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FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE CLASS: JS 3

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
1. Drug and Substance Abuse
2. Flooding
3. Deforestation and Desertification
4. Bush Burning
5. Depletion of Ozone Layer and its Effects.
6. Resources from living things/Economic Importance of Resource
7. Resources from Non-living Things: Solid Minerals, their Location and Importance
8. Light energy
9. Sound energy
10. Magnetism

REFRENCES
 BasicScience Made Easy for JSS Three by F.I Kehinde et al
 BasicScience Made Easy for JSS Two by F.I Kehinde et al
 STAN Integrated Science for JSS Three
 Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS three by J.O Otugboyegaet al.

WEEK ONE
DRUG AND SUBSTANCES
CONTENT
- Definition
- Health Effects of Drug Abuse on Youth
- Strategies on How to Live an Healthy Drug Free Life
- Roles of National Drug Control Agency (NDCA)

CONTENT
DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Drug abuse is the excessive use or continuous use of drugs without regard for accepted medical
practice. When a drug is used to incite pleasure or escape reality, especially without the doctor's
prescription, is said to be abused.

Substances can also be abused when they are taken beyond acceptable limits. Excess intake of
alcohol, cigarette, Marijuana and Indian helm are all example of substance abuse.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON YOUTH

Drug and substance abuse has some immediate effects like lightheadedness, stomach upset, skin
rashes, injection abscesses and so on but there are also more chronic effects like:
1. There is a 'crash' after the 'high' of taking drugs. There is usually fatigue, depression,
anxiety and dependence after the drug effect has worn off.
2. Drug abusers easily lose focus.
3. Drug abuse increases the rate of accident because most drugs affect the motor nerves that
controls movement of body parts.
4. The aftereffect of some drugs create illusion and hallucinations which terrifies the victim.
5. Unsterilised needles are often used by abusers. This exposes them to a high risk of
contacting dangerous disease.
6. Drug overdose often place its victims in coma or a vegetable state unless taken care off.

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7. Victim of drug abuse are often violent and found to be psychological unhealthy.

EVALUATION
1. What is drug abuse?
2. What are the health effects of drug abuse?

STRATEGIES ON HOW TO LIVE AN HEALTHY DRUG FREE LIFE

1. Always use drugs according to doctor's prescription.
2. Inculcate positive social interactions and healthy lifestyle.
3. Always reject any invitation to take drugs or substances that are unfamiliar or that are likely
to be abuse. Say NO to drug and substance abuse.
4. Avoid going to indecent places (e.g clubs, bar, anti social gatherings) where drug abuse is
likely to occur.

ROLES AND ACTIVITIES NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL AGENCY (NDCA)

The Drug control Agencies in Nigeria include:
1. NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control)
2. NDLEA (National Drug Law Enforcement Agency)

The functions of these agencies are as follows:

1. They control the manufacturing of drugs.
2. They monitor sales and distribution of drugs.
3. They refill prescriptions.
4. They care for drug dependent victims.
5. They control of environment conducive to drug abuse development.
6. They research on the method of rehabilitation of drug addict.
7. They educate the general public on the need to avoid drug abuse.

EVALUATION
1. State four strategies that can help one to live a drug free life
2. State two drug control agencies in Nigeria and their functions

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Mention four commonly abused substances and their method of use.
2. State four ways to control drug abuse.
3. State five effect of drug abuse on youth.
4. What is drainage?
5. List five types of abstinence

READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Science Made Easy for JSS Three by F.I. Kehinde et al. Chapter 4. Pages 12-13

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The excessive use of drugs without prescription is called drug ___ A. abuse B. misuse C.
overdose D. use
2. Which of the following is an effect of drug abuse on youths. A. Increased focus B. Wealth
C. Depression D. Happiness
3. An agency that controls the production and distribution of drugs in Nigeria is A. EFCC B.
NDLEA C. DSS
4. Which of the following is an example of a commonly abused substance? A. Water B. Opium
C. Paracetamol D. Juice
5. Which of the following places is substance abuse more likely? A. Club B. Church C.
Conference D. At home

THEORY
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1. What is drug abuse?
2. State five ways in which drug abuse can be reduced among teenagers.

WEEK TWO
FLOODING
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Causes of Flooding.
 Factors that Affects Flooding.
 Consequences of Flooding.
 How to Control Flooding.

INTRODUCTION
Flood is a disastrous overflow of water from a lake or other body of water due to excessive rainfall
or other input of water.

When there is heavy rain, so much water flows in=to the rivers that they come over the tops of
their banks and flood the land. This can be useful in many places as the flood carries a lot of silt into
the flooded area thereby making that area very good for agriculture. However, if the floods are deep
i.e., much, they can be harmful as they can destroy villages, etc.

Controlling floods will involve taking risks. Since floods are natural.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Heavy rain.
2. Long periods of rain.
3. Very wet saturated soil.
4. Compacted or dry soil.
5. Overflowing rivers.
6. Lack of drainage system.
7. Blocked drainages.

EVALUATION
1. What is flood?
2. State four causes of flooding.

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE OR AFFECT FLOODING

1. The amount of water that runs off the wind.
2. The amount of rainfall.
3. The temperature.
4. The type and condition of the soil.
5. The amount and type of vegetation.

CONSEQUENCES OF FLOODING
1. Loss of lives and valuable properties.
2. Destruction of crops.
3. Loss of livestock.
4. Widespread of waterborne diseases.
5. Disruption of business activities.

HOW TO CONTROL FLOODING

1. By building dams
2. By building very high walls along the rivers banks to prevent it from overflowing its banks.

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3. By widening the rivers.
4. By building reservoirs to hold more water during flooding.
5. Streams may be diverted so that they do not flow into a particular river and result to
flooding.
6. Irrigation

EVALUATION
1. State four consequences of flooding.
2. State four factors that leads to flooding.
3. State fours way to control or manage flooding.

