Electrical Machines : TECP3622

Chapter 2: Week 8, 9 and 10

DC Machines

Dr. Tom Wanjekeche

Email: twanjekeche@unam.na
 1.1 Introduction
• The direct current (dc) machine can be used as a motor or as
a generator.
• DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
• The major advantages of dc machines are the easy speed and
torque regulation.
• However, their application is limited:
1. Mills and mines
2. Electric trains
3. Elevators
4. Trolleys
5. Underground subway cars
6. Prevent DC from passing from one circuit to another
7. Aircrafts .
•Generator action: An emf(voltage) is induced in a conductor if it
moves through a magnetic field.

•Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that has a current

going through it and placed in a magnetic field
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Construction
1.2 Construction
1.2 Construction
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.1 Principle of Operation
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
(i) Series generator
• In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series
with armature winding so that whole armature current flows
through the field winding as well as the load as shows below.
• Since the field winding carries the whole of load current, it has a
few turns of thick wire having low resistance.
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
(ii) Shunt generator
• In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature winding so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across
it.
• The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having high resistance.
• Therefore, only a part of armature current flows through shunt field winding
and the rest flows through the load.
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.2 Types of DC Generators
(iii) Compound generator
In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings
on each pole one is in series and the other in parallel with the
armature. A compound wound generator may be:
(a) Short Shunt: in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with
the armature winding
(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both
series field and armature winding
 1.3 DC Generator
Short Shunt Compound DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
Long Shunt Compound DC Generators
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.3. DC Generator Losses
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.3. DC Generator Losses
 1.3 DC Generator
1.3.4. Efficiency of a DC Generator
Example # 2
Example # 2
Example # 3
Example # 4
Example # 4
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
• A machine that converts DC power into mechanical power is known
as a DC motor.
• Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force.
• Basically, there is no constructional difference between a DC motor
and a DC generator. The same DC machine can be run as a generator
or motor.
• In a dc motor, the stator poles are supplied by dc excitation current,
which produces a dc magnetic field.
• The rotor is supplied by dc current through the brushes, commutator
and coils.
• The interaction of the magnetic field and rotor current generates a
force that drives the motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.1 Principle of Operation
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Equivalent Circuit of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Equivalent Circuit of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Equivalent Circuit of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Types of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Types of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Types of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Types of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.2 Types of DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.3 Efficiency of a DC Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Power flow
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Shunt Motor
• The field current Ish is constant
since the field winding is directly
connected to the supply voltage V
which is assumed to be constant.
• Hence, the flux in a shunt motor
is approximately constant.
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Shunt Motor
• The flux f and back EMF Eb in a
shunt motor are almost constant
under normal conditions.
• Therefore, speed of a shunt motor
will remain constant as the armature
current varies (dotted line AB)
• when load is increased, Eb (= V-
IaRa) and f decrease due to the
armature resistance drop and
armature reaction respectively.
• However, Eb decreases slightly
more than f so that the speed of the
motor decreases slightly with load
(line AC).
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Shunt Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Shunt Motor
Conclusions
Following two important conclusions are drawn from the above
characteristics:
• There is slight change in the speed of a shunt motor from no-load
to full load. Hence, it is essentially a constant-speed motor.
• The starting torque is not high because Ta α Ia.
• Used in fairly constant speed and varying load applications such as
conveyors, lathe, boring and drilling machines
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Series Motor
• Current passing through the field
winding is the same as that in the
armature.
• If the mechanical load on the motor
increases, the armature current also
increases.
• Hence, the flux in a series motor
increases with the increase in armature
current and vice-versa..
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Series Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Series Motor • It is clear that series motor
develops high torque at low
speed and vice-versa.
• It is because an increase in
torque requires an increase in
armature current, which is
also the field current. The
result is that flux is
strengthened and hence the
speed drops ( N α 1/Ө).
• If no load is connected to the motor, it can turn fast enough to
seriously itself
• Never completely unload a series motor and never connect a load
by a belt or other mechanism that can break easily
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Series Motor
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Series Motor
Conclusions
• It has a high starting torque because initially Ta α a2
• It is a variable speed i.e., it automatically adjusts the speed as the
load changes. Thus if the load decreases, its speed is automatically
raised and vice-versa.
• At no-load, the armature current is very small and so is the flux.
Hence, the speed rises to an excessive high value (N α 1/Ө)
• Due to its high starting torque series motor is used in application
requiring high starting torque such as starters in cars, elevators,
electric train, air compressors, vacuum cleaners and cranes
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Compound Motor
A compound DC motor has characteristics intermediate between series
and shunt motors.
• Due to the presence of shunt field, the motor is prevented from
running away at no-load.
• Due to the presence of series field, the starting torque is increased.
• For a given armature current, the starting torque of a series motor is
more than that of a shunt motor. However, the starting torque of a
compound motor lies between series and shunt motors
• Both shunt and compound motors have definite no-load speed.
However, a series motor has dangerously high speed at no-load.
 1.4 DC Motor
1.4.4 DC Motor Characteristics
Compound Motor
Example # 5
Example # 5
Example # 6
Example # 7
Example # 7
 Example # 8
A series-connected DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω and
field winding resistance of 1.5 Ω. In driving a certain load at 1200 rpm,
the current drawn by the motor is 20A from a voltage source of VT =
220V. The rotational loss is 150W. Find the output power and
efficiency.
 Example # 8

Output power delivered to the load:

Example # 9
Example # 9
 Homework

(a) 0.6 Ω (b)25,151 rpm

 Homework
2. A 500 V DC shunt motor takes total current of 5 A when running
unloaded. The resistance of armature circuit is 0.25 Ω and the field
resistance is 125 Ω. Calculate the efficiency and output power when
the motor is loaded and taking a current of 100 A. Also find the
Speed Regulation of the motor. [45.19 kW, 90.39%, 4.98%]
3. A 450-V, 140-kW, four-pole compound generator has a series
field resistance of 0.035 Ω, an inter-pole field resistance of 0.005 Ω,
a shunt field resistance of 165 Ω, and an armature resistance of
0.048 Ω. Draw the circuit diagrams and calculate the generated
voltage when the machine is delivering rated power, and is
connected:
(a)Short shunt [477.5 V] (b) Long shunt [477.62 V]
(c) Neglecting the brush contact drops, calculate the flux per pole if
the armature has 200 lap-connected conductors and is driven at a
speed of 750 rev/min. [191 mWb]
 Homework
4. A 50 kW, 230-V separately-excited dc machine is operated at a
constant speed of 3 000 rev/min with a constant field current such
that the open-circuit armature voltage is 230 V. The armature
resistance is 0.05 Ω. Compute the armature current, terminal power,
and the electromagnetic power and torque developed when the
terminal voltage is: [Only developed torque is given as solution )

4.1. 228 V. [𝟐𝟗.𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝑵𝒎]

4.2. 235 V. [𝟕𝟑.𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝒎]