3 Hours / 100 Marks: Seat No

11920
17526
3 Hours / 100 Marks Seat No.
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.
(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication

devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following : 12
(a) State the necessity of transmission system in automobile.
(b) Classify automobiles on the basis of any four criteria with example of
each.
(c) Define the following terms with the help of simple sketch :
(i) Camber
(ii) King pin inclination
(d) Draw neat labelled layout of air brake system.
[1 of 4] P.T.O.
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17526 [2 of 4]
(B) Attempt any ONE of the following : 6
(a) Enlist various types of vehicle layout and explain with neat sketch front
engine rear wheel drive layout.
(b) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of overdrive.
2. Attempt any FOUR of the following : 16
(a) Explain with sketch working of four stroke petrol engine power plant.
(b) Explain with neat sketch working of constant mesh gear box.
(c) Differentiate between disc brake and drum brake.
(d) Explain with neat sketch working of differential.
(e) State the different types of rear axle. Explain construction details of any one
of them with sketch.
3. Attempt any TWO of the following : 16
(a) State the functions of clutch. Explain with neat sketch working of single plate
clutch (diaphragm type).
(b) Explain with neat sketch hydraulic braking system. Also, state any two
advantages and two disadvantages of hydraulic brake system.
(c) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of rack and pinion steering
gear box.
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17526 [3 of 4]
4. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following : 12
(a) Define wheel alignment and wheel balancing.
(b) Explain Mac-Pherson type suspension system with neat sketch.
(c) Explain wire harness and state any four color codes used in wiring
system.
(d) Explain working of battery ignition system with neat sketch.
(B) Attempt any ONE of the following : 6
(a) Sketch the layout of an air-conditioning system for a car and explain its
working.
(b) State and explain air-conditioning parameters for human comfort.
5. Attempt any FOUR of the following : 16
(a) Describe with neat sketch working of alternator.
(b) Explain with neat sketch spoked wheel.
(c) Differentiate between radial ply and cross ply tyres.
(d) Explain the importance of an aerodynamic shape of car body.
(e) Draw the general layout of an automobile Chasis and label the components.
P.T.O.
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17526 [4 of 4]
6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 16
(a) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of starting motor.
(b) Sketch a cut section showing construction of battery. Label the components
and state their functions.
(c) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of telescopic shock
absorber.
_______________
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Automobile Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17526
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure
drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answer Mark

No Q. ing
. N. Sche
me
1 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12

a) State the necessity of transmission system in automobile.
04
Answer: ( 1 mark for each)
Necessity of transmission system:
1. To disconnect the engine from the driving wheels when starting the engine
2. To connect the driving wheels smoothly & without shock to the engine, when the
engine is running.
3. To reduce the speed of the engine at the driving wheels in the ratio of about 4:1
in the passenger cars & in greater ratio in heavy vehicles up to 10:1.
4. To vary vehicles speed and torque according to driving conditions.
5. To transmit the power from engine to rear axle at varied angle and speed.
6. To drive the driven wheel on either side of the vehicle at different speeds while
the vehicle is negotiating a turn.
b) Classify automobiles on the basis of any four criteria with example of each. 04
Answer: (Any four purpose – 1 mark each)

1. According to Purpose (Use)
a) Passenger Cars (Any
b) Goods Carriage four
c) Special Purpose purpo
d) Earth Moving se – 1
e) Motor Cycle (Bikes) mark
f) Mopeds each)
2. According to Fuel Used:
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a) Petrol Vehicles
b) Diesel Vehicles
c) LPG/CNG Vehicles
d) Electric Cars
e) Hybrid Cars
f) Solar Cars
g) Fuel Cell
3. According to Load Carrying Capacity:
a) Heavy Motor Vehicle
b) Medium Motor Vehicle
c) Light Motor Vehicle
4. According to Drive Used:
a) Left and Right Hand Drive
b) Two Wheel and Four Wheel Drive
5. According to Engine Location and Mounting:
a) Front Engine Front Wheel Drive
b) Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
c) Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive
d) Bus Chassis
e) Full Forward Chassis
f) Semi Forward Chassis
6. According to Body Styles:
A. Passenger Cars:
a) Sedan/Saloon
b) Hardtop
c) Lift back (Hatchback)
d) Station Wagon
e) Coupe
f) Limousine
g) Convertible
h) Estate Car
B. Heavy Vehicles/Trucks:
a) Truck Punjab Body
b) Truck Half Body
c) Truck Platform Type
d) Truck with Trailer
e) Dumper
f) Tanker
7. According to Wheel and Axle:

