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C
Thi 4) dependext of by lutracdlula
4eneyal
Trans Syllabus
CELLULAR

division
which tndoino
AR
intracolular

port
extacellular Stuchuk

is
principea -
corjaina aoss
b) sionalling

Cell
LEVEL
HAPTeR-2

cellulay paracrine nd
E
siqnalling
funcions
(celly signal
TUnchions.

of col OF
W
pathway
ceLl
lerel menbva, ORGANSATMON

y : moleeule,

of
a)
Communlahion,
EL
Syhapie

(Tissuc of ochivaion
Cell
body oitact

forms
Cel
L

i) i) -
Cells
t
PH

Eükaryotic
-huy Prokanyohc
about
and human
human
functional

which
which have nanoqam

organlls. and
lo4y

ely bod.
AR

ells Uni
of
ae ->
less
Thee (tuo)
stvuctural,
Con
L00
folly deelopd
ndt
e).
espechvey.
sisf of
ae typui tillions
M

duveloped,
fully of of oUr
tuose
Bacher those basic
about
body
nUcluus

ia
dvcdoped.
calu al
A

iving ond
cellu cel
thy
ee lo
and with
m .

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Nucleolus
trdoplsni
Rehiculum
C Apponatus
(e) Gtosol
aolgi houe
CELL

bo oqanllu

dy plauts,
AR
struchural
ysosoms endosed l

t (animals)

pieset
dveloped

cel
E
and
evtosomQs within

is
in nucwS
W
funchional
tungi
the cell.

ete. and
EL
mimbranu.
basic

of Sructu peroxisoma
mumbvanL
- Unut

Cel
Mitochondia
Nuclauç
RibosomL Gytoplasm
Plasma

living
ot
of
L

u) ii) i) proein
(Movement)
Thue
PH

Srudue funchion
Cell
PlaAMa ranlation.
Nucdeus Monbrane
divicion.
Of
toplasm qrouth
Synthis
at
colls
munbran

It of oF
of of
AR

about

aud tu aud
cell

is
all by OUr (200)
dividd matabolism

tranaciption
M

aroSs
fPibosoLy diferent
+ Organdlls bo
Golgi nitochandria
dy.
into

by th
A

tpparotus

tyKoson th typs
fPeasison
Cetrotor ee and col ce

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C Manbra

It
-
Chumicad Struture

Tt
alloulgsubgancas

enivONmwt Plauma
and
Phospholipid
cell Membrae.
AR
is The
ompo
is
phasphat
Made Membran
G.L wlich
nada was
tud selectively
thi
sihin
Gpéds
- of
up
Nicholson.

Mosaje
qven
qiven Hso
E
(Sepasal) oUternmost

ell
with
to (2urmeabl
known
W
to
by Model
pass the out meblane
hilaycr
ST:
a
EL
phsphati exteoroal
through
ipid (hajdnaplilic)
of nhich
the
singu Cel
of
of plasm
(ndra phospho- intonal
phopho
lipid
4t.
envion,
of
phalic)
L

pop

phespholipid

funchions

biluyo
IF
PH

proteind,

"t I arhohudatel,

proejna

tequlaes
provida Tntcga,
qive proeia
protein
pevipharol

(Ahapa
of
tu
AR

tha (protectin)
(extiic) (glycopvotein)
the
Transmunbran ipid
VaroUs

tow to molecule

blayr
prokin
from
tu
M

Channl

of Ahapt
and
au
naterial

col
external

lipidu
4
s
protein Tnkegval attachad
Peviphaal ad embddd
A

ento
(qyolipid
envirnm (qlobva)
q'yclipd prtins
sizu.
"piskin
qlyo
wtth
and

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MSsiy

-
C 2) 1)
ytoplaanj
with ou
Orqanllus
woae viscoUs ytosol
t
specific
AR
t
other
also to
c the
pe whjch
TE 2) It plasma
It tu
foncton sent proteins
Organ play
furthr
cels.
Is is cell.
E
in , Contain
ts mombrans
the
or a
fcor toplaAm
upids
It fluid
dividad
kayrdle
ceyrole
W
is a) total exernal

the 4 about uybsol

to
cell. trawpasent, pecnt
arbohydrat.
into ara
the in
EL
orqanells Joy. environman.

