LCDs

LEDs
LASERs
Group 3: Alleta, Arellano, Belaro, Degamo, Manuel, Marzan, Torio
01

LCDs
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

•Liquid Crystal Display or LCD is a flat, electronic device

generally used as a screen in televisions, computers,
smartphones and display signs for producing still and
movable images.

•It is composed of liquid crystal particles. Liquid crystals

generally do not emit light on their own rather they are
illuminated by a fluorescent backlight.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
•Molecular arrangement of Liquid Crystal
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
•An LCD panel is made of many layers.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
•The basic working principle of LCD is blocking of
light. It does not produce light on its own. So external
light source is used. When the external light passes
from one polarizer to the next polarizer, external
supply is given to the liquid crystal, the polarized light
aligns itself so that the image is produced in the
screen.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Types of LCD

•Reflective- This type of LCD has a mirror layer. When a light ray within an LCD is
reflected by the mirror layer, then visible patterns are produced on the LCD.

•Transmissive- Here the LCD has a backlight, which passes through the LCD
polarised glass to produce visible pattern. But because it uses backlight for
working, the images displayed in such LCD types appear very dim when used
under bright sunlight.

•Transflective- This LCD type has a reflective mirror layer and a backlight. It uses
both outside light and backlight, making it suitable for indoor and outdoor
conditions.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Passive and Active Matrix

•Passive-matrix display uses a

simple conductive grid to apply
a voltage to the liquid crystals
in the target area

•Active-matrix display uses a

grid of transistors and
capacitors with the ability to
hold a charge for a limited
period of time.
 02

LEDs
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are two-lead semiconductor devices that are similar to normal
diodes except that they emit light that can be visible, infrared, or ultraviolet. When an LED's
anode lead becomes more positive in voltage than its cathode lead (typically by a voltage ranging
from 0.6 to 2.2V), current flows through the LED device resulting in emitted light.
LEDs are “directional” light sources, which means they emit light in a specific direction, unlike
incandescent and CFL (compact fluorescent lamp), which emit light and heat in all directions.
That means LEDs are able to use light and energy more efficiently in a multitude of applications.
Common uses: indication lights on devices, small and large lamps, traffic lights, large video
screens, signs, street lighting.
How does an LED work?
When the diode is forward biased, the
minority electrons are sent from p → n
while the minority holes are sent from
n → p. At the junction boundary, the
concentration of minority carriers
increases. The excess minority carriers
at the junction recombine with the
majority charges carriers. The energy is
released in the form of photons on
recombination. In standard diodes, the
energy is released in the form of heat.
But in light-emitting diodes, the energy
is released in the form of photons. We
call this phenomenon
electroluminescence.
The main semiconductor materials used to
manufacture LEDs are:

Aluminum gallium indium phosphide

(AlGaInP): yellow, orange and red high-brightness
LEDs. The band gap is between 1.81 eV and 2 eV

Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs): red and

infrared LEDs. 1.42 eV (GaAs) to 2.16 eV (AlAs)

Gallium phosphide (GaP): yellow and green LEDs.

having a bandgap of 2.24 eV

example:
Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP):
60% of Gallium arsenide(1.424eV)
40% of Gallium Phosphide (2.26eV)
LED BIASING
The maximum Vf for LEDs is between 1.2 V and 3.2 V,
depending on the material. Reverse breakdown for an LED
is much less than for a silicon rectifier diode (3 V to 10 V is
typical).
LIGHT EMMISSION

LEDs are directional light sources (unlike filament or fluorescent bulbs). The
radiation pattern is generally perpendicular to the emitting surface; however, it
can be altered by the shape of the emitter surface and by lenses and diffusion
films to favor a specific direction. Directional patterns can be an advantage for
certain applications, such as traffic lights, where the light is intended to be
seen only by certain drivers.
APPLICATIONS
1. A common type of display device using LEDs is the seven-segment
display. Combinations of the segments form the ten decimal digits. Each
segment in the display is an LED. By forward-biasing selected combinations
of segments, any decimal digit and a decimal point can be formed. Two
types of LED circuit arrangements are the common anode and common
cathode as shown.
APPLICATIONS
2.High-Intensity LEDs
a. Traffic Lights
LEDs are quickly replacing the traditional incandescent bulbs in traffic signal
applications. Arrays of tiny LEDs form the red, yellow, and green lights in a traffic
light unit. An LED array has three major advantages over the incandescent bulb:
brighter light, longer lifetime (years vs. months), and less energy consumption
(about 90% less).
LED traffic lights are constructed in arrays with lenses that optimize and direct
the light output.
LEDs in an array are usually connected either in a series-parallel or a parallel
arrangement. A series connection is not practical because if one LED fails open,
then all the LEDs are disabled. For a parallel connection, each LED requires a
limiting resistor. To reduce the number of limiting resistors, a series-parallel
connection can be used.
APPLICATIONS