SOIL EROSION
Soil erosion is the wearing away and loss of soil from an area. Soil erosion is the washing away of
soil by heavy rain or wind resulting in formation of gulley and landslides and leaving behind barren
rocks and slits on which plants can no longer grow. Soil erosion poses serious to agriculture as it
wash away the nutrient from the topsoil.

TYPES OF EROSION
Based on the cause of erosion, we have:

Water erosion: This is the erosion caused as a result of heavy rainfall or flood which wash away
the soil on slopes. Constant flow of water create gullies over a long time. When rain falls on sloppy
ground the water runs off thereby washing away a large portion soil and also breaking down rocks
in a process called weathering.
Wind erosion: This the erosion caused by fast moving wind which exposes the top soil and carry
them away. Wind erosion can be controlled by planting trees along the wind path. These trees serve
as windbreaker

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT CAUSE EROSION

Burning of bush: The deliberate or accidental burning of bush destroys the soil structure and
exposes it to erosion and high temperature.

Farming: The cutting of trees and clearing of farmlands exposes the soil to erosion

Building of house and industries: The clearing of land before the building of houses promote
erosion.

Growth of town: Development of town leads to the exposure of the soil surfaces which can easily
be washed away.

Construction of roads: The construction of new road leads to the breaking of soil structure which
make it easy for soil to be washed away.

EFFECTS OF EROSION
1. It reduces soil fertility.
2. It damages road and soil surfaces.
3. It destroys farmland and farm produce.
4. It may lead to lose of buildings.
5. It leads to loss of lives through accident and building collapse.

CONTROL OF EROSION
1. Indiscriminate burning of bushes should be stopped.
2. Plant of trees and cover crops.

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3. The practice of mulching in which cut grass residue are spread over the soil surface under a
growing crop which retains moisture, reduces weeds and prevent exposure of the soil
surface thereby reducing soil erosion.
4. Construction of terraces on sloppy land.

METHODS OF PREVENTING SOIL EROSION

1. Wind erosion can be prevented by planting cover crops, grasses and belt of trees which
serves as wind breakers.
2. Water erosion and flooding can be prevented through proper canals and drainage channels
to lead water away in to rivers.
3. Gully erosion can be stopped by small dams with stones and sticks along the gullies in order
to capture soil that is being washed away.
4. Terrace should be build to prevent erosion. Terraces are barriers constructed along contours
of the land which hinders the rapid flow of water down the slopes.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is flood?
2. What are the activities of man that contributes to flooding?
3. What is power?
4. What is puberty?
5. Explain what you understand by "teetotalism"
6. What is pregnancy?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Science Made Easy for JSS Three by F.I. Kehinde et al. Chapter 5. Pages 15-16

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The overflowing of rivers as a result of continuous rainfall leads to
A. erosion B. deforestation C. flooding D. drought
2. Which of the following will help to control flooding? A. Overgrazing
B. Deforestation C. Damming of rivers D. Dumping of refuse
3. Which of the following does not contribute to flooding?
A. Blocked drainages B. Overflowing rivers C. Adequate drainage system
D. Loss of lives
4. Which of the following is a consequence of flooding? A. Growth and development B.
Increased fertility C. Destruction of livestock D. Provision of food
5. Flood is a ___ occurrence. A. natural B. Man-made C. Phenomenal
D. Economical

THEORY
1. List five things you can do to prevent flooding in your immediatel environment.
2. What are the environmental and economic impacts of flooding?
3. Mention five ways to prevent erosion?

WEEK THREE
DESERTIFICATION AND DEFORESTATION
CONTENT
 Definition of Deforestation
 Causes of Deforestation
 Effects of Deforestation
 Control of Deforestation

DEFINITION

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Deforestation is the continuous removal of trees without replacing or replanting them. Deforestation
is also the permanent destruction of forest in order to make land available for other uses.

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
1. Removal of trees to make land available for the construction of roads, building of houses and
industries, recreational centres and so on.
2. Indiscriminate logging by poachers for industrial purposes like the production of paper,
furnitures, sculptures etc.
3. Felling of trees to make wood available for domestic purposes like cooking.
4. Burning of forest for hunting and farming.
5. Natural causes like forest fire during thunderstorm or landslides can also lead to loss of
forest trees.

EVALUATION
1. What is deforestation?
2. State five causes of deforestation.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
1. Deforestation leads to the loss of of wildlife and biodiversity. This means that wild animals in
the forest like monkeys, gorillas etc, will gradual die off.
2. Deforestation contributes to climatic change and increase in global warming.
3. Deforestation lead to the lost of habitat of so many species of animals especially birds.
4. Deforestation lead to decrease in atmospheric oxygen and increase in CO 2. This means that
plants and animals are in danger because there will less oxygen to breathe in.
5. Deforestation leads to flooding and erosion.
6. Deforestation may lead to starvation and homeless. This is because there will be no food or
wood to build shelter.
7. Deforestation may lead to economic loss if forest raw materials are no longer available for
industry to use or export.

WAYS TO CONTROL DEFORESTATION

1. Afforestation: This is the planting of trees in places where they are not planted before.
Afforestation helps to bring forest condition to places where they do not exist before. An
example of afforestation is the "Plant A Tree" initiative.
2. Reforestation: This is the replanting of trees to replace those trees that have been
removed from the forest.
3. Government should make laws against indiscriminate poaching and logging.
4. Government should make laws against bush burning.
5. The use of forest guards to keep trespassers away from the forest.

EVALUATION
1. State four effect of deforestation.
2. State four ways to control deforestation.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
1. The forest provides raw materials like timber, latex, and medicinal extracts etc, to industries.
2. Trees of the forest help in purifying the atmosphere by removing excess CO 2 from the
atmosphere for photosynthesis.
3. The forest is the home of many animals which provides hides and skin for us to make
clothes, bags, shoes and so on.
4. The availability of forest provides employment for a lot of people.
5. The presence of trees slows down erosion and desert encroachment.

