DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER REFLECTED IN

KOREAN DRAMA
“VOICE 4 : JUDGMENT HOUR”

An Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

For Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:
Angieta Caesarningrum Nugrahaeni Xanana Putri
1909010033

FACULTY OF SCIENCES CULTURAL AND

COMMUNICATION

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PURWOKERTO

2023
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.1 Background of Research

Dissociative Identity Disorder is one of the theories in abnormal
psychology. Psychological dissociation is a sudden change in
consciousness that affects memory and identity. Individuals suffering from
dissociative disorders are unable to remember important personal events
or temporarily forget their identity or even form a new identity. The new
identity is usually also called an alter. People with Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID) may adopt up to 100 new identities, all of which are
present simultaneously in a person's body and mind (Durand 2006, p. 252).

Durand contends that abnormal behavior and psychological disorders

are themselves psychological dysfunctions, specifically disturbances in a
person's cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functions linked to adverse
stress on response functions that are abnormal or not expected in their
culture. The study of abnormal behavior or psychological disorders is what
is simply referred to as abnormal psychology. The symptoms and traits of
various mental or psychological disorders can be seen in this abnormal
behavior. Multiple personality disorder, also known as Dissociative
Identity Disorder (DID), is one of the many existing theories of mental
disorders that will then be used by researchers to analyze data.

DID is an identity disorder characterized by the presence of two or

more distinct personalities. Each of these personality identities can have a
different name, age, gesture, behavior, race, to gender, but all of them can
coexistence within a person. (Abas, 2022; Gea, 2013).

According to Kartono (1981, 93) dissociative identity disorder is a

psychiatric problem characterized by changes in the perpetrator's feelings
about personality, memory, or awareness. Each personality can have
specific memories and also specific traits in one person's body. In some
cases, these personalities can show different medical examination results.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple
personality disorder, is one of several dissociative disorders as described
in the DSM-5. The key to this diagnosis is the presence of at least two
separate and distinct personalities within a person. Even if one person has
multiple (changed) personalities, only one exists at a time; each has its own
memory, behavior and lifestyle. At least two of these identities dominate a
person's behavior at any given time.

The kind of Dissociative Identity Disorder also experience by the

opponent character of Voice 4 : Judgment Hour, a Korean Drama with a
mysterious crime. Voice 4 : Judgment Hour premieres June 12, 2021 on
OCN. This drama was directed by Shin Yong Hwi who also wrote for other
Korean action dramas, for the script written by Ma Jin Won.In each season,
the Korean drama The Voice 4 has serial killers who have different
personality problems. However, the researchers focused this research on
the serial killer in the Korean drama The Voice 4 who has personality
problems, namely Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). In season 4, Do
Bang Min, who is the villain in this drama, have a split personality after
several episodes have passed. Dong Bang Min, played by Lee Kyu-Hyung.
In his childhood was forced to watch his parents being tortured. Kidnapped
when he was young, and saw people around him die. As a result, the adult
Dong Bang Min developed dissociative identity disorder. In his
personality, the personalities of those who contributed to his childhood
trauma often emerge. Her main personality is to be kind, friendly and
polite. When another personality appears, the original personality will not
know about it. This research focuses on the kinds and causes of
Dissociative identity disorder (from now will be referred to is DID)
experienced by Dong Bang Min. This study uses DID theory from Nevid
 to analyze the types of DID, and theory from Thomas Oldmans to analyze
the causes of DID.

A.2 Problem of Research

1. What kinds of dissociative identity disorder are found in the
character Dong Bang Min, as seen in Voice 4 : Judgment Hour
Korean Drama.
2. What are the causes of dissociative identity disorder of the Dong
Bang Min, as seen in Voice 4 : Judgement Hour Korean Drama.

A.3 Objectives of the Research

1. To know the kinds of dissociative identity disorder found in the
character Dong Bang Min, as seen in the Korean Drama Voice 4 :
Judgment Hour.
2. To know what causes the character Dong Bang Min to suffer from
DID in the Korean drama Voice 4 ; Judgment Hour.

A.4 Limitation of The Problem

Based on the problems and objectives of this research, the researcher
limits the scope of the research which focuses on a character who suffers
from Dissociative Identity Disorder, namely Dong Bang Min. The
researcher conducted research on DID which focused on the types and
symptoms of DID featured in the Korean Drama Coic 4: Judgment Hour.
The researcher uses Nevid and Thomas' theory to determine the kinds
and causes of DID featured in the Korean Drama Coic 4: Judgment Hour.
A.5 Significance of Research
Theoretically, the aim of this study is to provide readers with
information about DID and the causes of DID in Korean dramas.
Practically, readers can use this study for inspiration and reference
as they undertake further research on the kinds and causes of DID . This
study can also be a reflection and inspiration for parents to always protect
and pay attention to their children without causing childhood trauma to
their children.

