DISEASES TYPE AND CAUSATIVE CAUSE/ MODE OF SYMPTOMS TEST/ PREVENTION/

OCCURRENCE PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION TREATMENT/

DRUGS
Amoebiasis/ Protozoan  Entamoeba histolytica  Faeco-oral route  Colitis  Perfect sanitation and
‘Amoebic’ 70,000 deaths per  Cyst form is infective  Contact with dirty  Liver, Brain, Liver, protection of drinking
water, vegetables from
dysentery year  Non-cysted forms/ hands/ objetcs/ anal- Intestinal abscesses pollution and contaminated
More prevalent in trophozoites do not oral route  Cramps water
Warmer regions survive outside body –  House-flies/  Ulceration of colon –  Sanitary disposal of
no infection cockroaches/ food- severe dysentery – faecal matter, avoid
handlers vegetables grown in
 Mucosal and sub- acidic stools – pure human faeces
mucosal layers of  Carriers blood and mucus –  Boiling water,
large intestine – Invasive/ fulminant sedimentation, filtration
tissues of intestinal amoebiasis (Resistant to Chlorination)
wall – ulcers and  Rectal straining,  Washing hands with soap
abcesses intense gripping pain + hot water atleast for 10
sec after toilet or changing
baby’s diapers
 Drug - Metrogyl
Malaria Protozoan  Plasmodium vivax (most common)  Cyclic occurrence of  Mosquito nets and
(widespread in  Plasmodium ovale sudden coldness insect repellants
tropical & sub-  Plasmodium malariae (longest incubation period) followed by rigor and  Spray insecticides on
tropical regions  Plasmodium falciparum (malignant malaria, most then fever – lasts for – standing waters where
common) 4-6 hours every two mosquitoes breed
 Life cycle – 2 stages: days in P. vivax & P.  Mosquito larvae
o Sexual phase – mosquito (primary host) – blood ovale; every three days controlled by Gambusia
meal → ingest gametocytes → diff. to male and in P. falciparum fish
female gametes → fuse → round zygote →  Arthralgia (joint pain)  Wear larvae like full
elongated worm like ookinete/ vermicule →  Retinal damage sleeved shirts and full
penetrates gut lining → oocyst/sporont in gut wall  Anaemia (caused by pants to avoid mosquito
→ asexual repro. → 10,000 sporozoites from each haemolysis) bites
oocyst → migrate to salivary glands  Haemoglobinuria  Drug – Quinine – from
o Asexual phase – human (secondary host) - *Pre-  Convulsions bark from Cinchona
erythrocytic → infection of liver → merozoites →  P. falciparum –
rupture liver cells → enter blood - *Erythrocytic – Splenomegaly, severe
signet ring shaped trophozoites → schizonts → headache, cerebral
RBCs burst (release haemozoin → fever chills ischemia,
 Vector – Female Anopheles anopheles mosquito hepatomegaly,
hypoglycemia,
haemoglobinuria, renal
failure
Filariasis/ Parasitic  Wuchereria bancrofti  Elephantiasis – Fever,  Diethylcarbamazine
Elephantiasis nematode  Brugia malayi Proliferation of 100 mg – twice a day
Types –  Brugia timori endothelial cells and for weeks – 5 days
1. Lymphatic (Worms occupy lymphatic system – lymph nodes; deposition of every six months
2. Subcutaneous chronic – elephantiasis) metabolites in walls of  Mosquito bites –
3. Serous cavity  Life cycle – 5 stages: lymph vessels – avoided – insecticide
o Mating – Birth to thousands of live microfilariae inflammation of treated mosquito bed
o Develop further if sucked along with human blood lymph glands nets – reduce
by vector – third stage – infective larvae  W. bancrofti – legs, transmission
o Another blood meal – infectious larvae into dermis arms, vulva, breasts,
layer of skin scrotum (hydrocele
o After 1 year, larvae molt through two more stages – formation)
adult worms
 Vector – Female Culex mosquito
Ascariasis Parasitic  Ascaris lumbricoides -  Avoid touching soil
nematode  Only one host – Man contaminated with
(ringworm)  Present in gastro-intestinal tract and faecal matter faeces
 Life cycle – three months  Safe excreta disposal
 Female produces 2,00,000 microscopic eggs per  Travelling to area with
day – passed in faeces poor, avoid food and
 Larvae hatch → penetrate intestinal wall → enter water – avoid food and
blood stream → stop at pulmonary arteries → stay water contaminated
in lungs for two weeks → Break free into alveoli with soil
→ Travel up respi. Sys. → Swallowed again  Food dropped on floor
(Migration needed for larvae to develop into adults) should not be eaten
→ Small intestine → adult worms →Survive by without washing and
eating digested food → live for 1-2 years → Mate cooking
→ Eggs fertilize (unfertilized eggs are not  Wash hands with water
infective) → Resistant to chemicals, extreme temp. and soap before eating
 Ingested fertilized egg enter human gastro- or preparing food
intestinal tract – Food & water contaminated with  Wash, peel or cook
faeces of infected person all fruits and
 Symptoms to occur – 4-16 days after infection vegetables before
 First appearance of eggs in stools – after 60-70 eating.
days  Drugs – 1-3 days
o Albendazole
o Ivermectin
o Nitazoxanide
o Mebendazole
Typhoid/ Gastric Bacterial  Salmonella typhi  Contaminated food and  High fever - 40℃ (104  Widal Test
Fever/ Louis (1829)  Human intestine water ℉)  Typhidot (within 7-14
Abdominal gave the name  Gram  Carriers: Mary  Pathogen attaches to days)
Typhus/ typhoid from negative Mallon – Typhoid epithelial cells of  Cultures of blood, urine
Infantile typhus bacterium Mary – Cook – Seven intestinal villi, faeces
Intermittent  Pathogenicity – Outer years penetrates into lamina  WHO – Vaccine
Fever/ Slow membrane – LPS (Lipo-  House flies –faeces to propria and submucosa o Live Oral – Typhoral,
Fever/ Nervous polysaccharide) food  Rash of Rose-colored Ty21a (Vivotif Berna)
Fever/  Made of:  Bacteria multiply in spots on chest and o Injectable –
Pathogenic o Antigen O: outermost blood – Absorbed into abdomen Polysaccharide
Fever/ Enteric o Polysaccharide core digestive sys. –  Four stages of vaccine – TyphimVi
Fever o Lipid A: 2 phospho. Eliminated with waste symptoms each of one (Sanofi Pasteur),
Glucosamine attached week Typherix (GSK –
to fatty acid Incubation Period:  Bradycardia Glaxo Smith Kline)
 H antigen: Flagella 10 – 20 days  Malaise  Drugs –
 Headache, cough o Chloramphenicol
 Watery green stools o Ampicillin
 Nose/ epistaxis o Ciprofloxacin
bleeding
 Leucopenia
 Intestinal perforations
Pneumonia Bacterial (Major  Streptococcus  Air-borne  Decreased lung  Isolation of
cause of death) pneumonia  Bacterial cysts efficiency – Lymph & infected person
 Haemophilus influenzae thorugh sputum of mucus in bronchioles  Vaccination (Vaccines
Viral  Influenza virus patients  Cough – Yellow/green against H. influenza, S.
sputum/phlegm
 Respiratory  Lowered body pneumonia during first
 High fever – shaking year have reduced
syncytial virus resistance due to
chills
(RSV) malnutrition, alcohol, chances of pneumonia
 Shortness of breath –
 Adenovirus, drugs or other diseases Sharp shooting chest pain
in children)
Parainfluenza like influenza during breath or cough  Drugs –
Other  Parasitic - Ascariasis  Cyanosis: Lips & Finger o Amantadine
 Chemical/ physical Incubation Period: 1 – 3 nails – Grey to Bluish o Rimantadine
injury to lungs days  Coughing out blood, o Zanamivir
 Secondary to AIDS headaches, loss of o Oseltamivir
appetite, fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, mood swings,
joint pains

