dSeptember 6, 2023
(nagbubuntis na tumataas ang high BP) to avoid
Sources of Drugs
1. Plants
● digoxin: cardiac digitalis; congestive heart failure,
atrial arrhythmias
● Morphine: pain killer; opioid/narcotic (addicting)
● Cocaine: stimulant
● Aspirin (ASA): Acetyl salicylic Acid; oldest
NSAID; anti-inflammatory; antithrombotic (to avoid
blood clot; given to patient with stroke)
2. Animals
● Insulin: Diabetes Mellitus type 1- juvenile onset;
type 2 - matured onset
● Heparin: #1 blood clot buster
● Rabies Vaccine: humans can be rabid;
● Fluvax
3. Synthetic / semi-synthetic chemicals
● Meperidine: Opioid / narcotic; to relieve pain
● Mephedrone: stimulant; from family of
amphetamine (opioid stimulants that speed up the
body systems)
● Phenobarbital: anticonvulsive; sedative
● Amoxicillin: antibiotic (anti-infective agent)
● Piperacillin/tazobactam: 4th generation of
anti-infective agent; broad na ang
spectrum;piperacillin opens an opening then
tazobactam kills
4. Minerals
● Iron: pangmababa ang rbcs or anemia (give FeSo4)
● Iodine: to balance or regulate thyroid
● magnesium sulfate: para sa may mga eclampsia
convulsion and seizures
● bismuth salts: antacid; pag nagsusuka or diarrhea
(in tablet; taken orally) pepto bismol
5. Microbiological Sources
● Penicillin
● streptomycin: anti-infective agent; anti TB na injectables;
only medicine that is being administered intramuscular and
intravenous
● Chloramphenicol: drug of choice for typhoid fever
5. Recombinant DNA Technology
● Hepa B: against hepa B from DNA (hepatitis means
inflammation) while other kinds of hepa came from animals
● Interleukin 2: stimulates the T-cells (lymphocytes: last
defense in our body) especially clients undergoing
chemotherapy
● erythropoietin: sa blood; stimulates red blood cells
production; given to people with kidney problem; people
going dialysis
● Tissue Plasminogen Activator: formerly known as
alteplase; for blood clot buster
September 13, 2023
Drug standards
International Pharmacopoeia
- Provides a basis for standard in strength and
composition of drugs for use throughout the world
- I.P = Indian Pharmacopoeia
 - B.P
September 20, 2023
PHARMACODYNAMICS
● Peak action
○ For a drug to take action
○ Dapat masundan agad ng another gamot para
hindi mawala ang peak action dahil nabagsak
● Duration of action
○ Length of time the drug has a pharmacological
effect
○ Yung haba ng epekto ng drug sa body
● Critical concentration
○ Connected to peak action
○ The amt of drug to cause a therapeutic effect
● Dynamic equilibrium
○ Processes by which a drug is handled by the
body
○ Homeostasis
○ Paano ba magkakaron ng equilibrium
○ Pano hinahandle ng body ang equilibrium
○ Mamemeet ang peak action, to meet critical
concentration thus, dynamic equilibrium
● Loading dose
○ Higher dose than the usual used for treatment
○ Twice the required dose of a particular
medication
○ Given for the liver to recognize the drug
○ Pag emergency, madalas ay binibigyan ng
double dose para mabilis ma recognize
○ Pang first dose lang di na umuulit
■ Digoxin = cardiac digitalis; for rhythm
● Lanoxin
■ Xanthine Bronchodilators =
● Aminophylline and theophylline
= for asthma ( difficulty in
breathing)
● Half life
○ Time required for a total amount of a drug
decrease by 50%
○ Affected by metabolism and elimination
■ Ex:
● 50 mg dose
● Half life of 12 hours ( asa
literature )
○ In 12 hours of the 50mg
(25mg) will be excreted
while the other 25mg
remains in the body
○ In another 12 hours (24
hours) magiging 12.5
○ 36 hours = 12.5 mg =
6.25
○ A short half life = 4-8 hours; according to sir’s
reading merong 50 mins na halftime
(benzodiazepines = diazepam)
 ○ Long half life = 24 hours or longer ; readings ○ Drug attaches to receptors bago sumama sa
says meron daw naabot ng 96 circulation
● Therapeutic index ○ Receptors
○ Ratio of a drug’s lethal dose to its effective dose ■ A cellular
○ LD50 ; ED50 ■ Pag may problema di madidistribute
○ Safety margin: gaabo ka safe; sa pagtaas mas ■ Protein plasma : albumin
safe ■ Can be
■ Ex: amoxicillin (anti-infective drug) ● Enzymes
highest; cocaine and lithium (psychotic ● Nucleid acids
drugs) = lowest ● Structural proteins
■ Anti-infective usually has high dosages ■ Agonist receptor