A.6 Organization of the Research Report

This research consist of three chapters in total.
Chapter I is introduction.Chapter I consists of background of the
research, problem of the research, objectives the research, limitation of the
research, significance of the research, and organization of the research
report.
Chapter II is the theoritical framework is an overview of the research to
be carried out, where in this framework the procedure is described and what
will be studied in the research (Hernawati, 2017).
Chapter III deals with research methodology, which consist of type of
the research, data and source of the data, method of collecting data,
technique of collecting data and method of analyzing data
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

B.1. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare and complex psychological
condition where a person experiences two or more distinct identities called ‘alters’.
It is usually a long-term condition that occurs in response to extreme trauma. DID
was called multiple personality disorder until 1994, when the name was changed
to reflect a better understanding of the condition. People living with DID
experience a form of dissociation. Dissociation is a coping mechanism that a person
uses to disconnect from a stressful or traumatic situation, or to separate traumatic
memories from normal awareness. Dissociation can involve feeling disconnected
from thoughts, feelings, and memories. It ranges from mild detachment (such as
daydreaming) to feeling that you or the world is unreal, or memory loss. DID is a
psychiatric problem faced by people with two or more different personalities. Wade
(2007:356) argues that experts believe the disorder begins in childhood to overcome
trauma such as violent behavior. According to this view, trauma causes a mental
disconnect in which one personality emerges to deal with everyday experiences and
another personality emerges to deal with bad experiences.
Boonn and Draijer (in Davison et al., 2006: 258) suggest that dissociative
identity disorder usually appears in childhood but is rarely diagnosed until
adulthood. Boon and Draijer consider the disorder to be more widespread than other
dissociative disorders, and its treatment is less extensive. Boon also explained that
the disorder is far more common in women than men. Other diagnoses include
depression, borderline personality disorder, and somatization disorder. DID is
usually accompanied by headaches, substance abuse, phobias, cramps, suicide
attempts, sexual dysfunction, self-harm, and other dissociative symptoms such as
memory loss and depersonalization.
 There are four types of disorders that are included as hysterical neuroses
with this dissociative type, namely (1) dissociative amnesia, (2) dissociative phugu,
(3) dissociative identity disorder, and (4) depersonalization disorder :

1. Dissociative Amnesia
Amnesia is taken from the Greek roots a-, meaning "without", and
mnastahai, meaning "to remember". In dissociative amnesia, previously
called psychogenic amnesia, the person becomes unable to recall important
personal information, usually involving a traumatic or stressful experience,
in a form that cannot be considered ordinary forgetfulness. Lost memories
can come back and last for days, weeks, months or even years
2. Dissociative Fugue
Fugue comes from the Latin fugere, which means "to flee." The
word fugitive (runaway/fugitive) has the same word origin. Fugue is like
amnesia "on the run." In dissociative fugue, formerly called psychogenic
fugue, the sufferer travels suddenly and unexpectedly from home or work,
he is unable to recall past personal information, and becomes confused
about his identity or assumes a different identity. new (either partially or
completely) (APA, 2000). Despite this odd behavior, the person may appear
"normal" and exhibit no other signs of mental disorder (Maldonado et al.,
1998). The person may not think about the past, or may report a past full of
false memories without realizing that the memories are false.
3. Depersonalization Disorder
Depersonalization involves a temporary loss or change in one's usual sense
of reality. In a stage of depersonalization, people feel separated from themselves
and their surroundings. They may feel like they are dreaming or act like robots
(Guralnik, Schmeidler, & Simeon, 2000; Maldonado, Butler, & Speigel, 1998). In
contrast to general amnesia and fugue, they know who they are. Their memories are
good and they know where they are--even if they don't like the state they are in at
the moment. Feelings of depersonalization usually come on suddenly and fade away
gradually.
 The American Psychiatric Association (Yang et al., 2022) defines
depersonalization and derealization as psychological symptoms in which each
sufferer feels a feeling of unreality and alienation from himself and his
environment. This disorder is characterized by prolonged or repeated feelings of
separation from one's body or mental processes (depersonalization) in which one's
perception or experience of one's self is markedly altered. One of the symptoms of
depersonalization according to the DSM-V (Anjaryani & Rahardanto, 2016) is that
the sufferer feels that he is an observer outside his body so that a feeling of unreality
arises because the condition seems to be separated from his body. Symptoms of
depersonalization disorder are seen in several things that are experienced by the
characters, including feelings of anxiety and fear.