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EVALUATION
What are the importance of forest to man.

CONTENT
 Definition of Desertification
 Causes of Desertification
 Control of Desertification

DESERTIFICATION
A desert is a large area of land with little or no rainfall where very few plants grow. Desertification is
the process of making a non desert area a desert. It is the spread of desert to places where they
previously do not exist. In Nigeria, about 50% to 75% of the northeast and northwestern states are
deserts. State like Bauchi, Bornu, Gombe, Taraba, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe and
Zamfara all have deserts. Like most environmental hazards, desertification is majorly influenced by
climatic change and human activities.

LIST OF SOME DESERTS IN AFRICA

1. Sahara desert is the largest hot desert found in North Africa.
2. Namid desert found in Southern Africa.
3. Kalahari desert also found in Southern Africa.

CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
1. Overgrazing.
2. Frequent bush burning.
3. Water impoundment.
4. Deforestation.
5. Increased salinity.
6. Drought.
7. Climatic change.

EVALUATION
1. What is a desert?
2. What is desertification?
3. Mention four causes of desertification.

CONTROL OF DESERTIFICATION
1. Planting of leguminous crops to restore soil fertility.
2. Digging of artificial grooves to retain rainfall and trap wind blown seed.
3. Planting of trees and cover crops.
4. Public awareness on the need to prevent desertification.
5. Use of proper farming method can help prevent desertification.

EVALUATION
Mention four ways to control desertification.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is deforestation?
2. List three major deserts in the world and their location.
3. List five ways to control erosion.
4. What is a skeleton?
5. List the planets in our solar system according to their distance from the sun.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Science Made Easy for JSS Three by F.I. Kehinde et al. Chapter 4. Page 12

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WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. One of the method of control of the deforestation include A. bush burning B. Logging C.
Afforestation D. Clean weeding
2. The largest desert in the world is found in A. Australia B. South Asia
C. North Africa D. Western Europe
3. One of the following is not a method of controlling desertification.
A. Overgrazing B. Afforestation C. Planting of cover crops D. Public awareness
4. One importance of forest trees is that they A. Purify the atmosphere
B. cause soil erosion C. destroy the ozone layer D. lead to loss of biodiversity
5. The planting of trees where they do not previous exist is called
A. Deforestation B. Desertification C. Afforestation D. Reforestation

THEORY
1. What are the benefits of forest to man?
2. Explain how increased salinity can cause desertification.

WEEK FOUR
BUSH BURNING
CONTENT
 Meaning of Bush.
 Practices that Influence Bush Burning.
 Effects of Bush Burning.
 Control of Bush Burning.

MEANING OF BUSH BURNING

Bush burning is the agricultural practice that involve the that involving the clearing and burning of
bush. It is a common practice in west Africa. Although it is a quick way of getting rid of the weeds, it
is considered a type of environmental hazard.

PRACTICES THAT INFLUENCE BUSH BURNING

1. Bush burning is done as a method of hunting.
2. Bush burning is used as a method of wedding.
3. Bush burning is used to stimulate the growth of fresh grasses during dry season.
4. The burning of refuse can influence bush burning.
5. Smoking.
6. Wind.

EVALUATION
1. What is bush burning?
2. State five practices that promote bush burning.

EFFECTS OF BUSH BURNING

1. Bush burning spreads rapidly and can destroy economic crops.
2. Bush burning exposes the soil to erosion which wash away soil nutrient.
3. When bush burning is not controlled it may lead to loss of valuable properties.
4. Bush burning and forest fire leads the destruction of wildlife.
5. Bush burning is a major source of air pollution.
6. Bush burning contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.
7. Bush burning lead to loss of soil nutrients.

CONTROL OF BUSH BURNING

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Environmental laws are made to guide against indiscriminate bush burning and anyone caught will
be prosecuted. It is against the law to burn bushes.

The burning of bushes can be controlled through the following ways:

1. Establishment of agencies to control, prevent and monitor bush burning in Nigeria. Some of
these agencies include; Federal Environmental protection agency (FEPA), Lagos state
environmental protection agency (LASEPA), National Forest Conservation Council of Nigeria
(NAFCON)
2. Ministries of environment are established to control and regulate environmental activities
that may cause disaster
3. Laws are enacted by the government to control bush burning.
4. Agencies should educate the masses about the effects of bush burning.
5. Mass media should be used to enlighten people on how to control bush burning.

EVALUATION
1. List five methods of controlling bush burning.
2. State five effects of bush burning.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is desertification?
2. State the differences between bush burning and desertification.
3. What are the practices that lead to bush burning?
4. List the types of habitat you know.
5. Why is man a higher animal?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Science Made Easy for JSS Three by F.I. Kehinde et al. Chapter 6. Pages 19-20

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a cause of bush burning in Nigeria? A. Smoking B. Hunting
game C. Farming activities D. Afforestation
2. Bush burning can be prevented through the following activities except
A. Establishing game reserves B. Hunting games C. Establishing of agencies D. Cultivation
of a piece of land for farming.
3. The following are effects of bush burning except A. loss of forest trees
B. Loss of soil fertility C. Absence of air pollution D. Killing of wildlife
4. Which of the following is not an agency of environmental protection?
A. LASEPA B. FEPA C. UNICEF D. NAFCON
5. Which of the following causes air pollution in an area where there is bush burning? A. Heat
B. Smoke C. Ash D. Sand

THEORY
1. Name five things that can be destroyed through bush burning.
2. Name three agencies that regulate bush burning in Nigeria.

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WEEK FIVE
DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER
CONTENT
 Description of Ozone Layer.
 Importance of the Ozone Layer.
 The hazards of Ozone Layer Depletion to Life.
 Control Measures against the Depletion of Ozone Layer.
 Global Warming.
 Consequences of Global Warming.
 Control of Global Warming.

