Group 2 - Challenges Experienced and Effectiveness of Using Transportation Applications

CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED AND EFFECTIVENESS OF USING
TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
A Thesis
To be Presented To
The Faculty of the Senior High School
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Sto. Niño, Biñan City, Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2
By
Francine Valerie V. Aripol

Curt Brian S. Benavidez
Lorraine Abigail G. Capuchino
Angel Grace A. Diaz
Ryza Nicole R. Guerrero
Althea Lyn T. Miranda
Donald D. Rubio
Abby Cristal Dayle M. Sta. Juana
2023
ⅹ
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Regular travel is now a big part of everyday lives and is especially required when
commuting between where the commuter lives and their school or work location. Those who often
commute are students and employees who do not have their own cars. The traditional
transportation is where commuters wait to ride tricycles, motorbikes, cars, vans, and buses, where
they pay for the service it provides withstanding the vehicles smoke, extreme sunheat, and traffic
and danger of being exposed in public. Some commuters prefer to use transportation applications,
instead of traditional commuting. Although commuters benefit from the effectiveness of
transportation applications, there are still existing challenges.
The growth of population and migration becomes one of the reasons for traffic, where the
number of cars on the road during peak hours increases. Due to the increase in car users and lack
of roads, transportation problems arose. It is the traffic that leads the commuters being late for
school and work, and accidents that lead to death. The continuous population growth in the world
is why the transportation networks are unceasingly being congested. The presence of the pandemic
in 2019 is an added problem which are gradually overcoming at present. According to Ando
(2021), the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of using public transportation for severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were 4.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.51–6.93)
(commuting time) and 5.18 (95% CI: 3.06–8.78) (commuting distance). COVID-19 risk, close
contact, and infection anxiety were all associated with the use of public transportation during
commuting. The longer the commute, the greater the chances of having close contacts.
The rise of mobility applications such Grab, Angkas, and Uber provides a solution for
convenient and safer commuting. These applications help commuters in booking a ride to their
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destination. When compared to conventional or usual commuting, this alone is more expensive.
People who can afford to spend more than the standard transportation fare and those who are not
used to commuting in the conventional way, and those who are strict about their safety while
commuting frequently use those mobile transportation applications. The emergence of online
transportation in the community at this time received predominately greater satisfaction from
people from all walks of daily lives. Emerging mobile transport based on complementary or
independent technological platforms that act as intermediaries between passengers and drivers,
using applications appearing in countries around the world (Agyeman, Kwarteng & Zurkalnaine,
2019).
This new taxi ordering service is called mobile booking taxi applications where the user
makes the point-to-point service request from a mobile device at any time and from anywhere
(Harding, Kandlikar & Gulati, 2016; Kanti et al., 2018; Mohamed, Rye & Fonzone, 2020). These
applications promote safety for commuters. A commuter alone in a car is better and avoids close
contact with other commuters or people. Given this, the transport network companies are here to
stay and satisfy the needs of the passengers regarding individual public transport (Ortiz, 2021).
However, these mobile apps are not immune to negative experiences from commuters.
Some of its users sometimes face problems between themselves and the driver and between the
commuter and fate with accident. The individual public passenger service (taxis) had been
experiencing issues in various parts of the world related to uncertainty and cooperation between
passenger and driver, as it was not known precisely where to take a taxi, service hours, and driver
reliability, safety, cleanliness and vehicle quality, knowledge of the city by the driver and the price
to pay for the service offered, among others, reflecting on uncomfortable trips for the commuter
(Balachandran & Bin, 2017).
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The Emergence of Transportation Applications caused challenges for commuters especially
on their safety, yet some commuters using these transportation apps gave satisfaction ratings to
their service reflecting its effectiveness as transportation services companies. Acknowledging
these problems, the researchers had an urge to conduct a study to know the correlation between
the challenges experienced by the commuters and the effectiveness of using transportation
applications for safe transportation or commuting. In addition, this study brought knowledge to
the commuters who use transportation applications, especially to those who have experienced
those challenges. Future researchers may use this study as a reference and can obtain a literature
review from it by using it as a guide. Additionally, they can develop new research depending on
the results of this research study.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The study was anchored on Rational Choice Theory by Adam Smith (1776). Rational
Choice Theory, which generally begins with consideration of the choice behavior of one or more
individual decision-making units. It also states that once individual behavior is established, the
analysis generally moves on to examine how individual choices interact to produce outcomes.
According to Rational Choice Theory, every choice that is made is completed by first considering
the costs, risks and benefits of making that decision.
According to Creel (2021), Rational Choice Theory assumes that people are in control of
their own decisions. Rational choice theory can be helpful in understanding the behavior of
individuals and groups and can help to determine why people, groups, and society move toward
certain choices based on specific costs and rewards. Rational Choice Theory, according to
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Nicholas B. Creel, proposes that humans would carefully consider all options, calculating the costs
and advantages of each conceivable way forward, and then choosing what they feel would
maximize their benefit. Individuals, according to rational-choice theory, are conscious decision
makers whose behaviors are affected by a costs-benefit calculus, rather than being dominated by
push factors acting behind their backs (Hedström and Stern forthcoming). These results are also
connected with maximizing an individual's self-interest. Given the restricted options available, it
is believed that using rational choice theory would result in outcomes that offer individuals with
the maximum benefit and satisfaction (Ganti, 2021).
In this study, the responses of the respondents have shown the personal interests that led
the individuals to choose and use the transportation applications as a way of commuting or in
transportation. Through this, the researchers was able to apply the rational choice theory to know
the effectiveness as a benefit to the commuters or the respondents for choosing transportation
applications (considering the challenges) as a way or method in commuting or in a safe travel.
Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework (Friedman & Hechter, 1988)
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Figure 1 shows the model of Rational Choice Theory. According to the theory, individuals
use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their
own personal preference which can be influenced by family or social norms. Which leads to all
possible behavioral options including trade offs. These results are also associated with maximizing
an individual’s personal value preference. Using rational choice theory is expected to result in
outcomes that provide people with the greatest benefit and satisfaction, given the limited resources
allocation they have available. An individual’s preference can lead to his behavior which then
would lead to behavior equilibrium. The bold lines represent a person's rational decision-making
process, while the dashed lines represent a person's impromptu behavioral decision-making
process.
Operational Framework
The operational framework of this study was anchored on Rational Choice Theory,
proposed by Adam Smith (1776), which explains the decision-making based on rational
information that will result in outcomes that benefit the person depending on the individual
behavior or beliefs. According to Herfeld (2018), Rational Choice Theory is important because it
addresses a significant issue and provides solutions to issues about how people can and should
make rational decisions in specific situations. Moreover, people make reasonable decisions by
weighing their options based on their personal preferences and views.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
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Figure 2. Model of Operational Framework
Figure 2 shows the operational model showing the relationship among variables. First, the
independent variables that is the Challenges of Using Transportation Applications is described in
terms of budgeting practice, net connection, vehicle and duration of travel. Next, the dependent
variable Effectiveness of Using Transportation Applications. Lastly, the researchers have
determined the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the challenges and effectiveness of using transportation
applications for safe and easy travels. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. How can the challenges of using transportation applications can be described in terms of:
1.1. budgeting practice;
1.2. net connection; and
1.3. duration of travel?
2. What is the level of effectiveness of using transportation applications in terms of:
2.2. time;
2.3. safety;
2.4. operational performance; and
2.5. convenience?
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3. Is there a significant relationship between the challenges experienced and level of
effectiveness of using transportation applications?
Hypothesis of the Study
The hypothesis below will be tested at a 0.05 level of significance:
H0: There is no significant relationship between the challenges experienced and level of
effectiveness of using transportation applications.
Assumptions of the Study
The researchers have based this study on the following assumptions:
1. The commuters’ convenience relies on the challenges and level of effectiveness of using
transportation applications
2. The popularity of mobile transportation applications is growing among Filipinos.
3. The use of transportation applications with some challenges to be experienced is still much
safer in commuting.
4. Respondents' are honest in answering the survey questionnaire.
Scope and Delimitation
This study only focus on knowing the correlation between the challenges and level of
effectiveness of using transportation applications. This study helped the commuters to gain more
knowledge about transportation applications that can be applied in their daily life. They might be
more convenient in choosing the vehicle available in transportation applications.
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This study is delimited only for both male and female commuters from City of Biñan and
City of San Pedro, Laguna. The respondents of this study will consist of 100 commuters from the
City of Biñan and San Pedro, Laguna who use transportation applications when commuting. The
period of the study is conducted from August 2022 to May 2023.
Significance of the study
This study aims to determine the challenges experienced effectiveness of using
transportation applications for safe travels. The findings of this study on the challenges and
effectiveness of using transportation applications are beneficial to the following individuals and
organizations:
Commuters will tremendously benefit from this study. The study will provide valuable
insights into the challenges faced by commuters when using mobile transportation apps. This study
will give them knowledge to know how challenges and efficiency of using transportation
applications correlated with each other. It will also assist commuters in understanding the
limitations and advantages of these apps.
The study will help drivers and employees of mobile transportation apps to better understand
the challenges faced by commuters. The results of this research will also provide insight into the
areas where drivers and employees can improve their services to ensure a better experience for the
users of their apps.
The Department of Transportation will benefit from this study by gaining valuable
insights into the challenges faced by commuters and drivers in the transportation industry. The
results of this research can inform the development of policies and regulations to improve the
overall transportation experience for commuters.
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This study would immensely be beneficial to the researchers by collecting and analyzing
data, the researchers will improve their knowledge in using transportation applications for safe
travel. Transportation skills will also develop with the use of applications in the process of
conducting research. Moreover, the researchers will gain practical research experience and
contribute to the improvement of transportation systems.
This study would benefit the future researchers to use this study as a reference and can
obtain a literature review from it by using it as a guide. They can develop new research depending
on the results of this research study. Additionally, this study may give them information on how
they may be able to use the transportation applications on their everyday travel to work or to school
or going back to their homes.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding of this paper, the following terms to be used in this study are
defined conceptually and operationally.
Transportation allows people and businesses to engage in spatially, physically, and temporally
distributed activities of all kinds (Miller, 2018). In this study, it refers to commuters when
commuting.
