Database

Management
Systems

SUBJECT TEACHER: PRIYA SACHDEVA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (CSE)

Data, Information & Knowledge
Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be processed to make it
meaningful. Generally, data comprises facts, observations, perceptions numbers,
characters, symbols, image, etc.
Data is always interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning. So, data is
meaningless. Data contains numbers, statements, and characters in a raw form.
Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to
the given requirement. Information is processed, structured, or presented in a
given context to make it meaningful and useful.
It is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and
purpose. It also involves manipulation of raw data.
knowledge is the relevant and objective information that helps in drawing
conclusions.
Key Difference
•Data is a raw & unorganized fact that is required to be processed to make it
meaningful whereas Information is a set of data that is processed in a meaningful
way.
•Data does not have any specific purpose whereas Information carries a meaning
that has been assigned by interpreting data.
•Data alone has no significance while Information is significant by itself.
•Data never depends on Information while Information is dependent on Data.
•Data measured in bits and bytes, on the other hand, Information is measured in
meaningful units like time, quantity, etc.
•Data can be structured, tabular data, graph, data tree whereas Information is
language, ideas, and thoughts based on the given data.
•Data does not help in decision making while information helps.
What is a Database and DBMS?

Database is a collection of related data which represents some aspect of the real
world. A database system is designed to be built and populated with data for a
certain task.
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving
users data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group
of programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for
data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the
specific data. DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their
requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other
application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software
application.
Example- University database
This database is maintaining information concerning students, courses, and
grades in a university environment. The database is organized as five files:
•The STUDENT file stores data of each student.
•The COURSE file stores contain data on each course.
•The SECTION stores the information about sections in a particular course.
•The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the various sections
•The TEACHER file contains information about each Teacher.
To define a database system:
•We need to specify the structure of the records of each file by defining the
different types of data elements to be stored in each record.
Applications of DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS
Banking For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits, loans,
etc.
Airlines For reservations and schedule information.
Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.
Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.
Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial
instruments like stocks and bonds.
Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.
Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking
production of items. Inventories status in warehouses.
HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction,
generation of paychecks, etc.
Commonly performed Operations on a
Database
• Insertion
• Updation
• Deletion
• Retrieval
Building Blocks of a database
Relation: A relation is a table, i.e. data is arranged in rows and columns.
A relation has the following properties:
• In any given column of a table, all the items are of the same kind, whereas items in
different columns may not be of the same kind.
• For a row, each column must have an atomic value. All rows of a relation are distinct.
• The ordering of rows in a relationship is immaterial.
• The column of a relation are assigned distinct names, and the ordering of these
columns is immaterial.
Tuple: The rows of tables in a relationship are generally termed as Tuples.
Attributes: The columns or fields of a table is termed as Attributes.
Degree: The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of relation.
Cardinality: The number of tuples or rows in a relation is termed as cardinality.
Components of Database System Environment
Evolution
1. Manual Databases
2. Database and Computers
3. Traditional File Processing System
4. Database Approach
Traditional File Processing Approach Case Study
Database Approach Case Study
Limitations of File Processing System/
Advantages of Database Approach
Traditional File Approach Database Approach
Use separate data file for each application. All Application shares a pool of related and
integrated data.
Data redundancy – independent data files Minimal data redundancy – Separate data files
included a lot of duplicated data. are integrated in to a single, logical structure.
Same data is recorded and stored in several Each occurrence of a data item is recorded
files, so there is no data dependency only once, so data is dependent.
Data inconsistency – several versions of the Single version of data exist
same data may exist.
Same update must be done in all occurrences Single update is required.
of same data item in each file.
Users have very little opportunity to share A database is developed to share the data
data outside of their own application. among the user who access to it
 Traditional File Approach Database Approach
There is no centralized control for overall data There is centralized control for overall data in
in different files. database.
Data dependence– with the change in storage Data independence– with the change in storage
structure or access technique, application structure or access technique, application
programs are also affected and needs programs don’t get affected. i.e. application
modification. i.e. application programs are programs are independent on how data is
dependent on how data is physically stored and physically stored and accessed.
accessed.
Modification to data files requires the Data structure can be modified without
programs which access that file to be modified. changing the programs accessing the data
High program maintenance. Less program maintenance.
Data are organized into a single logical
Lack of data integration– accessing data in
structure with logical relationships defined
several files are difficult.
between associated data.
Difficult to manipulation data. Easy to manipulation data.
Advantages of DBMS
•Controlling Redundancy
•Integrity can be enforced
•Data inconsistency is avoided
•Data is shared
•Restricting unauthorized access
•Providing backup and recovery
•Cost of developing and maintaining system is lower
•Data model can be developed
•Concurrency Control
Disadvantage of DBMS
•Complexity
•Size
•Performance
•High impact of failure
•Cost of DBMS
•Cost of Conversion
•Additional Hardware costs
Instance, Schema & Sub-Schema
Instance: The data stored in database at a particular moment of time is called
instance of database.
Database schema defines the variable declarations in tables that belong to a
particular database; the value of these variables at a moment of time is called the
instance of that database.
Schema: Design of a database is called the schema. Schema is of three types:
Physical schema, logical schema and view schema.
Schema is only a structural view(design) of a database as shown in the diagram.
Sub-Schema: It is subset of Schema and inherits the same property that schema
has.
Instance, Schema & Sub-Schema