DESCRIPTION OF OZONE LAYER

Ozone is a pale blue poisonous gas found in the earth's upper atmosphere. Ozone (O 3) is a triatomic
molecule of oxygen. It is stable than the diatomic oxygen gas (O 2). It is present in low concentration
in the troposphere. Ozone was first discovered by Louis Soret in 1865 and confirmed by Schonbein
in 1867.

The amount of Ozone in the atmosphere is measured in Dobson's unit.

The stratosphere (upper atmosphere) has highest concentration of ozone to form what is called the
ozone layer. The ozone layer is about 10km-50km above d earth surface.

Ozone is produced in the atmosphere by the action of ultraviolet ray from the sun on oxygen.
O2 + UV ----> 2[O]
[O] + O2 ----> O3
The ozone is destroyed by free oxygen atoms or elements that react with oxygen.
O3 + [O] ----> 2O2
The depletion of ozone layer simply means the continuous reduction in the amount of ozone in the
atmosphere. Substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides etc,
are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.

IMPORTANCE OF OZONE LAYER

1. Ozone is very important in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and synthetic lubricants.
2. Ozone is used for bleaching substances.
3. Ozone is used to kill microorganisms in water system.
4. Ozone layer protect the earth from the heat of the sun.
5. The ozone layer shields man, animals and plants from the harmful ultraviolet rays from the
sun.

INDUSTRIAL USES OF OZONE

Industrially ozone is used to:
1. disinfectlaundry in hospitals and food factories.
2. deodorizeair and objects especially after fire.
3. assistin processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks.
4. washfresh fruits and vegetable to kill yeast, mould and bacteria.
5. manufacturechemical compounds.

EVALUATION
1. What is ozone layer?
2. Briefly explain how the ozone layer is formed.
3. What are the importance of the ozone layer.

THE HAZARDS OF DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER TO LIFE ON LIFE

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1. Exposure of the skin of man and other animals to the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun
which can cause cancer of the skin.
2. Depletion of the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet rays to reach us which may harm
aquatic plants and animals thereby disrupting the ecosystem.
3. Ozone layer depletion leads to the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases which leads
to excessive warming of the earth resulting to alteration of season.
4. Depletion of ozone layer leads to global warming which contributes to flooding and other
related hazards.
5. Depletion of ozone layer in the lower atmosphere may lead to increase in toxic gases.

CONTROL MEASURES AGAINST DEPLETION OF OZONE

1. There must be regulation on the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
2. There must be reduction of bush burning.
3. There must be control of burning in household activities.
4. Elimination of chemicals responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.
5. Reduction of poisonous gases that can interact negatively with the ozone layer.
6. Development of technology that will not emit dangerous gases from household equipments
like refrigerator, air-conditioner etc.

EVALUATION
1. State five hazards that may result from the depletion of the ozone layer.
2. State five control measures against ozone layer depletion.

GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the earth over a prolonged period of
time.

Two of the major causes of global warming are:

1. depletion of the ozone layer
2. greenhouseeffect (increase in greenhouse gases).

Greenhouse effect is the reflection of radiant heat back to the earth as a result of accumulation of
greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O CH4) in the lower atmosphere. The most important greenhouse gas is
CO2. The increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a major cause of greenhouse
effect and global warming.

Sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere include:

 burningof fossil fuels like coal, petrol, kerosene etc.
 releaseof carbon dioxide from the exhaust of vehicles.
 releaseof carbon dioxide from factories.
 increasein population of man also contributes to the high percentage of carbon dioxide.
 deforestation.
 bushburning.
 urbanization.

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING

1. Seasonal/climate change.
2. Rising oceans.
3. Increase in flooding occurrences.
4. Melting ice caps or polar ice.
5. Increase in average temperature of the world.

CONTROL OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming can be control through the following activities.

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1. Planting of trees will purify the atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
and releasing oxygen which contributes to the formation of ozone layer.
2. Reduction in bush and waste burning.
3. Recycling of waste materials.
4. Use of alternative energy sources other than fossil fuels e.g. solar power, wind turbine,
water turbine.
5. Electric vehicles should be used to reduce emission of carbon dioxide.

EVALUATION
1. What is global warming?
2. State five sources of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
3. State five control measures of global warming

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is a machine?
2. What are greenhouse gases?
3. State five consequences of global warming.
4. Explain why CFC is dangerous to the atmosphere.
5. How can global warming be controlled.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS Three by J.O Otugboyega et al. Chapter 13 Pages 79-87

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The major cause of greenhouse effect is the accumulation of A. Water vapour B. Carbon
dioxide C. Methane gas D. Oxygen
2. Which of the following is the chemical symbol of ozone? A. O 3 B. O2 C. CO2 D. H2O
3. Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming? A. Seasonal changes B.
Increase heat C. Crop growth D. Flooding
4. Which of the following can cause ozone layer depletion? A. CFC B. Oxygen C. Water
vapour D. Carbon dioxide
5. Which if the following activities will help to control global warming? A. Burning of fuel B.
Afforestation C. Increasing human population D. Urbanisation

THEORY
1. List five control measures taken to reduce the depletion of ozone layer.
2. Explain the term "greenhouse effect".

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WEEK SIX
RESOURCES FROM LIVING THINGS
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Resources from Plants.
 Resources from Animals.
 Economic Importance of Resources from Plants and Animals.
Natural resources are valuable material that is found in nature and used by people to meet their
needs. Some natural resources are air, water, plants and animals, metals soil and so on.

Resources are either renewable or non renewable.

Renewable resources are resources that are naturally replaced after use. Plants and animals are
renewable resources because they can reproduce.

Non-renewable resources are resources that are not replaced after use. All mineral resources are
non renewable.

Resources from living things include the resources from plants and animals.