Applications is a type of software designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablet PCs (Pham, 2021). In this study, the applications are used solely for transportation.
Transportation Applications is collection of traffic data, travel information, route planning,
ridesharing, and so on (Dakić, 2019). In this study, the features of these applications help and
assists the commuters to a safe transportation.
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Commuter is someone who travels between two points each day (Jones, 2022). In this study, the
commuters are from San Pedro City and Biñan City, Laguna. This term is used to determine the
respondents of the study.
Challenges involve psychological trauma that causes anxiety, doubt, and insecurity (Petrovic,
2018). In this study, it refers to the challenges experienced by the commuters using transportation
applications.
Effectiveness is the main noun form of the adjective effective, which implies “adequate to
accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected result.” (Kariger & Fierro, 2021). In
this study, it is the level of effectiveness of using transportation applications.
Budgeting Practice is a proactive approach to organizing your finances. (Practical Business
Skills, 2022). In this study, it refers to the expenses of the commuters for renting a whole or private
vehicle.
Net Connection/Internet Connection allows the computer or any gadget users to connect with
other computers or users all over the world with the help of internet providers (Collins, 2022). In
this study, it is used in some transportation applications that require an internet connection.
Public Transportation is a type of transportation that offers passengers an alternative to having
owned a private car (Easley, 2021). People commute in public vehicles such as Tricycle, Bus,
Train, and etc.
Time is the progression of events from the past into the future (Helmenstine, 2019). In this study,
it refers to the amount of time that the commuters will save by using transportation applications.
Safety is a concept that includes all measures and practices taken to preserve the life, health, and
bodily integrity of individuals (Safeopedia, 2018). In this study, it is to be free of risk and harm
during transit with the use of transportation applications.
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Operational performance is a product of good planning and control activities of a process
(Puleng, 2021). In this study, it refers to the quality performance of the transportation applications.
Convenience offers some measure of relief from the business of work, commuting, and other
obligations (Sankar, 2020). In this study, it refers to the satisfaction of the needs and comfort of
the commuters of using transportation applications
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter reviews the related literature that substantiates and supports the details of this
comprehensive study. The researchers has presented both local and foreign literature and studies
to provide a comprehensive background of the problem under study. Concepts, findings, theories,
and notions from scholarly research and articles that have been presented can still be fortified,
negated, or improved by the additional knowledge that this study has provided. This also provided
the synthesis of the reviewed related literature and the discussion of gaps to be bridged by this
study.
State of the Art
The researchers presented both local and foreign literature and studied that provided a
comprehensive background of the problem under the study. Concepts, findings, theories, and
notions from scholarly researches and articles that had been presented was fortified, negated, or
improved by the additional knowledge that this studied has provided
International and Local Transportation
Transportation refers to the locomotive movement of something or someone from one
location to another using different means. It can be any kind of good, human beings, animals, and
more. Transportation is the sole reason behind the interconnection and inter-transmission within
the whole world. Though, as per time, it is not limited to earth, the advancement of transportation
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has made travel possible to space too. The history of transportation dates back to the time when
locomotives were invented. Transportation has always been a crucial aspect to widen the scope of
living, communication, knowledge, innovation, culture, language, commerce, etc. The history of
transportation that began from the human era, continued to change over a period of time. The first
means of transportation was the human foot, where people used to walk large distances to reach
places. From foot to carts to cars to ships and airplanes, transportation has burgeoned drastically
over the ages, making life approachable, feasible, and connectable (Das, 2022).
The Philippines is renowned for having a vibrant past and present. Since then, Filipinos
have treasured the traditions that have been passed on from one generation to us and have done
everything in our desire to preserve them. One of these is the Philippines' extensive transportation
history, which has contributed to the nation's prestige both domestically and overseas. Currently,
the Philippines' modes of transportation are a combination of the old and the contemporary.
Obviously, Philippine transportation has improved over the years and is now increasingly adaptive
to new technological advancements and infrastructures, giving commuters and everyday travelers
the option to choose the mode of transportation that best meets their demands for convenience
(Aquilar, 2021).
According to Georgia Institute of Technology (2019), the majority of transportation in
Japan is public or non-motorized, with motorized vehicles accounting for as little as 10% of total
transportation. Private companies pour vast sums of money into Japan's extensive metro system,
advancing its development and efficiency. As a result, public transportation has become the
preferred mode of transportation for Japanese locals and tourists alike. Because Japan is so densely
populated, most development is concentrated in one area, making walking to and from places
extremely easy. Biking is another popular mode of transportation for Japanese residents, and it is
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common to see people riding bicycles on busy streets. These modes of transportation are far more
environmentally friendly and reduce the number of vehicles with unused space.
The Philippine auto industry has recently reported a year-on-year increase in commercial
vehicle sales. Even after new excise tax rates on automobiles were implemented in 2019, some
companies reported an increase in the products they sold. Using public transportation is not new
information. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that the majority of these reports only cover highly
urbanized areas. According to a 2019 survey, commuters in Metro Manila had to wait 22-40
minutes for a ride. The average wait time is determined by the mode of public transportation used
in bus, train, jeepney, or van (UV Express). Except for those who use metered taxis, commuters
must also transfer from one vehicle to another (Schebesta et al., 2021).
According to Statista Research Department (2021), the Philippines' geography and the
growing population share requiring various modes of transportation contributed to the country's
passenger transportation system's diversity. Road transportation is the most common method of
transportation. Travel between island regions is possible through the use of water-based
transportation. PUJs, SUVs, buses, railways, private cars, taxis and ride-hailing services are the
primary modes of transportation on the road. Private vehicle ownership, such as personal
automobiles and motorcycles, is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to crowded and
sometimes unreliable public transportation. With approximately 153.83 thousand vehicles sold in
2020, the Philippines ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region regarding passenger car sales.
However, as the number of vehicles on the road increased, this resulted in heavy traffic congestion.
In fact, during rush hour in Manila City in 2020, commuters lost approximately 188 hours of
driving time. Meanwhile, other modes of transport include multicast, pedicabs, tricycles and
motorbikes in smaller cities and provinces.
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International and Local Transportation Applications
The transportation sector has been effectively taken stronghold over by mobile apps.
Technology development is motivating this industry to embrace digitalization. Imagine booking a
flight ticket to another place while sitting at home in another place or track a courier's current
location by a single touch. This is something that the ancestors had never imagined. With the
convenience of ridesharing and ride-sourcing programs like Quickride, Uber, and Ola, smartphone
apps are transforming the ride-for-hire sector. Additionally, it entails enhancing navigation with
traffic applications like Google Maps, Waze, and INRIX. Apps for booking transportation are
significantly altering how users interact with the transportation infrastructure. Prior to the
development of transport mobility, it was simpler to manage and dispatch the logistics and
transportation deliveries because there was a smaller market and less demand. However, the
current increase in infrastructural development and investment has resulted in significant changes.
It has effectively raised the transport sector's revenue and expanded its global network. The people
now have access to a wide selection of travel and logistical options, but the industry's ongoing
growth has also made it more difficult for them to select the option that is best for them. Customers
are now asking for software that can oversee transportation services and give users access to
updated capabilities. Smartphone transportation applications aid business owners in boosting
output and effectiveness. Additionally, it motivates them to offer a superior client experience
(Lahoti, 2020).
The constant fast-paced upgradation in mobile app development for transport and logistics
is likely to continue accelerating in the increasingly saturated market in the following years.
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However, alongside such rapid evolution, opportunities to increase profitability, optimized results,
and better user experience are improving and expanding in equal levels. In careful analysis of the
research and model platforms shared in this report, Monstarlab finds that the opportunity to grow
within a highly competitive market spread wide across the globe lies in prioritized allocation and
innovative use of mobile application technologies. As technology is growing rapidly and new
featured functionalities are introduced daily, more than the implementation of advanced
technological tools, goal-aligned innovative technology use and how it improves operations and
user experience are what truly transform the industry (Monstarlab, 2021)
Since Uber began operating in the Philippines, there has been a growing demand for
transportation-related mobile apps. Aside from the efficiency it offers, Filipinos are eager for more
ways to get where they need to go without difficulty. Imagine the fury then when the well regarded
platform stopped running. For the benefit of today's passengers, several transportation providers
have chosen to make use of advanced technology. Grab, which is one of the most practical and
dependable apps for everyone, is one of the most dependable and rising transportation apps and
delivery services. It's a lifesaver for anyone who needs a trip home quickly as they have the most
drivers available at all times, anywhere in the Metro, and around-the-clock; Lalamove's ability to
operate 24/7 is one of its best qualities. Lalamove uses motorcycle drivers to deliver at any time
to the majority of Metro Manila's neighborhoods and its surroundings. Transporting commercial
products and documents is their area of expertise. With their utility vans, they can deliver large
furnishings as well; and Sakay.Ph, which will enable commuters to do so without the use of private
vehicles with confidence. The best routes for taking buses, jeepneys, and trains to go to their
destination within the metro would be offered to commuters using baseline data provided by the
DOTC, LTFRB, MMDA, and other organizations. This software will persuade commuters that
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using public transportation isn't a bad idea if there aren't any available cars in the neighborhood
and they can't wait any longer (Whitney, 2019).
According to Kim, Lee & Son (2021), The entry into the Fourth Industrial Revolution
caused rapid changes in various industries. These changes appeared in the field of transportation,
and the sharing economy-based ride sharing service emerged. In particular, the development of
big data and artificial intelligence technology contributed to the advancement of mobility services.
As a result, various shared mobility services such as Uber began to be launched competitively. In
line with these changes in Korea, artificial intelligence-based shared mobility services such as
“Kakao Taxi” and “TADA” have appeared. These innovative mobility services were expected to
contribute to improving the convenience and efficiency of transportation for citizens.
Although in Korea, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and information and communications
technology (ICT) innovations are rapidly emerging, shared mobility services such as TADA have
been legally problematic. According to the Korean Passenger Transport Service Act, rental
vehicles such as ride-hailing vans cannot operate until rented to passengers. In addition, mobility
service providers are struggling to launch their services owing to strong opposition from the rival
taxi industry. As a result, it has become a social issue as the interests of the taxi industry and the
ride-hailing companies collide. New mobility services such as TADA are illegal in Korea and
constitute a case of innovation failure due to conflicts with the taxi industry, which is concerned
with job security, lack of laws, and the spread of social awareness. Conversely, California began
legalizing Uber services in 2013, 2014, and 2015; Colorado and New York also joined in the
legalization of Uber. In Australia, Uber has been legalized since 2015; however, in Korea, TADA
became illegal, and the existing service was suspended. In Korea, Uber was illegally operated and
