequency of occurrence or a degree of certainty that an event will

occur
B) A ranking such as rare / unlikely / moderate / likely /almost certain
C) A real number in the scale 0 to 1 attached to a random event
D) Frequency rather than probability used in describing a risk

75. Which of these statements are false (not true) regarding Probability?

A) For a high degree of belief, the probability is near the value one (1)
B) It can be related to a long-run relative frequency of occurrence
C) It can be related to a degree of belief that an event will occur
D) Frequency rather than belief may be used in assessing risk

75. Which of these statements are false (not true) regarding Probability?

A) For a high degree of belief, the probability is near the value one (1)
B) It can be related to a long-run relative frequency of occurrence
C) It can be related to a degree of belief that an event will occur
D) Frequency rather than belief may be used in assessing risk

48. The types of equipment not covered by API 580 include all of these except:

A) Machinery components (except pump and compressor casings)

B) Electrical systems, Instruments and control systems
C) Structural systems (includes foundations)
D) Pressure-relief Devices

35. When RBI is used as a continuous improvement tool, it offers an added advantage
of:

A) Identifying gaps in effectiveness of commercially available Insp. technologies &

applications
B) Identifying cases where technology can cost-effectively mitigate risks
C) Identifying cases where technology can adequately mitigate risks
D) Identifying cases where inspection technology is adequate
34. As new data (such as inspection results and industry experiences with similar
processes) becomes available or when changes occur (e.g. operating conditions), what
should be done that will provide a refreshed view of the risks?

A) Adjustment of the inspection levels in the RBI program

B) Adjustment of the inspection intervals in the RBI program
C) Adjustment of the inspection levels and the intervals in the RBI program
D) Reassessment of the RBI program

33. Using RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving inspection of facilities and:

A) Systematically reducing the risk associated with plant operations and hazards
B) Systematically managing the risk associated with plant operations and hazards
C) Systematically reducing the risk associated with pressure boundary failures
D) Systematically managing risk associated with pressure boundary failures

31. RBI is based on which of these principles?

A) Sound and proven risk analysis principles

B) Sound and proven risk management principles
C) Sound and proven risk analysis and risk management principles
D) Sound and proven risk assessment and risk management principles

28. Regarding RBI benefits & Limitations, RBI plans should include cost-effective
actions:

A) Along with an overall projected risk B) Along with a projected risk mitigation
C) Along with residual risk after inspection D) Along with detailed risk identification

24. The RBI process is capable of generating a description of other non-inspection risk
mitigation activities for equipment that includes all of the following except:
A) Repair or Replacement or safety equipment upgrade
B) Integrity operating windows (IOWs)
C) Equipment/material design review
D) Controls on operating conditions

22. The RBI process is capable of generating all of these except:

A) Expected risk levels of all equipment before the inspection plan has been implemented
B) A ranking by relative risk of all equipment evaluated and the identification of risk drivers
C) A detailed description of the inspection plan to be employed for each equipment item
D) A description of other risk mitigation activities (non-inspection items such as repairs)

20. A spectrum of complementary risk analysis approaches (qualitative through fully

quantitative) can be considered as part of:
A) The inspection planning process
B) Risk management and mitigation
C) RBI program development/implementation/maintenance
D) None of these is correct

19. The API 580 (RBI) approach emphasizes safe and reliable operation through:
A) Risk analysis B) Risk assessment
C) Risk management D) Risk-prioritized inspection

18. The purpose of API 580 is to provide guidance to whom regarding the development
and implementation of an inspection program?

A) Owners & operators of pressure-containing equipment only

B) Owners & operators & designers of pressure-containing equipment
C) All users of API 580 (RBI Team) who work with pressure-containing equipment
D) None of these is correct

7. API 580 provides information on using risk analysis to develop an effective:

A) Inspection plan
B) Risk Based Inspection (RBI) program
C) PSM Program using RBI
D) None of these

2. An RBI Program is based on the knowledge and experience of:

A) Engineers, inspectors, risk analysts, and other personnel in hydrocarbon & chemical
industry
B) Engineers, inspectors & risk analysts in hydrocarbon & chemical industry
C) Engineers & inspectors in the hydrocarbon & chemical industry only
D) Engineers & inspectors in the Oil & Gas Industry

3. API 580 is intended to supplement (which one of the following):

A) Equipment Codes of Construction (ASME, etc) & API 510, API 570, and API 653 Codes
B) The API 510, API 570, and API 653 Inspection Codes only
C) Equipment Codes of Construction (ASME, etc) only
D) None of these is correct

Chapter 5

8. Risk management is a process that includes all of the following items except:
A) To mitigate a known risk deemed to be too high to a lower more acceptable level of risk
B) To develop a plan to maintain risks at an acceptable level
C) To determine if risk reduction is required
D) To assess risks