B.2 Kinds of Dissociative Identity Disorder

In some cases the main personality or host may not be aware of the presence
of other identities, while other personalities are aware of the existence of the host
(Dorahy, 2001). In other cases, the completely different personalities really didn't
know one another. Sometimes two personalities compete for complete control over
the host or owner of the main personality. The personality is dominant and some
are subordinate. Some of the replacement personalities have a variety of genders
ranging from children, adolescents with a different sex, and others. (Ross et al.,
1989). In some cases there is also one personality that wants to get rid of the other
('competitive interpersonality'). (Nevid, 2005:204)
The first form is the main personality who does not know of a substitute
personality and is a personality that appears after the personality attached to the
criminal, they are not aware of the existence of a substitute personality, namely the
personality that appears after they are attached to the perpetrator. Nevid et al.
(2005:20) and Durand (2006:253) state that this form is characterized by the
inability of the perpetrator to remember personal information that is too important
to be considered as normal forgetfulness. Failure to remember key information on
the perpetrator leads the perpetrator to believe that he or she is one enity, failing to
recognize shifts between personalities. In this first form, only the secondary
personality is aware of the existence of the primary personality.
The second form is that there is one dominant personality with several
excluded personalities. In the second form, there is one dominant personality within
the perpetrator. Nevid (2005: 203) states that this is marked by a tendency for one
personality to show itself, and conversely there is a personality that is excluded and
rarely appears. Looking at the two markers, in this form it can be concluded that
one personality has the ability to exclude the other personality. Dominant
personality or core and substitute, of course there are still markers indicating that
the personality that often appears can already be known that the personality is the
dominant personality. Meanwhile, the personality that rarely appears is the
personality that is left out by the perpetrator and rarely appears to show himself.
The third form of dissociative identity disorder is the unconsciousness of
the two main personalities. In the third form, these two personalities are not
recognized. Davison (2006:258) and Nevid et al. (2005:203) stated that this form
can be characterized by the fact that the author does not remember what he did.
Then at least there is, because all personalities have a small relationship with other
personalities. In this form, all personalities have very little memory of the other
personalities and are not even aware that they have other personalities. Of course,
we see in this form that there is no relationship between one personality and another.
Thus, the criminals themselves are not aware of the personality change.
In the last form, in the form of two competing personalities to gain the
perpetrator's self-control. Davison (2006: 258), Nevid (2005: 204) and Durand
(2006: 253) state that this form is characterized by each personality which is quite
complex, has its own patterns of behavior, memories and relationships. Each
personality determines the actor's actions when in control. Usually each of these
personalities is quite different, even contradictory. This personality form will be a
controller in every one of the personality emerges. Therefore, this personality will
appear to show that this personality is attractive to the perpetrator.
B.3 Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder
DID are caused by a person's repressed thoughts and feelings related to
unpleasant or traumatic events (Richardson, 1998). By blocking these thoughts and
feelings, the individual subconsciously protects himself from painful memories.
Although a single episode of repression can lead to dissociative amnesia,
psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative identity disorder results from
repeated exposure to traumatic experiences such as child abuse, neglect, or neglect
(Dalenberg et al., 2012). From a psychodynamic perspective, children who
repeatedly experience traumatic events, such as physical abuse or parental neglect,
lack the support and resources to deal with these experiences. In order to escape
from their current situation, children develop different personalities to escape the
dangerous situations they find themselves in. Although there is little scientific
evidence to support this theory, the nature of severe childhood psychological trauma
in individuals with dissociative identity is consistent with this theory. They have the
most psychological trauma during childhood compared to other psychiatric
disorders (Sar, 2011).
The cause of multiple personality that often occurs is a psychological
response to interpersonal and environmental pressures. For example, childhood
trauma due to physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. These traumatic experiences
can be:
1. Emotional abuse in verbal or physical forms
2. Sexual harassment or violence
3. Kidnapping and torture
According to the DSM-5, individuals with DID usually experience:
1. Unexplained recurrent disturbance of conscious functioning and sense of
self (eg, appearance of disturbing sounds, actions, speech, thoughts,
emotions, and impulses).
2. Changes in sense of self (eg in attitudes, preferences, and feeling that the
body or actions performed are not one's own).
3. Strange changes in perception (eg depersonalization or feeling that one's
soul is detached, and as if seeing oneself from outside the body;
 derealization or feeling that the surrounding environment is strange, foreign,
and unreal).
4. Recurrent amnesia/Memory Loss (inability to remember daily activities,
important personal information, or traumatic events) The condition of
amnesia here is related to the individual's inability to remember everything
that happened when the alternative personality he had took over the core
personality. That is why people with DID are generally not aware that they
have an alternative personality.

