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® is grandfather advised him
D tasked Nawaz who he was w,
she asked me why I had not attended her Wedding reception.
. Naila asked me if she might borrow my book for a day or two
‘ The stranger remarked that hig manners were atrocious,
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Grammatical Errors & Correction of Sentences
Subject-Verb Agreement
us had come late to the class again.
‘At he must save for the rainy day.
aiting for,
ii and Ahmad are friends. |
. ites and Asif have completed the task. sentence Structures
‘and’ refer 10 the same pers,
°% oy
fl ¥y Comprehending.
d by
Rule 2: When two singular nouns are pone
thing, the verb will be singular.
Examples:
* The captain an
+ Bread and butt
iectives (my, your, his, her or the
Explanation dl
. ssive a
eee ae or pesson thing is intended thus ,the verb mygy iY
is used before only one noun, one
singular.
sore j
oe ite TV is not watched these days. (Singular ve
o The black and whi just arrived. (Singular verb)
5 has
® The dotorand house ove! Bae Star verb
© My uncle and doctor y .
When the article “A, An or The” or possessive adjective (ee your, B is, be or thei
is used before both the nouns, two different ppersons/ things intended any
hence the verb must be plural.
Examples
6 The doctor and the house owner have just arrived. (Plural verb)
© My uncle and my doctor visit me weekly. (Plural verb)
© The captain and the coach of the team have been sacked,
d coach of th
¢ team has been sacked.
er is not easy &
earn in this era of inflation,
tb)
Rule 3: When the subjects are joined by ‘either or’ or ‘neither nor’ and they are of
different persons, the verb will agree in person and number with the noun nearest
to it.
Examples:
© Neither she nor your friends know how to behave.
© Neither the books nor the bag is there in the room
o Either you or | am going out today.
Rule 4: If connectives like along with, together with, as well as, accompanied by
are used to combine two subjects, the verb agrees with the subject mentioned first.
Examples:
© The faculty members as well as the principal are invited to the
Mad
o Mr. Adnan ac nied
forest. . be si %
Competitive English Préci
& Composition
gxamples
+ The teachers in the staf
+ The books which were gi
library.
ple 6: (One of & one of -Who,
ne of + Plural Noun + Single Verb,
Example: One of
‘00m are waiting for the bell to ring
ited by Mr. Prime Minister are still there in my
the boys is waiting outside.
One of + Plural Noun + Who + Plural Verb.
Example: Aliya is one of the girls who respect and obey their parents.
ule 7: When Gerund, infinitive, phrase and clause function as a subject, use
single Verb.
samples
© Teaching is a noble profession. (Gerund)
© To paint the walls is his hobby, (Infinitive)
Strolling on the track along the lake is a refreshing act. (Phrase)
What he says is a white lie. (Clause)
Rule 8: When Amount, Distance, Quantity, Time or Period occur as @ unit, use
single verb
Examples
o Twelve feet is the distance between these two walls.
o Fifty thousand dollars was a handsome amount to tempt the
newly couple.
© 500 kg of sugar was sold for five thousand rupees.
Rule 9: (Fraction, Percentage as a Subject}:
When there is fraction or percentage of any noun, use verb according to the noun. rg
the noun is singular, use singular verb. If the noun is plural, use plural verb.
Examples
© Fifty percent of the book has been read by me.
> Half of the boys are ready to go to Murree on College Tour.
- Rule 10: (Indefinite Pronouns) “ on
(@) Comprehending Sentence Structures
2. Noun Pronoun Agreement |
Noun and Pronoun agree on the following terms:
Number (Singular & Plural)
The boys are going to their houses.
Incorrect: Everybody must bring their own lunch,
Correct: Everybody must bring his or her own lunch,
Gender (Male and Female)
Ali is going to his own house.
Case (subjective, Objective, Possessive or Reflexive)
Kashif has painted his house himself.
Rule 11: When any of few, many, several, both, all, some’ is used with a Countable
noun, the verb is plural.
Example: Somemenare needed for the battle.
Rule 12: When any of little, much, enough , some'is used with an uncountaby
noun, the verb willbe singular.
Examples:
Some milk is spoilt.
It would be appreciated if some tea is offered.
Enough courage is required to face the challenge
Much money has been wasted
e000
Rule 13: A number of/ the number of
‘A number of (some countable noun)’ is always plural.
Example:
© Anumber of students are going on the trip.
‘The number of (some countable noun)’ is always singular. fiers,
Competitive English Précis & Composition {| m’
The
6 scenery of Kashmir is enchanting.
; Some nouns are rm.
ee users, scissors, cae sed in a plural form and always take a plural
lay es,
‘ranks, tidings, annals, chattels cles, stockings, shorts, goods, alms, premis
le
o Where are my spectacles?
ule 17: Some eee such as News, Measles, Physics, Economics, Ethics, Innings,
Mathematics, and Statistics are extremely deceptive. They end in -s and appear to
be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs
© Physies is a fascinating subject.
Je 18: After ‘many/a great many/a good many, etc,,’ the noun is always plural,
hich is followed by a plural verb,
Example: A great many students are following fashion trends these days.
Rule 19 - Tas Subject and Object
© Maria and I joined the sports club. (Here, ‘Maria’ and 1’ are the
subjects of the sentence.)
o Ahmad took Maria and me to the sports club. (Here, Maria’ and
‘me’ are the objects of the sentence.)
Similarly, in case of comparison, ‘I’ is used with the other subject.
o E.g. He is shorter than I am
Rule 20
Collective nouns may take either a singular or a plural verb, dep
in the sentence.
J collective nouns are acting as a unit, use a singular verb. If
ending on their use
the sentence implies
that the individual members are taking up different actions, we use a plural verb.
> Sentence 1:The committee is discussing the issue of safety at
NOA.
o Sentence 2: The committee have failed agreeing on a single ree Comprehending Sentence Structures
Note: In case of superlative degree, the person/thing compared is included in the
rest of the class.
E.g. Jamil is the strongest of all men
Rule 2
7 r attent
In some cases, the comparison is subtle and must be given prope attention
n Islamabad (Incorrect)
of Islamabad.(that
= ‘The climate of Murree is better tha
The climate of Murree is better than the climate
of) (correct)
4. Subjunctive mood
‘The verb in the subjunctive mood always takes the plural verb, even if the
subject is singular in nature.The plural verb ‘were’ replaces ‘was’ in sentences
that express an unfulfilled wish, desire or condition. These sentences are build
using if, as if, as though, I wish, etc.
= IfIwere you, I'd be careful
= Ifhe were rich, he'd buy ten cars.
* Saima wishes she were tall
5. Modifiers
Modifier: A modifier is a word or phrase that qualifies (modifies) or describes a
word, phrase or clause. For example
Incorrect: At eight years old, my father gave me a watch on my birthday.
Correct: When I was eight years old, my father gave me a watch on my
birthday
+ Types of modifiers
Grove & P
Al octiveg: pis which modify nouns and pronouns. E,
stay in the red house across the street. In this ‘red’ i
Se igine noree In this ‘red’ is the adjective
Adverbs: They modify verbs, adjectives a
very good book. The boy ran q
and ‘quickly’ are adverbs. Competitive En
lish P, ee /
ri dk Composition
ysition __—«s RS
she wore the hat on her hy
d,
Bees woraithe HiLeh id, which she bought yesterday. (Incorrect)
She wore the hat which she bought yesterday, on her head. (Correct)
pngine MoaiTler Dangling means hanging or unattached
« Waiting for the train :
+ While I was waiting f
@ brick fell on my foot. (Incorrect)
for the train, a brick fell on my foot. (Correct)
ples of Sentence Correction:
, Incorrect:She picked up the sc
gifted byher friend
« Correct: She picked up the sc
it around her head
IncorrectThe boy was riding the elephant who broke his leg,
Correct: The boy who broke his leg, was riding the elephant
Incorrect:I almost listened to the whole album
Correct: | listened to almost the whole album
Incorrect:We read that Uzma was married in her last letter
Correct: In her last letter, we read that Uzma was married
Incorrect: Pleased with their conduct, it was decided by her to honor
them
Correct: Pleased with their conduct, she decided to honor them.
Some Important Sentences
We are staying here for the last two decades. ( Incorrect)
We have been staying here for the last two decades. (Correct)
Aslam, Ahmad and I am going to school. ( Incorrect)
Aslam, Ahmad and I are going to school. (Correct)
My brother has and is doing exercise (Incorrect)
My brother has done and is doing exercise (Correct)
He saw that clock has stopped (Incorrect)
He saw that clock had stopped. (Correct)
He speaks bad. (Incorrect)
He speaks badly. (Correct)
If anyone seems suspicious, take their detail. (Incorrect)
If anyone seems suspicious, take his/her detail. (Correct)
* Redundancy Error
1 which was
‘arf and tied it around her H
arf, which was gifted by her friend and tied a oo
‘ shending Sentence Structures
{@\ Comprehe nding Se
+ In Pleas ree departments into one, |
2 s into
correct:Please combine the three departn ‘0 ont
nts
Correct: Please combine the three departmen Bocca
* Incorrect:Would you please repeat again wha ty s
Correct: would you please repeat what you sai
" Using If conditionals
* Incorrect: If will visit Lahore, | will meet you.
* Correct: If I visit Lahore, I will meet you.
Rule: Use Simple Present Tense to refer to the future after conjunctions like
When,
Gfter, if, as soon as. :
Examples:
* Iwill talk to him when I see him in the next two days.
‘+ Iwill call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
= Married with/married to
* Incorrect: She is married with an engineer
* Correct: She is married to an engineer.
Rule: To is a correct preposition to use with married.
* Every with (singular noun)/ Every with (plural noun)
* Incorrect: Every students are intelligent in the class.
Correct: Every student is intelligent in the class.
Rule: A Singular noun is used with every,
* Us But and althoi toy er
Incorrect: Although it was raining, but we went to market
* Correct: Although it was raining, we went to market,
ci with although, don't use but with that.
i er i & OMposition
+ Where is your ce}j
* You're responsible
+ Its/it's
+ Incorrect: Its Sunday m
* Correct: It's Sunday moe u8
Phone?
for this Project.
pale: “It'S” is 2 contraction for itis, «1g
pxamples:
* The floor looks Sreat with its new mat,
«It's raining outside,
, There/their/they’re
* Incorrect: Parents wo;
"Correct: Parents wor}
‘sive pronoun for things.
rk for there children.
‘k for their children,
Rule: There is generally used for a place
Their refers possession, something belonging to them
They're is a contraction for They are.
Examples:
Children are playing with their toys.
There are many shops.
* Unique/most unique
* Incorrect: This is the most unique dress.
" Correct: This is the unique dress.
Rule: Adjectives like unique, ideal, entire, extreme, and perfect do not admit
ent degrees of comparison. 5 Comprehending Sentence Structures
* Then/than
Incorrect: She is beautiful thet Mr
* Correct: She is beautiful
. Then is used for planning @ Schedule oy
Rule: Than is used for a compariso to
indicate instructions.
Examples
! * He is clever than her. Neer
= First I will go to Lahore then Peshaw:
* Amount/number ,
= Incorrect: A greatér arfount
* Correct: A greater number 0!
Rule: Amount is used for uncountable commodities: Number is used for countabip
things. x
of people are visiting the stadium
people are visiting the stadium,
Examples:
* A large amount of Sand isneeded for the project.
* We can watch a nurbeyof TV shows
= Fewer/te:
“4
* Incorrect: There-are legh dresses.
* Corfect: There are fewer Presses.
Rule: Fewer is used for countable items.