withdrawn in 2015 (Kim, Lee & Son, 2021).
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According to Rodrigue and Daucet (2021), where they examined the impact of network
connectivity on the usage and effectiveness of transportation applications in Indonesia. The study
found that network connectivity is a critical factor in the usage and effectiveness of transportation
applications, with users in areas with poor network coverage or slow internet speeds experiencing
significant challenges. Another study published in the International Journal of Transportation
Science and Technology in 2019 explored the impact of network coverage on the usage and
satisfaction of transportation applications in China. The study found that users in areas with poor
network coverage experience frustration, reduced productivity, and decreased satisfaction with
transportation applications. With the statement of K.A.M. Awan and M.A. Ghazali (2018) that
users of transportation applications face, including long waiting times for responses from
transportation operators, long wait times for the rider to arrive at the pick-up point, and delays
caused by traffic congestion. The study also found that these challenges can lead to dissatisfaction
among users and can affect the overall adoption of transportation applications. L. Schaller and M.
Rudolph (2018) who reviewed the existing literature on the user experience of ride-hailing
services. The study found that users often face challenges related to the duration of travel,
including long wait times, unexpected detours, and traffic congestion, which can negatively affect
their satisfaction with the service.
Emergence of International and Local Transportation Applications
According to Bryson (2019), it will be no wonder in a smart city like Dubai if futuristic
technologies like delivery drones, Hovering taxis, and hyperloop trains are integrated into the city's
existing transportation system. Because such technologies are now in development, the future of
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smart transportation is becoming closer. As transportation technology advances, so do
management strategies implemented by transportation consultants around the world.
New transportation management demands have paved the way for innovations like
automated dispatching and smart parking. This is one of the reasons event managers employ
transportation consultants to provide better transportation, fleet management, and event logistics.
With the advent of what has been dubbed the "Digital Transport Era, according to a recent Deloitte
research, mobile applications are becoming more prevalent in the transportation and logistics
industries. Mobile apps empower businesses and consumers across the sector, from the rise of
Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and Ride-for-Hire platforms to the user-facing mobile courier and
"self-moving" systems – So much so that many companies in its industries are based on mobile
transportation applications (Monstarlab, 2021).
According to Whitney (2019), transportation mobile apps have been in demand ever since
Uber launched their business here in the Philippines. Aside from the convenience it brings,
Filipinos are hungry for alternative solutions to get to where they should be without hassle. So
imagine the outrage when the much-revered platform ceased operations. Fortunately, some
transportation companies have decided to step up and make use of the advanced technology.
With the advancement of modern technology, transportation apps have become popular in
the Philippines, with the most popular being Grab, Angkas, and Wunder Carpool. Prices vary
depending on the location and time they book their ride, and it is usually difficult to book one
during rush hours (Primer, 2018).
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According to Denise Valdez (2018), the emergence of ride-hailing apps appeared to be a
sound solution to the perennial traffic problem, with social media brimming with complaints from
the riding public. Transport Network Companies, or TNCs, offered services that allowed
commuters to use their smartphones to get a ride, be picked up from their location, travel point-to-
point and pay a reasonable amount for the service. However, the government claims that it still has
a lot to learn about the technology in order to properly regulate it.
Difficulties or Challenges in International and Local Transportation
Technology and innovation are key to the future of transportation. The public anticipates
significant developments in the transportation sector with great interest. The transportation sector
must change due to the heat because if it does not, consumers will be compelled to look for
alternatives. The present shift in customer expectations can be attributed solely to technology.
Additionally, clients who have access to information anticipate that their transportation services
will always keep them fully informed (Hummon Team, 2022).
According to Fumagalli et al., (2021), the highest quality value is what transport
professionals must provide to the customers. This suggests that in order to enable clients to see
what is happening at each stage of the transport process, they will need to better understand the
effects of technological developments on it. A very precise urban management tool may develop
that can address problems, increase the effectiveness of local public services, draw in private
capital, and enhance citizens' quality of life.
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One of the main issues facing most international transportation forwarders is the rising cost
of gasoline. Since there is no sign of a global respite from rising fuel prices, there will inevitably
be an increase in transportation costs, particularly for long-distance transportation. This raises the
cost of transit, which eventually increases problems for commuters. The higher fuel prices mean
higher marginal costs of flying, which can lead to greater capacity discipline. This explains why
some carriers opt to hedge their fuel expenses in advance and how severely rapid price increases
impact the bottom line (Bouwer et al., 2022).
According to Sidel (2020), increased urban transport reform advocates and activists were
born as a result of growing traffic congestion, commuters' accumulated resentment, intellectual
energies, and capacity for organization. The absence of appealing public transportation encourages
the use of cars and motorcycles, worsening the already severe congestion seen in the major
Philippine cities, which has a negative impact on the economy and the environment. If the public
transportation system's quality is not greatly enhanced, its recent share in the modal split will
continue to drop.
Since the demand for public transportation fluctuates between times of peaks and troughs,
many public transit systems, or portions of them, are either over or underutilized. Users experience
discomfort during busy times as the system adjusts to a brief increase in demand. Due of this, it
becomes difficult to provide enough transit infrastructure and services. Planning for average
capacity will result in congestion during peak hours, while planning for peak capacity leaves the
system significantly underutilized during off-peak hours. Many services are financially
unsustainable due to low ridership, especially in suburban areas where the density is insufficient
to support such services. Nearly all public transit systems are unable to make enough money to
cover their running and capital expenses, despite major subsidies and cross-financing (such as
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tolls). Public transportation's financial burden is becoming more contentious, since in the past
deficits were considered acceptable due to the crucial service it provided for urban mobility.
(Rodrigue, 2022).
Effectiveness and Efficiency of Transportation Applications (international and local)
Most of the authors conducted usability tests on applications for public transportation to
examine the satisfaction of users, the effectiveness of the application as well as the efficiency of
use of the application. Satisfaction yields the highest percentage of 21.88% followed by
effectiveness (17.19%) and efficiency as well as easy to use at 14.06% respectively. Meanwhile,
survey has been identify as the most widely used usability methods (21.43%). Field testing came
second with 19.05% and the third highed result was interview (14.29%) (Hussain, Mkpojiogu &
Jasin, 2019).
According to German and Cabacungan (2021), a CSI value of 76.86% was also computed,
signifying that customers in the Philippines were satisfied in using the various MT applications
but suggested that the featured and serviced in the applications can still be furthered improved to
continued providing adequate serviced and increased customer satisfaction.
According to Fedorenko (2022), the advantaged of having mobile transportation applications
is that it allowed users to easily access real-time information and quick updates. This is beneficial
to both the customer and the company. On the one hand, the customer received what he desired in
a timely mannered , while the company can respond quickly to provide the service. An efficient
transportation system should be developed to strengthen urban functions, to enhance people's
quality of life, to facilitate industrial economic activities, and to sustain stable economic growth.
22
The Grab car is a technology company which uses mobile application to provides
transportation service. Car Grab application allows users to get taxi easily by online/ mobile
service and makes booking and searching for location easy. It is widely used in South East Asia
particularly in Malaysia. Grab is a technology company that offers a wide range of ride and
logistics services through its app. The app has been downloaded into more than 45 million mobile
devices across Southeast Asia (Hussain et al., 2018).
According to Xueyi, Chen, and Liu (2018), they can improve travel efficiency and reduce
travel time for users based on their findings on the analyzed user behavior data from taxi and ride-
hailing applications. According to Li and Ouyang (2018), that accurate real-time information
presented through transportation applications can improve users' satisfaction and trust in public
transit systems. Another study conducted by Huang (2020), found that transportation applications
can help improve the efficiency of taxi services. with the study of Bhatia and Grengs (2018) that
ride-hailing services can improve convenience for users by providing a more flexible and
accessible transportation option, which can complement and enhance public transit systems.
According to Sun, Nicolau, and Huang (2020), that a demand-responsive transit service that uses
a smartphone application to book and track trips and found that it can improve convenience for
users by providing a more personalized and flexible transportation option. Another study
conducted by Sener and Sisiopiku (2018), that the accessibility of transportation applications for
persons with disabilities and found that they can improve convenience and reduce travel time by
providing real-time travel information and enabling trip planning and payment.
Importance of Mobile Applications in Transportation
23
Day to day, people move every day from one place to another while going out at the office
or for any other purpose. They have to face various difficulties in finding any means of
transportation. However, technology has created various applications like Ola, Quickride and Uber
that have solved the problem in various ways. These applications help them to book a trip and the
driver comes to pick a commuter up at their location and leaves them at the destination in no time.
This has helped them save a lot of time instead of wandering outside in search of any means of
transportation (Chitturi, 2021).
According to Network Enabled Capability (2022), the transport systems play a huge role
in addressing the various societal problems of modern cities. From traffic congestion to air
pollution, mobility and technology are helping to make the world a better place. Technology is
helping to advance public transportation in many ways. For example, technology is making it
easier for people to find information about public transportation options. There are now many apps
and websites that can help people plan their trips, including routes and schedules. Technology is
also making it easier for people to pay for their fares. There are now several apps and websites that
allow people to purchase tickets and passes online. In Australia, each capital city has its electronic
ticketing and fare collection system. From Sydney’s Opal, Melbourne’s Myki, and Brisbane’s go
card, people are using apps to purchase tickets and passes for the bus, the train, and other
transportation options. From apps that help people plan their trips to apps that help people pay for
their fares, to systems that help make public transportation more efficient, technology is helping
to make the world a better place.
Mobile application acceptance is an emerging research area that gained wide-spread
popularity. Managerially important but the overlooked aspect is mobile applications adoption
24
effect on overseas resident’s life satisfaction. Travel applications make users’ life easier with a
smooth travel satisfaction that contributes to life satisfaction. The users who perceive applications
useful and easy to use are satisfied with life in South Korea. Moderating effects of travelers’
involvement between three types of transportation applications and perceived usefulness and ease
of use, where people use mobile applications before and during traveling, to fulfill travel needs,
location detail, and to make the right arrangements were identified as moderator of technology
adoption model (TAM) (Dewan et al., 2022).
Smartphone apps have been the most extensively used end-to-end solution for mobile
device and affect an individual’s mobility relationship, as shown in Figure 2. In particular, such
apps are a promising tool for route planning and trip organization. Even in early successful app
implementations, mobile phones rendered real-time and localized transport information. Watkins
et al. investigated the impact of real-time data on transit riders through the convenience of an
information system, providing evidence that real-time mobile information reduces the perceived
and actual wait time (Sun, Liu & Zhang, 2021).
The taxi sector has recently had a phase of disruption generated by social, cultural, and
economic changes through the introduction of the internet and new technologies (Akbulaev, 2020).