a) Two and Three Wheeler
b) Four Wheeler and Six Wheeler
c) Single and Multi Axle.
Define the following terms with the help of simple sketch:

c) (i) Camber 04
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(ii) King pin inclination
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Answer 02
(i) Camber:
It is the tilt of car wheels from the vertical when viewed from the front of vehicle.
Camber is positive, if the tilt is outward at the top. Camber is negative, if the tilt is
inward at the top.
(ii) King pin inclination:

It is the angle between vertical line and centre line of king pin or steering axis when 02
viewed from the front of the vehicle.
d) Draw neat labelled layout of air brake system. 04
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04
Figure: Layout of Air Brake System
1 (B) Attempt any ONE of the following. 06
a) Enlist various types of vehicle layout and explain with neat sketch front engine rear 06
wheel drive layout.
Types of Vehicle Layouts: 02

According to Engine Location:
[1] Two Wheel Drive Vehicle:
1.1.1 Front Engine Front Wheel Drive (FFWD)
1.1.2 Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (FRWD)
1.1.3 Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive (RRWD)
[2] Four (All) Wheel Drive Vehicle:
2.1.1 Manual Operated Four Wheel Drive
2.1.2 Electronic Operated Four Wheel Drive
According to Engine Mounting:

1. Full Forward Chassis
2. Semi Forward Chassis
3. Bus Chassis
Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive Layout:
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02
The layout of car is shown in the figure. It shows the position of the main parts of an
automobile. It consists of engine located at the front of vehicle, followed by a clutch,
gear box, propeller shaft, universal joint, differential, rear axle etc. The drive from the
gear box is conveyed through a short shaft to the front universal joint of the propeller
02
shaft. From the propeller shaft it is conveyed to the rear wheel through a sliding slip joint
and universal joint. The bevel gear of the short shaft is driven by rear universal joint.
This bevel gear meshes with a larger bevel gear which drives the two rear axle shafts
through a differential gear.
Explain with neat sketch construction and working of overdrive.
b) 06
02
Figure: Overdrive
Construction: 02
It consists of an Epicyclic gear train in which sun gear is free to rotate on the engine
shaft (input shaft) which is splined while the carrier can be slide. A free clutch is also
fitted on input shaft. The ring gear is mesh with the casing of the output shaft.
Working:
1. When the sun gear is locked with the casing i.e. it became stationary, the speed of
the output shaft increase hence says as overdrive is engaged.
2. When the sun gear is locked with the carrier or ring gear, solid drive through the
gear train is obtained.
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3. Thus depending upon the locking of sun gear with casing or carrier the overdrive
or direct drive is obtained. 02
4. There is another possible control of mechanism there is a direct drive through the
free wheel clutch when engine develops the power
5. When accelerator pedal is brought to zero position and engine is idling, the
output shaft will tends to override the input shaft.
2. Attempt any FOUR of the following. 16
a) Explain with sketch working of four stroke petrol engine power plant. 04
Working of FOUR stroke Petrol engine :
The cycle of events that takes place in 4 stroke petrol engine is shown in figure. Fig. (a)
shows the suction of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder during the downward movement of 02
the piston. The piston moving away from cylinder head creates a pressure reduction or
below atmospheric pressure. This depression is responsible for sucking the air-fuel
mixture in the cylinder in naturally aspirated engine. In fig. (b) is shown the compression
stroke in which both the inlet and exhaust valves are closed at the end of which the
typical cylinder pressure will be from 8 bar to 13 bar with engine running under load.
Towards the end of the compression stroke, combustion of the charge is ignited by the
spark plug occurs. This generate the heat and rises pressure. The burning gases expands
as shown in fig (c) pushing the piston downward. This is called the power or expansion
stroke. At the end of power stroke the inlet valve remains closed but exhaust valve
opens, the piston moves towards the cylinder head expelling most of the burnt gases to
atmosphere (fig. d). Thus whole cycle is completed in four strokes i.e. two revolution of
crankshaft.
02
b) Explain with neat sketch working of constant mesh gear box. 04
Working of constant mesh gear box: 02

