一`Ν

∞“ >r以 △“臼 ￡戗● o△ O0Cハ

〓臼 c“ SP● △ハ SPυ dハ ハΦ∞ ΦΞ 凵 ∞ g叫 0υ Φ凵“一 ∞△“ハ >Φ
^△
F一 c`

R <′(
.∞
凵∞ 0000Cdc0凵 c“ “ F一“υ‘ 扫 %0do〓
△ OGO△ α “ 吗ハ 凵gΦ 冖C>“ Gou凵
°● ∞ ￠Φ●△忒∞
ハΦ灬 ~~`〓
当△“山 Ξ ∞ハ O△ 0● CΦ Ξ㈣ Φ∞● Ou一
￡如日 “ Cハ >“ ∞ Φ〓Φ >r∞ △Φ∞“州 0△ 0⒍ ハ￡ i° 一
ハ∞Φ△Φ >P0〓
.了
ι
Φ￡ uC“ ∞°∞● o‘ Φ‘凵 cΦ ￡‘ P.ハ u“凵∞Φ ∞ G“ ∞●ハ￡ dp△ ● n>Φ Ξ p‘ ハ“
‘ >rg○
υ ￠“一如 CHC~ハ 〓ˇ
△
ハ￡凵 “ハ ∞△Φ￠ >r00‘ 凵 O∞ 一dΦ △ハ `ε 'y△
“臼 Ξ∞ハハ△ O° dΦ 〓㈤ “ハ ∞一Φ￠ `萨 “ g招∞日
○ 冖 0ハ 一〓
`L・ ' 一
∷一
羹耋耋羹薹薹耋壅耋耋耋