13. With advances in inspection approaches and better understanding of the type and
rate of deterioration, inspection intervals/due dates over time became more dependent
on:
A) On-stream inspection in lieu of internal inspection based on low deterioration rates
B) Equipment condition (condition-based inspection), rather than arbitrary calendar dates
C) Internal inspection requirements for DMs related to process environment induced cracking
D) Inspection intervals/due dates based on some percentage of equipment life (such as half-
life)

17. In focusing on risks & mitigation, RBI provides a better linkage between
mechanisms that lead to equipment failure (loss of containment) & insp. approaches
that effectively:
A) Eliminate the associated risks B) Reduce the associated risks
C) Manage the associated risks D) Cost-effectively handle the risks

30. Each available inspection method can be analyzed and its relative effectiveness in
reducing failure probability can be estimated, and given this information and the cost of
each procedure, what can be developed?
A) An inspection optimization program B) An Inspection Plan
C) An effective mitigation strategy D) A cost-effective inspection strategy

31. The key to developing an inspection optimization procedure is the ability to assess
the risk associated with each item of equipment and then to determine:
A) The most efficient approach to focus on the highest risk items and away from lower risk
items
B) The most cost-effective approach to mitigate the risks that are involved
C) The most appropriate inspection techniques for that piece of equipment
D) None of these are correct

35. Many residual risk factors are strongly influenced by which of the following:
A) The PSM system in place at the facility B) The PHA system in place at the facility
C) The RCM system in place at the facility D) None of these is correct

6.1 Key Elements of an RBI Program  Top Priority for Study

2. Key elements of any RBI Program should include all of the following management
systems except those for maintaining:
A) Documentation B) Personnel Qualifications
C) Data Requirements D) Mitigation Efforts
3. Key elements of any RBI Program should include all of the following documented
methodologies except those for:
A) Managing risk through Inspection
B) Managing risk through process control
C) Managing risk through other mitigation activities
D) Managing risk through PSM boundary limit determination
4. Key elements of any RBI Program should include documented methodologies for
managing risk using any of the following except:
A) Inspection
B) Risk Analysis
C) Process control
D) Other mitigation activities

7. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the results of

quantitative analysis?

1. They normally provide an initial screening with which to rank units for

attention.

2. They are usually numeric and should be comparable.

3. They must be included in the documentation of any RBI evaluation.

4. They are more accurate than the results of qualitative analysis.

25. Residual risk is defined as the:-

1. Acceptable risk threshold determined by the site risk management process.

2. Risk identified after RBI analysis.

3. Risk that remain after inspection.

4. Risk that remains after mitigation.

70. Which of the following is least likely to require a risk-based inspection(RBI)

reassessment?

1- Changing process conditions to more aggressive feedstock.

2- Installation of effective risk mitigation devices.

3- Increases in rates of deterioration mechanisms.

4- Changing from internal to on-stream inspections.

69. Key elements of an RBI program include:

1- Identification of equipment that does not require inspection or other means of

reducing the likelihood of failure.

2- An overall reduction in risk for the facilities and all equipment assessed.

3- An acceptance and understanding of the risk for each item before and after

inspection.

4- Management systems for maintaining documentation, personnel qualifications,

data requirements, and analysis updates.

65. An RBI reassessment should be conducted after all of the following except:

1- An equipment re-rate.

2- Each significant change in risk.

3- Implementation of risk mitigation strategies.

4- A default maximum time period.

57. Metallurgical and environmental deterioration typically involve:

1- Loss of ductility and strength.

2- Mechanical and/or physical property deterioration.

3- High-temperature creep and/or cracking.

4- High-temperature hydrogen attack(HTHA).

56. Which of the following statements about risk mitigation activities is correct?

1- All methods reduce the magnitude of consequence or the probability of failure.

2- Inspection is not always the most cost effective method.

3- The most important method is equipment repair and replacement.

4- Inspection is the most cost effective method.

48. Which of the following is not an expression of frequency?

1- Failures per run.

2- Mils per year.

3- Low rate.

4- Failures per year.

47. An RBI program should:

1- Be utilized for continuous improvement.

2- Document its method of determining probability and consequence of failure.

3- Identify all possible consequences of failure.

4- Reduce the overall risk for the equipment and facility being assessed.

39. Which of the following is a methodology that will increase the precision of an

RBI?

1- A high level of confidence in all previous inspection techniques.

2- Identifying and assessing all probable deterioration mechanisms.

3- The use of high- quality data knowledgeable personnel.

4- A Quantitative assessment approach that uses logic and physical models

46. Identification of deterioration mechanisms, susceptibilities, and failure modes is:

1- Essential to the quality and effectiveness of an RBI evaluation.

2- The first step in the RBI process.

3- An alternative when good inspection data is lacking.

4- One of the most important outputs of an RBI assessment.

20. Deterioration for specific process equipment is not available, this can be sourced from

A. Published data

B. Experience with other similar equipment

C. Previous inspection data

D. All the above

21. If a QRA has been prepared for a process unit, the analysis can borrow extensively from

this effort.