A simplified diagram of constant mesh gear box has been shown in Figure. In this gear
box, all gears on the main transmission shaft are constantly connected to corresponding
gears on countershaft or lay shaft. In addition, two dog clutches are provided on the main
shaft. One dog clutch is between the third gear and clutch gear and another is between
the first (Low) gear and second gear. Top or 4th speed gear is obtained when the left dog
clutch is shifted to left to mesh with clutch gear by using the gear shift lever. In this case,
main shaft rotates at the same speed as that of clutch gear or engine crankshaft speed
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which is the maximum speed. Third gear is obtained when dog cutch (left side) meshes
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with third gear on main shaft. In this way by sliding the second dog clutch, second and
first gears are obtained.
02
Figure: Constant Mesh gear box

c) Differentiate between disc brake and drum brake. 04
Sr. Disc Brake Drum brake

No.
01 Friction surfaces are directly Friction occurs on the internal surfaces,
exposed to the cooling air. therefore heat dissipated only by
conduction through the drum.
02 Flat friction pads are used. Curved friction linings are used.
04
03 There is uniform wear of friction Non uniform wear of friction linings. (any 8
pads. points
04 There is no loss of efficiency due There is loss of efficiency due to )
to expansion. expansion.
05 Weight is less so saving upto 20 % Comparatively higher weight.
is possible.
06 Disc brakes have comparatively Comparatively poor anti-fade
better anti-fade characteristics. characteristics.
07 Simple in design. Complicated design.
08 Comparatively easy to remove and Removal and replacement of brake