EVALUATION
1. What are natural resources?
2. State, with examples, the two types of resources.

RESOURCES FROM PLANTS

Resources gotten from plants include:
1. foodcrops.
2. cashcrops.
3. medicinalplants.
4. textilematerials.
5. woodmaterials.
6. manureand yeast.

FOOD CROPS
These are crops cultivated only to feed man. They include the following.
a) Leafy vegetables (like bitter leaf, pumpkin, spinach) which provides us with minerals (like
calcium and iron) and vitamins.
b) Fruits (like orange, mango, pineapple etc) provide the body with essential vitamins and mineral
salts.
c) Grains and cereals (like rice, oat, millet, sorghum etc) which are rich in starch, oil and protein.
d) Staples and tubers (like yam, cassava, potato etc) which are essentially rich in starch.
e) Oil plants (like oil palm, groundnut, coconut etc) from which we get oil. The oil is used
domestically, for cooking.

CASH CROPS
These are crops cultivated by the farmer for sale and to make profit. They include:
a) Fibre crops (like cotton, milkweed etc) are used in textile industries for making clothes. It is
also used in making pulp for papers.
b) Oil crops (like groundnut, oil palm, Shea-butter, coconut etc) sold to earn income.
c) Beverage crops (like cocoa, coffee, tea etc) are also exported.
d) Latex crops (like rubber, Arabic gum, raffia palm) used for making latex and exported.

MEDICINAL PLANTS

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The bark leaves and roots of some plants are used for medicinal purposes. Examples include
Dongoyaro, lemon grass, kolanut trees, tobacco etc.

TEXTILE CROPS
These are crops used in the manufacturing of clothes, dyes and other accessories. They are mainly
fibrecrops like cotton and dyeplants like indigo plant.

WOODS
These are products from trees mainly used for building, furnitures, cooking etc. Examples of plants
that provide us with wood include Mahogany, ebony, obeche, African walnut etc.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
These are plants that are used for beautifying the environment. Examples include: hisbiscus plant,
Rose plant, Pride of Barbados etc.

COMPOST AND MANURE

When plants die or when their leaves fall to the ground, they decompose and add to the nutrient of
the soil. Legumes also add to soil fertility when they are planted

EVALUATION
1. List five resources gotten from plants with two examples each.
2. List four food crops and four cash crops.

RESOURCES FROM ANIMALS

Animals are reared by man to provide food and other essential resources. These resources include:
1. Food: Livestocks are reared to provide food in form of meat for man. Man obtain nutritional
values like proteins, fat, vitamins and mineral salts from meat. E.g pork from pigs, chevon
from goat, mutton from sheep, poultry meat, fish, prawn etc.
2. Eggs: Eggs laid by poultry birds are also important sources of protein. The fowls that are
reared mainly for the production of eggs are called layers. Examples of poultry include:
chicken, Turkey, duck etc.
3. Dairy products: Dairy deals with the production milk from livestocks especially cattle. Dairy
products include milk, cheese, yoghurt etc.
4. Bones: Bones are the part of the body found within animals. Bones are used in the
production of glues and ornamental decoration.
5. Horns: Horns are extension of the skull of some animals. Horns are used fir producing
cattle, sheep, goat etc
6. Feathers: Feathers are coverings on the body of birds. Feathers are used for decoration.
7. Hide and skin: Hide from large animals and skin from small animals are used for making
belts, bags, drums, purses. Hide and skin are gotten from goats, sheep, horse, camel, cattle
etc.
8. Beast of burden: These are animals used for carrying loads and doing farm work. These
animals include horses, donkey, camel, cows etc.
9. Animaldungs: Animal waste are used to produce manure which add to soil fertility and
increase crop yield.
EVALUATION
State five animal resources

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCES FROM LIVING THINGS

1. They serve as source of food to man e.g beans, cassava, beans, cow, goat etc.
2. They serve as raw materials for industries e.g Timber, tannin and hides for leather, milk etc.
3. They provide drugs and antidotes.
4. Plants make oxygen available for us and purify our environment.
5. Animals are used for farming activities.

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6. Ornamental plants are used to decorate our environment.
7. Animals that are used as pets helps to fight loneliness.
8. They are sources of income generation for farmers.
9. They provide employment for the people.
10. Animals in zoos and parks serve as centre for tourism.

EVALUATION
State five importance of plant and animal resources.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Name five plant and animal resources each.
2. Give two differences between bones and horns.
3. Define Neurone.
4. Define flooding.
5. State five effect of deforestation.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS Three by J.O Otugboyegaet al. Chapter 15 Pages 95-96

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a plant resource? A. Food B. Fuel C. Latex D. Fruit
2. The following are animal resources except A. fur B. horn C. skin D. fibre
3. Which of the following is the process of producing and keeping milk? A. Farming B. Poultry
C. Dairy D. Skinning
4. Which of the following is not a cash crop? A. Cocoyam B. Cocoa C. Groundnut D. Cotton
5. The following are ornamental plants except ____ A. Hibiscus B. Rose
C. Mango D. Pride of Barbados

THEORY
1. Briefly explain the following terms: a) food crops b) cash crops c) medicinal plants d)
ornamental plants
2. State five importance of plant and animal resources.

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WEEK SEVEN
RESOURCES FROM NONLIVING THINGS (SOLID MINERALS)
CONTENT
 Mineral Resources.
 Some Mineral Resources, their Location and Uses.
 General Importance of Mineral Resources.

MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral resources are resources deposited in the earth crust for the benefit of man. A mineral can
exist as a single element or as a compound. It could also be deposited in a solid or liquid state.
Often, solid minerals are deposited in the earth as ore. An ore is a compound of a useful element
that is found deposited in the earth.