Emerging mobile transport based on complementary or independent technological platforms that
act as intermediaries between passengers and drivers, using applications appearing in countries
around the world (Agyeman, Kwarteng & Zurkalnaine, 2019).
This new taxi ordering service is called Mobile Booking Taxi Application (MBTA) (Kanti,
Anandya & Rahardja, 2018), where the user makes the point-to-point service request from a
25
mobile device at any time and from anywhere (Harding, Kandlikar & Gulati, 2016; Kanti et al.,
2018; Mohamed, Rye & Fonzone, 2020).
Regina R. Clewlow, Ph.D., states that using ride-hailing services (such as Uber and Lyft)
increased the overall transportation expenditures of users, despite offering cheaper rates compared
to traditional taxis. According to Rahman et al. (2020), while transportation application services
provide convenience and flexibility for commuters, they can also lead to increased spending on
transportation and contribute to financial stress, especially for those who use these services
frequently.
According to Pan, X., Liu, W., & Yang, Y. (2020), the use of ride-hailing services like
Uber and Lyft can reduce travel time and improve accessibility in areas with limited public
transportation options. According to Zou, Y., & Newman, P. (2021), the use of mobility-on-
demand services, such as ride-hailing and bike-sharing, can save users time and reduce the need
for private car ownership. Another study conducted by Shaheen et al. (2018), that transportation
apps services like Uber and Lyft save users time and increase the productivity of cities by reducing
the number of cars on the road. The findings of the study agree with the study of Yang (2020) that
the use of ride-hailing services can reduce the risk of traffic accidents in cities with high levels of
traffic congestion. According to Zhang (2018), the use of ride-hailing services can reduce the
likelihood of car accidents caused by distracted driving, as passengers do not need to use their
phones to navigate or find a parking spot. Another study conducted by Lee and Park (2021), the
use of transportation apps with safety features, such as GPS tracking and driver ratings, can
improve safety for ride-hailing passengers.
Rational Choice Theory
26
According to Akhilesh Ganti (2022), the Rational Choice Theory, people employ logical
calculations to make rational decisions and arrive at results that are in line with their own personal
goals. These outcomes are also connected to maximizing one's own interests. Given the restricted
options available to them, using rational choice theory is supposed to produce results that give
people the most benefit and satisfaction. One of the earliest economists to create the guiding ideas
of the rational choice theory was Adam Smith. According to rational choice theory, people make
decisions that are in their benefit when they use logic to weigh their options. The rational choice
theory underpins many mainstream economic assumptions and theories. The essence of the
rational choice theory is the presumption that rational actors are involved. The people in an
economy who make logical decisions based on calculations and the information at their disposal
are known as rational actors. The rational choice theory is built on rational agents. The rational
choice theory makes the assumption that people, or rational agents, continually attempt to
minimize their losses while actively attempting to maximize their advantage in any circumstance.
The core of rational choice theory is extremely straightforward. People are assumed to
engage in goal-oriented conduct derived from logical preferences. The extremely explicit
descriptions of the assumptions underlying rational choice theory are advantageous. The general
definition of individual-level rationality is the possession of complete and transitive preferences.
Although some rational choice theorists concentrate on individual-level decision-making, the
majority of rational choice theorists take into account the ways in which individuals' decisions are
combined into some kind of societal outcome or social preference order. Both social choice and
game theoretic models include the aggregate of individuals' preferences. The social choice theory
finding with the most notoriety is called Arrow's theorem. (Ainsworth, 2020)
27
Synthesis of the Review Literature
When something or someone was moved by locomotive from one place to another through
various ways, it was referred to as transportation. The history of transportation dates back to the
time when locomotives was invented. The first means of transportation was the human foot, where
people used to walk large distances to reached places. From foot to carts to cars to ships and
airplanes, transportation had burgeoned drastically over the ages, making life approachable,
feasible, and connectable (Das, 2022). According to Aquilar (2021), Philippine transportation had
improved over the years and was now increasingly adaptive to new technological advancements
and infrastructures, giving commuters and everyday travelers had the option to chose the mode of
transportation that best met their demands for convenience.
The Philippine auto industry had recently reported a year-on-year increased in commercial
vehicle sales. The yearly increase on the commercial vehicles has become disadvantageous to the
flow of the vehicles on road traffic. This has been caused a lot of waited time for the passengers
(Schebesta et al., 2021). According to Statista Research Department (2021), with approximately
153.83 thousand vehicles sold in 2020, the Philippines ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region
regarding passenger car sales. However, as the number of vehicles on the road increased, it has
now resulted in heavy traffic congestion.
The transportation sector had been effectively taken stronghold over by mobile apps.
Technology development has motivated this industry to embrace digitalization. Smartphone
transportation applications aid business owners who have boosted output and effectiveness.
Additionally, it motivated them to offer a superior client experience (Lahoti, 2020). According to
Agreman, Kwarteng & Zurkalnaine (2019), Emerging mobile transport based on complementary
28
or independent technological platforms that are used as intermediaries between passengers and
drivers, using applications that appeared in countries around the world.
As transportation technology has innovated, so do management strategies implemented by
transportation consultants around the world (Bryson, 2019). New transportation management
demands had paved the way for innovations like automated dispatching and smart parking.
According to Monstarlab (2021), mobile applications are now more prevalent in the transportation
and logistics industries. According to Whitney (2019), aside from the convenience it brings,
Filipinos are hungry for alternative solutions to get to where they should be without hassle. So
some transportation companies have decided to step up and make use of the advanced technology.
One of the main issues facing most international transportation forwarders was the rising
cost of gasoline. This was the reason why the commuters preferred to commute on public
transportation instead of booking on mobile transportation applications that Were more pricey than
the other (Bouwer et al., 2022). According to Sidel (2020), the absence of appealing public
transportation had been encouraged the use of cars and motorcycles, worsening the already severe
congestion seen in the major Philippine cities, which has a negative impact on the economy and
the environment. According to Rodrigue (2022), Nearly all public transit systems Were unable to
make enough money to covered their running and capital expenses, despite major subsidies and
cross-financing (such as tolls).
Satisfaction on applications for public transportation yielded the highest percentage of
21.88% followed by effectiveness (17.19%) and efficiency as well as used conveniently at 14.06%
respectively (Hussain, Mkpojiogu & Jasin, 2019). According to German and Cabacungan (2021),
a CSI value of 76.86% was also computed, signifying that customers in the Philippines they are
29
satisfied on using the various MT applications. Applications have helped commuters that booked
a trip and the driver comes to pick a commuter up at their location and leaves them at the
destination in no time. From apps that have helped people in their planned trips to apps that helped
people for their paid fares, to systems that helped make public transportation more efficient,
technology has helped to make the world a better place (NEC, 2022). According to Fedorenko
(2022), the advantage of having mobile transportation applications is that it allowed users to easily
access real-time information and quick updates. Hussain et al. (2018) stated that The Grab car is a
technology company which uses mobile application to provide transportation service. The app had
been downloaded into more than 45 million mobile devices across Southeast Asia.
According to Chitturi (2021), People had faced various difficulties in transportation.
However, technology had created various applications like Ola, Quickride and Uber that had
solved the problem in various ways. These applications helped them to book a trip and the driver
came and picked a commuter up at their location and left them at the destination in no time.
According to Network Enabled Capability(2022), the transport systems played a huge role in
addressing the various societal problems of modern cities. From traffic congestion to air pollution,
mobility and technology has helped make work a better place. According to Dewan et al. (2022),
Travel applications make user’s lives easier with a smooth travel satisfaction that contributed to
life satisfaction. Sun, Liu & Zhang (2021) stated that even in early successful app implementations,
mobile phones rendered real-time and localized transport information.
According to Ganti (2022), the rational choice theory, people employ logical calculations,
have made rational decisions and had arrived at results that Were in line with their own personal
goals. This theory gave people the most benefit and satisfaction depending on their choices. In
Rational Choice Theory, people have made decisions that are in their benefit when they use logic
30
to weigh their options. According to Ainsworth (2020), people Were assumed to engage in goal-
oriented conduct derived from preferences. Although some rational choice theorists concentrate
on individual-level decision-making, the majority of rational choice theorists had taken into
account the ways in which individuals' decisions was combined into some kind of societal outcome
or social preference order.
Gap to be Bridged by the Present Study
After a thorough analysis of related literature, it was discovered that the use of
transportation applications is becoming more popular in the Philippines; because of technological
advancements, mobile applications allowed commuters to find it more convenient than commuting
by public transportation. Most of the studies being conducted mainly focused on the rise of the use
of mobile applications in transportation and how it makes commuting easier for commuters. There
is a scarcity of literature research being conducted in local contexts that addresses the existing
challenges or difficulties experienced by the commuters when using transportation. In order to
close the current gap, close blind spots, and provide a meticulous understanding of the
phenomenon, the researchers focused on determining the relationship between the challenges
experienced and effectiveness among commuters who use transportation applications. The
relationship between the two variables will be determined using quantitative analysis.
31
32
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, sources of data, population of the study,
instrumentation and validation, evaluation and scoring, data gathering procedure, treatment and
analysis of data, and ethical consideration.
Research Design
This study employed a quantitative non- experimental correlational research design which
investigated relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating
any of them (Bhandari, 2022). It determined the relationship between the challenges and the level
of effectiveness of using transportation applications.
Sources of Data
Primary sources of data were the commuters who used transportation applications and
who answered the survey questionnaire. In reviewing related literature and studies to provide a
comprehensive background of the problem under study concepts, findings, theories, and notions
from the secondary sources including books, journals, scholarly research, articles and other
references that the researcher consulted and cited in the review related literature.
Population of the Study
The respondents of the study consisted of 100 commuters from Biñan City and San Pedro
City, Laguna, who used applications in their transportation. The respondents are selected utilizing
a quota sampling technique for those respondents who used transportation applications and
purposive sampling technique for those respondents who experienced the challenges of using
transportation applications. Quota sampling was a non-probability sampling method that relied on
33
the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units. It aimed to control
what or who made up their sample (Nikolopoulou, 2022). Purposive sampling is a collection of
non-probability sampling strategies that involve choosing units for your sample based on their
possession of specific qualities. In other words, purposive sampling selects units "on purpose."
(Nikolopoulou, 2022).
Instrumentation and Validation
In Gathering data, the researchers utilized a self-constructed questionnaire in which the
respondents could select their answers by clicking on the options. The questionnaire was divided
into two parts: Part 1 would cover the challenges of using transportation applications of the
respondents, and Part 2 would cover the level of effectiveness of using transportation applications
of the respondents.
The research instrument would be presented to the research adviser for initial checking.
For further validation, the researchers consulted experts in the field of language, statistics and
transportation who provided comments and possible recommendations.
Evaluation and Scoring
To measures the challenges of the commuters who uses transportation applications, the
following numerical rating, numerical range, categorical response, verbal interpretation, and
verbal description are used:
Numerical Numerical Categorical Verbal Verbal Description

