NGOs – generally private, voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to achieve a common

purpose, often oriented to a public good (Mingst & Arreguin-Toft,2017). It is another non-state actors

 Issues that are neglected by government

 NGOS are diverse entities because they address and represent different issues and they have different advocacies. Also, because
the sources of their funds vary (pupwedeng galling sa private individuals, private corporations, or partly funded by government) and
the kinds of membership vary (merong NGOs that are exclusive at meron ding open for everyone). There are NGOs that are for
everyone, and there are exclusive. Marami sila tinutulungan at iba-iba rin yung functions na pinaplay nila sa lipunan. Kadalasan, yung
mga issues na pinopromote or inaaddress nila ay welfare, dealing with society, public health, human rights (ex: hunger & human
rights of indigenous people), environment, poverty, gender equality, women empowerment, protection of LGBTQ+ community, and
animal welfare. Kung mapapansin, kadalasan sa mga issue na inaaddress ng NGOs ay yung mga problems na namamarginalized or
nasiside line or mga issues na naneneglect ng gobyerno. Most of the time the people that NGOs tries to help are the ones that are
marginalized. For example, sa women empowerment, they help women because they believed that women remain to be a
marginalized sector in the society. At ganoon din sa LGBTQ+, kabataan, tsaka yung sa mga indigenous people in the community. At
malaking tulong din ang NGOs kasi napagtutuunan na nila yung mga di naman pinapansin before, like animal welfare.
 NGOs already existed during early 19th Century. One of the earliest issue that they tried to resolve is slavery.

Why is there an explosion of NGOs in the 20th Century?

- Global spread of democracy and end of Cold War. (The end of cold war opened more countries to NGOs. Nang magtapos ang cold war,
nagtagumpay ang demokrasya at kapitalismo over communism. These NGOs were able to penetrate that were formerly/previously
closed countries, lalo na yung mga nasa Eastern Europe or former satellite ng USSR)
- UN-sponsored global conferences (The global conferences that have taken place were held to address different issues and these allowed
different NGOs to talk to government and different government personalities. Kumbaga, mas nailapit ng mga NGOs sa mga nasa
gobyerno yung mga issues na gusto nilang iraise. At the same time, the UN sponsored the global confereces also allowed NGOs to hold
separate but parallel conferences that aimed to discuss same issues)
- Electronic Communication Revolution (In short, the scientific and technological advancement that happened in the 20 th Century
contributed to the rise and emergence of NGOs; because they use the Internet and smart phones to communicate with each other and
promote their advocacies and organization. At nagagawa rin nilang pumunta sa grassroots level where marginalized sectors often are
kaya mas lalo silang napapalapit sa mga taong nirerepresent nila. Example sa Internet ngayon, andaming pages ng NGOs, at ginagamit
nila ang Internet to promote advocacies and recruit potential members at ganoon kalaki ang contribution ng Internet, Wifi, at mga
smartphones sa paglago ng NGOs)
 - Many issues that NGOs handle are interdependent and transnational (The more na mas nagiging complex ang mga issues natin, the
more na mas dumadami ang NGOs dahil mas tumitindi yung pangangailangan to resolve those complex problems. The more that issues
become complex, the more we need NGOs to assist the government, UN, IOs, and people who address these complex issues)