B.4 Cinematography
Cinematography is the science or art of motion picture photography by
recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of
an image sensor, or chemically by means of light-sensitive materials such as film
stock. The word "cinematography" was coined from the Greek words κίνημα
(kinema), meaning "movement" and γράφειν (graphein) meaning "to record",
together meaning "motion recording". A word that was used to refer to the art,
process, or work of films, but then its meaning was limited to “film photography”.

According to Bordwell Thompson, cinematography is the act of capturing

photographic images in space through the use of a number of controlled elements.
These include the quality of film stock, manipulation of the camera lens, framing,
scale and movement. Cinematography is a function of the relationship between the
camera lens and the light source, the focal length of the lens, the position of the
camera and the capacity for motion. However, the cinematography that the author
intends in this study is how a filmmaker does not only record a scene but also must
control and regulate how the scene is shot, such as distance, height, angle, shooting
time and so on.

In his book entitled "Five C's Cinematography" Joseph V. Mascelli A.S.C.

said that there are things that must be considered in order to have good cinematic
value in taking film techniques. The filmmaker not only captures each scene, but
also how he directs and controls each shot, such as: B. Angle height, duration, etc.
This explains that film elements can generally be divided into five, namely angle
shot, type shot, composition, continuity and cutting.

1. Angle Shot

Is the angle taken by the camera on an object. This taking angle is broadly
divided into 3 parts according to the resulting motivation:

a) Normal Angle/Eye Level

This shot uses a higher angle than the object's eye, and can create an
impression that is on a par with the object. In this angle there is also what is
called a bird angle, which displays an angle that is very far from the corner
of the object's eye

b) High Angle

This angle is the opposite of the high angle. At this angle the
shooting is done under the eye's point of view of the object with the
motivation shown by the object as being more authoritative and strong.
While the frog angle is the angle that is used very far below the line parallel
to the ground.

2. Type Shot

Type shots are basically divided into three sizes, from close-up shots,
medium shots, and long shots, which are further divided into several sections
and have different motivational focuses, as follows:

a) Close Up

Close up shots are further divided into four parts including: extreme
close ups, big close ups, close ups and medium close ups.

• Extreme Close Up, is shooting very close, showing details of

an object clearly, such as eyes, nose, mouth and ears.
 • Big Close Up, often used to emphasize the emotional state
of objects. This type of shot usually takes only the head of
the human object.
• Close Up, usually taking human objects from the shoulders
to the head, close ups are also useful for showing details and
can be used as cut in.
• Medium Close Up, is a type of shot to show the object's face
to make it clearer with the size of the shot limited to the chest
to the head.
c) Medium Shot

Medium shots are divided into three parts, namely medium shots,
knee shots and medium long shots.

• Medium Shot, is a type of capture that shows some parts of

the object in more detail, on human objects this type of
shooting will display only the waist to the top of the head.
• Knee Shot, showing the top of the head to the knees of the
object, this shot adds movement towards the path that can be
seen from the object's knees.
• Medium Long Shot, shooting from the waist to the top of the
head, the background and the main object are comparable.
d) Long Shot

The long shot captures the entire area from the scene. The places,
people and objects in the scene are all shown in a long shot to introduce the
viewer to the whole.

3. Composition

Composition can be interpreted as a unity of a harmonious frame to create

an aesthetic balance. Composition is closely related to the comfort of the audience
when viewing images. There are two types, namely balanced and unbalanced
composition, both of which have their own motivation. A good composition will
give a more attractive image.

4. Continuity

A professionally made film must present a continuous, flowing, logical and

audible visual image, present events that are well-recorded and make sense. This is
an ongoing aspect of the film. (Mascelli, 1983: 67). Continuity is an image merging
technique to unify the images for each frame so that jumping between shots does
not occur. The aim of continuity is to combine shots so that the scene is clear,
smooth and fluid. In the production of a film, you must be able to display a
continuous sequence of images. In addition, making a film must be detailed and
planned, to maintain continuity in a film to be realistic and more convincing so that
it can make the audience drift in the storyline.