and oMmUnÜGtia

s/. tuo befwen

nucleus.
inside
perform cigaullu

to pats
907.
L

Nucdus(
flattentd O
ibosoms rdoplosmjc
EndoplasmNie
PH

in Cenvosoml
ysocoms
nitochondvia 2ibosoM
Golgi
proxsoma.
network

the
System pparavs
sacs
form

that Reticulum

It
AR

Reticulum

aud encbsed

consists ef is /
banchud
Body
ustenae. thee aa (Ee)
(Ee)
onl
M

SMooth
-Rough within comply

of dimnsional

ubulus
veaicdes,

the
A

Erdaplasmc Channl

Reticul
(ER) menbran

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.t
C fko -furcion,
i) )
in riboso
SERY exhang
Atct Smoth Rovgh

. cutplasm is
AR
kndwn

ma
Thee
cholustrol a ER Mubran EK
ot
hetþ
materials atjachd,
RNA
as tuo
factory
aae in sfvctural
PabosorA
those
E
t and suynthuis
sayntei. typus

sureral
Hiy a ER
finy hulbed ohich
W
triglycwidus.

s off
framuork
ae
sphses
have
-
takes ribosomal oF not in
protcins,
EL
(rotein)
phosphslipidi,
vibosomus
atachd.
that
placad

blcaust
proeina.
of aud
onfin
L

ponticluy fofi Intermunbrane

Spoca i.e.
membrane subunit
Mitochondria
The
PH

attahd

Outer
of is
SMallu

memb

cel, (6os).
pleAeKt

raL
It with
subunts
Made
AR

bacause
s
DN E-R.
oistau
kuouUn in
A up
fee (40s)

Libosons
it and
M

aA foum.
withto
qnrae and
the
thu
(Pouwer
A

atochorcria
1fTP|
sbunts
(natrly) laqer
Jfotida
-Head House

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Midjal
C Ti
•

tegin Le.
eqim,
is upon
-Hattentd Golgi
alco
t
with cellular innay
is
AR
puform
0ch Made
mada
fippavehs
expanded proliferationspeod-
and
funchion

othy, Sacs
It up
collulr outer
E
Consists /Body
Lika with
allid
bulgs
is

to
W
siqnalling

as to
of qonrate
Lsosome at pila cisfen
four -
mnbrans
EL
(
sacetovy
Gsterna
their
vesclu ancd
grnule)
of to enrgy
plaad
plates egulaka
ends.
six
L

.Moleules,

of tuy -thogh
huydvolyic
ot Also
PH

thuy
dafencaug
Vaay proteina

cel, -the (waer, also

hy
woked (stous)
also in such
lþing
whjch qolgi socfekonq
enaym MOved

aud
AR

wok huy
againt a ortain as Compy.
in protein

kangeng ipids.
ae ganules
to
the ekcr
and
RNt Seoefory k-
ehing
th
M

digestve)
digustie ting nodiky)
trom holyst ,
wken
aud plasma
exces
formad

0.l thn
A

niUomteo. sustom equired.

DntfA aud
- amoU

L2 lag -enzyn
membra

from and

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- Cetiosornd
C
orqauje

of aqajnst "I anjno

role Carosoms
proteet
nms cenriole
AR
Cantain
substan during

t
subspncas

tonic
t
auds,
It
CLl. that
-the (onsists
Cotain
cel and
cel
E
UriC
etfeatr
Can
eNym SUch
division)
play
ad d
W
OXidjza many Cevriw

Tranipot as an a
ete.
Catala, oxidases
pair
EL
imporfat
fatty Vaujous

protein

-Gqsthllin
ipid acid, of
"bilayr
aud
L

the
"contol
- allad sphical soparale

It Tt If F
PH

Pasent lasgst
and aggregahöns

ontan
col. is and
dicty also
tranfer caote| nucleolus.
Consis
The
cey shuctue nNclus
in ovoal
AR

tha
to involveA

f the of of shaped
nucleus

all Nuded
from
cel.
daugho double
protein
9anhi) plasm
qonhc
in • isis
suctue the struce
M

the menbra,
Usually
cols
informatin DNA malerial
kprodvction, Gytoplasm.

Of .
-Nucleay which
A

NucUeus
enuelope

NucleoluS
induding
RNA. Nuclear
-chromahn
which sphical
-frm
Is

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Y
C iY Made • TRANSPoRT

cell
)
Endocytosi Active
Pascive Substonus
It allo
Mambran

to
parmable,

Plasma

vbrou
is up
AR
CoSs

tanspotinnytttonspot Bubstanca
knoun
tapot Mubran
wth
is which

through
ae pkosphalipáda) a
t. AcROSS
E
to
biological
tranipoted allow
Secondany
Mnbyone

NOve
of
W
call
faciilated fassive ony MEMBRANES

nebans,

acsOSs (traupon
though bilayur
som e
EL
difusion

hat sekectively

difusion (Bubs}anu
Munbran
which allae
the ad
ond
is
L

i)
•(Concantration

amoUnt
from High
q passive
rmove
PH

Conen Passive
aOSS
dffusjon (acosc)

ac0ss
th difusion
3eE• from

wi tansport

thout
the conch
eqion
eqion
oF Giadient

t the (high)
AR

ipd Coneh
conch
> In qradyen
o}amount
whn
is jConch

soluble
of th, Concudration

qrodjent
th any
of hghar

tranuport
qrodien
subsfant
M

molbculus

enug4 dug/
conCONch (aqains}

i.e. te kubstana
concsilyatt
A

grodicn (lower
High
aka
to of ranporf

ie. supsfaxs

O,
loueY
to
f
leu
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- Aoluble

CO
C
Injeshinal
Carrier
Tt hlp faaltated

dovgs aossthe
across
Eit s
AR
of
absorption of
Used Suitabu
also
any diffusion
f
qlucoSe he Poe
caUad
such
arrier
(any cou
for conc Tn
E
channal)
into thu,
of poovly Caier
qradient,
"Hiqh menbranL
W
(RRAI. bodjes|
SLC substanca

it. mediateod to Tsacllen

diffusible louw,
(Solute
& ftudls
thiovqh
fuids
EL
(

that's
but
transpont

B. thanipente)

arrier
tanypot)
chann!.
substauL with
aq-
why
pietein

th
L

- Tn
ii)Active

membrne.(from

It particle
PH

Primavy
Seconda
hgh louw
help
is thii (againut
Conc"

active of , (ATP)is of tronspost

solte
from It
active
(enurqy
tio through is
Tn
AR

conc)

-trangort
tasport

typus
te los high th
thi
moe
ud
-
Conch olue) Senipumble

, to Munt
,ATP Avbstonca Conc (sole)
M

qrodient

to
hydrolysa
Solvent

arier
with trans
A

(
peort wato)
the bodu

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C Artiportl(
.Primavy

Secanday
both
AR
Molecule grodiet
Subitanu

achve
H* Na*- active
coUnjer Smport ATP

Na
pump.
in
qlucosa
a Tvanspot
enuqy-
tansport

-traupor in Lou
E
used
oposte co-trowpovt)
Sarmd High
sumpoter
In In
thiu,
W
H' instad
t) ire
Absorption
thiu,
Naic*
>
dr movemnt
chion
elechochujcol

TP)
EL
cthon
(Lc)
moremnt of Arfase

. enrqy of is
Nat qlucose
Used
punp.
of qlucoe

Na
of
L

o |OUTSIDE
i)
q
PH

Phaqocujosus
procAs NacOMalecues
Pinocu,tosis
lags Endocutosis
enqulfing
fat, enquifmunt

Cellular

sauch, sizL
of
(ell In
(call ad
AR

molecules
uptaka
this
drinkivg]
oil-
by
eating]
dng ttanport,
solublu
call
Of( of
Slid
like qt
M

Mavomaleubr

uifamnu
menbrans.
uptake
) ad lnsulin.
ttonpoed
quqs
Bdlute pasti scyptic

ot
A

cul
of aes.
(fiud) like very
ptake MaO INSIDE

via
Wk.
A,
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ii) i) O
C Coll
It
((ncHeasa)

Mejosis The
Of
itothe
Nitosis
el cel
(th.ply colls is CELL
is
AR
dvision

the eKoctty
qenehc divjdes

chromosond
cCUYS
kiponsi no. esponsiblu i.
amoUn
no
procass
cUrs

of is qrouwth
DIVIsiON
sSame into
ontent
in bta chvomosOme

in of
E
epvoduchive of
for
tuo by
decaLed
Somatic
for tuo) cells

formation to (CNA)
W
(grouwth)
which
typs
Sama
the davghter
CReduchonal
cels
cell
of of - tuo
parent
a
EL
(equatiaal

identicol
f
{qamats
parent
and cols. nuwly parent
cells.
divislon

no.
divisio]
daugkey el.
cell. all
of oymad
L

calls

I) i)
PH

evertually
Cell
M-phase Interpas-
It
Cyde
utaphaAhaphan has call

,
TelophasL
(peparation
Prophas ytakiuu Phoss

for (second
The
- tuo dupiates
phaseJ AhsResting
Cfint dividu
Cell papanatin.
AR

mitosis
Phase Collphasr soqvenca)

divitga
phae phasU
qrouwth

(ka qrowh a,
G,
divicin
Onstiuendts)