A red LED requires about 2V, while blue LEDs require

between 3 V and 4 V. Generally, LEDs, however, need
20 mA to 30 mA of current, regardless of their voltage
requirements.
APPLICATIONS
3. Industrial Application
Counting and Control System
4. LED Displays
Full-color screens use a tiny grouping of high-
intensity red, green, and blue LEDs to form a
pixel. A typical screen is made of thousands of
RGB pixels with the exact number determined by
the sizes of the screen and the pixel.
The light emission from each of the three diodes
can be varied independently by varying the
amount of forward current.
Organic LED (OLED)
The Organic LED is made of a layer of
organic electroluminescent material with
p/n junction sandwiched between two
electrodes. At least one of the electrodes is
transparent so the photons can escape.
Similar to an EL (Electroluminescence) lamp,
current is passed through a semiconductor
(like the phosphor in an EL lamp), however
the difference is that an OLED uses a p/n
junction where there is a recombination of p
and n carriers.
How OLED
works
Types of OLEDs
LEC (Electrochemical Cell) - this has ions added to the OLED
PMOLED (Passive-matrix OLED) - the first display technology, developed
in the mid 90s
AMOLED (Active-matrix OLED) - used in displays, it has a switch built
into it in the form of a thin film transistor backplane. The transistor allows
the unit to be switched on and off.
PLED (Polymer LEDs) - use a plastic to emit light. They have the
properties of semiconductors yet are versatile and low cost to produce.
The layers that emit light are similar to an ink and will be very cheap to
manufacture once stable compounds and processes are developed.
Advantages Disadvantages
lighter, thinner, and flexible high costing
compared to traditional LEDs produces less lumens
brighter and need no backlight do not last long
can provide more efficient sensitive to water
energy
03

LCDs

LASERS
LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED
EMISSION OF RADIATION (LASER)
Laser is a device that emit light (Electromagnetic Radiation)
through a process is called stimulated emission
Stimulated emission process was predicted by Einstein in 1916.
First laser developed in 1959
"Photons" and atoms can interact via the following processes
In 1960, a solid state ruby laser was developed by Maiman on this
principle
In 1961, a gas state He-Ne laser was developed by Ali Javan and
others in Bell Telephone laboratory
PROPERTIES OF LASERs

1. Monochromatic light is
a light containing a
single colour or
wavelength.
PROPERTIES OF LASERs

2. Directionality is laser
emits light only in one
direction. The width of a
laser beam is extremely
narrow. Hence, a laser
beam can travel to long
distances without
spreading.
PROPERTIES OF LASERs

3. Coherent light a light

waves that are in phase
and have a consistent
wavelength and
direction.
PROPERTIES OF LASERs

4. Highly Intense or Brightness

Laser light is highly intense than conventional light. We know

that the intensity of a wave is the energy per unit time flowing
through a specific area. A one mill watt He-Ne laser is more
intense than the sun intensity.
PRINCIPLE OF LASERs
1. ABSORPTION
This is the process by which
electrons in the ground state
absorbs energy from photons to
jump into the higher energy level.

∆E = E2–E1 = hv
where :
h = 6.626×10^-34 J.s
v = frequency (Hz)
PRINCIPLE OF LASERs
2. SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
The process by which electrons in
the excited state return to the
ground state by emitting photons.
The lifetime of electrons in excited
state is 10-8 second.
PRINCIPLE OF LASERs
3. STIMULATED EMISSION
The process by which incident
photon interacts with the excited
electron and forces it to return to
the ground state. All photons in
the stimulated emission travel in
the same direction.
POPULATION INVERSION
The process of achieving
greater population of higher
energy state as compared to
the lower energy state.