replace friction pads. linings is difficult and consumes more
time.
09 Less frictional area More frictional area
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10 Pressure intensity is more Pressure intensity is less
d) Explain with neat sketch working of differential. 04
Working of Differential:
02
Figure: Differential
1. When vehicle moves in a straight line:
The power comes from propeller shaft to the bevel pinion which drives the crown wheel.
Then it is carried to the differential cage in which a set of planet pinions and sun gears
are located. From the sun gear it is transmitted to the road wheels through axle half
shafts. In this case, the crown wheel, differential cage, planet pinions and sun gears all
turn as a single unit and there is no any relative motion between the sun gear and planet
pinion. The planet pinions do not rotate about their own axis. The road wheels, half
shafts and sun wheels offer the same resistance to being turned and the differential 02
gearing does not therefore operate. Both the road wheels turn at the same speed
2. When Vehicle takes a turn:
The inner wheel experiences a resistance and tends to rotate in opposite direction. Due to
this the planet pinions starts rotating about their own axis and around the sun gear and
transmit more rotary motion to the outer side sun gear. So that outer sun gear rotates
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faster than the inner sun gear. Therefore the outer road wheel runs faster than the inner
road wheel and covers a more distance to negotiate a turn safely.
e) State the different types of rear axle. Explain construction details of any one of
04
them.
:(types- 1 marks, Explanation & sketch- 3marks)
Types of Rear Axle:
1) Semi floating Rear Axle
2) Quarter Floating rear axle
3) Fully floating rear axle
1) Semi floating rear axle:
Construction deatails: (1
The figure shows a schematic diagram of the semi floating rear axle. A single ball mark
bearing is inside the axle casing. The axle of the wheel is at the centre of the axle casing for
and the wheels are fitted at the end of the axle. This is done by means of key, bolt and types,
nut. The whole weight of the vehicle is first transmitted to the suspension spring. From expla
there it is transmitted to the axle casing from there to the axle and wheel. Finally it is natio
transmitted to the ground. The axle can be removed by first placing a support below the n &
axle casing. sketc
h3
OR mark
s)
2. Quarter floating rear axle:
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Construction details:
This axle is generally used on large vehicles and high performance cars. In this axle, a
bearing is provided inside the axle housing to carry the final drive unit. To support the
weight of the vehicle, an outer bearing is also placed between the wheel hub and the axle
housing. The weight of the vehicle is transferred to the axle casing while the side trust
and the driving torques are supported on the axle shaft.One bearing of the brake drum is
fitted on the axle while the other on the axle tube. The hub bearing housing flange
carries the wheel studs. It is either integral with the half shaft or carried on a keyed taper
pass through the half shaft flange. During cornering, the half shafts are only subjected to
a bending load. As shown in the figure , this axle is quite complicated but more reliable
ascompared to semi-floating axle. The wheel will still be attached to car on case of
half shaft failure. But the side loads may cause it to rock on the bearing.
OR
2) Full Floating Rear Axle:
Construction details:
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In this type of axle two taper roller bearings are used. Bearings are placed between the
axle housing and the wheel hub. Since the load of the vehicle is supported completely by
the axle housing. The axle only transmits driving torque. The inner end is supported
inside gear of differential and outer end have a flange to which wheel hub is bolted. The
axle may be removed or replace from the housing without disturbing the wheel by
removing the nut. This type of axle is more expensive and heavier than other axle. This
type is used in trucks or commercial vehicles.
3. Attempt any TWO of the following. 16
a) State the functions of clutch. Explain with neat sketch working of single plate 08
clutch(diaphragm type) .
Function of clutch- 02
1. To permit engagement or disengagement of gears when the vehicle is stationary (the
engine is running) and when the vehicle is in motion without damaging the gear wheels.
2. To transmit the engine power to the road wheels smoothly without shock to the
transmission system while setting the vehicle in motion.
3. To allow the engine to take up load gradually without shock or jerk
02
Working : The constructional details of diaphragm clutch as shown in figure. Coil
spring is replaced by diaphragm plate. The figure shows the clutch in engaged position.
The conical diaphragm has been flattened in order to exert thrust on the pressure plate &
friction facing. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the release bearing exerts pressure
at the center of the diaphragm spring. The outer edge of the diaphragm spring moves
away from the flywheel, disengaging the pressure plate from clutch plate. Hence
disengaged the power from engine to the transmission system. The pedal effort required
to disengage the clutch is very little compared to the conventional clutch.
03
b) Explain with neat sketch hydraulic breaking system. Also state any two advantages 06
and disadvantages of hydraulic brake system.