Less is used for unpountable, Spmnpbelities
Examples: i e
Thete was a les3 Fain Késbycar.
{ * There are fewer stixdents fr the class.
= Did not a
x
* Incorrett: I did nét Saw Rint yesterday.
. Correct: thi nblige Rit yesterding ,
se base form of the verb with did,
a4 ge pis used before nouns,
ples:
« I don't have enough time
The ring was too small,
Gerunds
» Incorrect: We enjoy to
° 80 for walk
Correct: We enjoy going for walle a
er.
_agerund is a verb form which
pole: de from a functions as a noun. In oth ds, a gerund
i
. bs ich are always followed by a gerund, |
|
» We enjoy going f i
ee) going for a walk. (The gerund always follows the verb
» [love eating ice cream.
» Every das " 4
+ Incorrect: He need a car for his ewery.day activities
* Correct: He néed a car for his everyd6¥ activities.
Rule: Everyday is an adjective that means commonplace or happening every day.
| gery day is an adverbial phrase that means etch day or daily. It can be replaced
with each day or all days. . x
Examples:
= [meet him every day.
«He goes to college every day.
* need a laptop for my everyday work. .
: It is Nasir’s and Ali’s car.
It is Nasir and Ali’s car.
, only after the name of the second person MA: Comprehending Si
vender of an animal.
Rule: Use “it” if you don't know the g
Example:
dog shows. It has won many prize,
«His dog participates in many
* Well/good (happin:
* Incorrect: He feels well.
* Correct: He feels good.
ing happiness
Rule:
se good when expre
Examples:
+ She feels good after attending a concert.
* He feels good by working for the company
" Well/good (quality)
* Incorrect: She cooks good.
* Correct: She cooks well.
Rule: Use well when expressing a quality of someone or something.
Examples:
* The machine works well.
* She sings well.
= Each is/ Each
= Incorrect: Each of the cars are fast.
* Correct: Each of the cars is fast.
Rule: Use singular verb (is) with indefinite pronouns (such as each, none, neither)
Example:
* Each of the students is fast.
of them is my classmate. “se Plural form ‘ares,
“word ‘police’ is q
We aderegete na
ot
on
i iples:
” A9Gregar, 9 Poli
UNS hayes © Noun,
referring to a single
Person o,
+ The police are biog,
+ The polie, eng the g
‘The p oeeP Aten ig Stet yh, the robb
ten omer ofthe an ey Sure
‘
* Incorrect; He almost y,
* Correct: He washed alm:
Shed all of
all of the og
' SS all of the cat
pute: Modifiers are useq Adjacent tg -
: One another
The omission of Second
Stt of comparison
* Incorrect: Ali likes Mat fematicsmore ¢
* Correct: Ali likesMatha han English
™aticsmore than he likes English.
+ Anja
= Incorrect: It is a
old television set
* Correct: It is an
Old television set
of the word sounds like g
like a vowel, we use an. We he,
consonant, we use a. If it sounds
‘Gr @ vowel sound at the beginning of uncle and a
consonant sound at the beginning Of university (you-ni ver-sity)
Examples:
* AHorse
* An Hour
* A University
* Alternative /alte: e
ite.
ct: The salad is a healthier alterna
: ee, ‘The salad is a healthier alternative.
ernate: Occur in turn repeatedly.
as another possibility or choice.
t alternate between the two parties.
ti eainses for resolving disputes.
ive g Sentenct Structures
‘d pea
or settlements agreed peacefyy,
jements Y by
ly people
Amiable: used to describe kind, gentle and friendly P'
Examples:
\ * The amiable young man greeted me.
t * The meeting was amicable.
" Among/between a
i * Incorrect: She could not decide among the two shirts.
" Correct: She could not decide between the two shirts.
Rule: Use ‘between’ when the comparison involves only 2 choices.
‘Among’ is used when there are 3 or more choices.
Examples:
} * They had to choose the winner between the red and the blue teams
k * They had to choose the winner among the 5 competing teams
|" Beside /besides
* Incorrect: Ask him to sit besides me.
* Correct: Ask him to sit beside me.
t Rule: Beside means next to.
Besides means in addition to
Examples:
The bride was sitting beside the groom at the reception.
* Besides her famous cupcakes, she will donate cookies and a pie to the
bake sale. Competitive English Pri
écis
is used for expressing possipitin, -
y.
& Composition
yay
ples
* Team talk to her as
It may rain tomorro
. Deadly/Deathly
\
* Incorrect: A bee stin
Can be
* Correct: A bee sting can te deaae”
pale: Deadly: Causing or able to cause death
peathly: Resembling or suggestive of death
pxamples:
+ Itis a deadly weapon
+ His face was deathly pale.
. r /further
he is my friend
w
* Incorrect: We will drive no further tonight
* Correct: We will drive no farther tonight,
Rule: Farther refers to physical distance.
Further refers to moreover; in addition; to a greater extent.
Examples:
* We had to walk farther than the map indicated.
* Lahore is farther from Peshawar than from Islamabad.
* We need to discuss this further.
ye been in America aigee 3 months.
aan en in America for 3 months. y
fan,
i i se Structures
& Comprehending Sentence St
* On/in
r
* Incorreet:in January 13th, I will be twelt y
* Correct:On January 13th, I will be twenty. t takes pl
ch an event takes
Rule: On: Indicating the day or part of a day during which an a
7 ason, year:
In:is used for unspecific times during a day, month, 8
Examples:
* He will report on September 26
On a very hot evening in July.
* She always reads newspapers in the morning,
* In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks.
‘The new semester will start in March.
* Iwas born in 1990.
= No one/anyone
* Incorrect: At the party, I didn't meet no one.
* Correct: At the party, I didn’t meet anyone.
Rule: The sentence becomes a double negative with the inclusion of both didn't and
nobody.
Examples:
1 don't talk to anyone in the evening
* like no one in their family
= Iflwas/IfI were
* Incorrect: If I was going to the movies...