N2>N1
USES OF LASERs

Photometry Astronomy Medical field

Level tool Fiber optic cables Laser Tag

USES OF LASERs

Material processing Military Disc Drive

Agriculture Barcode Scanner Laser Printer

Types of Lasers
1. Ruby Laser Construction of Ruby Laser
The first working laser was built in
1960 by Maiman, using a ruby crytal
and so called the Ruby laser. Ruby
belongs to the family of gems
consisting of Al2O3 with various types
of impurities. For example, pink Ruby
contains 0.05% Cr atoms. The
schematic diagram of ruby laser can be
drawn as:
Operation of Ruby Laser:
The operation of a ruby laser involves stimulating electrons in a ruby
rod to move from lower to higher energy states using a flash of light.
This creates population inversion, causing the electrons to emit
photons as they return to lower energy levels. The emitted photons
bounce between mirrors, undergoing cross-reflection, and then escape
through a partially polished mirror, forming a coherent and focused
laser beam. Control mechanisms, including an R.F. source, manage the
flash frequency to prevent excessive heat generation from rapid
electron movement, ensuring efficient laser operation.
Types of Lasers
2.Helium -Neon (He-Ne) Laser
Construction:

(i) Active medium:

It is a gas laser, which consists of a narrow

quartz tube filled with a mixture of helium
and neon gases in the ratio 10:1
respectively, at low pressure (~0.1 mm of
Hg). Ne atoms act as active centres and
responsible for the laser action, while He
atoms are used to help in the excitation
process. The length of the quartz tube is
about 50 cm and the diameter is about 1
cm.
Types of Lasers
2.Helium -Neon (He-Ne) Laser
Construction:

(ii) Optical resonator:

To construct the optical resonator cavity, two parallel mirrors are

placed at the ends of the quartz tube one of them is partly
transparent while the other is fully reflecting. The spacing
between the mirrors is adjusted such that it should be equal to the
integral multiple of half[1]wavelengths of the laser light.
Types of Lasers
2.Helium -Neon (He-Ne) Laser
Construction:

(iii) Pumping system:

The pumping is done through electrical

discharge by using electrodes that are
connected to a high frequency
alternating current source.

Figure: The helium-neon laser. In a four-level laser such as this,

continuous operation is possible.
Helium-neon lasers are commonly used to read bar codes.
Characteristics of He-Ne Laser
The He-Ne laser is a relatively low power device with an output in the
visible red portion of the spectrum. The most common wavelength
produced by He-Ne lasers is 632.8nm, although two lower power
(1.152μm and 3.391μm) infrared wavelengths can be produced if desired.
Majority of He-Ne lasers generate less than 10m watt of power, but some
can be obtained commercially with up to 50m watts of power. For He-Ne
lasers the typical laser tube is from 10 to 100 cm in length and the life time
of such a tube can be as high as 20,000 hours.
Types of Lasers
3.Semiconductor Diode Laser
Definition:
It is specifically fabricated p-n junction diode. This diode emits laser light when it is forward
biased.

Characteristics:
·Type: It is a solid-state semiconductor laser.
·Active medium: A PN junction diode made from single crystal of gallium arsenide is used as
an active medium.
·Pumping method: The direct conversion method is used for pumping action
·Power output: The power output from this laser is 1mW.
·Nature of output: The nature of output is continuous wave or pulsed output.
·Wavelength of Output: gallium arsenide laser gives infrared radiation in the wavelength
8300 to 8500 A
3.Semiconductor Diode Laser
Principle:
When a p-n junction diode is forward biased,
the electrons from n – region and the holes
from the p- region cross the junction and
recombine with each other. During the
recombination process, the light radiation
(photons) is released from a certain specified
direct band gap semiconductor like Ga-As.
This light radiation is known as
recombination radiation. The photon emitted
during recombination stimulates other
electrons and holes to recombine. As a
result, stimulated emission takes place
which produces laser.
3.Semiconductor Diode Laser
Construction:

Figure shows the basic

construction of
semiconductor laser. The
active medium is a p-n
junction diode made from
the single crystal of gallium
arsenide. This crystal is cut
in the form of a platter
having thickness of 0.5μmm.

The platelet consists of two parts having an electron conductivity (n-type) and hole
conductivity (p-type). The photon emission is stimulated in a very thin layer of PN junction
(in order of few microns). The electrical voltage is applied to the crystal through the
electrode fixed on the upper surface. The end faces of the junction diode are well polished
and parallel to each other. They act as an optical resonator through which the emitted light
comes out.
Types of Lasers
4.LIQUID DYE LASER
Dye is a liquid laser with an active medium
Doped with Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G,
fluorescein

Characteristics:
·Output lies in UV, Visible or IR
·Using dye, the output can be varied from 390nm to
1000nm
·Power output starts from 1 watt, beam diameter of
0.5mm
·Conversion efficiency is relatively high than 25%

Construction:
It has two configurations
·The dye is pumped through the capillary tube from
the storage tank
·It gets optically excited by the flash tube
·Output pass through the Brewster window
Fig. 2.19
The dye is pumped through the nozzle to form a Brewster Angle
Excitation mechanism involves here
Laser gets reflected from two HR mirror passed through the output coupler
Birefringent filter is used to tune the output of Laser
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