Exercise Sheet 5b: Semantics of First Order Logic

Exercise 1. Consider L = {P/1, Q/2, f /1}. Let M = (U, I) be the structure given by

Universe: U = {a, b, c, d}
I(P ) = {a, b} I(Q) = {(a, b), (b, b) (c, b)} I(f ) = {(a, b), (b, b) (c, a) (d, c)}

Determine whether or not the following formulas are true in M .

1. ∀x (P (x) → ∃y Q(y, x))

2. ∀x (Q(f (x), x) → Q(x, x))
3. ∀x ∀y(Q(x, y) → P (x))
4. ∀x ∃y (Q(x, y) ∨ Q(y, x))

Exercise 2. Consider the formulas

F1 : ∀x∃yP (x, f (y)) F2 : ∃y∀xP (x, f (y)) F3 : ∃y∀xP (x, y)

1. Give a structure M = (U, I) such that M |= F1 and M 6|= F2 .

2. Give a structure M = (U, I) such that M |= F3 and M 6|= F2 .

Exercise 3. Let F be the formula ∃x P (x) → P (c). Is F satisfiable? Is F valid?

Exercise 4. Decide whether the following sets of formulas are consistent:

1. {∀x ¬P (x, x), ∀x ∀y (P (x, y) → P (y, x)), ∀x ∃y P (x, y)}

2. {∀x ¬P (x, x), ∀x ∀y (P (x, y) → P (y, x)), ∃y ∀x P (x, y)}
3. {∀x P (x), ∀x (P (x) → Q(f (x))), ∃y ¬Q(y)}
4. {∀x (f (x) 6= a), ∀x (f (x) 6= x)}

Exercise 5. Determine whether the following are correct:

1. ∀x (P (x) ∨ Q(x)) |= ∀x P (x) ∨ ∀x Q(x)

2. ∀x (P (x) ∧ Q(x)) |= ∀x P (x) ∧ ∀x Q(x)
3. ∀x (P (x) → Q(x)) |= ∀x P (x) → ∀x Q(x)
4. ∀x P (x) → ∀x Q(x) |= ∀x (P (x) → Q(x))
5. ∀x ∃y P (x, y) |= ∃y ∀x P (x, y)
6. ∃y ∀x P (x, y) |= ∀x ∃y P (x, y)
7. ∃y ∀x P (x, y) |= ∀x ∃y P (x, f (y))

Exercise 6. Consider L = {a, f /1}. Show that none of the following formulas is a logical consequence of
the other two ones.

1. ∀x (f (x) 6= a).
2. ∀x ∀y (f (x) = f (y) → x = y)
3. ∀x (x 6= a → ∃y (f (y) = x))