MODULE #5 UTS

Gonads - (reproductive glands that produce the gametes; testis or ovary) begin to form until about the
eight weeks of embryonic development. During the early stages of human development, the embryonic
reproductive structures of males and females are alike and are said to be in the indifferent stage.

PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES - Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in
the embryo results in strange abnormalities. For instance, a genetic male develops the female accessory
structures and external genitalia if the embryonic testes fail to produce testosterone. On the other hand, if
a genetic female is exposed to testosterone (as in the case of a mother with androgen-producing tumor of
her adrenal gland), the embryo has ovaries but may develop male accessory ducts and glands, as well as a
male reproductive organ and an empty scrotum. As a result pseudohermaphrodites are formed who are
individuals having accessory reproductive structures that do not "match" their gonads while true
hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but this condition is rare in
nature.

CRYPTORCHIDIS - A critical event for the development of reproductive organs takes place about one
month before birth wherein the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same
location as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum. If this normal event fails, it may lead to
cryptorchidism. This condition usually occurs in young males and causes sterility that is why surgery is
usually performed during childhood to solve this problem.

MEIOSIS - Moreover, abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital defects
of the reproductive system. For instance, males who possess extra female sex chromosome have the
normal male accessory structures, but atrophy (to shrink) of their testes causes them to be sterile.

PHIMOSIS - Other abnormalities result when a child has only one sex chromosome. An XO female
appears normal but lacks ovaries. YO males die during development. Other much less serious conditions
also affect males primarily such as phimosis, which is due to a narrowing of the foreskin of the male
reproductive structure and misplaced urethral openings.

PUBERTY - Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of
gonadal hormone. After this time, reproductive capability continues until old age in males and menopause
in females.

PUBERTY – MALE - In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is characterized by the increase in the
size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary, and face.
The reproductive organs continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation marked by the presence
of mature semen in the testes.

PUBERTY – FEMALE - In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11
signals their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years
after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of
females.
Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System:

 Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults.
 Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and in those whose resistance
to diseases is low.
 The usual infections include those caused by Escherichia coli which spread through the digestive
tract; the sexually transmitted microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes virus; and
yeast (a type of fungus).
 Vaginal infections that are left untreated may spread throughout the female reproductive tract and
may cause pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.
 Problems that involve painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or hormone
imbalance.
 In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis,
all of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted disease (STD)
microorganisms are transmitted.
 Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can cause
sterility. Orchiditis most commonly follows mumps in an adult male.
 Neoplasms are a major threat to reproductive organs.
 Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in adult females.
 Prostate cancer is a widespread problem in adult males.
 A natural decrease in ovarian function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen
production that causes irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods. Consequently, ovulation
and menses stop entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is called as menopause, which
occurs when females no longer experience menstruation.

The production of estrogen may continue after menopause, but the ovaries finally stop functioning as
endocrine organs.

 The reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer released
from the body.
 The vagina becomes dry that causes intercourse to become painful, and vaginal infections become
increasingly common.
 Other consequences of estrogen deficiency may also be observed including irritability and other
mood changes (depression in some)
 Intense vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels which causes uncomfortable sweat-drenching "hot
flashes"
 Gradual thinning of the skin and loss of bone mass.
 Slowly rising blood cholesterol levels, which place postmenopausal women at risk for
cardiovascular disorders.
 There is no counterpart for menopause in males. Although aging men show a steady decline in
testosterone secretion, their reproductive capability seems unending. Healthy men are still able to
father offspring well into their 80s and beyond.
EROGENOUS ZONES

 Erogenous zones refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal
when touched in a sexual manner.
 Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts genitals, and anus.
 Erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some people may enjoy being touched in
a certain area more than the other areas.
 Other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck, thighs,
abdomen, and feet.

HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

 Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a group-
that induces sexual arousal.
 There are two major factors that determine human sexual behavior: the inherited sexual response
patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that become part of
everyone’s genetic inheritance, and the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on
the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality.

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

 There is solitary behavior involving only one individual, and there is sociosexual behavior
involving more than one person.
 Sociosexual behavior is generally divided into:
o Heterosexual behavior (male with female)
o Homosexual behavior (male with male or female with female).
o If three or more individuals are involved, it is possible to have heterosexual and
homosexual activity simultaneously.

SEXUAL PROBLEMS

Sexual problems may be classified as physiological (least problem), psychological (largest

category), and social (how we interact with others).
Module 2: Human Factors

Ergonomics - The study of people's efficiency in their working environment.

Tangible - is from Latin tangere, "to touch," and it simply means something that can be touched or felt.
Norms - A rule or standard of behavior shared by members of a social group.

The Need to Take Human Factors Into Account

 Incorrectly installed parts

 Missing parts
 Necessary checks not being performed.
 Working in the evening or early morning hours
 Working in confined spaces.
 Working on platforms that are up high.
 Working in a variety of adverse temperature/humidity conditions.

Factors that Affect Human Performance for AMTs

The Pear Model of Human Factors in Maintenance

 PEAR was developed by Dr. Michael Maddox and Dr. Bill Johnson

P - People
E - Environment
A - Actions
R – Resources

The Dirty Dozen

1. Lack of Communication
2. Distraction
3. Lack of resources
4. Stress
5. Complacency
6. Lack of teamwork
7. Pressure
8. Lack of awareness
9. Lack of knowledge
10. Fatigue
11. Lack of assertiveness
12. Norms

Murphy’s Law – “If anything can go wrong, it will.”

Module 3: Aviation Safety

Concept of Safety (Doc 9859 3rd Ed.) - Safety is the state in which the possibility of harm to persons
or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing
process of hazard identification and safety risk management.

Safety is the state in which the possibility of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and
maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and
safety risk management.

Traditional Approach in Preventing Accidents

 What? Who? When? But not: Why? How?

The Evolution of Safety Thinking

 1950s-1970s – Technical Factors

 1970s – 1990s – Human Factors
 1970s-2000s – Organizational Factors
 2010 – Total System Era

J. Reasons Model – Concept of accident causation

 Organization
o Management decisions
o Organizational processes
 Workplace
o Working conditions
 People
o Errors and violations
 Defenses
o Regulations
o Training
o Technology

The Organizational Accident