* Correct: If! were going to the movies... Competitive EF glish Pre
‘& Composition
4 Incorrect: I felt Very fantasy,
Correct: I felt really fantasy,
jn many sentences both ‘ro,
pe mar
ile Fas like. Really is used to o
sales?
[really want to go
* [really think s
‘ally and y
mphaee, ery’ can be used but there are 7
Phasize a statement or opinion
he is beautiful
Very cannot be used in the above two sentences.
superlatives
+ Incorrect: She is more tall than Uma
» Correct: She is taller than Use
Comparative adjectives describe a n
another person or thing. Many ad
ing -er to the word (softer, nicer, taller)
samples:
= She is shorterthan Ali
* He is smarterthan Jamal.
wy
+ Inmy point of view/From my point of view
Incorrect: In my point of view, the NOA classes re
Correct:From my point of view, the
noun as having more
of a certain quality
djectives take the comparative form by
ally help,
NOA classes really help.
either ‘from my point of view” or ‘In my view’
In my point of view is
from my point of view, she has taken a good decision.
She studied for the football game.
e studied during the football game. ; ¥ jcouldn
* Could be be
+ Incorrect: It could pe better than that. (whe :
Correct: It couldn't Be tter than (ha! {when it is the best)
Rule suldn't be be used when the thing is the best.
4 be better th room for improvement.
+ Awhile /@ while
* Incorrect
* Correct: I'll stay !
for awhile
while
phat is for a short tin
we cannot use ‘
‘awhile
Tl stay in Islamabad
Islamabad for #
me,
ans ‘for a while.
while: Adve
sentence,
af time.’So in the above
a repetition of ‘for
* t of ‘run’ is ran; Past partici
ple o eee eens
Se perfect So past participle (run) has to bene "wT The above semen
«She runs every day.
» She ran yesterday.
« They have run every day this week,
+ gapposs to/supposed to
m suppose to write assignments.
: I'm supposed to write assignments.
‘O Wait on her
Ing for their parents
is an irregular verb
ule: Suppose is a verb. Its past participle form is -ed. With a helping verb, its past
yariiiple form is used
Examples:
* [am supposed to call her.
= 1am supposed to help her.
+ Let he/iet him
‘* Ancerrect:Let he go there.
Cperrect:Let him go there
et pronoun is used in the objective form.
a whom we met yesterday was Ali's uncle.
‘who we met yesterday was Ali's uncle,
ofa sentence.
jerb or preposition. sentence Structures
then who is corr answer is hin
alled me is the right option the
Comprehending
If the answer is he
whom is correct. So, who c
Examples:
"Who is the team leader? (He is)
* Who ate my sandwich? (He has)
* Whom should I call? (Call him)
We, you, they
= Incorrect: You, they and we committed the crime
* Correct: We, you and they committed the crime
sthing bad has done, use person pronoun Ist, followed by
hird person pronoun. If something bad has done, use 3rd pert’
wed by 2nd person pronoun and 3rd at the end. sin
uw and I helped the poor
= Each other/ one another
* Incorrect: They both love one another.
* Correct: They both love each other.
Rule: Each other is used for two persons.
‘One another is used for three or more people.
* The two brothers love each other.
His family members love one another.
“agree with the singular subject Mathemates
e plural but in actual they are singular. Fi » They know how to
She knows how tg eee &
Subordi;
récis & C,
S& Composition
letter,
past tense i
Incorrect: She
» Correct: She g,
Succeede, ‘ause
bec
ies Use |
Seeded because shew
Works hard
main clause ig
forked hard
Followed by a past tense
ule: A Past tense in the
ause-
pxample:
= Lvisited the rest
* He tried my nu;
+ Universal truth
in a subordinate
aurant as | liked it
mber because he felt helpless.
= Incorrect: My fath
* Correct: My fathe:
pule: In the case of a univ,
followed by a present tense
Example:
sal truth, a past tense in the main clause can be
ina subordinate clause
Our teacher said the sun rises in the east
* Present perfect continuous te:
* Incorrect:
* Correct
hours.
am waiting for you in the office for the last two hours
have been waiting for you in the office for the last two
Use Present Perfect Continuous Tense when an action began in the past and
‘Still going on at the time of speaking. Generally, it is used with adverbs of time
nce, how long)
will i their work,
ct: it for them, till they will finish t
I il wait for them, till they finish their work.
Tense is used in the clause of time, place and position.
5 not used in this case.
eted my project yesterday.
project yesterday. @. ince Structures
\ “ng Sente
t &) Comprehending, Sente
Examples:
asterday.
= My mother bought 4 gift for me yesterda’
| We visited Islamabad last week
* Some/any
* Incorrect: Can I
* Correct: Can I borrow 0!
Rule:‘Some’ is used in questions for
something.‘Any’ is generally used in negative
borrow any money’
me money?
making a requ
sentences
or for offer,
9
Examples:
ou like some milk? (offering)
(negative)
gative)
= Would y
* [don't have any friends.
«There isn’t any food left. (ne
* Comparing two qualities of the same erson.
+ Incorrect: Jamal is wiser than strong,
* Correct: Jamal is more wise than strong.
Rule: The comparative in -er is not used while comparin
= ng two qualitie:
ee iparing two qualities of the same
Example:
= Ali is wiser than brave.
« Senior than/senior to
* Incorrect: She is senior than me.
* Correct: She is seniorto me
e: To is the right preposition to use with senior inal Number
1 fourth, last,
inal numb
anordinal or NOUS Precedes 1, hing, such as first
je: e
psamp!
“number that
= Incorrect; wy,
= We notice
afterwards, teed the man lying
* Correct: We
R Seriously il
noticy
afterwards, Sed the man tyin,
B Serious)
y ill and he died shor
Rule: The subject was missing gj
complete the sentence. 9 After the conjunction ‘and’. So, add subject he t
« Neither nor
er for the position
of a stenographer.