■ For hypertensive mostly ay mamababa ● Nagaatach yung gamot kung saan
ang dosage nag effect ang gamot sa katawan
○ Can be found on the literature ● Therapeutic effect proceeds
■ Antagonist
Efficacy ● Blocking
● Ability the produce a biologic effect ● Kumokontra
● Effect ● Walang effect sa katawan
● Effectiveness in treatment ● Naapektuhan ang receptors ng
Potent gamot kaya nag kakaron nag
● Related to the amount of drug necessary to cause a pagaantagonize
biologic effect ● drug -to-drug interaction: need
● Dose muna icheck if may interaction
● Refers to the strength of a drug ang gamot

Drug action
● Kung saan nag attach yung gamot, doon naka depende
● Cellular receptors and drug action kung saan mag eeffect (systemic or…)
●
PHARMACOKINETICS ■ Relatively fast if
● L= Liberation ; for medications taken orally aqueous while if
○ Mabagal absorption pag oral oil based it can be
○ [pharmaceutics: drug becoming the solution delayed
■ 2 phases ■ Speed of
● Disintegration: nadurog absorption
○ Breakdown to smaller depends on
particles condition of blood
● Dissolution flow
○ Tunaw in the GI fluid ■ Impaired
● ADME peripheral
○ Absorption circulation and
■ The movement of drug from the site of shock will delay
administration to the blood circulation absorption
■ Many factors that affect the rate of ○ Intradermal is slow and
absorption confined
● Dosage form ■ PPD - mantux’s
○ Tablets test : to check for
○ Capsules pulmonary
○ Etc tuberculosis;
○ A factor because oral ■ binabasa AFTER
takes liberation 72 HOURS
● Route of administration ■ Skin test 30 mins
○ Mas mabilis pa din ang ○ Oral: rate and degree of
intravenous and intra absorption can vary
arterial depending on GI motility
○ Parenteral: absorption is = metabolism ; presence
really rapid of the food in stomach,
○ IM and SC
 which can cause delay of dapat mga after 1
absorption hour)
○ Gastric pH= enteric ■ Diarrhea can
coated cause drugs not to
○ Other drugs = drug to be absorbed
drug interaction ● anti
● Lipid solubility -diarrhea
○ Fats contains
○ Mabagal din charcoal
● GI motility component
○ Stomach empties more s para
slowly with food and will mabilis
delay oral drug maabsorb
absorp[tion ■ Constipation can
○ Most oral meds are best delay absorption
absorbed if given before kasi nastustuck;
meals toxic kasi di agad
■ Dapat naman naiilabas
talaga ay before ■
meal kaso most ○ Distribution
filipinos have ■
gastritis and ○ Metabolism
kinasanayan ang ○ Excretion
OTC meds (1 Suppositories are direct (do not undergo Liberation)
hour before
meals); not
necessarily after
meal (if after
October 11, 2023 ○ General
■ Pertaining
Planning (Setting goals and outcomes for drug administration) ■ Dos and don'ts
■ Mechanism of action\
● Goals ■ Nursing responsibilities
○ Focus on what the client should be able to ■ The patient’s role now that he or she will
achieve and do, based on the nursing diagnosis take the medication
established from the assessment data
● Outcomes ● Self administration
○ Provide the specific, measurable criteria that ○ Insulin
will be used to evaluate the degree to which the ○ Nebulization
goal was met ○ Suppositirories
○ Very basis of evaluation
○ Intervention nakaalign kay planning ● Diet
● Interventions ○ Doon nangagaling ang receptors
○ Drug administration ○ “Statin” - cholesterol
■ Safety and accuracy ● Side effects
■ Rights ○ Desirable
■ Guidelines ○ Expected effects ng gamot
■ Pharmacokinetics and dynamics ● Cultural considerations
○ Medication Orders
■ In the way you are going to carry out the
doctor’s order General principles for all medications
■ Interpretation
○ Five + Five rights +2 (12 rights ) ● Verify all ne or questionable orders on the medication
○ Dosage calculations administration (MAR) against physician orders for
■ Pertains to drug computations na hindi completeness
lang drug itself but also IVs ○ MAR -drug order is transcribed from doctor’s
● Client teaching/education order
● Prepare medications in a quiet environment
○ Baka magulat, nakikipahgchikahan which can
result to wrong computations
○ Must be isolated
● Wash your hands. Observe universal precautions as
appropriate
○ Prior to prep of medication and after b