Some mineral resources, their location and their uses in Nigeria are given below
Mineral Location Uses
resources
Gold Bida(Niger), Ondo, katsina, Used for decoration and making jewellery, coinage,
kebbi, currency etc.
Limestone Ogun, Gombe, Kaduna Used for making cement. Used as filter in paints.
Kaolin Kogi, Abia, Abuja, katsina Used for making ceramics and plates
Iron ore Plateau, Benue, Kogi, For making iron and steel. Also used for making alloys
Anambra for various uses
Zinc Bauchi, Benue, Akwa- For making roofing sheets.
Ibom, Abia, Anambra
Coal Enugu, Benue, kogi, Ondo Used as fuel, used industrially to produce coal gas and
iron.
Dolomite Plateau, Oyo, Osun, Kwara For refractory furnace, building materials.
Lead Cross river, Benue, Bauchi, Used for making battery.
Tin Cross rivers, Kaduna, For making decorative lanterns, coating of lead and steel
plateau, Kano containers to prevent corrosion.
Bitumen Ondo, Edo, Lagos. It is used for tarring roads.
Quartz Jigawa, katsina, kebbi, It is used in making glass and silica bricks; paint
Niger, Osun, Oyo scouring, saops, sand paper, porcelain, paint.
Mica Plateau, Osun, Ogun, Used as electrical insulator, telephone condensers. Used
Kebbi, Cross river, Borno as filters in production of tyres and tubes
Clay Almost all state of the Used for building bricks, flower pots, floor tiles, fencing
federation. brickss
Glass sand Rivers, Niger, Ekiti, cross It is used for making bottles, synthetic Mable and other
Rivers, Bayelsa, Abia glass wares.

MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR LOCATION IN NIGERIA

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EVALUATION
1. What are natural resources?
2. What are mineral resources?
3. State five mineral resources, their location and importance.

GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF MINERAL RESOURCE

1. It serve as a source of income for the state and country.
2. They are raw materials for industries.
3. They are required construction of roads e.g. bitumen.
4. They are used as source of fuel. E.g. coal.
5. It brings about provision of employment and income for individuals.
6. The availability of mineral resources makes life easier and more comfortable.
7. The presence of mineral resources in a country brings fame to the country.

EVALUATION
State five general importance of solid minerals.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. List seven resources that can be gotten from animals.
2. What are mineral resources?
3. State seven mineral resources their location in Nigeria and uses.
4. What are the benefits of solid minerals?
5. What's is abstinence?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS three by J.O Otugboyega et al. Chapter 18 Pages 105-109

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ is used for making cement A. Gold B. Limestone C. Coal D. Petroleum
2. Solid minerals create the following except A. job opportunity B. machines C. income D.
fame
3. Bitumen is found in_____ A. Adamawa state B. Bornu state C. Edo state D. Taraba state
4. Car batteries are made of ___ A. Salt B. Lead C. Coal D. Sand
5. Roofing sheets are coated with A. Lead B. Zinc C. Coal D. Diamond

THEORY
1. Mention seven mineral resources, their location and their uses.
2. Mention five uses of solid minerals.

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WEEK EIGHT
LIGHT ENERGY
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Properties of light.
 Reflection.
 Refraction.
 Lenses and glasses.
 Vision.
 Dispersion.

Light can be defined as a form of energy which produces electromagnetic radiation capable of
causing visual sensation. Light is a kind of electromagnetic wave (waves that can travel in vacuum).
Light is the fastest substance known to man. Light travels at a speed of 3×10 8 m/s (300,000,000
metres per second or 299,792.5 km/s). Light travels in a straight line in what is called Rectilinear
propagation of light until it encounters an obstacle. When light cannot pass through an object,
shadow is formed. An object that does not allow light to pass through it is an opaque object while
those objects that allow light to pass through them are called transparent object.
An object that can produce light on it's own is called luminous e.g. sun, light bulb, fire. While an
object that does not produce light but may reflect it is called non luminous e.g. the moon, mirror,
stone, chair etc.
Light waves are also called light rays. A line with an arrowhead is used to represent a ray of light. A
collection of light rays is called light beam.
There are there type of beam. They are:
i. Parallel beam: This is the type of beam in which the light rays are parallel to one another.
ii. Divergent beam: This is the type of beam in which the ray scatters from a point which is
usually the source, a convex mirror or a concave lens.
iii. Convergent beam: This is the type of beam in which the rays converge or meet at a point
called focus.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Light has the following properties:
1. Reflection.
2. Refraction.
3. Diffraction.
4. Dispersion.
5. Interference.
6. Polarization.

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EVALUATION
1. What is light?
2. What are the types of light beams
there is?
3. List the properties of light.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Reflectionoflightis the change in the
direction of light after dashing against a
surfray. Reflection involves two rays of
light: an incoming incident ray and an
outgoing reflected ray.

LAW OF REFLECTION
1. The angle of incident ray, the normal and reflected ray at the point of incidence all lie on the
same plane.
2. The angle of incidence (i) and the angle of reflection (r) are equal but on opposite sides of
the normal. i = r
N.B: The normal is an imaginary line at right angle to the mirror at the point of incidence.

TYPES OF REFLECTION
1. Regular or specular
reflection: This is when
parallel beam of light is
reflected in one direction.
Such reflection takes place
on smooth, polished surface
such as a plane mirror.
2. Diffuse reflection: This is when a parallel beam of light is reflected in different directions.
Such reflection takes place from a rough surface, such as water surface or paper surface.

EVALUATION
1. What is reflection?
2. State the laws of reflection
3. What the types of reflection?

REFRACTION
Refraction is the bending or change in the direction of wave when it moves from one medium to
another where its speed is different. A medium is a material or space that allows wave pass through
it. Refraction is responsible for image formation by lens and the eye.
When you dip your legs into a pool, it disappears bent in the pool. A fish in an aquarium seem to
radically change position as it is being viewed from different view points. These are as a result of
refraction.