Pretein RNA J Phase

ino
t
4Replicaha
phax
phace Ter . - iks
(1ol
(Lo (oenom of
M

ONA
(Grouwth

Ce uo of
events
daugher
Ceutridu

Cromosoma
Phase
S
Phasa
(9 RNA
AD) tu
Replicahian
A

Syntkuis

wi) Nucleaticu,
cel synthis

b
/duplicothian,
pepasohin
CNA
protejn
dupliatio
DNA
colls which
eplictia
and
of for
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i)
i) 1)
C •
huclei.
kayolinesus i) Cl oleady .It
Gytokinis kayokinsis IH pakent In Mitosu

phaAe
cell is
AR
is is
thi,
(SaM)
(nudeus idential
exiching AHso
cell. CUrs

the
fquational

into
as lonoun

no. daughter
in
E
dividas parent

to
Telophase
(Somatic

procus fnaphase Mataphase Prophase

to af division]) as
W
no. chroMOL
ces. cel (M-phas
into parts-
M-plas)

coll)
by of divids
EL
tuo which (a) Chvomosonm oind
in in
daugney daughe which
or
into Mitotic

th (2n)
L

in
cwomaidi

O - Nucdear
•
ase Spindlu inatochores chomosomal Ntaphase
opposit
Prophase
PH

Cevtrioles
Sutey Organea
Malerial
Äntochoe
cetonue

moved disinteqation

fiblu
chomatds
ervelopa
oF
poles This
to (smal (cortrosom]
ie.l CondeNsationof

atach
condensation
This ike
AR

chyomatin

spindle
disc
phace
disapptor
qolgi
of phase

ae of the
to shaped)
move
equaor holds cleat bqins
kinatochores
Complus
baqin cell.
conpued

at
M

at toguther
towards

with
thu
and th envelopa. with
-riatic
Ek, hvomosa

surfae
and
end Nuclelus,
get and -Nudw
inihtion
A

tentrosom

by Comle
spindl th
allignad. of
chomosor
of cortonre two
propkase
coston
fibacs
aud
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Cytplaum
ti) - •Telophase
- •naphae
C
othu -foumd
Nucluay and wonosOmLA
Separatin

-form
qtokinAs
kappiat.. a opposik
cOMain

last
AR
ca oqaull
to chomosoMLs.

Memorn
two
utoplasm
polA
atin
ag of Bgins
olus.
It material
maferial
looe
choatids
dawahter
is af
E
the eaPplat with
individalit

aflr
is
W
divisin osis
ces. splthing

nvcuus
aud
collected
nd
and
two Move
EL
of
(delondunsatia)

en
division

porent
nudar as owardA
of
ths,
a
och
daug Ma

ker to
L

Peplcate
DNA
Diplsd
2)
()n femals
Mal by
PH

Meiosis
call).

(XX
(au) (au) male the
X) ) It
paent Tn
qarmate. fucin
n OCCUrS
AR

this,
e! haplaid
ors
Spemm

ef offspring in
(u) qomte
M

MEIOS|S

femal
(ud
colla
Davguler Zygati
orent tuman
-DNA
A

qamek (eproduhie
prodwead
eplictu
Mitocis

colla meiosis
cal
(eu)
Niosis (an) and
-T
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-Prophast

i) in)
C a) i)
Meiosis Meiosis Mejosis

uptotehd
AR
-
-I
phases

-I L -I
phase in
t "t
t
Telophau Anaphase Nataphase Prophase
Condnsaion
Telophase Anaphase-I Naaphast-T
twoskagus
Aauts. erophase-

is
E
furthur

dinidd
-I
longer
-II -T -I -I
I.
W
of sub- 3
info
chomosoM and Diploe achuyfen Zygotend Laptoen

did Diakins
EL
(for
moR

phaA. w
ino Complw,

five
L

aud is
e) ) -formud b)
tuo
aud
PH

dappea DiakinUS shoctue Pachyte

curomosoma
proco pajred Z4gotoN
nucar
assemblad,
ie.
formd homoloqous Gynapsu)

coss Synaptonunol
choNOsom

is
eveloP nq phase Comp
Herminalsohionof
phase phasa
Nucduolus
ouduniation md X-Chapd
noun