5. Cutting

Joseph said Cutting can be interpreted as a symbol of the editing process.

This is not the job of the editor or the post-production process but rather an idea of
thinking that can be called editorial thinking. Directors, Director Photography, even
a Sound Engineer must have sensitivity to editorial thinking in order to be effective
in the production process. (Mascelli, 1983: 147).

B.5 Review of Related Research

There is also an increasing number of studies that address dissociative
disorders, such as research written by Lendy Herni Lucumana, 2012, in the novel
Scandal by Shusaku Endo, Luses a literary psychology approach and shows various
types and manifestations of personality. Lendi focuses on two characters, Suguro
and Mrs. Naruse. The results that the researchers got from Rendy were that the main
characters, namely Suguro and Mrs. Naruse, had positive mental disorders, or
multiple personalities. This is because the two characters show several symptoms
of multiple personality: general symptoms of psychosis or functional psychosis,
psychological or psychiatric symptoms, and positive symptoms of multiple
personality. The main characters, Suguro and Mrs. Naruse, obviously suffers from
mental and spiritual numbness, the hebephrenic type of multiple personality
disorder.

Nurfitria, Ria (2022), “Gangguan Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) pada

Tokoh Utama dalam Film Suiyoubi Ga Kieta Karya Kohei Yoshino”. The results
showed that childhood trauma caused characters as a core personality to create other
personalities as an alternative personality by identifying and transferring
(displacement). The method used is descriptive analysis according to semi, and
theory of literary psychoanalysis according to Sigmund Freud.

Last, Janita and Samanik, 2018, “Dissociative Identity Disorder Reflected in

Frederick Clegg’s Character in the Collectors Novel” . This research is to reveal the
causes of dissociative identity disorder and the symptoms of dissociative identity
disorder in the novel using dissociative identity disorder theory by Pierre Janet. The
result of this analysis shows some causes and symptoms that exist in the novel. For
the causes it was started from capacity for dissociation, traumatic experiences,
perpetuating factors. Meanwhile for the symptoms are start from memory loss
(amnesia), mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal
thoughts and behaviors.

From the research above, it can be seen that the similarities in this writing are
the topic. However, with different literary works and theories. This study chooses a
Korean drama with the title Voice 4 : Judgement Hour, and uses the theory from
Nevid and Thomas Oldmans to find out the kinds and causes of DID in the Korean
Drama Voice 4 : Judment Hour.
 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

C.1 Type of Research

The research method is a method used by researchers in collecting research
data. By using the research method, it will be known that there is a significant
relationship between the variables studied so as to produce conclusions that will
clarify the description of the object under study. The method in this study uses
a qualitative descriptive method which is research conducted through intense
interactions based on natural conditions to investigate the daily life or
extraordinary events of individuals, community groups, and organizations
(Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014). With these characteristics, qualitative
methods are widely used to analyze various humanities social science problems,
such as democracy, race, gender, class, nation state, globalization, freedom, and
social problems in general. (Ratna I. N., 2016).

In this study, a qualitative descriptive method was used to analyze the kinds
and causes of DID experienced by the character Dong Bang Min in the Korean
Drama Voive 4 : Judgment Hour.

C.2 Data and Source of the Data

Research data are all facts and figures that can be used as material to compile
information (Suharsimi Arikunto, 2002: 96). The data that will be used in this study
are screenshots of several scenes whose contents focus on the kinds and causes of
DID experienced by the character Dong Bang Min in the Korean Drama Voice 4:
Judgment Hour. While the data source that the researcher will use is the Korean
Drama Voice Season 4: Judgment Hour.

C.3 Method of Collecting Data

The researcher obtains the data required for this research by following
severalsteps in sequence. The steps used are
 1. Watching the Korean drama Voice 4: Judgment Hour which is used as
the object of research repeatedly
2. Record and collect snippets of scenes that show the kinds and
symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder
3. Classify data into two parts:
a. Kinds of dissociative identity disorder are found in the
character Dong Bang Min, as seen in Voice 4 : Judgment Hour
Korean Drama
b. Causes of dissociative identity disorder of the Dong Bang Min,
as seen in Voice 4 : Judgment Hour Korean Drama
4. Analyze the results of the classification of two data

C.4 Method of Analyzing

After the data is classified, the researcher then examines the fragments of
the scene using semiotic by Pierce, because apart from having denotative meanings
there are also connotative meanings that must be analyzed.