LAWS OF REFRACTION
1. The first law of refraction states that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at
the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.
2. The second law states that the sine of the angle of incidence (i) to the sine of the angle of
refraction (r) is a constant for a given pair of media.
This is also known as Snell's law and the ratio of "I" to "r" is called the refractive index.

EVALUATION

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1. What is refraction?
2. State the laws of refraction.

LENSES AND GLASS PRISMS

Lenses are curved glasses that disperse or coverge light to a focus.
There are two main types of lenses:
i. Concave lens (diverging lens): This is a lens that bulges outward. A concave lens diverges or
scatters light. It is used to correct shortsightedness (myopia)
ii. Convex lens (converging lens): This lens bends inward. It converges light to a real focus. It
is used to correct longsightedness (hypermetropia).
There are also two types of glass prisms:
(i) Rectangular glass prisms (ii) Triangular
glass prisms

EVALUATION
1. What is a lens?
2. Mention the types of lenses.

VISION
Vision is the ability to create an image. The
organ of the body that is concerned with vision
is the eye. Light enters through a clear covering
of the eye called the cornea. It then passes
through the adjustable opening in the iris called the pupil. Beyond
the pupil is the lens which is a bit soft and flexible. The lens focus
image on the retina while like a film or screen at the back of the
eye.
The eye and camera are alike
in function and arrangement of
part. Both are compared for a
lot of reasons.

Part of the eye Similar part in camera Function

Cornea A clear covering of the eyes
Iris Diaphragm This is coloured part of the eye. It control the
amount of light entering into the eyes
Lens Lens The lens converges light at the retina for
images to be formed
Retina Film or Screen The retina is the part of the eyes where
images are formed.
Pupil Aperture This is a small opening in iris that controls the
amount of light that enters into the eyes.
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
This is the splitting or
separation of light into
different colours. Each colour
bends by different degrees
when refracted. The colours
of light that are gotten after
separation are called
spectrum. Dispersion of light can be done by passing light through a
triangular prism.

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RAINBOW
A natural phenomenon that demonstrates the dispersion of light is the the formation of rainbow.
The rainbow is an arc of light with an angular radius of 42° centred on a direction which is opposite
to that of the sun in sky (I.e it is centered on the direction of propagation of the sun rays). Thus, if
the sun low in the sky (I.e close to the horizon) we see almost a full circle. If the sun is higher up in
the sky we see a smaller arc. If the sun is more than the angular radius 42° above the horizon, then
there will be no rainbow (for viewers on ear surface).
Observers on a hill may see part of the rainbow below the horizontal i.e an arc greater than a
semicircle. Passengers on airplane can sometimes see a full circle. The colours of the rainbow vary
smoothly from red on the outside and violet on the inside. There are seven colours of the rainbow;
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
In the dispersion of light, a ray of enters into a triangular glass prism and it is dispersed into colours
seven colours written as ROYGBIV.

EVALUATION
1. What is vision?
2. What is dispersion of light?
3. Mention five parts of the eye and the function they perform

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is dispersion of light?
2. List five part of the eye.
3. What is genetic counseling?
4. State three factors that affect sense of individual worth.
5. State four communication technique.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS Three by J.O Otugboyega et al. chapter 19 Pages 111-113

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a colour of the rainbow A. Red B. Blue C. Brown D. Indigo
2. The property of light in straight line is A. Rectitude propagation B. Rectilinear propagation
C. Resisted promulgation D. Responsible promulgation
3. The part of the camera that performs the function of the pupil is A. Aperture B. Lens C.
Cornea D. Diaphragm
4. The initial ray of light from the source is called A. Incident ray B. Reflected ray C.
Refracted ray D. Emergent ray.
5. An object that absorbs all blue light will appear A. Black B. Blue C. Yellow D. White

THEORY
1. What is light?
2. Explain the formation of rainbow
3. Mention the types of lenses
4. What is reflection? Mention the types of reflection
5. Draw a well labelled eye

WEEK NINE
SOUND ENERGY
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Transmission of sound.
 Reflection of sound.
 Hearing.

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INTRODUCTION
Sound is a wave caused by vibration of matter. It is a property of vibrating objects. These objects
may be solid, liquid or gases. If there is an elastic medium (i.e a medium which is capable of being
compressed between the vibrating object and a suitable apparatus such as a microphone, ear of
animals) noise or sound will be detected.

Sound may be produced in a variety of ways, normally as a result of some mechanical disturbances
on an object, causing it to vibrate.

For example:
 A blow by a hammer on a piece of iron causes the iron (and the hammer) to vibrate for a
short while.
 A guitar string vibrates under the rubbing action of the bow.
 A tightly stretched skin on a drum is set to vibrate when it is struck.
 Vocal cord of humans vibrate when air from the lungs pass out through the larynx
 An explosion sets the surrounding air into vibration.

TRANSMISSION OF SOUND
This is the passage of sound from one point to another e.g. from one room in a building to another
or from the street into a room in the building.

The transmission and production of sound can be demonstrated in the laboratory using a tuning
fork. The tuning fork has two steel prongs which when struck with a hard surface gives sound.
During the vibration, the prongs of the tuning fork present a hazy appearance due to their rapid to
and fro movements. If the vibrating prongsare dipped into a beaker of water, the water is seen to
be violently agitated. The transmission of natural vibration from the tuning fork to the water is called
Resonance.

Soundistransmitted through matter such as air, water or solid metals. The matter or material
through which sound is transmitted is called a medium. Sound travels faster in solid than in liquid
and faster in liquid than in gases. The speed of sound in dry air is 332 m/s, 1484 m/s in water and
5,120 m/s in iron.

EVALUATION
1. What is sound?
2. Explain the transmission of sound.

REFLECTION OF SOUND
When sound reflects off a special curved surface called a parabola, it will bounce out in a straight
line no matter where it originally hits.

