OBJECTIVES

1) To gain proficiency in the use of common measuring instruments.

2) To enhance understanding of basic AC/DC machinery and equipment analysis concepts

including:

a) Elements of Electromechanical Energy Conversion; Principles of DC

Machinery.

b) Electromagnetic Forces and Torques

c) Principles of DC Generator

d) Generalized Machine Representation, Behavior of Shunt and Series Generator

e) Power and Efficiency of DC Generator

f) Difference between Generator and Motor

g) Classification of DC motor, Starting DC motor, Behavior of Series, Shunt and

Compound Motors

h) Power and Efficiency of DC Motor, Torque and Speed Control of DC Motor

Various devices operating on the principles of electromechanical energy conversion maybe classified as follows:

1. Transducers devices – for measurement and control. Such devices usually operate under linear input-output
conditions and with relatively small signals and include torque motors, microphones, loudspeakers, gramophone pick-
ups etc.

2. Force-producing devices – involving restricted mechanicalmovements and include electromagnets, solenoids

actuators, relays, moving coil instruments moving iron instruments etc.

3. Continuous energy conversion devices – such as generators and motors. These devices are mainly employed for bulk
energy conversion and utilization.

dynamo is a machine that converts either mechanical energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

When a dynamo is driven mechanically by a prime mover such as by a diesel engine, steam engine, steam turbine or
water turbine and supplies electrical energy, it is called a generator.

When the dynamo draws electrical energy from the supply mains and drives mechanical devices such as line shafts and
machine tools it is called a motor.

The rotating element is called an armature, while the stationary set of electromagnets is called the field.

The foregoing principle of generator action requires:

1. the presence of magnetic lines of force, and

2. motion of conductors cutting the flux, before

3. voltage is generated.

Faraday’s Law of Induction –

The voltage induced in a turn or coil of a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of lines of force that pass
through the coil.
Terminal Voltage Equation – The generated voltage of a generator has losses before it is delivered to the line/load.

Brush
contact drop – it is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when current passes from commutator segments
to brushes and finally to the external load. Its value depends on the amount of current and the value of contact
resistance.

Kinds of DC Generator – determined by how the field is energized.

Excitation – the process of energizing the field (or how) the field could produce more flux.

1. Separately Excited – the field is energized by an external source such as battery or another generator.

2. Self-Excited – the field windings of the generator is supplied or excited from its own generated emf.

a) Series Generator – the armature coils and the series field coils are connected in series.

Shunt Generator – the armature coils and the shunt field coils are connected inparallel with the armature.

Compound Generator – there are two fields present ( series field and shunt field ).

c) Short – shunt Compound – the series field coils are connected in series with the load, while the shunt field coils are
connected in parallel with the armature coils.