Ans. Working: When the brakes are not in operation, the system is filled with brake fluid 02
under light pressure. When driver presses the brake pedal for applying the brake, the
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piston in the master cylinder moves forward and compresses the fluid in cylinder. It
increases the pressure of the fluid in master cylinder and in entire hydraulic system. This
pressure is instantly transferred to all four wheel cylinders (in case of disc brake this
pressure is transferred to calipers). Thus the piston in wheel cylinders moves outward
which moves brake shoes against brake drum to apply brakes. When driver releases the
brake pedal, the master cylinder piston returns to its original position due to return spring
and the pressure is dropped. It releases brake shoes from brake drum to their: original
position and brakes
Advantages:
1. Brake fluid act as lubricant. 01
2. Reduces frictional losses.
3. Lighter in weight.
Disadvantages:
1. They can leak which makes them messy
2. Fluid inside them are often caustic to paint and some seals 01
02
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c) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of rack and pinion steering 08
gear box.
Ans. Working: The rack-and-pinion steering box has a pinion, connected to the steering 04
column. This pinion runs in mesh with a rack that is connected to the steering tie rods.
Both the pinion and the rack teeth are helical gears. Helical gearing gives smoother and
quieter operation for the driver.
Turning the steering wheel rotates the pinion, and moves the rack from side to side. Ball
joints at the end of the rack locate the tie-rods and allow movement in the steering and
suspension. Mechanical advantage is gained by the reduction ratio. The value of this
ratio depends on the size of the pinion. A small pinion gives light steering, but it requires
many turns of the steering wheel to travel from lock, to lock. A large pinion means the
number of turns of the steering column is reduced, but the steering is heavier to turn.
04
4 A Attempt any THREE of the following. 12
a) Define wheel alignment and wheel balancing. 04
Wheel alignment: It refers to the adjustment of a vehicle’s suspension the system that 02
connects a vehicle to its wheels. It is not an adjustment of tires or wheels themselves.
The key proper alignment is adjusting the angles of the tires which affects how they
make contact with the road.
Wheel balancing: It is a process that ensures wheel spins truely as they are fitted on a 02
vehicle. In case wheel are not spinning properly then there are problems like uneven tyre
wear, a vehicle pulling on one side, excessive bouncing of a vehicle, wheel shimmy etc
which we face. To avoid them this is done.
b) Explain Mac-Pherson type suspension system with neat sketch. 04
Mc-pherson strut type independent suspension: In this type, only lower wishbones are 02
used as shown in fig. A strut containing shock absorber and the spring carries also the
stub axle on which the wheel is mounted. The wishbone is hinged to the cross member
and positions the wheel as well as resists accelerating, braking and side forces. This
system is simple, lighter and keeping the unsprung weight lower. Further the camber
also does not change when the wheels move up and down. This type of suspension
provides the maximum area in the engine compartment and is, therefore, commonly used
on front wheel drive cars.
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02
c) Explain wire harness and state any four color codes used in wiring system. 04
Wire harness: In order to quickly identify and also to simplify the wiring system, the
cables are colored. For quick identification, insulations of various wires in a circuit are
assigned different colors. The seven color code system is the general one and involves
brown, yellow, red, white, green, blue and black colors. [2] In motor vehicle wiring
02
system there are number of wires for different systems such as head lamp, fog, side
indicator, horn etc. As the wires are more for each circuit, we have limited space for
making of suitable arrangement of wiring.
Thus following seven color code system mentioned below, used in an automobile:
Color codes
02
(1/2
mark
each)
d) Explain working of battery ignition system with neat sketch. 04
Battery ignition system for four cylinder engine 02
When the ignition switch is in the ON Position, current flows from the battery to the
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primary winding of ignition coil. The current in the primary circuit goes on increasing
exponentially during the period that the contact breaker points are connected. The
laminated core of the ignition coil stores the electromagnetic energy generated on
account of this current built up in the primary circuit. When the contact breaker points
open, the electromagnetic field built up in the primary circuit collapses and the energy is
projected in the secondary circuit. As the break period of contact breaker is very short,
the EMF voltage induced in secondary circuit is very high and is proportional to the rate
of change of flux in winding. This sudden high voltage generated is directed to specific
spark plug as per the firing order with the help of distributor. The condenser stores
energy during this break period of contact breaker and releases it during the make
period, thereby avoiding acting at contact breaker point. The voltage multiplication is
dependent on the number of turns of primary and secondary winding of ignition coil.
02
4. B Attempt any ONE of the following. 06