Roles and Functions of NGOs

- advocate specific policies and offer alternative channels of political participations (for example, signature campaigns, there are a lot of
NGOs that call for people to participate by giving their signatures about a certain issue. For instance, sa Manila, ang isa sa mga issues na
kinahaharap ngayon ay ang pagtatayo ng PaREx or Pasig River Express Way, and there are NGOs that are calling the support of people to
prevent PAREX from happening by doing a signature campaign. Kasi for NGOs, PAREX is not a good thing since ilalagay yung express way
sa Pasig River kasi it can destroy the Pasig River and the community living in that area.)
- mobilize mass publics (They can call for the support of people and protest)
- distribution of assistance during disasters (Sa Phil., pag may mga calamities, definitely, andyan lagi ang mga NGOs. At ang NGOs ay
pinakakilala pagdating sa mga disaster relief operations. For the people, it iis always a positive thing to receive foreign aid ecery time
there is a calamity, but for the government, it is not always a positive thing na makareceive ang Pilipinas ng foreign aid dahil pinapakita
na hindi capable ang isang bansa to take care of its own people at dahil may tendency na maging reactive ang government sa different
calamities, instead of being proactive. Kumbaga nagiging reliant ang government sa mga tumutulong sa mga taong nasasalanta o
naaapektuhan. Aside from that, hindi na nagiging prepared sa mga disasters na dumadating. Gaya ng sabi ni Mahar Lagmay ng Project
Noah, kung papansinin daw ang mga Pilipino, ang ating approach sa mga disasters ay lagging based sa historical records. Kumbaga ang
laging sinasabi ng mga tao, “nagulat kami eh kasi first time naming naexperience to dahil nung mga nakaraan, hindi naman ganito.” Pero
ang sinasabi ni Mahar Lagmay, dapat we also use science and project what will happen. In addition, ang mga politiko ay ginagamit pa
yung pagtulong to advance their interest or for political clout kaya it is not always a positive thing for the government)
- monitoring of different issues across the globe
- NGOs mobilize the people to act
- NGOs work with and assist IOs in addressing different issues
- NGOs play a unique role at the national level (it happens in countries that are considered failed states, wherein ang gobyerno nila ay
hindi na nagfufunction at hindi na nabibigay ng gobyerno yung basic needs ng mga tao, at may mga pagkakataon na NGOs na ang
nakakapagbigay ng basic needs sa mga tao. Remember, it only happened in failed states.)

Power of NGOs

- Many NGOs rely on their soft power – credible information, expertise, and moral authority
- Flexibility – NGOs can move and respond faster because they are less bureaucratic, kumbaga, hindi ganoon kahigpit sa NGOs, unlike sa
government na very bureaucratic kaya ang daming proseso kaya matagal sila magrespond.
 - Many NGOs have links in the grassroots level
- NGOs can easily cooperate and form coalitions with other NGOs (part to ng pagiging flexible nila kasi madali silang magwork with one
another, especially when they share common goals and same advocacies)
- NGOs can make and execute international policies faster and easier than many IOs
- UN organs do not maximize their powers – GA as a debate society
- NGOs can participate in all levels, from policy formation, decision-making, and implementation
- NGOs can influence state behavior (isa din to sa mga issues na binabato sa mga NGOs, especially sa international NGOs or malalaking
NGOs dahil may mga instances na nagagawa nilang impluwensiyahan ang decisions ng government so kung ganon ang sitwasyon, ang
tanong is “is it not violating the national sovereignty of that particular state?”)
- NGOs can carry out independent investigations (has something to do with their flexibility kasi mabilis nga sila magrespond kaysa sa
government)

Limitations of NGOs

- Many NGOs lack resources

- NGOs that share the same advocacies compete for donors (one reasons why they lack resources kasi ang issues na nireresolve ng NGOs
ay napakalawak and there are NGOs that share the same advocacies, at when they share the same advocacies, definitely, same people
or same donors lang ang magbibigay sa kanila kaya they need to compete for donors)
- NGOs do not have material powers like military and police

Criticisms towards NGOs:

1. To whom are NGOs accountable? (Many NGOs are privately financed kaya hindi malaman kung kanino ba sila accountable, either sa mga
tao bang tinutulungan nila or sa mga taong tumutulong sa kanila)
2. How do they maintain transparency? (like paano sila inaaudit)
3. Do NGOs only reflect liberal values? (isa sa mga criticisms din na since many of the NGOs are using or adhering to liberal values, ibig
sabihin ba non na ginagamit lang sila ng Western countries to spread liberal values across the globe?)