Rating Range Response Interpretation
4 3.25 – 4.00 Always (A) Highly The respondent

Perceived experienced the indicator
for 76%-100% of the time
34
3 2.51 – 3.24 Often (O) Perceived The respondent

experienced the indicator
2 1.75 – 2.50 Seldom (S) Less Perceived The respondent

1 1.00 – 1.74 Never (N) Least Perceived The respondent

To measured the level of effectiveness of used transportation applications, the following
numerical rating, numerical range, categorical response, verbal interpretation, and verbal
description are utilized:

4 3.25 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Very High The respondent

(SA) experienced the indicator
3 2.51 – 3.24 Agree (A) High The respondent

2 1.75 – 2.50 Disagree (D) Low The respondent

1 1.00 – 1.74 Strongly Very Low The respondent

Disagree (SD) experienced the indicator
35
Data Gathering Procedure
After the validation of the instrument, the researchers proposed the consent from the Office
of the Senior High School Department to conduct this study outside the school. The researchers then
secured consent to conduct the study. Then, the questionnaire is reproduced, handed to the
respondents, and retrieved. The data that are gathered, organized, tallied, and are subjected to
statistical analysis.
Treatment and Analysis of Data
As soon as the responses from the survey questionnaire had been accomplished and
collected, data was treated and examined in line with the following statistical tools:
1. Weighted mean and ranking are utilized to describe (a) challenges experienced by the
commuters when using transportation applications (b) level of effectiveness of using
transportation applications.
2. Pearson-R is utilized to determine the relationship between challenges and effectiveness of
using transportation applications of the respondents.
Ethical Considerations
The researchers finished this study bearing in mind ethical considerations, especially in
terms of informing and seeking permission from school administrators and respondents. Initially,
a consent is sought from the office of the Senior High School Director at the University of
36
Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA, to allow them to conduct the study outside the school
premises. Since some of the researchers are minors, parental consent is obtained as part of the
Consent Form, to allow them to participate to conduct the study outside the school premises and
which explains their right to withdraw from the study at any time voluntarily, the central purpose
of the study, the procedures to be used in data collection, comments about maintaining
confidentiality, and the expected benefits to obtain by participating in the study.
37
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the quantitative data gathered with the corresponding interpretation
and analysis.
Table 1
Challenges Experienced in terms of Budgeting Practice
Descriptive
INDICATORS Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
1. I spend more money when I use 3.29 Highly Perceived 2

transportation applications than
usual commuting
2. The promos in transportation applications 2.89 Perceived 4
are not always available
3. I sacrifice some part of my savings 3.15 Perceived 3
when I really need to commute with
4. I choose to spend my money on fares 2.59 Perceived 5
when booking rather than for food
5. I often pay cheaper price rate in 3.35 Highly Perceived 1
traditional transportation than using
Transportation Applications
Summative Mean 3.05 Perceived
Table 1 shows the challenges experienced by individuals in terms of budgeting practice. The
indicators were rated using a weighted mean and interpreted using verbal interpretation and
ranking. Indicator 5, which stated that "I often pay cheaper price rate in traditional transportation
38
than using transportation applications," had the highest weighted mean of 3.35, indicating that
respondents highly perceived this challenge. Indicator 1 was ranked second overall, which stated
that "I spend more money when I use transportation applications than usual commuting," had a
weighted mean of 3.29, indicating that respondents also highly perceived this challenge. Indicator
3 was ranked third overall, which stated that "I sacrifice some part of my savings when I really
need to commute with transportation applications," had a weighted mean of 3.15 and Indicator 2,
which stated that "the promos in transportation applications are not always available," had a
weighted mean of 2.89 and was ranked fourth overall. Indicator 4, which stated that "I choose to
spend my money on fares when booking rather than for food," had a lowest weighted mean of 2.59
and was ranked fifth overall.
To sum it up, an average of 3.05 verbally interpreted as "Perceived" reveals that the
commuters experienced a perceived challenge in budgeting practice which implies that the
commuters had difficulties in budgeting their money for their expenses of using transportation
applications.
The results of the study agree with the statement of Clewlow on her study "Disruptive
Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States",
stating that using ride-hailing services (such as Uber and Lyft) increased the overall transportation
expenditures of users, despite offering cheaper rates compared to traditional taxis. According to
Rahman et al. (2020), while transportation application services provide convenience and flexibility
for commuters, they can also lead to increased spending on transportation and contribute to
financial stress, especially for those who use these services frequently.
39
, 1.2. net connection;
Table 2
Challenges Experienced in terms of Net Connection
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. I experienced that transportation 3.36 Highly Perceived 1