Rule; Neither nor makes a statement negative. So, we use of not is extra,
Example:
" leat neither chocolate nor ice cream
Habit to/ habit of
Incorrect: She has the habit to arrive late.
Correct: She has the habit of arriving late.
ie Word habit is followed by of + ing.
the habit of going to bed early.
the habit of biting nails.
The number are
i the road.
st: The number of vehicles are increasing on
Be ofgebiccs i increasing on the roed
ingular, so singular verbjis) should follow it.A
Fa 3 spiral verb (are) should follow it € Structures
a ee ra
‘ Comprehending Sentenc'
Superfluous errors (Re! etition of words havin: the same meanj,
ment.
‘omplete your assign!
e to ©
ee signment,
= Incorrect: You mus'
‘0 complete your as
= Correct: You have te
ne same meaning
Rule: Either use must or have to because both have ¢!
Examples:
= You have to be more ©
= You must call him.
autious,
= As well as
= Incorrect: The ring as well as n'
* Correct: The ring as well as nec!
Rule: As well as follows the primary subject. The primary subject ‘the ring’ i
singular so singular verb (is) should be used.
Emphasizes/emphasizes on
= Incorrect: Our teacher emphasizes on the nee’
= Correct: Our teacher emphasizes the need for a lot of practice
ecklaces are available at the shop,
iclaces is available at the shop
.d for a lot of practice.
Rule: The word emphasizes means features. So, the preposition on is unnecessary
after emphasizes.
= Admission for/admission to
af Incorrect: The ticket grants admission for the show.
“* Correct: The ticket grants admission to the show.
Tois the right preposition after admission.
It to work on computer.
rk on computer. «He is responsible for his b
ehavior.
+ One should realize one's responsibilities
| yas [hardly
» Incorrect: It is a hardly job
Correct: It is a hard job.
ple: Hardly means rarely
¢, correction of Sentences - Practice Exercises
+ Exercise 1
1
2.
8.
4.
:
6.
He went to work despite of his illness
Ahmad, who he is my best friend, is a writer,
No matter what that I do, I can't make her happy:
She is busy at the work and won't be home before 10.30.
Thave decided to quit my job a week ago.
You should complain of if you are not happy with the service you
receive.
You had better not to wake him up when get home.
You should tell to me exactly what happened there
He is clever but he lacks of experience.
_ She does not resemble to either of her parents
Thave written to every my friend | have.
J don't speak of either French or German.
na cooks the food yesterday.
mes to my house tomorro
sit me yesterday.
ny friends were absent today.
are here at the moment.
playing with their dog, nce Structures
‘ rehe y Sente
Comprehe nding a
Exercise 3
Both did not come:
Both of them did n
Bach of these girls sing
We all did not go
We all had not been inv ited.
He should love his country
at home?’ Yes, | think
ot pass the te
very well
Is he
We enjoyed during the holidays
The boy who works hard he will get the prize
He is waiting for you from 10 o'clock.
This man is sitting here for the last two hours:
We are staying here since 1980.
[am going to school by bus
We are playing tennis every day
I said him to go.
She told that she would be coming
They discussed about the whole matter
As soon as he got the telegram, at once he started
Neither Jamil is intelligent nor hardworking
Though he is fat but he runs fast
As he is fat so he runs slowly.
Unless you do not apologize, you will not be admitted to class.
Hardly the sun had risen when we set out
Not only she speaks English but also Chinese.
This is my house, I live here.
He has not answered to me.
Let us go by walk.
We went to Karachi and enjoyed very much. Competitive English Précis & (
ompo:
a pose, if you an
ie. Suppose i Wve late, you will miss the show
18. She speaks good English
19, Myhairs are grey.
20. TL availed of this opportunity
gxercise 5
1 1 enjoyed during the re
Ai. Heis guilty, isnt ip
3 The gold is a precious metal
4. It is raining for four hours
5, Work hard lest you may fail
6. Please describe us your wife.
7 Could you suggest me a good dentist?
8. He is cleverest of the four brothers
9. Choose the best of the two options.
10. She likes to feed the poors
11. He is working for the blinds
I told these news to my father.
The teacher gave us some advices.
I saw many deers in the jungle
Bring me some bloating.
‘The boy is in the boarding
Please put your sign here.
She is my cousin sister
‘The car either dashed against a goat or a donkey.
Neither he would eat nor allow us to eat
He enquired that where was the office.
He asked that what was my name.
‘Amna is as tall if not taller than Maryam.
h he was poor but he was happy. ;
dly I had reached the station when the train steamed out.
sked had we taken our food.
sked that where I was sand
to she was ani
r te i after his wife died.
va found that the bag was disappeared.
se he went out before I arrived, Structures
* e
fl y Comprehending Sentenc
itely
| fin
| 20. Toattack is better than walt indefi
| * Exercise 7 a
‘it ited me to arac!
1 friend has Just invite .
| 2. iat to lose ones temper when one is criticized
| 3. How is that your brother?
4. vill do it in myself's way . ,
| 5: Taal a ina ood mood. It’s just had it's Lie
© The teacher told the children to ope their boo!
7. Other people’s lives always seem more interesting than one's,
8. ‘She had a much. ‘shocked expression 0” her face
9. She looked much frightened.
10. That is Jamal, unless I am very mistaken
. 1L She is a very known writer.
12. He is very admired by his followers
13. He behaved cowardly.
14. He laughed silly
15. He lives miserly.
16. Just I had gone when he came
17. Still [ove you.
18. He asked a holiday.
19. Due to illness, I could not go to school.
20, He was prevented to come.
« Exercise 8
I met with your friend.
She insisted to pay.
Let's go for riding.
We went a walk.
He is taking his food.
I take your leave.
He knows to swim.
Do you know to cook?
Students should not cut jokes in class.