a) Sketch the layout of an air conditioning system for a car and explain its working. 06
Working: Air Conditioning System in a Car works on Vapor compression cycle. It 03

consists of compressor, condenser, evaporator, receiver, expansion valve, thermostat,
blower fan and heating core. In compressor during suction stroke low pressure vapor in
dry state is sucked from evaporator. It is then compressed to high pressure and
temperature. These vapors are then passed into condenser where heat is removed by
cooling medium which converts vapor into liquid. The liquid is stored into receiver. The
liquid from receiver is then passed to evaporator through expansion valve. Expansion
valve reduces pressure. The low pressure liquid refrigerant enters evaporator, where it
absorbs the heat from the warm air which is passed over the evaporator. The worm air
gets cooled thereby cooling the passenger compartment. Due to heat absorption, liquid
refrigerant gets converted into vapor and these vapors are passing to compressor.
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03
b) State and explain air conditioning parameters for human comfort. 06
Answer: ( Any three parameters each for 02 marks)
1) Temperature: Temperature is the most important factor which affects human

comfort to a great extent. Most of the human being feels comfortable at a temperature
210C to 250C. Generally human being feels comfortable at relatively higher temperature
in winter season and feels comfortable at relatively lower temperature in summer season.
The comfort temperature of individual person depends on his body structure, eating
habits, the area in which he is to make familiar to live. ( Any
three
2) Humidity: The control of humidity is not only necessary for human comfort but it is para
also important from point of view of efficiency of driver. For human comfort, relative meter
humidity is kept within a range of 35% to 60%. s each
for 02
3) Purity of air: A person does not feel comfortable when breathing in contaminated air mark
even if temperature and humidity is within comfortable range. Therefore, proper s)
filtration, cleaning and purification of air is necessary to keep it free from dust, dirt and
other impurities. The proper percentage of oxygen in air is necessary to be maintained
for human comfort. Therefore, proper filtration system is provided in HVAC system in
automobiles.
4) Air motion and circulation: Even if temperature, humidity and purity of air is
satisfactory, certain amount of air motion is necessary for human comfort. We do not
feel comfortable in dead or still air. It is therefore, necessary that there should be equi-
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distribution of air throughout the space to be air conditioned.
5. Attempt any FOUR of the following 16

Describe with neat sketch working of alternator 04
a)
Construction and working of alternator:
02
Figure: Alternator
ans (Note: Equivalent credit shall be given to any other suitable sketch if drawn)
Construction: It consists of fan, rectifier, diode, spacer, stator, drive and housing, slip
rings, rotors, drive and bearing, regulator, pulley etc. The operation of alternator is
improved by placing the stator and rotor assembly inside the iron frame of housing
which provide a conducting path for the magnetic line of force. Voltage increase by
increasing stator winding in to number of coil. Alternators consist of rotor assembly,
stator assembly and rectifier mounted in housing. Housing near of two piece of die cast
aluminium which is light and weight. Stator is clamp in housing. 02
Working: It consists of an electromagnetic rotor which is energized form the current of
the battery through brush and slip ring assembly. Rotor is rotated by belt and pulley
arrangement get power form engine stator winding is wound around the rotor. The
rectifier circuit consisting of diodes is connected to the stator winding. Diodes are
electronic device that allows current to flow only in one direction. When the
electromagnetic rotor is turned its magnetic lines of force cut the stationary stator loop.
This induces a current in the stator winding. Through the electromagnetic rotor reverses
its polarity the alternating current produces in the stator winding is converted to direct
current by the diodes.
b) Explain with neat sketch spoke wheel. 04

(Credit should be given to appropriate answer)
02
Wheel consists of hub (with bearings and axle), rim and spokes that keep it all together.
Wheel stands on its spokes.A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the
center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round
traction surface.
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02
Figure: Spoke wheel
As shown in the picture above: when a rider sits, the load will be transferred over the
fork to the wheel axle. Wheel axle will start loading the rim, through spokes with which
they are connected. When the axle starts pushing down, and the rim is on the ground,
rider only way the axle can go down is if it somehow manages to completely unload the
spokes in the lower part of the wheel. Spokes are easily bent, and the only way they
provide some sort of leverage is when they resist pulling force – the one that tries to
elongate them. So it is important to have the wheel trued and spokes tightened to
appropriate torque.
Differentiate between radial ply and cross ply tyres.