applications are inaccessible without
cellular data or wifi connection
2. Using cellular data makes transportation 2.74 Perceived 5
applications slow to operate
3. I experienced that slow net connection 3.03 Perceived 2
affects the transportation apps locator
and fare meter
4. Even though I have a cellular data, the 2.93 Perceived 3
signal in my location still makes it
inconvenient
5. Slow internet connection affects the time 2.85 Perceived 4
I arrive in my destination
Table 2 shows the challenges that individuals have experienced in terms of their net connection,
specifically regarding transportation applications. The data is summarized using weighted mean,
verbal interpretation, and rank. The highest perceived challenge experienced in terms of net
connection is the Indicator 1 which stated that "I experienced that transportation applications are
inaccessible without cellular data or wifi connection" with a weighted mean of 3.36, which is
considered highly perceived and ranks first among the five indicators presented. The second-
highest perceived challenge is the Indicator 3 which stated that "I experienced that slow net
connection affects the transportation apps locator and fare meter" with a weighted mean of 3.03.
The third-highest perceived challenge is the Indicator 4 which stated that "Even though I a cellular
data, the signal in my location still makes it inconvenient" with a weighted mean of 2.93. The
40
fourth-highest perceived challenge is the Indicator 5 which stated that "Slow internet connection
affects the time I arrive in my destination" with a weighted mean of 2.85. Finally, the Indicator 2
which stated that "Using cellular data making transportation applications slow to operate" is the
least perceived challenge among the respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.74. This challenge is
still perceived by the respondents and ranks fifth.
commuters experienced a perceived challenges with the net connection which implies that there is
difficulties with the accessibility in net connection when using transportation applications.
The results of the study agree with the statement of Rodrigue and Daucet (2021) where
they examined the impact of network connectivity on the usage and effectiveness of transportation
applications in Indonesia. The study found that network connectivity is a critical factor in the usage
and effectiveness of transportation applications, with users in areas with poor network coverage or
slow internet speeds experiencing significant challenges. Another study published in the
International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology in 2019 explored the impact of
network coverage on the usage and satisfaction of transportation applications in China. The study
found that users in areas with poor network coverage experience frustration, reduced productivity,
and decreased satisfaction with transportation applications.
1.3 duration of travel
Table 3
Challenges Experienced in terms of Duration of Travel
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. Using transportation application takes 2.92 Perceived 2

a long time of waiting for a response
41
from the operator
2. I wait for the rider in a long time to 2.97 Perceived 1
accept my book ride when I should have
been on my way by that time
3. The rider pass my book ride request to 2.75 Perceived 4
other riders which consumes my time
4. I tend to be more late using transportation 2.58 Perceived 5
application especially during
peak and rush hours
5. It takes a long time for the rider to arrive 2.86 Perceived 3
at pick up point which affects
my time travel
Table 3 shows the challenges experienced by the respondents in terms of the duration of travel
when using transportation applications. The data is based on a survey that used weighted mean
scores and verbal interpretation to rank the indicators. The highest weighted mean score of 2.97
was given to the Indicator 2 which stated that "I wait for the rider in a long time to accept my book
ride when I should have been on my way by that time", indicating that this is the most significant
challenge faced by respondents. This challenge is closely followed by the indicator 1 which stated
that "Using transportation application takes a long time of waiting for a response from the
operator" with a weighted mean score of 2.92. The indicator 5 which stated that "It takes a long
time for the rider to arrive at the pick-up point which affects my travel time" was ranked third with
a weighted mean score of 2.86, indicating that this is also a significant challenge faced by
respondents. The indicator 3 which stated that "The rider passes my book ride request to other
riders which consumes my time" was ranked fourth with a weighted mean score of 2.75, while the
indicator "I tend to be more late using transportation application especially during peak and rush
hours" was ranked fifth with a weighted mean score of 2.58.
42
commuters experienced perceived challenges in terms of duration of travel which implies that there
is a clear that waiting times for riders and responses from operators are major concerns that need
to be addressed to improve the travel experience for users of transportation applications.
Additionally, improving the efficiency of the transportation system during peak and rush hours
can also help to alleviate some of the challenges faced by users.
The results of the study agree with the statement of Awan and Ghazali (2018) that users
of transportation applications face, including long waiting times for responses from transportation
operators, long wait times for the rider to arrive at the pick-up point, and delays caused by traffic
congestion. The study also found that these challenges can lead to dissatisfaction among users and
can affect the overall adoption of transportation applications. L. Schaller and M. Rudolph (2018)
who reviewed the existing literature on the user experience of ride-hailing services. The study
found that users often face challenges related to the duration of travel, including long wait times,
unexpected detours, and traffic congestion, which can negatively affect their satisfaction with the
service.
Table 4
Challenges Experienced of Using Transportation Applications
Challenges Experienced of Using Summative Verbal Rank

Transportation Applications In Terms of: Mean Interpretation
Budgeting Practice 3.05 Perceived 1
Net Connection 2.98 Perceived 2
Duration of Travel 2.82 Perceived 3
Overall Summative Mean 2.95 Perceived
43
Table 4 presents the challenges experienced by respondents in using transportation
applications, based on their summative mean, verbal interpretation, and rank. The highest
perceived challenge among the respondents is budgeting practice, with a summative mean of 3.05,
which is interpreted as "Perceived" and ranks first among the three indicators presented. The
second-highest perceived challenge is net connection, with a summative mean of 2.98 and
interpreted as "Perceived" as well, and ranks second. The third-highest perceived challenge is
duration of travel, with a summative mean of 2.82 and interpreted as "Perceived" too, and ranks
third.
Overall, the respondents perceived the challenges in using transportation applications, with an
overall summative mean of 2.95, which is also interpreted as "Perceived". This suggests that the
respondents encountered difficulties in using transportation applications, particularly in budgeting,
net connection, and duration of travel.
2.1. time;
Table 5
Effectiveness in terms of Time
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. I arrive to school/work earlier 3.36 Very High 1

when using transportation
applications than usual commuting
2. I am only taking a few minutes to wait 3.19 High 3
for the driver to fetch me from
44
the pick up point
3. When I commute using transportation 3.11 High 4
apps, I never arrive late
4. I save my time as I do not need to wait 3.30 Very High 2
in line just to get a ride
5. I am always complacent when using 3.03 High 5
transportation applications as it does
not consume my time when booking
Summative Mean 3.20 High
Table 5 shows the effectiveness of transportation applications in terms of time. The data
includes five indicators, each with a weighted mean score and a verbal interpretation. The highest
indicator score is for the Indicator 1 which stated that "I arrive to school/work earlier when using
transportation applications than usual commuting," with a weighted mean score of 3.36, indicating
a very high level of effectiveness. The second-highest score is for the Indicator 4 which stated that
"I save my time as I do not need to wait in line just to get a ride," with a weighted mean score of
3.33, indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The third-highest score is for Indicator 2 which
stated that "I am only taking a few minutes to wait for the driver to fetch me from the pick-up
point," with a weighted mean score of 3.19, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The fourth-
highest score is for the Indicator 3 which stated that "When I commute using transportation apps,
I never arrive late," with a weighted mean score of 3.11, indicating a high level of effectiveness.
The lowest score is for Indicator 5 which stated that "I am always complacent when using
transportation applications as it does not consume my time when booking," with a weighted mean
score of 3.03, indicating a high level of effectiveness.
To sum it up, an average of 3.20 verbally interpreted as "High" reveals that commuters
experienced a high effectiveness in terms of time of using transportation applications which
implies the commuters are able to manage and save their time by using transportation applications.
45
The results of the study agree with the statement of Pan, Liu & Yang (2020), that the use of
ride-hailing services like Uber and Lyft can reduce travel time and improve accessibility in areas
with limited public transportation options. According to Zou & Newman. (2021), the use of
mobility-on-demand services, such as ride-hailing and bike-sharing, can save users time and
reduce the need for private car ownership. Another study conducted by Shaheen et al. (2018), that
transportation apps services like Uber and Lyft save users time and increase the productivity of
cities by reducing the number of cars on the road.
2.2. safety;
Table 6
Effectiveness in terms of Safety
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. It is safer when I commute with 3.23 High 5

transportation applications because
it is only myself and driver
2. I am able to keep a limited physical 3.38 Very High 3
contact with other people
3. I can easily track my route 3.47 Very High 2
4. I am safe because it directly drop me 3.48 Very High 1
off at my destination
5. I am able to avoid the wrongdoer who 3.35 Very High 4
might get attracted to my valuable things
Summative Mean 3.38 Very High
Table 6 presents data on the effectiveness of transportation applications in terms of safety,
based on five indicators with weighted mean scores and verbal interpretations. The highest
indicator score is the Indicator 4 which stated that "I am safe because it directly drops me off at
46
my destination," with a weighted mean score of 3.48, indicating a very high level of effectiveness.
The second-highest score is the Indicator 3 which stated that "I can easily track my route," with a
weighted mean score of 3.47, indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The third-highest score
is the Indicator 2 which stated that "I am able to keep a limited physical contact with other people,"
with a weighted mean score of 3.38, indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The fourth-
highest score is the Indicator 5 which stated that "I am able to avoid the wrongdoer who might get
attracted to my valuable things," with a weighted mean score of 3.35, indicating a very high level
of effectiveness. The lowest score is the Indicator 1 which stated that "It is safer when I commute
with transportation applications because it is only myself and the driver," with a weighted mean
score of 3.23, indicating a high level of effectiveness.
To sum it up, an average of 3.38 verbally interpreted as "Very High" reveals that there is a
very high effectiveness of using transportation applications in terms of safety which implies that
the applications enable the commuters to be safe and secure during the transport.
The findings of the study agree with the study of Yang (2020) that the use of ride-hailing
services can reduce the risk of traffic accidents in cities with high levels of traffic congestion.
According to Zhang (2018), the use of ride-hailing services can reduce the likelihood of car
accidents caused by distracted driving, as passengers do not need to use their phones to navigate
or find a parking spot. Another study conducted by Lee and Park (2021), the use of transportation
apps with safety features, such as GPS tracking and driver ratings, can improve safety for ride-
hailing passengers.
47
2.3. operational performance;
Table 7
Effectiveness in terms of Operational Performance
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. I am using the transportation 3.27 Very High 1

