EAPP

INTRODUCTION TO ACADEMIC TEXT

● academic text
● non-academic text
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
● informal, casual, based on opinions / personal views
● does not meet academic standards
● may not have references
● written for the mass public
● can be written by anyone
● not necessary to cite sources
> poems
> letters
> magazines
> diary
ACADEMIC TEXT
● considered as formal form of writing
● critical, objective, specialized text
● written by experts / researchers
● uses formal language
● cites sources
● provides footnotes and bibliographies
> research papers
> book review
> articles
> conference papers

STRUCTURE OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT

● I.B.C
INTRODUCTION
● Introduces the general topic
● narrows down to the subject
● must capture audience's attention
> place topic into context
> provides background information
> views out the aim of the text
> thesis statement
BODY
● divided into supporting paragraphs
● supporting paragraphs has a subject (related it to the thesis essay)
● provides evidence to support
> detailed information
> discusses the topic thoroughly
 > examples, graphs, tables, charts, supporting ideas
> analyze the evidences
CONCLUSION
● brief restatement of the thesis
● deepens the ideas presented without introducing a new topic
● "food for thought"
> wraps up the essay

TEXT STRUCTURE
● the way writer organizes language and information within a text to serve a specific
purpose
● can be structured in various ways to best communicate information clearly and
effectively
DESCRIPTION
● vivid, detailed description of something
● traits, features, and characteristics
SEQUENCE
● to communicate a chronological sequence
● steps in a procedure
CAUSE AND EFFECT
● casual relationship (event, actions, ideas) and what follows
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
● similarities and differences between two objects
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
● presents a problem and a proposed solution

ASPECTS OF ACADEMIC WRITING

AUDIENCE
● refers to the readers
● knowledge of the readers about the topic
PURPOSE
● types of academic texts has a specific purpose
ORGANIZATION
● arranged in a logical manner
● shows a level of complexity
● reflects sophistication of a writer
STYLE
● formal and objective
● requires caution
ROLE
● Identity that the author takes when writing a particular text
● makes serious roles (depending on the purpose)
SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING
SUMMARIZING
● shorter version of the original
● putting together important ideas
● cutting down bare essentials
● simplify complex information
PARAPHRASING
● "new version"
● own words used without changing the meaning
● written in a different way
> both are different from the original

WRITING A SUMMARY
SUMMARY
● distilling essential concepts I'm a paragraph or two
GOALS
● to reproduce
● to express
TIPS
1. read the original text, make sure to comprehend in well
2. identify the text structure
3. take note of important details
4. write a preliminary summary
5. use own words
6. words does not stray from the original
7. read again then make revisions if needed
STEPS
1. include the title and author
2. include author's thesis statement (first 2 sentences)
3. write 1 or 2 sentences per idea
4. omit important details
5. avoid writing own opinions
6. avoid plagiarism

THESIS STATEMENT
● short statement (1-2 sentences long)
● not a question, it is the answer
● not a fact
● subject + opinion + blueprints of reason
● what the paper is about
● has to be the last sentence of the introduction
● thesis formula: claim + reason = thesis statement
OUTLINE
● plan / summary of a writing project
● done by using a list that is divided into headings and subheadings
● distinguish main and supporting points
TYPES
● TOPIC OUTLINE - quick overview
● SENTENCES OUTLINE - thesis and topic sentence are written completely (more
detailed)
SYSTEM OUTLINE
● ALPHABETIC SYSTEM - roman and hindu-arabi numbers and letters
● DECIMAL SYSTEM - symbols that look like decimal numbers

PERSUASION
ETHOS
● writer is someone worth listening to
● appeal to character
● way to convince audience
PATHOS
● Greek term = "suffering", "experience"
● sympathy
● what the writer wants audien to feel
● appeal to emotion
LOGOS
● logic / reason
● reason and evidence
● appeal to logic

WRITING A PERSUASIVE ESSAY

1. pick a topic you're passionate about
● choose a topic that appeals to you (sensibilities)
2. know your audience
● know who you're talking to first (to convince them)
3. research both sides
● know what you're trying to get them to disagree with
4. outline your argument
● help organize thoughts, research, etc
5. write your introduction
● present general premise of the paper
● provide necessary background information
● capture reader's attention
6. Include your body paragraphs
● topic sentence, supporting details, and closing sentence
7. wrap up with a strong conclusion
● restate thesis, supporting ideas, and offer final impression on central idea
8. proofread
● always proofread before submitting
● errors can impact your credibility in the reader's eye
21ST CENTURY