Common Cold Viral  Rhinoviruses – picorna  Droplets from sneezes/ Within 16 hours of  No vaccine
 (Common URI virus & corona virus cough of infected exposure  Stay away from
Obstructive Others (not important) – person  Fatigue infected people and
Lung Disease)  Influenza viruses  Fomites  Feeling chilled, places where they live
(Misnomer)/  Adenovirus sneezing, headache –  Soap – Handwash –
Nasopharyngitis/  Human Parainfluenza Frequency - runny nose and With mechanical
Acute viral virus  Children – 12/year cough action of hand rubbing
rhinopharyngitis/  Human respiratory  Adults – 6/year  Nasal congestion - drying
Acute coryza/ suncytial virus  Sore throat, hoarseness  Alcohol based
Rhinitis acuta  Enteroviruses  Conjunctivitis (pink sanitizers – very little
catarrhalis  Metapneumoviruses eye) protection from URI
 Muscle ache, loss of in children
appetite  Anti-histamines for
 Lasts upto 7-10 days or decongestion
upto 3 weeks
Ringworm/ Fungal  Dermatophytes –  Fungi Feed on keratin –  Appearance of dry,  Avoid sharing clothes,
Dermatophytosis Fungus skin, hair, nails scaly enlarged raised sports equipments,
(Name is  Microsporum  Fungi thrive on skin – red rings – skin, scalp, towels, sheets
misnomer, not  Trichophyton warm & moist – or on nails  Wash clothes in hot
caused by  Epidermophyton outsides of hair shafts  Onychomycosis – water with fungicidal
worms) or in their interiors Nails get discoloured, soap
 Pets – In skin and on thicken and finally  Avoid walking bare
surface of hair crumble and fall off foot –use protective
 Athlete’s foot – footwear, in locker
Lesions on skin of rooms and sandals at
feet – intense itching the beach
 Moisture and heat in
skin folds - Groin (Jock
itch) and between toes
-favour

Some more bacterial diseases – Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Dysentery (Shigella, Campylobacter), Plague/ Black death (Yersinia
pestis), Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheria), Leprosy/ Hansen’s disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
Some other diseases – (other than Chp. Biological Classification, Reproductive Health) Babesiosis (Babesia microti – protozoan – tick vector),
Blastomycosis (Fungal), Dengue (Virus - Dengue, Vector- Aedes aegyptii mosquito), Chikunguniya (Virus - Chikunguniya, Vector- Aedes aegyptii
mosquito), Leishmania (protozoan, vector- sandfly), Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma – protozoan, vector – tsetse fly), Encelphalitis/ Meningitis
(Bacterial), Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis/ porkworm – ovoviviparous nematode)