c) 04
Answer: (any four, 1 mark for each)
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d) Explain the importance of an aerodynamic shape of car body. 04
(3 marks explanation, 1m figure.)
The body of vehicle is designed to protect the passenger as well as various components
of the vehicle from the air.
An aerodynamic shape of car body is the external shape of car body which will offer
least resistance to air motion. Whenever car is moving there is an air resistance to motion
of car. This air resistance depends on
(i) Size of car
(ii) frontal shape and area
(iii) speed and
(iv) wind velocity.
(v) This air resistance is given by
Ra= Ca.A.V2
Where
Ra= Air Resistance,
Ca=coefficient of air resistance
V= Velocity of vehicle (speed)
Now as perpendicular frontal projected area of vehicle increases then vehicle air
resistance increases & vice- versa.
Figure 1. Indicates frontal area of vehicle which is vertical, flat & offers more air
resistance also flat portion at the rear produces drag which pulls the vehicle back
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reducing the motion of the vehicle.
Figure 1
So frontal area of car & body of car is designed in such a way that front portion is made
inclined & body is given smooth curves (using curves instead of flat surfaces). This
offers a least resistance to air & called as an aerodynamic shape.
Figure 2.indicates the use of curved surfaces in modern vehicles instead of flat surfaces
.This offers less air resistance.
Aerodynamic body shape of car Improves,
● There is least air motion resistance due to the aerodynamic shape.
● Engine load is decreased and there is better fuel efficiency & average.
● Air eddies are not formed.
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e) Draw the general layout of an automobile chasis and label the component 04
04
6. Attempt any TWO of the following. 16

Explain with neat sketch construction and working of starting motor. 08
a)
(Credit should be given to appropriate answer) 04
Construction:
A starter motor consist of two major parts:
i) A stationary field
ii) Rotating armature.
The field is made up of number of conductor turns around the soft iron core and
armature is made from a number of a number of conductor loops or windings wrapped
on a laminated soft iron core which is mounted on a shaft and bearing that support it
within the field. The conductor ends are soldered to copper commutator bars. Carbon-
copper compound brushes are held against the commutator bars to make electric contact
between the frame and the rotating armature.
Working:
Current flows through the field and through the commutator bars into the armature 02
winding, to develop the magnetic field around the conductors in each. Before the
armature winding can reach its neutral point, the next set of commutator bars moves into
contact with the brushes. This produce the same electromagnetic force on the next
armature conductor. The rotating force of armature is transferred through the starter
drive mechanism to crank the engine. The maximum torque or turning force developed
by the starter result from the strength of its magnetic field which is due to the design of
the starter, winding size, and conductor size. In general, for more current drawn by the
starter more torque will produce by the attracting and repelling of magnetic field.
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sketch:
02
Fig: Starting motor
Sketch a cut section showing construction of battery. Label the components and 08
b)
state their function.
02
Function of Battery, (2 point 2 marks)

1. Battery supplies the current for cranking motor and ignition system when the engine is
being cranked for starting.
2. When the vehicle is stationary battery supplies electricity for operating the various
electrical devices.
3. It is the secondary source of electrical energy when vehicle is not operating and
generator speed is insufficient to meet the full load requirement.
The main Components of Battery are (four major comp. 1marks)