Malevolent NGOs (they have a tendency to do evil for others; cause problems in the society; wreak havoc):

- Mafia
- Drug Cartels (act like NGOs)
- Al Qaeda (also act like NGOs dahil malawak din ang scope nila)

Multinational Corporations (also a nonstate actors)

  considered as testament of an interdependent world economy
 many considered MNCs as vanguard of the liberal order (the spread of MNCs is considered as victory of liberal democracy of
capitalism)
 MNCs have taken the integration of national economies beyond trade and money to the internationalization of production
(internationalization of production means that production, marketing, and investments are organized on a global scale rather than in
terms of isolated national economies)
 transmission belt for capital, ideas, and economic growth (however, it is important to understand that this view definitely comes
from the liberals, definitely people from schools of thoughts would question this view like “pano nasabing transmission belt for
capital and economic growth, eh sinisira nga niyan yung mga local industries namin?” But in the eyes of the liberals, western world
like US and UK, they believe that MNCs provide economic growth and the economic growth that MNCs provide is something that is
beneficial for everyone)

Different Activities of MNCs:

- importing and exporting goods and services

- making significant investments in a foreign country
- buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
- engaging in contract manufacturing – permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce their products
- opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries

Why do MNCs participate in the international market?

- to avoid tariff and import barriers

- to reduce transportation costs by moving facilities closer to consumer markets (example, sa Phil., merong Mitsubishi Philippines, isa sa
sasakyan nila ay yung Mirage na sedan of middle class na ginagamit privately and publicly. Now, ang ginawa ng Mitsubishi Co., instead of
exporting Mirage from Japan to Philippines, ang ginawa ng Mitsubishi Phil. ay nagtayo sila rito ng kanilang planta at doon nila
inaassemble yung Mirage para mabawasan yung shipping cost, hindi magbayad ng tariff, at mas napalapit pa sila sa consumer markets
nila)
- MNCs are after the possible incentives they could receive from the host country like tax incentives, labor concessions, and the likes (They
are after the benefits that countries can offer to them just to invest in their countries. Way back 2019, Isko Moreno invited investors to
invest in Escolta at lahat ng mag-iinvest doon ay makakakuha ng tax incentives. Ang mga bansa ay after the economic benefits, while
MNCs are after the tax incentives)
 - for cheaper labor markets (they are here because countries offer cheaper labor markets; best example would be China and Apple
(American products but manufactured in China kasi mas mura ang labor, and if mura ang labor mas mamaximize yung kanilang kita kaya
it is one of the issues that is thrown at Apple)
- to circumvent tough governmental regulations at home like banking rules, currency restrictions, and environmental regulations
(naghahanap ang MNCs ng mga bansang mas maluwag ang rules and restrictions pagdating sa iba’t ibang aspects ng pagbubusiness)

Globalization has played a very important role in the emergence of 3 non-state actors: IOs, NGOs, and MNCs

The Kind of Interaction that exists among the actors in the International System (Globalization and non-state actors gave rise to):

Global Governance – a collection of governance-related activities, rules, mechanisms, formal and informal, existing at a variety of levels in the
world today (Karns and Mingst, 2009, as cited in Heywood, 2013). It operates between anarchy and world government.

Interdependence – refers to the relationship between two parties, in which each is affected by decisions that are taken by the other (Heywood,
2013) Best example is the COVID 19 pandemic. Yung pagkakamali ng China na macontain yung isang disease ay naging isang pandemic. The
shortcoming of China led to this pandemic that is affecting each and one of us. This COVID 19 pandemic shows and highlights the
interdependence world where we are living right now. Kaya ang interdependence din ang isa sa dahilan kung bakit hindi ganon kasimple na
magdeclare ng war because we are in an interdependent world. Kumbaga, kung anong mangyari sa isang parte ng mundo ay magkakaroon ng
effect sa iba pang part ng world.

Multilateralism – defined as a process that coordinates behavior amongst three or more countries on the basis of generalized principles of
conduct (Ruggie, 1992, as cited in Heywood, 2013). It shows the desire of state to talk and interact with one another. Countries want to resolve
problems collectively.

In the end, Globalization has impacted the way state and non-state actors interact with one another which also lives a mark or impact on the
international system