He cut his pencil. i
Should I cut this word?
PEnansene
the prize winners
present at the meeting 7
Competitive English P,
Sh Pré,
cis & C,
a. They insisted on my, & ¢ Omposition
3. Lam thinking to yr, "°8ighing thy —
The clever gir} ya. © MY ay Post
4. Sil was conga Piogtaphy
5. 1am hopeful to secure Mt to win they
6 Todie with hope A oan ty yt HER meda
4. Alice likes sin, S bette; my house.
8.
9.
ig
T than jj
. ging, living wi .
There is no hen” “anci 18 With dishonor
Neing and
ope B to paint,
. The car either dashed 8 lilting
yo. Neither he woud ae ® goat or a donkey
11. Though he was poor bur quow US t9 eat
12. He asked that what was my wa BAPPY
13 Neen ages ane
14. pe aerial lest you may not make a mistake.
15. He climbed up a tree suet ;
16. He asked had I finished my work 12°! View of the procession
17, He asked that what are you doing
18. He asked to Asif wi
‘hy your father is an,
19. He said that his father died last year
20. I did not see him because he went out before | arrived
» Buercise 10
He got angry before I said a word
There I met a man who was my classmate 20 years ago.
I will call you when dinner will be ready.
We live in village
She works in pub
He is best player in the team
She is fastest runner
The Paris is big city
1 live in the Islamabad
The iron is a useful metal
The gold is yellow.
We should not make noise.
ve an urgent business
ese sell eggs by kilo or by dozen?
x bitter cold. 10.
1
2.
A
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9.
PORES
SEIS 5
Tha
Both men h
Both answers
One should
fave you a pen? 't got
aad ne holidays
ot waste ;
9° q haven't Bot
as t he did not lend me.
He enjoyed
ta prize
Lasked for his book, bu!
F who does best he will ge!
The boy ;
win
Wtpever works hard he wil
‘the phone she was polite
answered 1h her they work well
The girl who eee
s whe
I shall see the brakes ey von oflce
He has got a new friend who sI
He asked had we taken cour food.
at was he doing
She asked him wh
‘al why their father is angry.
Jalal asked to Jam:
He asked that what am I doing
He does not care for my words:
No one cared for the children after their mother died.
He does not care for money
When we went there we found that the lion was disappeared,
He said that his father died last year.
1 did not see him because he went out before I arrived
He got angry before I said a word
I met a man who was my classmate 20 years ago.
It was bitter cold.
I couldn't help not overhearing their conversation.
Lever remember having seen a more interesting film.
‘The sto.y was too interesting.
She hasn't got no children.
This hardly won liberty cannot be lightly abandoned. f Competitive English Pré
é
ci /
The child resemble 5 & Composition
1 He is intelligence ee other
: ie
1 What is the tiy
ime 8 of &)
| fs: We traveled in ca eour Watch>. “Perience
poi He is angry upon me
Tam pleased at you
15-
| He was trembli
| 16- F ing in rage
17, Who is in the phone? itis J
18, There was an interesting « jamal
39, She washed her face in an at TV,
bo. The snake was killed by a stone
F - ise 14
: 1 go to school by foot.
I congratulated he
4 er for her s
3 _ Just I had finished the lesson.
4% He plays good :
3 Never I have seen such a mess.
6 Hardly I have had any rest since morning.
7 Really speaking the movie isn’t very good
8 It is a very good novel; | liked it on the whole
9 She was deadly injured in the accident
| 40. I haven't been to the theatre much late
| 11, _ He wondered how was it made
| 12, He asked if | am coming
13, _ He choosed a book
14. _ He loosed his keys.
15. _ She is very much beautiful.
46. _ He is very much sorry.
17, _ He was very kind enough to help me
18, _ The story is too interesting.
19, _ He behaved cowardly,
20. They live miserly
+ Exercise 15
He denied to go-
All day I was putting on @ sweater.
I shot the deer but missed.
stood first in his class.
steam engine. ave Engl
The child reg
M1, Heis intetigence $019 its
32, What is the time in ot Be lacks of a
33, We traveled in train? °U Watehp ““Petience
ya He is angry upon mr,
fo pleased at you
6 He was tremblin,
Ee Who is in the phones 38°
18, There was an interegtiy, | 08™4l-
Fi, She washed her face in ek oy,
20, The snake was killed by eer,
_sersise 14
1. _1.g0 to school by foot,
2 I congratulated her fo
3, Just I had finished the lesen oe8®
4, _ He plays good.
5, Never I have seen such a mess
6 Hardly I have had any rest since morning.
7, Really speaking the movie isn't very good
8. It is a very good novel; I liked it on the whole
9, She was deadly injured in the accident
10, I haven't been to the theatre much late
ll. He wondered how was it made
12. He asked if I am coming.
13, He choosed a book
14, He loosed his keys.
15. She is very much beautiful.
16. He is very much sorry.
17. He was very kind enough to help me.
18, The story is too interesting.
19. He behaved cowardly.
20.
They live miserly
He denied to go. fee
All day I was putting on a sweater.
I shot the deer but missed.
He stood first in his class. ce Structures
Comprehending, Senten
Lasked my maid to bring water:
4
aS I told the master to excuse me:
16. My foot is paining:
17. My tooth is paining
18. She gave a speech
19. She made a lecture.
20. She gave her examination
Exercise 16
1 He puts his money in a silver box.
2 He asked had we taken our food
3. 1am not sure will [have time. -
4. I asked whether had she any letters for me
5 He said that he saw her last year
6. I could not meet him because he went out before | arrived
au He got angry even before I said a word.
8. ‘There I met a man who was my classmate ten years ago
9, ‘This was going on for a long time
10. I will call you when dinner will be ready.
11. I will write after I returned
12. When I will go to New York I will meet him.
13. If I would have done this | would have been wrong
14. She knows to knit
15. We live in city.
16. He is best player
17. She is a most intelligent girl in the class
18. The Lahore is big city.
19.