● Collect all necessary equipment, including straws, juice
or water, stethoscope
○ Make sure you have all the equipment before
you visit your patient to save time effort and
energy
● Review MAR for each client carefully to ensure safety:
note medication, dosage, route, expiration date and
frequency
● Research drug compatibilities, action, purpose,
contraindications, side effects and appropriate routes
○ Compatibility and incompatibility
● Find medication for individual clients and calculate
dosage accurately. Confirms normal range of dose
particularly pediatrics
● Check expiration date on medication and look for any
changes that may indicate decomposition ( color, odor,
and clarity)
○ Kahit di expired basta may visible and observed
problems dispose na
● Compare the label three times with the medication to
decrease risk of error
○ When removing the package from drawer
○ Before preparing the medication
○ After preparing medication
● Check need for prn medication
○ Iaccess kung kailangan talaga bigyan ng gamot
● Be sure medications are identified for each client
○ Di kesyo kambal or magkapatid ay iisang gamot
ang ibibigay
○ Treat people separately
● Check for any allergies and perform all special
assessment before administrations
● Confirm client’s identity by checking at least two of the
three possible mechanisms for identification to ensure
safety
○ Ask his name
○ Check client’s identity-band
○ Check the bed tag (this is least reliable method)
● Provide privacy if needed
● Inform client for medication, any procedure, technique,
purpose and client teaching as applicable
● Stay with client until medication is gone; do not leave
medication at bedside
October 18, 2023 ■ Liter for volume (L)
● Liter
1. Adverse effects ● Milliliter
a. Primary ● 1 ml = 1 cc
b. Secondary ● 1 cm per side holds 1 milliliter
c. Hypersensitivity ● CC = ml
2. Toxic effects ○ Apothecary
a. Anaphylactic ■ Used by pharmacist / apothecaries
b. Cytotoxic ■ Roman numerals place
c. Serum sickness reaction ■ Phenobarbital (anticonvulsant) uses the
d. Delayed drug reactions apothecary
e. Drug-induced tissue and organ damage ○ Household system
■ Found in recipe book
Dose calculation
● Amount or quantity of drug that you will administer
● Only drugs which have therapeutic effects
● Supplements dosage are already specified by the
manufacturer

Conversions
● Several units of measurements
○ Metric
■ Widely used ■
■ Meter for length (m) ■ 60 drops = 1 tsp
■ Gram for weight (g) ■ 3 tsp = 1 tbsp
● Kilogram ■ 60 x 3 = 180 drops
● Gram ■ 2 tbsp = 1 oz
● Miligram ■ 1 oz = 30 cc
● Microgram ■ 6 oz = 1 teacup (180ml)
 ■ 8 oz = 1 glass (240ml) NOVEMBER 15, 2023
■ 8 oz = 1 measuring cup (240ml)
○ Avoirdupois DRUGS AFFECTING THE BODY SYSTEM
■ Used by pharmacist din for
compounding ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
■ Uses ounces and grains ● Anti-bacterial
■ Milliequivalent (mEq) ○ Monitor super infections
● Electrolytes ○ Evaluate renal/liver function
● Ionic activity in the electrolyte ■ All infective agent has an effect on out
agents liver and kidneys
■ International units (IU) ■ SGPT
● Sometimes used to measure ■ SGOT
certain vitamins or enzymes ■ Check for the BUN and creatinine
● Anti thrombotic (heparin) ○ Diarrhea - Take yogurt
● ○ Inform provider prior to taking other meds
● Convert the unit if different units are used for the order ■ Sino nag reseta (doctor) para malaman if
and for administration may drug interaction
○ Cultures prior to initial dose
■ Secure the specimen for diagnostic
examination
■ Like blood
○ Alcohol is out, ask about allergy
○ Take full course of pills
●
○ Evaluate the cultures
● TAKE NOTE OF THIS MEMORIZE!!
■ Did the cultures normalize?
● Gtts = drops
■ WBC= to check if their is still infection
● mgtts= microdrops
(high WBC means infection)
■ TEMP = manifestation of infection
DOSAGE CALCULATION
■ Blood= bumagsak ang WBC
 ■ Thrombocytopenia
● SPECTRUM OF ACTION
○ Narrow
■ Isa lang kinacater, maalin lang sa gram
positive or negative
○ Broad
■ Gram positive and gram negative
■ Hindi na lahat ng cephalosporins ay
broad
● FIVE MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS
○ Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
■ Enzyme breakdown of the cell wall
■