MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BASED ON

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
➢ Is a graphic way of displaying stress and
strain.
➢ Generally, the diagram is produced by
gradually loading a material using an Instron
or similar testing machine.
➢ The resultant strain values are measured
and used to calculate stress values.
➢ These are then plotted against strain to
produce the stress-strain diagram for the
material.
➢ Traditionally,stress is plotted on the vertical
axis and strain on the horizontal axis.
➢ Many of the basic physical properties of
dental materials can be represented on a
stress-strain diagram.
➢ The straight part of the line represents the
region of elastic deformation
➢ The curved part of the line represents the
region of plastic deformation
➢ The slope of the straight part of the line
represents modulus of elasticity
➢ The length of the curved part of the line
represents ductility
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
➢ The term elastic modulus describes the
relative rigidity or stiffness of the
material within elastic range
➢ If any stress equal to or less than the
proportional limit is divided by its strain
a constant of proportionality will result.
➢ This is called Young’s modulus of
elasticity and it is calculated as follows:
➢ Strength of a material can be defined
by one or more of the following
properties:
❑ Proportional limit.
❑ Elastic limit.
❑ Yield strength.
❑ Ultimate tensile strength,
❑ Flexural strength,
❑ Shear strength and
❑ compressive strength
 PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
➢ The proportional limit is defined as the
greatest stress that a material will sustain
without a deviation from the linear
proportionality of stress to strain.
➢ is the amount of stress required to produce
permanent deformation of a material
➢ Is represented on the stress-strain diagram
as the point where the plotting converts from
a straight line to a curve.
➢ Theregion of the stress strain curve before the
proportional limit is called the Elastic region.

➢ Theregion of stress strain curve beyond the

proportional limit is called the Plastic region.

➢ Below the proportional limit, stress is

proportional to strain.

➢ Stresses below the proportional limit cause

elastic (non-permanent) deformation and those
above it cause elastic and plastic (permanent)
deformation.
*A high proportional limit is desirable for a restorative material.
 ELASTIC LIMIT
➢ The elastic limit is defined as the maximum
stress that a material will withstand without
permanent deformation
➢ For all practical purposes, the same as the
proportional limit.
 YIELD STRENGTH
➢ The yield strength is defined as the stress at
which a material exhibits a specified limiting
deviation from proportionality of stress to
strain.

➢ The yield strength of a material is used to

describe the stress at which the material
begins to function in a plastic manner.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
(TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OR MODULUS OF RUPTURE )

➢ The flexural strength of a material is its ability to bend before it

breaks.

➢ It is a measure of how a material behaves when under multiple

stresses.

➢ It is measured by subjecting a beam of the material to three- or four-

point loading which results in the development of compressive
stresses on the top of the beam, tensile stresses on the bottom, and
shear stresses on the sides.
➢ Compressive stresses convert to tensile ones through the neutral
axis along the center of the beam.
 FATIGUE STRENGTH

➢ A structure that has been subjected to a stress below the yield

stress and subsequently relieved of this stress should return to
its original form without any change in its internal structure of
properties.

➢ A few such applications of stress do not appreciably affect a

material.
➢ But when this stress is repeated a great number of times, the
strength of the material may be drastically reduced and
ultimately cause failure.
 TOUGHNESS
➢ It is defined as the amount of elastic and plastic deformation
energy required to fracture a material.
➢ It is a measure of the energy required to propagate critical flaws
in the structure
➢ Toughness can be measured as the total area under the stress
strain curve from zero stress to fracture stress. Toughness
depends on strength and ductility.
➢ The greater the strength and higher the ductility, greater the
toughness.
➢ Thus we can conclude that a tough metal may be strong, but a
strong metal may not be tough.
4. Ultimate tensile strength, shear strength, compressive
strength, and flexural strength, each of which is a measure
of stress required to fracture a material.