application smoothly
2. I did not experience any lagging 2.91 High 5
circumstances of using transportation
applications
3. I use the app without being complicated 3.23 High 2
on its features
4. I have never experienced the application 2.94 High 4
being crushed
5. I did not experience any difficulties in 3.11 High 3
booking a ride
Summative Mean 3.09 High
Table 7 presents data on the effectiveness of transportation applications in terms of operational
performance, based on five indicators with weighted mean scores and verbal interpretations. The
highest indicator score is the Indicator 1 which stated that "I am using the transportation application
smoothly," with a weighted mean score of 3.27, indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The
second-highest score is the Indicator 3 "I use the app without being complicated on its features,"
with a weighted mean score of 3.23, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The third-highest
score is the Indicator 5 which stated that "I did not experience any difficulties in booking a ride,"
with a weighted mean score of 3.11, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The fourth-highest
score is the Indicator 4 which stated that "I have never experienced the application being crushed,"
with a weighted mean score of 2.94, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The lowest score is
48
the Indicator 2 which stated that "I did not experience any lagging circumstances of using
transportation applications," with a weighted mean score of 2.91, indicating a high level of
effectiveness.
To sum it up, an average of 3.09 verbally interpreted as "High" reveals that the commuters
experienced a high effectiveness in terms of operating performance which implies that the
commuters are effectively using the transportation applications without any difficulties.
The findings of the study agree with the study of Xueyi, Chen, and Liu (2018), that they
can improve travel efficiency and reduce travel time for users based on their findings on the
analyzed user behavior data from taxi and ride-hailing applications. According to Li and Ouyang
(2018), that accurate real-time information presented through transportation applications can
improve users' satisfaction and trust in public transit systems. Another study conducted by Huang
(2020), found that transportation applications can help improve the efficiency of taxi services.
2.4. convenience:
49
Table 8
Effectiveness in terms of Convenience
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. I spend a little effort when I use 3.23 High 4

2. It is less hassle than the usual 3.42 Very High 1
commuting
3. I do not experience stress when I use 3.30 Very High 3
4. I am able to get a ride easier by booking 3.20 High 5
on the transportation applications
5. I am always comfortable along the 3.35 Very High 2
transit when I book a ride on
Summative Mean 3.30 Very High
Table 8 presents data on the effectiveness of transportation applications in terms of
convenience, based on five indicators with weighted mean scores and verbal interpretations. The
highest indicator score is the Indicator 2 which stated that "It is less hassle than the usual
commuting," with a weighted mean score of 3.42, indicating a very high level of effectiveness.
The second-highest score is the Indicator 5 which stated that "I am always comfortable along the
transit when I book a ride transportation applications," with a weighted mean score of 3.35,
indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The third-highest score is the Indicator 3 which stated
that "I do not experience stress when I use transportation applications," with a weighted mean
score of 3.30, indicating a very high level of effectiveness. The fourth-highest score is the Indicator
1 which stated that "I spend a little effort when I use transportation applications," with a weighted
mean score of 3.23, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The lowest score is the Indicator 4
50
which stated that "I am able to get a ride easier by booking on the transportation applications,"
with a weighted mean score of 3.20, indicating a high level of effectiveness.
To sum it up, an average of 3.30 verbally interpreted as "Very High" reveals that the
commuters experienced a very high effectiveness in terms of convenience of usually transportation
applications which implies that the commuters uses the application in an easy and fastest way.
The findings of the study agree with the study of Bhatia and Grengs (2018) that ride-
hailing services can improve convenience for users by providing a more flexible and accessible
transportation option, which can complement and enhance public transit systems. According to
Sun, Nicolau, and Huang (2020), that a demand-responsive transit service that uses a smartphone
application to book and track trips and found that it can improve convenience for users by
providing a more personalized and flexible transportation option. Another study conducted by
Sener and Sisiopiku (2018), that the accessibility of transportation applications for persons with
disabilities and found that they can improve convenience and reduce travel time by providing real-
time travel information and enabling trip planning and payment.
Table 9
Effectiveness of Using Transportation Applications
Effectiveness of Using Transportation Summative Verbal Rank

Applications In Terms of: Mean Interpretation
Time 3.20 High 3
51
Safety 3.38 Very High 1
Operational Performance 3.09 High 4
Convenience 3.30 Very High 2
Overall Summative Mean 2.95 High
Table 9 presents the effectiveness of using transportation applications in terms of summative
mean, verbal interpretation, and rank. The highest perceived effectiveness is in terms of safety,
with a summative mean of 3.38 and a verbal interpretation of "Very High," ranking first among
the four indicators presented. The second-highest perceived effectiveness is in terms of
convenience, with a summative mean of 3.30 and a verbal interpretation of "Very High," ranking
second. The third-highest perceived effectiveness is in terms of time, with a summative mean of
3.20 and a verbal interpretation of "High," ranking third. The fourth-highest perceived
effectiveness is in terms of operational performance, with a summative mean of 3.09 and a verbal
interpretation of "High," ranking fourth.
Overall, the effectiveness of using transportation applications has a summative mean of
2.95 with a verbal interpretation of "High." This means that on average, the respondents perceive
that transportation applications are effective in addressing their transportation needs.
The findings of the study agree with the study of McMeekin, Tan, Krishna, & Lee (2020)
which found that OrienTrip is effective in facilitating public transport use for autistic individuals.
Individuals on the autism spectrum expressed their satisfaction with the app and agreed that it
makes public transport easy to use.
3. Is there a significant relationship between the challenges and level of effectiveness of
using transportation applications?
52
Table 10
Relationship Between the Challenges and Level of Effectiveness of Using Transportation
Applications
Level of
Effectiveness of Challenges of using Transportation Application
using
Transportation
Budgeting Practice Net Connection Duration of Travel
Application
Time r = .564** r = .098 r = .086

Moderate Correlation Negligible Negligible Correlation
p = .000 Correlation p = .393
Significant p = .332 No Significance
No Significance
Safety r = .206* r = -.36 r = -.080
Low Correlation Negligible Negligible Correlation
No Significance
Operational r = .548** r = .282** r = -.251*
Performance Low Correlation Low Correlation Low Correlation
p = .000 p = .005 p = .012
Significant Significant Significant
Convenience r = .239* r = -.031 r = -.024