LITERATURE
● shaped civilizations, changed political systems, exposed injustices
● detailed preview of human experience, connect on basic levels of desire and emotion
● LITERATURA - latin
● LITERA - greek
● "Writing formed with letters"
IMPORTANCE
● relieves stress and anxiety
● helps expand vocabulary
● inspires imagination
● awakes empathy & understanding
= TO BE HUMAN
LITERARY TEXT
● language and special style
● gives it a poetic touch
● author has complete freedom to write what he pleases
● subjectivity
NON-LITERARY TEXT
● transmit information
● not created to entertain
● to inform / instruct
● specific vocabulary
> recipe book (instructions)

POETRY
● written in lines
● elements of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form
● form of literature that uses more expressive words
NARRATIVE POETRY
● poetry that tells a story
● elements of characters, setting, conflict, etc
● long / short, with rhyme / no rhyme
> epics
> started from courtly romantic stories into Christian stories about heroic knights
> Middle Ages
> epics of saints’ lives
DRAMATIC POETRY
● poetry that expresses emotions and feelings
● written in verses that are ment to be spoken or acted out
> Romeo and Juliet
> ancient greece
 > arose from a song and celebration of God Dionysus
> medieval church plays (biblical stories)
LYRIC POETRY
● not an interaction between characters
● about poet's feeling and personal views
● plays music / instrument while reciting the poetry

PROSE
● PROSA ORATIO - latin = straightforward
● language that follows the natural patterns
● unmetered, follows grammar rules
● organized into sentences
● paragraphs
FICTION
● product of writer's imagination and creative thinking
● impacts their audience
NON-FICTION
● inspired by real events
● writer's aim to present, interpret, describe experiences
● based on facts

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
FORM
● general structure of the literary piece
● first aspects of literature, attempts to connect with readers
● writing structure / organization
CHARACTERIZATION
● character's personality
● appearance, actions, dialogues, motivations
CHARACTER
● representation of a person, place, or thing
● human activities / functions in a work of fiction
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
● protagonist
● antagonist
● static
● minor
● dynamic
THEME
● subject which literature revolves around
● contains the message, point of view, and ideas
CONFLICT
● essence of fiction
● creates plot
TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. Man vs Man
2. Man vs Nature
3. Man vs Society
4. Man vs Self
5. Man vs Supreme being
LANGUAGE
● human communication
● spoken / written
● words in a structured and conventional way
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● words expressed beyond the literal meaning
> simile - comparison with the use of like / as
> metaphor - comparison without the use of like / as
> hyperbole - exaggeration
> personification - giving non-human objects human characteristics
DICTION
● person's style of words
> connotation - emotional and imaginative
> denotation - dictionary meaning of the word
SETTING
● place / location of the action
> poet = author
> narrator = speaker

NEW AND EMERGING LITERARY GENRE

● works that deviate from traditional writing methods
FANFICTION
● popular in social media
● creators: the fans
● canon characters
● AU (alternative universe)
FLASH FICTION
● a very short story
● stories / narratives that has 1000 words / fewer
● minimal / complete (lack of exposition)
● concise, complete plot, surprise
META FICTION
● fiction about fiction
● author / narrator / protagonist directly speaks to the reader
● reader also plays part in the story
GRAPHIC LITERATURE
1. sequential storytelling
2. Inform of comics ("Tabi po" — Melvin Alonzo")
> manga
> comics
> manhwa
> w comics