I live in the Kohat.
The gold is yellow. Everybody should do go;
Iron is mate won 9 SO oF of
Winston Churchill ig great) ther meta
her work.
eat a
Ok at six
Page.
of King Geor,
you, Be the sixth.
tT than a car
he will get a prize
Picture? Myself
Iwith my friends watched the show
is carelessness
8
, psssise 38
Ff He came a 3rd time,
2, — Heis in class eighth
x He opened the bo,
4, This is a portrait
5. He is worst than
6. Multan is hot than Lahore
7. Ahorse is usefulle;
8. The boy who works
9. Whoever does best
10. Who painted this
11. Land he are brothers
12.
13. He himself hurt due to hi
14. He is taller than me.
15. None of us have seen him.
Exercise 19
People starve when he has no money.
My car is better than my friend.
The size of the shoe should be the same as this shoe.
His teaching was
like Budd
None but I turned up.
They are all wron;
g but |
Each of these girls sing well.
None of my student attended the class today
One of my servant has gone on leave.
Some of my servants has gone on leave. ;
_ Some of ay friends has decided to go on a picnic.
did not come.
ould respect his parents
plaaeuptis
hard
please fill.
er
than any other British politicians Structures
Comprehending Sentenc
s superior than you in strength
9.
10. ides in a cycle
11 He rides on a car
12. He sat ina table.
13, The cat is in the roof.
14. There was a match between team A against team B.
iS The meeting will be held between 4 pm fo © pm
* Exercise 21
1 The First World War was fought during 1
2 There was a fight with John and Peter
3. England grew prosperous between Queen Victoria’s reign.
4. He has stole my pen.
5. John has often beat me at tennis
6.
8.
9.
914-18
They didn’t invited us.
He did came.
Neither he came nor he wrote
Seldom I go to the hills
10. Never I have seen such a mess.
ll. He said that he saw him last year
12. If I shall do this, I shall be wrong.
13. _If did this, | shall be wrong.
14. He had to leave his rights.
15. I take my food.
I take your leave.
They cut Charles I’s head.
He told her that he will come
He told me that honesty was the best policy.
we cher said hat the earth revolved around the sun. Dap
Competitive En Slish Précis
& Composition
She is busy at wo:
I decided to quit
You should com
receive
You had better not
rk and won't be home before 10.30
my job a week ago.
Plain if you are not happy with the service you
wake him up when get home
You should tell me exactly what harreved dene
He is clever but he lacks experience
She does not resemble either of her parents
I have written to every friend I have :
I don’t speak either French or German
» Exercise 2
i.
y
Meena cooked the food yesterday. / Meena cooks the food every
ay.
He comes to my house every day. / He will come to my house
tomorrow.
He will visit me tomorrow. / He visited me yesterday
One of my friends was absent yesterday
None of them is here at the moment
Manu and Maya are playing with their dog.
What have you been able to find out?
Does he know what he is doing?
Ihave no interest in politics
She does not want to go.
Mathematics is my favorite subject.
Meena ate a chocolate yesterday
isture to germinate.
Sees al not came yesterday. / She cannot come tomorrow
of these girls sings very well
it.
US had been invited
one’s country.
ink so. Structures
fee, ag
sentence
(@\ Comprehend! ing Se
the two hour
11. This man has been sit} iB pore 1980.
12, We have been staying here es
s that starte a
s and situations arte past ¢
Bplanaion:To tlk abou Acre use he prevent ene! COMMONS tere
ave continued up to sent,
13, 1 go to school by us:
14, We play tennis every day: co .
7 5 ange to talk about routines and h,
Explanation:We use the simple present te cn to ta Pratl about hy
Note that the present continuous tenst
the moment o}
situations that are going on at
15. I told him to go
16. She said that she woul
17. They discussed the whole matter
f speaking,
id be coming,
Explanation:Discuss is one of those verbs that are not followed by a prepositie,
18. As soon as he got the telegram, he started. OR He got the telegray
and started at once.
19. Jamil is neither intelligent nor hardworking,
20. Though he is fat, he runs fast. OR He is fat, but he runs fast
21. As he is fat he runs slowly. OR He is fast so he runs slowly
22 Unless you apologize, you will not be admitted to class. OR If yu
do not apologize you will not be admitted to class.
23. Hardly had the sun risen when we set out. OR The sun had hardy
risen when we set out.
24. She speaks not only English but also Chinese.
25. This is my house where I live. OR This is my house. I live here.
26. He has not answered me
27. _ Let us walk. Or Let us go on foot.
28. We went to Bangkok and enjoyed our stay very much. Or We west
to Bangkok and enjoyed ourselves very much.
verb enjoy requires an expressed object. If there is no object,
opriate emphatic pronoun.
ie ee
Or She is thirty-five
He has given up smoking.
you
to refer to the prestt
It does not have 0 the word furniture does n
ot hay
eg aspect of the noun, you can a Plural form in English, To denote the
seu © ‘an article of furniture’ or a ‘piece of
5. The machinery wag eral
TY does not
rote? singular verb. have a plural form. it is uncountable
rakes
6. The scenery here ig
and
beautiful,
7. Do not carry heavy -
8. He conveyed thi 7 ¢ 18828° during travel
'S to his relatives,
qothave a plural form.
9. There is no room in this com
10. Have you read this poem? besten
11. _ Iwent to watch a play
12, He has gone abro:
ad. Or He has f ; |
13. She is my cousin gone to foreign countries.
yote:The pronoun she itself indicate:
nention the noun sister,
14. All that he said is true,
15. What he said is true
's the gender, and hence there is no need to
Note:All can mean ‘everything’ in the structure ‘all that’,
16. Suppose you arrive late; you will miss the show. Or if you artive \
late, you will miss the show. 1 |
17. He did well.
18. She speaks good English. Or She speaks English well.
Wote:Good is an adjective. It goes before a noun. An adjective cannot be used to
“modify an adverb. Well is an adverb. It usually goes after the verb or verb +
29.