Low Correlation Negligible Negligible Correlation
No Significance
**Significant @ 0.01; *Significant @ 0.05
Table 10 shows the relationship between the challenges experienced and the level of
effectiveness using transportation applications, measured in terms of budgeting practice, net
connection, duration of travel, safety, operational performance, and convenience. The data is
presented in terms of correlation coefficients, which measure the degree of association between
two variables.
53
The data shows that there is a moderate positive correlation between budgeting practice
and time, with a correlation coefficient of 0.564 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant
relationship. This suggests that as users become more effective at budgeting while using
transportation applications, they also tend to spend less time using the application.
There is a negligible correlation between net connection and time, with a correlation
coefficient of 0.098 and a p-value of 0.332, indicating no significant relationship. Similarly, there
is a negligible correlation between duration of travel and time, with a correlation coefficient of
0.086 and a p-value of 0.393, indicating no significant relationship.
In terms of safety, there is a low positive correlation with budgeting practice, with a
correlation coefficient of 0.206 and a p-value of 0.040, indicating a significant relationship. This
suggests that as users become more effective at budgeting while using transportation applications,
they also tend to feel safer while using the application.
There is a negligible correlation between net connection and safety, with a correlation
coefficient of -0.36 and a p-value of 0.722, indicating no significant relationship. Similarly, there
is a negligible correlation between duration of travel and safety, with a correlation coefficient of -
0.080 and a p-value of 0.428, indicating no significant relationship.
In terms of operational performance, there is a low positive correlation with budgeting
practice, with a correlation coefficient of 0.548 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant
relationship. There is also a low positive correlation with net connection, with a correlation
coefficient of 0.282 and a p-value of 0.005, indicating a significant relationship. However, there is
a low negative correlation with duration of travel, with a correlation coefficient of -0.251 and a p-
value of 0.012, indicating a significant but negative relationship.
54
Finally, in terms of convenience, there is a low positive correlation with budgeting practice,
with a correlation coefficient of 0.239 and a p-value of 0.017, indicating a significant relationship.
However, there is a negligible correlation with net connection, with a correlation coefficient of -
0.031 and a p-value of 0.757, and with duration of travel, with a correlation coefficient of -0.024
and a p-value of 0.910, indicating no significant relationship.
The findings in Table 10 are consistent with the findings of the study on the Factors
Affecting Users' Continuance Intention to Use Transportation Apps: Focused on Users of Kakao
Mobility" by Hwang, Lee, and Park (2020). This study also found that budgeting practice, net
connection, duration of travel, time, safety, and operational performance were significant factors
affecting users' intention to continue using transportation apps. The study found that the
convenience factor did not significantly affect users' intention to continue using transportation
apps.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTION
This chapter presents the summary of findings based on the data gathered from the study,
the conclusions drawn, and the future direction offered by the researchers.
55
This study employed a quantitative non- experimental correlational research design
which investigated relationships between challenges experienced and effectiveness of using
transportation applications. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1.2. net connection; and
1.3. duration of travel?
2.2. time;
2.3. safety;
2.4. operational performance; and
2.5. convenience?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the challenges and level of effectiveness of using
transportation applications?
Summary of Findings
The following are the summary of findings based on the data gathered:
1. As to the challenges experienced by the commuters in using transportation applications
- As to the challenges experienced, the highest perceived challenge among the
respondents is budgeting practice, with a summative mean of 3.05, which is
56
interpreted as "Perceived" and ranks first among the three indicators presented. The
second-highest perceived challenge is net connection, with a summative mean of
2.98 and interpreted as "Perceived" as well, and ranks second. The third-highest
perceived challenge is duration of travel, with a summative mean of 2.82 and
interpreted as "Perceived" too, and ranks third. Overall, the respondents perceived
the challenges in using transportation applications, with an overall summative mean
of 2.95, which is also interpreted as "Perceived". This suggests that the respondents
encountered difficulties in using transportation applications, particularly in
budgeting, net connection, and duration of travel.
2. As to the effectiveness of using transportation applications
- As to the effectiveness, the highest perceived effectiveness is in terms of safety,
with a summative mean of 3.38 and a verbal interpretation of "very high," ranking
first among the four indicators presented. The second-highest perceived
effectiveness is in terms of convenience, with a summative mean of 3.30 and a
verbal interpretation of "very high," ranking second. The third-highest perceived
effectiveness is in terms of time, with a summative mean of 3.20 and a verbal
interpretation of "high," ranking third. The fourth-highest perceived effectiveness
is in terms of operational performance, with a summative mean of 3.09 and a verbal
interpretation of "high," ranking fourth. Overall, the effectiveness of using
transportation applications has a summative mean of 2.95 with a verbal
interpretation of "high." This means that on average, the respondents perceive that
transportation applications are effective in addressing their transportation needs.
57
3. As to the significant relationship of the challenges experienced and effectiveness of using
- As to the significant relationship of the challenges experienced and effectiveness
of using transportation applications, the data shows that there is a moderate positive
correlation between budgeting practice and time, with a correlation coefficient of
0.564 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant relationship. This suggests
that as users become more effective at budgeting while using transportation
applications, they also tend to spend less time using the application. There is a
negligible correlation between net connection and time, with a correlation
coefficient of 0.098 and a p-value of 0.332, indicating no significant relationship.
Similarly, there is a negligible correlation between duration of travel and time, with
a correlation coefficient of 0.086 and a p-value of 0.393, indicating no significant
relationship. In terms of safety, there is a low positive correlation with budgeting
practice, with a correlation coefficient of 0.206 and a p-value of 0.040, indicating a
significant relationship. This suggests that as users become more effective at
budgeting while using transportation applications, they also tend to feel safer while
using the application. There is a negligible correlation between net connection and
safety, with a correlation coefficient of -0.36 and a p-value of 0.722, indicating no
significant relationship. Similarly, there is a negligible correlation between duration
of travel and safety, with a correlation coefficient of -0.080 and a p-value of 0.428,
indicating no significant relationship. In terms of operational performance, there is
a low positive correlation with budgeting practice, with a correlation coefficient of
58
0.548 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant relationship. There is also a
low positive correlation with net connection, with a correlation coefficient of 0.282
and a p-value of 0.005, indicating a significant relationship. However, there is a
low negative correlation with duration of travel, with a correlation coefficient of -
0.251 and a p-value of 0.012, indicating a significant but negative relationship.
Finally, in terms of convenience, there is a low positive correlation with budgeting
practice, with a correlation coefficient of 0.239 and a p-value of 0.017, indicating a
significant relationship. However, there is a negligible correlation with net
connection, with a correlation coefficient of -0.031 and a p-value of 0.757, and with
duration of travel, with a correlation coefficient of -0.024 and a p-value of 0.910,
indicating no significant relationship.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The study found that the respondents faced challenges while using transportation
applications, particularly related to budgeting, net connection, and travel duration. These
challenges were significant and common with a summative mean that indicated as
‘’perceived’’. Improvements in these areas could enhance the user experience of
transportation applications and increase their usage.
2. Transportation applications are perceived as effective by users, with safety being the most
highly rated aspect, followed by convenience and time efficiency. Although operational
performance ranks lowest, it is still considered effective. Overall, respondents rated
transportation applications as highly effective in addressing their transportation needs.
59
3. There are significant relationships between the challenges experienced and the
effectiveness of using transportation applications. Users who are more effective at
budgeting tend to spend less time using the application, feel safer, and have better
operational performance and convenience. There is a negligible correlation between net
connection and safety, convenience, and time spent using the application. This suggests
that the quality of the net connection does not have a significant impact on their perception
of safety, convenience, and the amount of time spent. Similarly, there is a negligible
correlation between the duration of travel and safety, convenience, and time spent using
the transportation application. This means that whether a user's travel duration is short or
long, it does not have a significant impact on their experience with transportation apps in
terms of safety, convenience, and time spent. However, net connection has a significant
positive correlation with operational performance, This means that users with better net
connection tend to have better operational performance when using transportation
applications. While the duration of travel has a significant negative correlation with
operational performance. This means that users with longer travel duration tend to have
worse operational performance when using transportation applications.
Future Directions
Based on the findings of the study, the following future directions were offered:
1. Commuters are encouraged to understand the existing difficulties they have experienced
when using mobile applications by understanding the challenges and effectiveness of the
transportation applications in order to make adjustments and have a more effective
60
transit. To make the most of transportation applications, commuters are encouraged to
effectively budget their transportation expenses, ensure a reliable net connection,
optimize their travel time, prioritize safety.
2. Drivers and employees are advised to enhance and improve their skills as application
operators by assisting and handling the client or commuter who requested to book a ride
to further enhance the effectiveness and user satisfaction of their transportation
applications.
3. The Department of Transportation are recommended to improve their services,
particularly with regard to commuters' transportation applications experience, by
addressing and developing commuter challenges including the budgeting features of their
apps, ensuring reliable net connection, and minimizing travel duration to enhance user
experience and increase the usage of their transportation applications.
4. Future researchers could conduct further studies to explore the reasons behind the
perceived challenges experienced by commuters when using transportation applications
and how they can be mitigated. Additionally, they could investigate the impact on the
effectiveness of using transportation applications. Lastly, they could examine the
effectiveness of different transportation applications in meeting the needs of commuters.
61
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CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED AND EFFECTIVENESS OF USING

Francine Valerie V. Aripol

instead of traditional commuting. Although commuters benefit from the effectiveness of

transportation applications, there are still existing challenges.

(Balachandran & Bin, 2017).

their service reflecting its effectiveness as transportation services companies. Acknowledging

the results of this research study.

the costs, risks and benefits of making that decision.

the maximum benefit and satisfaction (Ganti, 2021).

applications (considering the challenges) as a way or method in commuting or in a safe travel.

Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework (Friedman & Hechter, 1988)

weighing their options based on their personal preferences and views.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

independent variables that is the Challenges of Using Transportation Applications is described in

variable Effectiveness of Using Transportation Applications. Lastly, the researchers have

determined the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Statement of the Problem

1.1. budgeting practice;

1.2. net connection; and

1.3. duration of travel?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of using transportation applications in terms of:

2.4. operational performance; and

effectiveness of using transportation applications?

Hypothesis of the Study

The hypothesis below will be tested at a 0.05 level of significance:

effectiveness of using transportation applications.

Assumptions of the Study

The researchers have based this study on the following assumptions:

2. The popularity of mobile transportation applications is growing among Filipinos.

4. Respondents' are honest in answering the survey questionnaire.

Scope and Delimitation

more convenient in choosing the vehicle available in transportation applications.

period of the study is conducted from August 2022 to May 2023.

Significance of the study

This study aims to determine the challenges experienced effectiveness of using

limitations and advantages of these apps.

users of their apps.

overall transportation experience for commuters.

contribute to the improvement of transportation systems.

or going back to their homes.

defined conceptually and operationally.

Transportation Applications is collection of traffic data, travel information, route planning,

assists the commuters to a safe transportation.

respondents of the study.

this study, it is the level of effectiveness of using transportation applications.

Budgeting Practice is a proactive approach to organizing your finances. (Practical Business

Public Transportation is a type of transportation that offers passengers an alternative to having

Train, and etc.

during transit with the use of transportation applications.

the commuters of using transportation applications

State of the Art

improved by the additional knowledge that this studied has provided

International and Local Transportation

Transportation refers to the locomotive movement of something or someone from one

According to Georgia Institute of Technology (2019), the majority of transportation in

automobiles and motorcycles, is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to crowded and

motorbikes in smaller cities and provinces.

Technology development is motivating this industry to embrace digitalization. Imagine booking a

updated capabilities. Smartphone transportation applications aid business owners in boosting

and they can't wait any longer (Whitney, 2019).

contribute to improving the convenience and efficiency of transportation for citizens.

withdrawn in 2015 (Kim, Lee & Son, 2021).