PRE-COLONIAL
● politics
● writing
● no concept of a country (archipelago)
BARANGAY
● "balangay"
● people came to the Philippines through migration
● land bridge = gone because of rising water levels
● people who settled couldn't leave
● reason why balangay was formed = to travel
● marketplace (already existing)
DATU
● rules a barangay
RAJA
● rules 2 or more barangays
SOCIAL HIERARCHY
1. MAGINOO (rulers = datu, raja) - executing, checking, judging the laws
2. MAHARLIKA - warriors, rich people, nobles
3. TIMAWA - free men, tribe people, mamamayan (commoners)
4. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY - has their own homes (goes to their masters by schedule)
5. ALIPIN SA GIGILID - no home, lives with their masters
> pintadls - visayan people
WRITING
● wrote on palm leaves / bamboo using knives
● sap from plants / trees (ink)
> baybayin = tagalog
> mangyan = mindoro
ANIMISM
● belief that souls / spirits exists in plants, animals, and objects
PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE
● oral tradition
● resistance and geographical isolation (survived)
● daily life experience
● destroyed by friars
MYTHS
● characters have supernatural powers
● provide explanation about the existence of something / someone
● orgin of the world / people
● myths = beliefs
● science = evidences
> alunsina at tungkung langit (F. Landa Jovan)
LEGENDS
● historical
● can't be verified as true
● faries, ghosts, water spirits, devil
● encounter with marvelous creatures
> legend of tagalog
FOLKTALE
● anonymous, timeless, and placeless
● oral
> bata mama, bata bahi (Bukidnon)
EPICS
● long narrative poem
● describe adventures of heroes, warriors, god, or king
● traditions, culture, beliefs, moral code, attitudes
> biag ni lam-ang (Ilocos)
> hudhud ni aliguyom (Ifugao)
FOLK SONGS
● oldest form of Philippine literature
● mirrors culture, expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos
> bahay Kubo
SALAWIKAIN
● advice to the young
● words of wisdom
● stating how one should live
> "Matibay ang walis, palibhasa's magkakabigkis"
BUGTONG
● form of entertainment
● poetic and indirect form to tell the youth

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE INFLUENCED BY SPANISH, AMERICAN, AND JAPANESE

SPANISH
SOCIAL HIERARCHY
1. Pininsulares
2. Insulares
3. Spanish mestizos
4. Principalia
5. Chinese mestizos
 6. Chinese
7. Indios
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
● Ateneo de Manila University (escuela municipal de Manila)
● University of Santo Tomas (colegio de nuestra señora del santisomo rosario)
WRITING
● baybayin → alphabet
EARLY SPANISH PERIOD
● oral natives → transferred to writing (written)
● religion based - biblical characters / saints, center of everything
● literature was intended for teaching morality and conduct for good behavior (poetic in
nature)
LATE SPANISH PERIOD
● educated Filipinos (ilustrados [access to education]) → production of literary texts by our own
natives
● literature was about "revolucion"
● use of pen names or pseudonyms
LADINO
● bilingual poem with religious themes
● alternating lines / verses (tagalog and spanish)
● LADINO - Filipinos who are fluent in Spanish and Filipino
> "Salamat nang walang hanggang" / "unending thanks" — Francisco Bagongbata
PASYON
● epic narrative of the life of Jesus (passion, death, ressurection
● replaced pre-colonial oral tradition
● recited in the churches
AWIT
● trype of Filipino poetry or song
● use of melody and rhyme
● convey different emotions and themes (love, patriotism, and social issues)
SOME NOBLE WRITERS
● Francisco Baltazar
> master of traditional tagalog poetry
> Florante at Laura
> metaphor for the tranny of the Spanish colonizers
● Leona Florentino
> Mother of Philippine woman's literature
> poet in both Ilocano and Filipino
DEVELOPMENT OF PROSE
● created stories about the supernatural creatures, spirits, dieties → Spanish published meditations,
translations, and studies the Philippine language
NOVEL
● fictitious prose
● lengthy and complex
● Pedro Paterno - "Ninay", first book published by a Filipino author (1885)
● Jose Rizal
> "Noli Me Tangere" (touch me not), written in Spanish (1887)
> played a crucial role in the political history of the Philippines
> "El Filibusterismo" (reign of greed)
> dedicated to GOMBURZA, novel or revenge, unfulfilled love and tragedy
ESSAYS
● personal piece of writing
● point of view of the writer
● Andres Bonifacio - newspaper, "kalayaan"
● Jose Rizal - indolence of the Filipino
> response to Spaniards

> implementation of forced labor

> did not protect people against foreign invaders
> crooked system of education and religion
> gambling
> high taxes

CENCUL
● life and suffering of Jesus
● dramatesized PASYON
CARILLO
● shadow play
● puppets made of cardboard
ZARZUEL
● musical comedy
MORO-MORO
● battle between Muslims and Christians

AMERICAN
● Treaty of Paris (1898)
> benevolent assimilation
> sold for 20 million dollars (2$ per person)
● period of apprenticeship (1910-1935)
> transition period
> didn't use english (Spanish, tagalog, vernaculars)
> period of imitation (no originality)
> rise of new language
> writing freedom (news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, novels)
 ● period of emergency (1935-1945)
> self discovery
> rapid growth
> purposefully to create a national literature
> gain full control of the english language (literary medium)
> new literary forms
> highlighted the writer's individuality