Bee
My hair is grey.
iris an uncountable noun in
English and as such it does not often
(@) : sentence Structure )
i Comprehending Sentence Structures
Note:Material nouns are used without articles.
4 It has been raining for four hours.
Note:To talk about an event that started in the past and has been continuing ,
to the present, we ‘use a present perfect continuous tense p
S. Work hard lest you should fail
Note:The only auxiliary verb that can be used after lest is should.
6. _ Please describe your wife to us.
7 Could you suggest a good dentist to me?
Note:The verbs explain, suggest and describe cannot be used with ,
structure indirect object + direct object.
8. He is the cleverest of the four brothers.
Note:We use the article the with superlative adjectives.
9 Choose the better of the two options.
Note:When a group has just two members, we use the comparative instead of the
superlative.
10. She likes to feed the poor.
11 He is working for the blind.
Note:Expressions like the poor, the blind, the deaf etc., are always plural. We
don’t have to make their plural forms by adding -s to them.
12. I told this news to my father.
Note:News is a singular uncountable noun. Therefore, it has to be used with a
singular determiner.
13. The teacher gave us some advice.
Note:Advice is an uncountable noun. It does not have a plural form. The
determiner many is only used with plural countable nouns.
1% olig Competitiv i on
petitive English Précis & Composition
gxercise 6
Am:
Though fe a8 Maryam, if not taller.
happy. ‘8S Poor, he was happy. OR He was poor but he was
Hardh
ly had I reached the station when the train steamed out.
yotes:‘The _correlatives either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but
aisoshould go immediately before the words they ‘relate toThe relative
pronoun that cannot be used before interrogatives like what, where, when,
Ns ea” eave words ee bent,
scarcely and no sooner follow the inverted word order. That means the auxiliary
yerb comes before the subject.
Peper
6. He asked if we had taken our food.
7. He asked where I was going,
8 He asked her why she was angry.
9. No one took care of him after his wife had died
10. When I went there I found that the bag had disappeared.
11, I'did not stop because he had gone out before I arrived.
12. When I go to Lahore I will see him
13. They insisted on my resigning the post.
14. They objected to Ali’s playing for the team.
Note:A noun or pronoun used with a gerund should be in the possessive case
15. There is no danger of the roof crashing.
Note:The possessive case should not be used with the gerund when the noun
denotes a lifeless thing.
16. Lam thinking of writing my autobiography.
17. The clever girl was confident of winning the gold medal.
18. 1. am hopeful of securing a loan to build my house.
19, To die with honor is better than to live with dishonor.
20. To attack is better than to wait indefinitely.
| Note: In structures like this, the infinitive should be used in both clauses.
Exercise 7 ei
i io Comprehenaing’
Note:The possessive form of myself is mY own.
mood. It’s just had
jon for it is / it has.
its breakfast.
5, The cat is in a good F
It’s is the contract!
Note:it is the possessive form of it
heir books.
children to open t
6. The teacher told the
jormal
ective, we do not m ly use a singular noun,
Note:After a plural possessive adj
e interes
7 Other people's lives always seem mor sting than one’s own,
pronoun. Instead we use one’s own
Note:One’s cannot be used as a
non her face
s. She had a very shocked expressio
9. She looked very frightened.
dable adjective, it can usually be
Note:When a past participle !s : ;
modified by very. Much cannot be ‘used in this case. Past participles referring to
reatal states, reactions and feelings 4° ‘usually used in this way-
10. That is Jamal, unless | am much mistaken. OR That is Jamil,
unless am very much mistaken.
11. She is a well-known writer
s to the rule given above
sed with very:
Note:These are exception: e. Certain past participles
like mistaken and known are not u:
12. He is much admired by his followers.
admired by his followers.
OR He is very much
Note:When a past participle is used a5 part of a passive verb, we
Bee much or very much to modify it.With some adjectives referring to emotional
states and reactions (e-8- amused), all of these degree modifiers can be used.
* was very amused by her performance.
= [was much amused by her performance.
passe ac amused by her performance.
. He behaved in a cowardly manner. OR He b ike a coward.
ee le behaved like a coward.
15. He lives in a miserly way.
Note:In the sentences given above th silly
teh : .e words cowardly, silly and mis
adjectives which cannot be used to modify verbs. And aes Fa =
adverbs for these meanings we hat
manner’ and ‘in a miserly way’ to ae to use adverb phrases like ‘in a cowardly
i seit % 20. He was prevented from coming
:Prevent cannot be followe
joud noise prevented me from 5
. Exercise 8
2 I met with your friend.
Note:Meet means ‘come face to fa
meaning it is used without with.
by to. It is followed by from + -ing form. The
leeping.
ce with somebody or something’. With this
* Meet with means ‘experience’
+ He met with misfortune. (NOT He met misfortune. )
2. She insisted on paying.
Note:Insist cannot be followed by to. It is followed by on + -ing form.
3. __Let’s go riding.
Note:Go is used with an -ing form in a number of expressions referring to
sporting and leisure activities. No preposition is used in this structure.
4, We went for a walk
Note:The structure ‘go for a / come for a’is used in a number of fixed
expressions referring to sporting and leisure activities
5. He is having his food
Note:Taking his food is not wrong, but native English speakers rarely use this
‘expression.
6.
te: take your leave’ is not wrong, but it is extremely formal.
: He knows how to swim.
8. Do you know how to cook?
Beara cca)
sig Kost
I must say goodbye.
We use the structure
met Structure
13. Thave a pain in my back
14 My tooth is aching. /
Note:Pain is a transitive verb. It must have an expressed object. When there j,
no object, use other words like ache or hurt
1 The news is too good to be true.
6. Politics is a dirty game
singular in meaning. They should by
-
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