A. RBI consequence

B. RBI likelihood

C. RBI probability

23. The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to pitting

A. Small hole sized leaks

B. Small holes to ruptures

C. Cracks

D. Catastrophic rupture

26. Who should be consulted to define the equipment deterioration mechanisms,

susceptibility

and potential failure modes?

A. A metallurgist or corrosion specialist

B. A metallurgist and corrosion specialist

C. A metallurgist only

D. Corrosion specialist only

29. Qualitative assessment is done on the basis of

A. Knowledge of operating History

B. Inspection plans

C. Possible material deteriorations

D. All the above

30. Equipment reliability is especially important if leaks can be caused by

A. Secondary failures, such as loss of utilities

B. Primary failures such as leak due to severe corrosion

C. Tertiary failures due to valve gland packing leak

52. The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to mechanical and metallurgical

deterioration

A. Small holes to ruptures

B. Cracks

C. Catastrophic ruptures

D. Leaks

90. Thinning causes the loss of material from

A. External surfaces only

B. Internal surfaces only

C. External or internal surfaces

85. Potential hazards identified in a PHA will often affect the

A. Probability of failure side of the risk equation. (some hazards identified affect consequence side of
equation

B. Consequence of failure side of the equation

65. Consequence side of the risk equation is normally managed by

A. Inspection alone

B. Process safety personnel

C. Management

D. B&C

An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events, estimates the frequency of
occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences

Qualitatitve risk analysis

4. At the beginning of an RBI exercise, it is important to answer all these questions

except:
A) What is the safety, health, environmental and cost impacts of RBI assessment to be
performed
B) Why is assessment being done & how will it be carried out & what knowledge/skills
required
C) Which facility/assets/components will be included & what data is to be used in an
assessment
D) Who is on RBI team, what their roles are & who is responsible/accountable for what
actions

10. From the understanding of risks, an inspection program may be designed that:
A) Optimizes the use of inspection resources
B) Minimizes the use of inspection resources
C) Minimizes the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources
D) Optimizes the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources

18. Managing risks by using RBI assessment can be useful in implementing an effective
inspection program that meets:
A) Performance-based inspection planning and process safety requirements
B) Performance-based inspection and jurisdictional requirements
C) Performance-based safety & environmental requirements
D) None of these are correct

26. To allow time and resources to be more effectively utilized, the initial screening
process focuses the analysis on the most important:
A) Component B) Piece of equipment
C) Group of equipment items D) Process unit or facility of the owner/user
C

39. Similar to physical boundaries, operating boundaries for the RBI study are
established consistent with all of the following except:
A) The RBI study objectives B) The level of data to be reviewed
C) Resources available D) Emergency systems available in plot limits

7. Risk-based inspection is a tool to provide:

A) A management strategy for the risks of loss of containment of equipment
B) An assessment of the risks of loss of containment of equipment
C) An estimate of the risks of loss of containment of equipment
D) An analysis of the risks of loss of containment of equipment

8. Cost-benefit analysis is a powerful tool that is being used by many companies,

governments and regulatory authorities as one method in determining:
A) Risk B) Absolute Risk
C) Risk acceptance D) Items for Risk Management

11. When using risk assessment in Inspection & Maintenance planning, the first part of
the planning process includes determination of all of the following elements EXCEPT:
A) Determination of what to inspect
B) Determination of when to inspect
C) Determination of where to inspect
D) Determination of how to inspect (technique)

18. Regarding risk assessment & assumptions, appropriate members of an RBI team:
A) Shall agree on any assumptions made for RBI analysis regardless of impact on risk results
B) Shall agree on any assumptions made for RBI analysis including any impact on risk
results
C) Shall agree on all assumptions made for RBI analysis & potential impacts on the risk
results
D) Should agree on all assumptions made for RBI analysis & potential impacts on the risk
results

19. Once risk values are developed, they can then be presented in a variety of ways to
communicate the results of the analysis to:
A) Decision-makers & inspection planners B) Decision-makers & inspection specialists
C) Decision-makers & insp management D) Decision-makers only

27. Which of the following statements are NOT true regarding establishing acceptable
risk thresholds as part of the risk evaluation process?
A) Equipment must be ranked (prioritized) according to its risk value in a risk plot or matrix
B) Regulations and laws may also specify or assist in identifying the acceptable risk
thresholds
C) Thresholds dividing a risk plot into acceptable & unacceptable risk regions can be
developed
D) Corporate safety/financial policies & constraints or risk criteria influence threshold
placement

30. For risks considered unacceptable and therefore requiring risk mitigation, there are
various mitigation categories that should be considered. Which of these is NOT one of
those categories?

A) Decommission B) Probability Mitigation

C) Consequence Mitigation D) Inspection/Condition Mitigation