> comics and cartoons began appearing in publications

> tagalog drama went from being entertainment to expression of revolt
> essays and short stories became popular

JAPANESE
● Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
● opposed by guerillas
● Jose P. Laurel - president if the Japanese occupied second Philippine Republic
● Douglas MacArthur - battle of Leyte Gulf
LITERATURE
● Golden age
● all forms of writing were censored
● no freedom of speech
> the tribune
> the Philippine review
> (propaganda mouthpiece for Japanese
● Liwayway - placed under strict surveillance
> managed by Japanese named Ishiwara
● writer's in English turned into writing in Filipino
● english writers / author's were stopped, only permitted tagalog and vernaculars
LITERATURES THAT EMERGED
1. Haiku
2. Tanaga
3. Karaniwang anyo
FILIPINO DRAMAS
● plays were translated from english to tagalog
> panday Pura - Jose Ma. Fernandez
> Sa pula, Sa Puti - Francisco Rodrigo
> Bulaga - Clodualdo del Mundo
SHORT STORIES
> uhaw na tigang na lupa - Liwayway Arceo
> lupang tinubuan - Narciso G. Reyes

PHYSICS

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
 ● measurements and units are essential not only in science but also in several fields
● requires reference and standards
● Egyptians and Babylonians - uses their body parts to estimate the length of an object
> results to dispute and varying outcomes
● measurement
> process if assigning quantity to describe a property
> comparing it to a standard
> standard should be universal, does not change in time
● Standard systems - systeme international
● 1960
● metric system

QUANTITY T. SYMBOL UNITS SYMBOLS

time t second s

length l, x, r, etc. meter m

mass m kilogram kg

electric current I, i ampere A

thermodynamic T kelvin K
temperature

amount of n mole mol

substance

luminous intensity lv candela cd

PREFIXES
● added to make the value unit smaller or larger
POWER PREFIX ABBREVIATION

10 ^-24 yocto y

10 ^-21 zepto z

10 ^-18 atto a

10 ^-15 femto f

10 ^-12 pico p

10 ^-9 nano n

10 ^-6 micro µ
 10 ^-3 milli m

10 ^-2 centi c

10 ^-1 deci d

10³ kilo K

10⁶ mega M

10⁹ giga G

10¹² tera T

10¹⁵ peta P

10¹⁸ exa E

10²¹ zetta Z

10²⁴ yotta Y

DERIVED QUANTITY
● based on the 7 fundamental base quantities
DERIVED SPECIAL NAME SYMBOL DERIVED UNIT
QUANTITY

volume V m³

speed / velocity v ms ^-1

force newton N kg ms ^-2

energy, work joule J kg m² s ^-2 OR Nm

heat capacity J/K kg m² s ^-2 k ^-1

electric charge coulomb C As

● British imperial system or imperial units - used limitedly in some countries

● established from weights and measures Act of 1824
● Amaricans adopted the units from act of 1824 and caller it US costomary units

OTHER SYSTEMS
 UNIT ABBREVIATION METRIC EQUIVALENT

pound lb 4.448 N

slug slug 14.59 kg

ounce oz 28.350 grams

mile mi 1609 m OR 1.609 km

foot ft 30.48 cm

inch in 2.54 cm

● Imperial and US customary units are occasionally

● use SI units as much as you can

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUALITIES

● vector = has direction
● scalar = no direction
● displacement = has change in position
> travel and went back to the starting point = 0 displacement (ran around a race track)
SCALAR
> speed
> distance
> temperature
> time
> mass
VECTOR
> polarization
> momentum
> force
> displacement
> acceleration
SCALAR QUANTITY
● has a magnitude but not direction
● single number and appropriate unit
● 25° C = number & unit
● mass, time, distance, speed, density, volume
VECTOR QUANTITY
● has both magnitude and direction
● magnitude = describes quantity / side (physical quantity)
● direction = describes how vector is oriented
● represented by a letter with an arrow above
● magnitude = scalar quantity (always positive)
RULES
1. identify where to place the vector
2. direction of vector (angle rotation)
3. angles as measured from the east direction

COMPONENTS OF VECTOR
● Angle = θ (tetha)
● Adjacent = side by side with angle (tetha)
● SOH
> sign
> opposite
> hypotenuse
● CAH
> co-sign
> adjacent
> hypotenuse
● TOA
> tangent
> opposite
> adjacent