-
AR

discljn over
exchange
ad pauring

a
chroroom
asdhiasmata

efered

Spanoton

of ot
onplted.
ef
of
a
M

uyhaptonumal chromO
qenhie

chias tHomologous

SOmUS,

mirothic mata,
matrial dromatids
A

Tefiad
Biyaleut

Complu
fomatin
chuOMO
and
spindl Somes

by / th
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C this Duplsid

nudoulus
Telophase (Anaphase
Seen allign
|Muaphase-I

a -formd
9
Meiotic
spated.
plate.
shot tlophase
Nucua
atachng
AR
Homal0uS
at
divisjons
to 2n (2n
teappeo
-I -I mjootubu

te
cwomoSOMU

pjd
Tt follaused
munbran

to equatorial

haplsid
cwomoonMS
the
E
is
of and + pai. ae
th
tims (qamhes)
by
W
stage daghte
usual
USually
cutoEinuis

hoplakd
EL
baucN
call.
lasts

and
for tuo
L

•|Metaphae-L -|Prophasa-I
•|Telophas

Nvdeor
and
(fnaphaA-I|
spindlu ii)
s ond
PH

of
t
ChromosOm.

nqonelus Melosu
polu.
ma chomain sepanatn
equotonal
move
wOMtSOMU nucus.
munbranl
aho
of and
-|
Condensatim

uauds
TI
tuo
ytoplasm
Sepavahen
materl
aligunt
disapporarA
Compoisu
It
AR

eappas
pols loose of
cronhidy is
opposte

4
s indiogualy

of
simlar

fond of colu of cromsoMA

of
M

four as
fvT
/ ()
normal
daughter
formain stags
A

matoil.

alls.
of
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C •
complex.
•These
the •Tt
Thy
their
cels nd
|CELL
AR
neiqhboring

ae is
Dunbu the

prrçut
te
Made
extracelular

onact
E
cells JUNCTION

in up
mok Tjercolulas
W
\Various
spoco oith t onnNchon)

in matvix
beween

epithlial
Cel
mutfipvolin
odlusion
EL
colls, extraeula
(ung). Tunchon

batueen

a
-Itacdlulo

tissu
but Tissue
L

) iv) im)
ii) i)
•Typs

ves
- .fUnction

Solutes preven
thy thuy
PH

helps
tten also ponsibla cells.
DeA
Gap Adhwens
ight thy
MOSOML
moajntajn
ctaes
Tunchi
-dmosome provid
in and
Juncion ae -for attochumu
the
AR

Tundhon

oth
dwidd
steqnt)
transfof
MoVemiKt

ths
th
substanCs.
CoMmUni
COmofon pasacellulas

seal
into
prevent to of
M

/prerent

t of Cahion

five cels
cel substanes
unwauted
sepaatin

leaeag colls. (baner)

pavts bfuten
A

and

of : also
wate
- and

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vorioUs
•Thuy aud • i)
C
orqons
i2o preven
lw
try
ftulds. (MacO each Tn Tignt_
and
ae ot
cellA.
suDsfvs
blw
this,
AR
q
(ie
skin),
mostly
MOluuw) matrials

t Iujercellula
othr
othur too occlding onchion

cell
Urinary
toUnd
Junction Tiqht spac
adjoat tigt,
If
plasma
Mmbioe
by
blood
ae is
E
|Col-A Tunctions.
proteina
(seal) also
bladdr.
vesss in (held)
W
epethulial
cells.
knOun
pocked

and
cell-&]
ie. tightly)

claudjs
EL
tissud
auihes.
junchon
as
cgalh 2Onla

inchvdus 4
jwnchian
Tight oclodin
L

iii) during
j)
- fnocula
cols -they
thy of acuens
g sepaahion
thuy ytoplasmjc bla
PH

adhaeyu
DesmOsOMA
dens

l these
of pesant procs.
covtvatile prevent th proUjda
prouidt
Sate

iee pRsnt
epithial
adjacant bluw

or
juntin.
junthin, in of junctin

y faco These
AR

cells stong the

Scattotd
in
the clls
ao Cardiac)
prokins
plagut
with cella. ae
ie.
cull-t
form uchania
filannts
thy work utoszelekpn.
throvgh th
the
M

haant
muscde

of an woning
sftoMg

Sam
cortinuOUS,
tissuw. the atachemt

te the Tntercollua
A

adsion
(kerotin) as litag
Spac
typ (actin) Picofib

of
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C
AR
jonA,
- the
ar •In ) -spot
iv) -funchn,
E
bfuw
(onduction

