BCH-503

ASSIGNMENT
Research Synopsis
NANODRUG TECHNOLOGY
BSC (hon.) 3rd Year

GROUP MEMBERS
1. Saba Aijaz
2. Ushna Arshad
3. Saira Shamim
4. Habiba Rasheed
5. Haseeb Ahmad Khan
 NANOGRUG TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT:
Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly
developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to
serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to
specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. In recent years, great progress
was achieved in making drugs own the characteristics of targeted and con-
trolled release via nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology offers multiple
benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-
oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are several
outstanding applications of nanomedicine in the treatment of various
diseases. The current review addressed the capability of nano drugs on
targeting to cells, and controlled release. We gave the prospect of nano
drugs in biology and medicine applying.

1-INTRODUCTION:
Nanoscience is the study of the unique properties of materials between 1-100 nm,
and nanotechnology is the application of such research to create or modify novel
objects.
Nanomedicine, branch of medicine that seeks to apply nanotechnology that is, the
manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices that are roughly 1 to 100
nanometers in size to the prevention of disease and to imaging, diagnosis,
monitoring, treatment, repair, and regeneration of biological systems.
Nanodrug is an important product of the rapidly developing nanotechnologies in
biology and medicine field. Drug is wrapped in or absorbed on surface of
nanoparticles, when the specific targeting molecules combining with the receptor
of cell surface, nano-drug is taken into cells, to achieve the safe and effective
targeted drug delivery and gene therapy. Because Nano-drug carriers have high
targeting, favorable sustained, controlled release capability and superior cell
penetration ability, it can improve efficacy of drugs and reduce side effects. It is the
production of nanotechnology combining with modern medicine. There are three
main types of drug-loaded nanoparticles at the present time. First, the common
drug-loaded particles: according to pharmacy technology bind with
nanotechnology, with special methods to make the drug that physical-chemical
property are unsteady and easy to be degraded or has considerable bad reaction
to impact on the use highly dispersed in the drug carrier. Second, the controlled-
release drug-loaded particles be different from routine drug-loaded particles, this
kind of drug’s release process of nanoparticles have a specific law. The dissolution
of sac wall and the role of micro-organisms could make the drug in the heart of sac
spread out. According to different purposes, choose a suitable timber and
technology to make particles gather on the local tissue and attain effective
concentration, without causing general toxicity reaction. Third, the targeting drug
loaded particles according to the needs of clinical, choose different carriers that
have different affinity to different organizations or diseased region to make different
carrier particles, or combine monoclonal antibody with the carrier, or under the
effect of external magnetic field so that the drug can be transported to the particular
site that we expected. Because nanotechnology has changed the physical space
of the drug, physical- chemical and biological property of drugs has surprising
change. The changes mainly include the following aspects 1) Nanoscale drug
carriers can enter the capillaries, and freely flow in the blood circulation. It also can
go through cells, be absorbed though pinocytosis by histiocyte and enhance bio-
availability of drug; 2) Because the specific surface area of nano-drug carriers is
very high, solubility of poor water-soluble drugs in the nano-carrier is relative
enhanced and overcome the problems preparation with conventional methods; 3)
Nano-carriers can be made to targeted position system, decrease the dose of drug
and reduce the side effects with special processing. 4) By controlling the
degradable speed of polymers in vivo, Nano-carriers can extend biological half-life
of drug, improve the efficacy of the short-half-life drugs and reduce side effects of
medication. 5) Because of Eliminating the limit of specifical barriers such as blood-
brain barrier, blood-ocular barrier and cell membrane barrier to the drug, nano-
particulate drug carriers can pass through these barriers to treat scathing
sites.Therefore, targeting, controlled release and safety of drugs is an important
and topical issues in pharmacy research area. The emergence of nano-delivery
system makes it feasible to realize targeting and controlling release of drug.

2-PURPOSE OF STUDY:
The study of nanodrug technology serves several important purposes,
contributing to advancements in
medicine and healthcare. Some key purposes include:
Enhanced Drug Delivery:
Nanodrug technology focuses on designing and developing nanoparticles to
deliver drugs to specific target sites in the body. This targeted drug delivery can
improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects on healthy tissues.
Increased Drug Solubility:
Many drugs have poor solubility, limiting their effectiveness. Nanodrug
formulations can enhance solubility, improving the bioavailability of the drug and
allowing for more effective delivery.
Extended Circulation Time:
Nanoparticles can be engineered to circulate in the bloodstream for extended
periods. This prolonged
circulation time increases the chances of the drug reaching its target and enhances
the overall therapeutic effect.
Improved Cellular Uptake:
Nanoparticles can be designed to interact with specific cells or tissues, facilitating
enhanced cellular uptake of drugs. This is particularly beneficial in the treatment
of diseases involving specific cell types.
Combination Therapy:
Nanodrug technology enables the co-delivery of multiple drugs or therapeutic
agents, allowing for combination therapy. This approach can enhance treatment
efficacy and address multiple aspects of a complex disease.
Reduced Side Effects:
Targeted drug delivery minimizes exposure of healthy tissues to therapeutic
agents, reducing side effects commonly associated with traditional drug delivery
methods.