Many entertainment stages are designed as a parabola so that the sound will go directly into the
audience instead of bouncing on the stage. If the parabola is closed off by another curve surface it
is called an ellipse. Sound will travel from one focus to another no matter where it strikes the wall.

A whispering gallery is designed as an ellipse. If your friend stands at one focus and you stand at
the other, his whisper will be heard clearly by you. No one in the rest of the room will hear anything.
Reflection of sound is responsible for echoes.

An echo is a sound that is reflected back to it source. While multiple overlapping echoes is called
reverberation.

HEARING

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Hearing is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations, change in the pressure of the
surrounding medium through an organ called the ear. The inability of the ear to hear is called
deafness. There are three main components of the ear: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner
ear.

The outer ear includes the visible part of the ear (or the pinna), the auditory canal and the
eardrum. Sound travel in waves and when these waves arrive at the eardrum they cause vibration.
The eardrum amplifies the incoming air pressure waves to a single firm with a certain extent
(amplitude): this allows fir the differentiation of sound.

The middle ear consists of a smaller air-filled chamber that is located behind the eardrum. Within
the chamber are three smallest bones in the body known collectively as ossicles. The ossicles are;
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest bone in the body.
The ossicles aid the transmission and amplification of the vibration from the ear drum to the inner
ear.

The innerear, which comprises the cochlea (a coiled canal filled with fluid) which is connected to
auditory nerve cells which pass on the signal to the brain.

EVALUATION
1. Explain the reflection of sound.
2. Explain ear, the parts of the hear and their function.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Explain the mechanism of hearing.
2. How does reflection of sound occur?
3. What is work?
4. Explain how energy is transfer in a working vehicle.
5. What is power

READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS Three by J.O Otugboyega et al. Chapter 20. Pages 114-116

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following cannot produce sound? A. Guitar B. Brain C. Turning fork D. Metals
2. Which of the following is part of the outer ear A. Stapes B. Pinna ,C. Auditory nerves D.
Hammer
3. The reflection of sound back to be source is called ___ A. Echo B. Reverberation C. Noise
D. cacophony
4. The speed of sound in vacuum is A. 332m/s B. 1484 m/s C. 5120 m/s D. 0 m/s
5. Sound of distorted frequency is called A. Noise B. Echo C. Music D. Reverberation

THEORY
1. Why do churches have dome shaped roof?
2. Why is lightening seen before thunder is heard?

WEEK TEN
MAGNETISM
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Law of magnetism.
 Magnetic poles and field.
 Care of magnet.

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A magnet is a substance or materal that attracts metals like iron and other ferometals. Magnetism is
the ability of a substance to attract a metal that contains iron.

LODESTONE
Lodestones are rock that are magnetic. They are made of magnetite (Fe 3O4) a form of iron oxide. A
piece if iron is then referred to as a lodestone. The Chinese appear to have been the first to discover
the lodestone. These qualities of lodestone led to its use as an early form of compass by Chinese
sailors. This is because when the stone is magnetized it will be attracted to the earth's magnetic
field pole. Also, when it is suspended in the air it slowly turns and points towards the pole.

LAWS OF MAGNETISM
When a bar magnet is suspended so that it can freely rotate and then freely come to rest. It is
noticed that it remains in a North-South direction. Also, when the pole of another bar magnet is
brought near the north pole of the suspended bar magnet, the magnet would not attract each other,
that is, they repel. But when the north pole of the bar magnet is brought towards the south pole of
the suspended bar magnet, they would attract each other.

Therefore, in each case, when like poles are brought near each other there is repulsion. When unlike
poles are near each other there is attraction. These led to the laws of magnetism which states that:
"Like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract each other". E.g. north-north or south-south
will repel while south-north or north-south will attract.

MAGNETIC POLE AND MAGNETIC FIELD

To identity magnetic poles, a magnet can be brought near a magnet whose poles have already been
Identified (a standard magnet). If attraction occurs, it means that the pole of the magnet beside the
identified pole of the standard magnet is not alike e.g. North pole of the standard magnet will be
attracted to the south pole of the other magnet and vice versa. If repulsion occurs, it means both
poles are alike and by this the unknown poles of the magnet are consequently identified.

EVALUATION
1. What is magnetism?
2. State the law of magnetism.

MAGNETIC FIELD
This is a condition found in the region around a magnet, characterized by the existence of magnetic
poles. It can also be described as the region or space around a magnet in which magnetic force is
felt.

THE CARE OF MAGNETS

There is the need to care for magnets so that they would not lose their ability to magnetise. The
following ways are necessary for caring for magnets.
1. Magnets should be heaped with like-magnets. They should be kept away from the edge of
flexible magnets because it can actually reverse the polarity.
2. Replacement covers can be purchased for many of the polar power magnets because
magnet covers and materials may eventually be worn and torn
3. They should be clean by wiping them gently with a damp soapy sponge and should not be
immersed in water.
4. They should be stored by spreading magnetic signs flay on a smooth metal surface.
5. They should not be left in hot weather or brought close to fire as it can destroy their
properties.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is magnetic field?

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2. Give three cares of magnet
3. Mention five effect of flooding
4. Mention three positive uses of the internet.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Precious Seeds Basic Science for JSS three by J.O otugboyega et al. chapter 21 Pages 114-116

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Lodestone is a ___ A. Magnetic rock B. Magnetic plate C. magnetic field D. magnetic ray
2. One of the following is a method of magnetization A. heating B. hammering
C. induction D none of the above
3. Like poles ____ A. attract B. repel C. join D. contact
4. The following are ways to care or magnet except A. should be kept with other magnets B.
should be kept clean C. should be left in hot water D. none of the above
5. The chemical formula or magnetite is A. Fe2O3 B.FeO C. Fe3O D. Fe3O4

THEORY
1. What is a magnetic field?
2. List three ways in which a magnet can be formed.
3. List five ways to care or a magnet.

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