1. Container
2. Plates 01
3. Separators
4. Electrolyte
5. Cell Covers
Construction of Battery (2 marks)

1. Container: - The container is made of acid resistance hard rubber or plastic. It is
divided in to compartments. Each compartment form a cell of 2V. At the bottom of
Container bridges are provided form space for sediment collection. This avoids the
danger of short circuit.
2. Plates: - There are two types of battery plates positive & negative. Each plate is made
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
of frame or Grid of an alloy of lead and antimony. The function of grid is to hold active
material and carry the current. Active material in the positive plate grid is red lead 02
(Pb3O4) and in the negative plate it is litharge (PbO).The negative plate group contain
one plate more than the positive plate group.
3. Separators:-To avoid the direct contact & thus short circuiting of positive & -ve
plates thin sheet of some Non-conducting material inserted between them called
separator.
4. Cell Cover:- They are moulded from hard rubber . Each cell cover contains holes for
positive and negative plate, a vent & filler opening. Vents are provided to escape the
gases.
5. Electrolyte:- After assembling completely the battery is filled with electrolyte. It is a
solution of Sulphuric acid contains approximately one part of Sulphuric acid & two part
of water by volume. specific gravity of Electrolyte is the measure of discharge of the
battery. In the charge condition Sp.gr.is 1.290 where as in the discharge condition it is
reduced to about 1.110.
(Diagram 3m)
03
Explain with neat sketch construction and working of telescopic shock absorber.
c) 08
Below figure shows a simple Telescopic Shock absorber. There is a fluid in space above 04
valve assembly (A), below (A) & also in annular space between cylinder (C) & tube (D),
www.truexams.com
which is connected to the space below valve assembly (B). (H) is gland in head (J) &
Page 23 / 24
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
any fluid scrapped off by rod (G) is brought down into annular space through inclined
passage shown in head. Eye (E) is connected to axle, while eye (F) is attached to chassis
frame. Fluid generally used in shock absorbers is a mixture of 60 per cent Transformer
oil & 40 per cent Turbine oil.
04
Figure: Telescopic Shock Absorber
When car has come across a bump,

[1] Eye (E) would move up & thereby the fluid will pass from lower side of valve
assembly (A) to its upper side.
[2] Due to pressure of fluid through rod (G) fluid will be go to underside of valve (B).
[3] This passing of fluid through valve openings provides damping.
[4] Similarly for downward motion of eye (E), fluid will pass upper side of valve
assembly (A) to lower side & also from lower side of valve assembly (B) to its upper
side.

3 Hours / 100 Marks: Seat No

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Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.

(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.

(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.

(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.

(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication

1. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) State the necessity of transmission system in automobile.

(ii) King pin inclination

(d) Draw neat labelled layout of air brake system.

(b) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of overdrive.

2. Attempt any FOUR of the following : 16

(c) Differentiate between disc brake and drum brake.

(d) Explain with neat sketch working of differential.

3. Attempt any TWO of the following : 16

(a) Define wheel alignment and wheel balancing.

(b) Explain Mac-Pherson type suspension system with neat sketch.

(d) Explain working of battery ignition system with neat sketch.

(B) Attempt any ONE of the following : 6

(b) State and explain air-conditioning parameters for human comfort.

5. Attempt any FOUR of the following : 16

(a) Describe with neat sketch working of alternator.

(b) Explain with neat sketch spoked wheel.

(c) Differentiate between radial ply and cross ply tyres.

(d) Explain the importance of an aerodynamic shape of car body.

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answer Mark

1 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12

Answer: (Any four purpose – 1 mark each)

7. According to Wheel and Axle:

Define the following terms with the help of simple sketch:

(ii) King pin inclination:

d) Draw neat labelled layout of air brake system. 04

Figure: Layout of Air Brake System

1 (B) Attempt any ONE of the following. 06

Types of Vehicle Layouts: 02

2.1.2 Electronic Operated Four Wheel Drive

According to Engine Mounting:

Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive Layout:

b) Explain with neat sketch working of constant mesh gear box. 04

Working of constant mesh gear box: 02

Figure: Constant Mesh gear box

Sr. Disc Brake Drum brake

08 Comparatively easy to remove and Removal and replacement of brake

d) Explain with neat sketch working of differential. 04

1. When vehicle moves in a straight line:

1) Semi floating rear axle:

2. Quarter floating rear axle:

2) Full Floating Rear Axle:

1. Brake fluid act as lubricant. 01

2. Reduces frictional losses.

1. They can leak which makes them messy

4 A Attempt any THREE of the following. 12

a) Define wheel alignment and wheel balancing. 04

d) Explain working of battery ignition system with neat sketch. 04

Battery ignition system for four cylinder engine 02

4. B Attempt any ONE of the following. 06

Working: Air Conditioning System in a Car works on Vapor compression cycle. It 03

b) State and explain air conditioning parameters for human comfort. 06

Answer: ( Any three parameters each for 02 marks)

1) Temperature: Temperature is the most important factor which affects human