Diagnostic and Theragnostic Applications:

Nanoparticles can be engineered for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic
purposes, allowing for the integration of diagnosis and treatment (theragnostic) in
a single platform.
Overcoming Biological Barriers:
Nanodrug formulations can overcome biological barriers, such as the blood-brain
barrier, enabling the delivery of drugs to previously challenging anatomical
locations.
Personalized Medicine:
Nanodrug technology offers the potential for personalized medicine by tailoring
drug formulations to
individual patient needs, optimizing treatment outcomes.
Reduced Drug Resistance:
The targeted and controlled release of drugs facilitated by nanodrug formulations
may help reduce the development of drug resistance.
Overall, the study of nanodrug technology aims to revolutionize drug delivery,
providing more effective and safer treatment options for various diseases .

3-METHODS AND MATERIALS

Nano-drug interactions with nano-carrier and made to be the controlled-release
formulations with appropriate methods.

DRUG DILIVERY
There are numerous biopolymeric materials that are utilized in drug delivery
systems.
Chitosan:
Chitosan exhibits muco-adhesive properties and can be used to act in tight
epithelial junctions. Thus, chitosan-based nanomaterials are widely used for
continued drug release systems for various types of epithelia.

Alginate:
Another biopolymeric material that has been used as a drug delivery is alginate.
This biopolymer presents final carboxyl groups, being classified as anionic
mucoadhesive polymer.

Xanthan gum:
Xanthan gum (XG) is a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide produced by
Xanthomonas campestris.
Cellulose:
Cellulose and its derivatives are extensively utilized in the drug delivery systems
basically for modification of the solubility and gelation of the drugs that resulted in
the control of the release profile.
Liposome:
Liposomes are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry for the
transportation of diverse molecules and are among the most studied carrier
systems for drug delivery.
Polymeric micelles:
Polymeric micelles are nanostructures made of amphiphilic block copolymers that
gather by itself to form a core shell structure in the aqueous solution. The
hydrophobic core can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs at the same time the
hydrophilic shell makes the whole system soluble in water and stabilizes the core.
Nanocrystals:
Nanocrystals are pure solid drug particles within 1000 nm range. These are 100%
drug without any carriers molecule attached to it and are usually stabilized by using
a polymeric steric stabilizers or surfactants.

THE CONTROLLABILITY OF NANO-DRUGS

Diffusion-Controlled Release:
Diffusion-controlled is the most common mechanism in which the drug is released
in a certain time and at a certain rate to the body environment through diffusion.
There are many factors that impact the diffusion-controlled release such as
geometric designs of system, condition and quality of ambient medium, the
character and structure of the host materials, the solubility and loading amount of
the drug.
Chemical-Controlled Release:
Through hydrolysis, zymogen hydrolysis and other chemical reactions, chemical-
controlled release systems control the rate of drug release. According to the role
of drug and substrate, mechanism of release, Chemical controlled system can be
divided into degradable system and side-chain system.
In Degradable system: the biological activity drugs is embedded or dispersed in
biodegradable polymer, but there is no chemical bonding effects be-tween drug
and polymer, the rate of drug release is con-trolled by the rate of polymer
degradation and erosion.
In sidechain system Through the chemical bond that can be hydrolyzed or
enzymolyzed, drugs in the side-chain system can be connected to the primary
chain or side chain of polymer. The release of drug is controlled through hydrolysis
or enzymolysis.

4-RESULT:
Nano drug technology holds promise for various medical applications, including
targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced side effects.
Expected results include more precise treatment of diseases, enhanced
therapeutic efficacy, and potentially lower doses of drugs needed. Additionally,
advancements in nano drug technology may lead to personalized medicine
approaches tailored to individual patient needs, paving the way for more effective
and safer treatments. Ongoing research aims to optimize nanocarrier design,
increase drug stability, and further understand pharmacokinetics to unlock the full
potential of nano drug technology.

5-DISCUSSION:
The present review discusses the recent advances in nanomedicines, including
technological progresses in the delivery of old and new drugs as well as novel
diagnostic methodologies. A range of nano-dimensional materials, including
nanorobots and nano sensors that are applicable to diagnose, precisely deliver to
targets, sense or activate materials in live system have been outlined. Initially, the
use of nanotechnology was largely based on enhancing the solubility, absorption,
bioavailability, and controlled release of drugs. Because Nano-drug is a new type
of drug, the development of nano-drug will cause a revolution of diagnosis and
treatment.

REFRENCES:
Yong Liu1,3, Tian-Shui Niu2, Long Zhang1, Jian-She Yang1,2 (Review on nano-
drugs)
Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and prospects ( Journal
of Nanobiotechnology)