Small
T formd
Gap
epithial
this,
temjdearmosom

cel allous
ftoplasm
thiu
W
-liku
AHso
Smooth
Tünchion

to moleul
col location

junchin, Amothu odhucjve

rapid whih celll.
of louJn
EL
another. of is
Msce
elechical
,
nubient
ttanife hoo connt + CoNnNt
samd
aacan
channs
as( typ junhins/

(eq colli Nexus

coll
L

siqnals of filaments

blw ek. of with (lerahin)

intemdesk

adhuing
PH

MUsUa
(subitanc)
adjacant

from
th
cels. Rase basu
( junctian.
ConnEoh Call
ona maiy]
AR

Cardiac
channd
thyough 4 of
honnly
Cell
Poce
infer
epital
of
cellulcar

blo Tn
M
A

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•
- •
C *
Tn
potential
thy for I†
T to CeLL
to
To in anothy
and this,
qrowth is
AR
Chang ofMmunjae
ransport inportantto

proass

all-A
tu Also CoMMUNICATiON

orcuvivg cel
and call
substancas,
Cel
cel
Respons
o the
known
E
with developntnt
ransmiFsend)),

with
in memb mmintain
suqnal
as
W
ingernal Cal-B

20ch
ran qnai tself.

"el
oth (honuosaciu) from
of
EL
extonal
nd elkchical -Biclcqico Signalling
Siqnalling'.

espontd
to cella.
Ttiacatlwla

Recapton one receive

envivonnt. hls
ctfc
Natkulus cell
L

i) i) Intaclluia
thvough
by Genayal
PH

Send

within
Taocalular
Tntecelluar
dl exva tecapbr
the
communNCahionis

cellulor

pathwa cals.
efers Secondoy (recoptor it In principlu

signalijng
ativates signals)
the
AR

signa calU

o
siqnaltinq
Signalliu

ce )of
which côm
(pothuay) mesengr (
the
(expacalular]
Molecul
ahd (anGthe ie. mUnj

lisondy)
Imvolves
ommunicahion

of
M

e qive atin
eg.
It t0
tuO
octivaon
etfes
Inside tefers cme, espon cel ,
typus which
vaioUs
],
ong
tun
A

cell
butween 1P3].
tha
to 3
by
chain
the t - To9

cel
rceived
call

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-
procucingj
C cell Stqnal
signalling cells' Intacllular
BloLOGICAL
these these
signal

aud
AR
cells oth
siqnals siqnal

(sungu
Choin.
in
vecogni iqnalling
CAMP,DAG,
Seconday
IP3-. chunjcoy
th
thn
proein
Kecaptor
sed form
E
tranducd producad

by primaily

of
W
ayqt
mAenger

Ligavd.
into
el'(eceptor).
by Uss
EL
signal-
an
tronduchan

Signling
Tntracell TARGET

othe.
signalng
intraeyukr
or
(homoNS
exfenal

Tasut cell rnelcuus) prcdvcing

cely

ula
L

a) e) d) b) a) o Response
|Trasduchion

Reaption
fom
H
PH

membrone-
in Contact
fiutoorinu
EhdoCHins Paracin (onact- -these
ontact

s
signadling
depanclent
ar of conpluted

with
depardert
of
Inracdllulay
AR

mambran calllo
indaaellulan
ignalling

gaud)+
follaoing
another
Th
thid, rsponcs. nsuue (Pacapto in
ontat. Sianallig
thre
cel
M

signolting

onS typs
thyouah - steps
cell_ wh
:
A

binds
is
thu
irctty
lqand

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body
C b) Siqnalling.

siqnalling
Parooina
cell
OcUed

Of Close
AR
juxtacina
ond
mmu

.
arqet sqnalig

b
siqnalling

In
Mambrone-bound

celll
(elecbical)'
norb
this,
-
E
cell,
(MUScle

cell
- initiation

SUnOpe.
.Neurotrana
W
Synap tavgat
cells)
which cell and
and segval
Tarout

poancria
baueen
of
CommUnjahim

cel
EL
imU
molecules
milter is
ons nurons is
(churie eaponse
very
typ
L

tndocrin

e) d)
from
of
PH

tdocina
fhtpoina, through
Le.
ancu ached
cells
twhich horMonus

cel canalling blood.

on
AR

segnaling

H
In
the re0
iqnuda<, thiis, this,
ep chd
ecaptot
spogn
mole into siqnalling
M

Sanallingq

culu

ecapor of 4-Bloocd
ek-.
ts
was targt
A

SaM volecul moleeules

Binds prcduad targal

cel caUA
with

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