Chapter 3

Differentiation
Example1: Given f ( x)  x . Find f (2).
3

Example 2 : Differentiate f ( x)  x .

Table of derivative (self  study)

  sin2 (2 x)
 , x0
Example 3: Given g( x)   x .
m, x0

a) Find m suchthat g( x) becontinuous at x  0.
b) With m found in question a), find g(0).
Geometric meaning of the derivative
Existence of Derivatives
 Note:The converse is not true.
Ex : Show that the function f ( x) | x |
is continuous at x  0
but not differentiable at x  0.
Techniques of differentiation
(self – study)
 High order derivative
f ( x)  ( f ( x))
f ( x)  ( f ( x))
...
th
n order derivative

f (n)
( x)   f ( n 1)
( x)  

Ex1: Let g ( x)  x . Find g

100 (99)
(2).
2 x
Ex 2 : Given f ( x)  e . Find f (n)
(0).
 L’Hospital rule
f ( x) 0
Let I  lim have the form .
x  x0 g ( x ) 0
f ( x)
Then I  lim .
x  x0 g ( x )

Ex : Compute
x 1
2022
sin(4 x)
A  lim ; B  lim
x 1 1  4 x x  sin(9 x )
  ex  1
 , x0
Example : Given f ( x)   x .
m, x0

a) Find m suchthat f ( x) bedifferentiable at x  0.
Find f (0).
b) Find f ( x) x.
Physical meaning of the derivative
 3.5 The chain rule
(Derivative of a composite function)

If f ( x)  f [u ( x)] then
f ( x)  f (u ) u ( x)
Ex1: Given f ( x)  cos( x  x). Find f ( x).
2

Ex 2 : Given y  x x 1
. Find y ( x).
 Derivative of an inverse function
Suppose the function y  f ( x) has an inverse
function x  g ( y ).
Then we have
1
x( y ) 
y ( x)

Ex : Find (tan x).

1
 3.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Let y=f(x) satisfy the equation F(x,y)=0 (*)
for all x  (a, b), that is F(x,f(x))=0. y=f(x) is
called the implicit function given by (*).
Example: From the equation x2 + y2 = 1, we
determine two implicit functions
y  1  x 2 and y   1  x 2 .
3.7 RELATED RATES AND APPLICATIONS
dy dx
Find where 2 x  3 y  5  0 and 3
dt dt
when x  5.
dx dy
Find where y  2 x  3 x  4 and
2
 46
dt dt
when x  5 .
dy dy dx
H int : Use the formula  .
dt dx dt
 3.8 Differential

Example 1: Given f(x) = 2x2. Find df(2).

Approximation
f ( x 0   x )  f ( x 0 )  f ( x 0 ). x
with  x is rather small.
Ex1 : Approximate 1.05.
Ex 2 : Approximate sin(29 ). 0
Self ‐ study