△ 一〓
一 r⌒ 二 一★ y刂 ° `ハ ハ吖
U_cˉ ``~`疋
stハ ``㈦
∷∷ ・ ・ 一一 △ △ △ △ 一△ △ △
.
・ :
一
Φ∞“ 00‘ 凵∞“∞ 9CΦ ~● Φ∞“Φ 吗ハ ∞°△∞△ 0凵 0“ △“‘ハ Φ￡凵∞Φμ
“△凵
∞ 0〓 叫凵
“‘ 0Φ ∞“ハ ∞ d~υ ●ハ了 二〓
沙
扫目 gd日 0￠ “口 咱 0⒄ υ叫一 o叫臼ハ一υ“△“ ‘ 一ˇ 一 .・
一
〓〓 一 .⌒
WHLι
J一
ハハ∞
ˇ∞〓 ddΦ >000<rt“
¤ d,∞ ハ∞
ハ一ハ“△
“Φ 0∞ uCΦ 日Φ∞
“ハ 0>〓 t
“∞ハ z・υ￠“〓〓〓〓〓〓
ハ‘凵 “△ ∞〓 吗 ￡凵‘ Φ△ハ∽△ハ凵g“ ● 冖
● “ ￠门υ
・9“‘凵 一〓
00扫 Ou‘ 0`FoCハ
9<臣 0⒊ >“ K萨 C“ r〓 '扌 芒一
Φ￡口∞￠ “∞ 0ハ ∞“>ζ ハ‘凵○ △○ ￠ 0α ● 戈￠ “
υ〓 0冖 冖¤ O△一△ O^° ￠ “一凵CΦ “`ζハ ∞ ΦΞ 0>⌒ 〓 ˇ二〓 ‘蛋Ⅱ
石 0° ° ● ∞ ハ‘凵 ∞￠ “>ハ F一 Φ△ △Φ‘〓 0冖 ● O‘C△ ハ g`萨 OpgΦ
文ζ 0∞ Φ‘ μ ° "￡ハ△°
0“ `〓 :一一〓 王 ■
咕 g“ 〓 gΦ 江 ハ∞ Φ￡ △
“ 0>ハ
υ c“ 〓 ￠“名 goυ ΦΞ凵 0凵 扫 “ υ￠ du￡ ∞〓 ハ凵∞月 μ 二 三 三 年 ■
凵 cdC△ 日 0υ 0￡ 一￠ 0￠ 〓 c≡ 丐〓 0￡ △oα α ● ∞ ハ 凵凵Ξ ∞ q△“ Φ● ● 冖ハ C一 ∞一
一 COF一 υ `:ι 〓 'I
`^“
“ 0∞ ⒍目
ハ冖 dd× ㈡ ・ >g乒 △“一 一
〓“ G“ 0° C“ υ c“ 一∞~￡ ∞ C△ ● H¤ ○由 △Φ c><ˇ 〓 二・l
一
α ハ 屮∞ ハ 扫〓 ∞ E“ △ハ ∞Φ ハ υ “〓 ハ 二〓 一
Ξ △Φ ￡ μハ υ ￡ 凵
^υ
￡ %GOハ d“ go一 dハ d臼 ハ ∞“ ハ 0>〓 E'二
Go△ Φ C>/0凵 ￠ Φ诏>△ 0∞ ハ‘ 一 >o一 >〓 >● ハ“ △“一● 0〓 △“ G>C“
〓 ￡ 诏‘ O△ α >〓 ハν 〓一二 二 ・
一 门>△ Φ∞ Φ‘ 凵“ 0Φ ∞ 0∞ ι υ ￠υ 一 ハΞ 凵 Ξ 〓 △ハ%△Φ一￠ 一一 cι 一 ・・
:
^υ
G“ pgΦ C>贮 0一 rr一 0∞ >rハ /・
`“ 口 一Φ ∞“ Φ υ ∞0α “ 凵∞讠 ‘ `ˇ 〓
dGuCΦ >~召
P.∞ 凵 C0d口 0∞ “ 0Φ >△ “∞0α 〓 “ Φ△“ υハ〓 ^〓 一・二 Ii
〓∞
>υ “Φ△一“ ハ ‘ 凵“冖口 引∞ “ uハΦ△ ハ “ “△υ 一￡ ∞ 〓 ι〓 一 ・
^g如
υ 一L・
^>“
>“ 00凵 C“ C“ >P“ 0∞
△ o〓 — — GO∞ △Φ ⒐ △ 0￡ 凵 OC“
㈦ハ υ C“ 冖 Φ￡ p△ Φ >0ハ
一@“ ∞门°△Φ× υ ∞一 凵“￡ ~一 〓〓 〓 ・ .
一cΦ “Φ Φ 一∞ 0G.刘 .Φ
△ 0凵 “ Φ ハ日 △ハ ハ
dC0∞ >了 dc“ >Jd∞ >〓 “∞0⒍ Φ⌒冖 `ハ 〓 一 `〓 r〓 二 ・〓 一
〓￠ ハ 冖￠ ハ CΦ 凵 ucΦ “>△ Φ ∞ Φ Ξ 凵、 tハ ∞叫°△Φ × ハ `一 一〓 ∷ 一一 .〓 一‘
△ハ >ハ υ G㈥ 冖ハ￡ p∽ハ ∝ d引 Φ @ハ dc召 ΦΞ 凵△ハ吗 △ハ G>roΦ
￡凵凵∞ Cq“
∞“ ∷凵cハ 〓 Fˇ〓 t一 〓〓
一
υ￡ P一 ￡ 〓 ~△ハ〓 ㈠ ~co`C∞ uCΦ Gハ ￡ 一“Ξ 9υ C“ 一ハ ru一 o∞ c门 ハ￡ Φ F△ 凵 ハ 〓 一一 c一 一 L〓
υ冖
汩 “Φハ一ハ〓￠ ハ υ至二 △ `F● H.υ G“ 一 g“ 凵∞ハ△ 0一 C一 C“ ∞≡ .υ
￠ “￡ △ハ￡ 00ハ 〓 一〓 c.〓 一二〓 ˉ
・
一 ι￡
'一 ν
宀 冖冖 H0凵
ハ△△d色 ハΞ凵￠ハハ Φ° >口
一 ハΦ
冖0“ハハ△ ハハ △ ∞一 ハ△一
△〓〓 ・ △Φ 屮
τ “ハ υ
gdC一
.∞
>‘ O一 cΦ Cυ 0〓 OCo氵 F〓 .・ L 0￠ ha× ハ 一 Hハ σ Ou ハ ハ
〓 OC

0
〓 “宀 ￡ uCOFH
。凵“
Φ冖 〓 务 凵iハ ∞“ハ 一“‘ 凵 ∞“ 抒 〓 “ハ σ : g 弓
ハ凵宀 “冖

)
日 “ 〓 忽 △ 〓 〓 二二 〓
CFC△

d
GH● CΦ 0∞ 0d“ uoCg¤ cc冖
一△υ 占凵ハ ハ￡ 凵 Go 一 C“ cou
冖~一 ￠“￡凵一 0凵 “一ˉ~oc

《
^ˇ
∞￠ ハ Ξ υ ハ∞Φ￡ 臼 访 ℃ 〓 “∞ `υ 〓 〓 ˇˇ〓 ・t ハ ハ〓 oc

∞
〓 ・
cハ “υ ≈Φ 丙占
ハ∞
`
coハ
EOΦ CO△ coハ C芪 00宀 ::一 △
J
>△
t一。。Ξ
0>
∞“ ×ハ 一 >“ 冖~" ∞ハ‘ ∞“ ∞
tf一
六诣 ∞Φ∞”
≈ △α ハΞ 扫
一“ △ ハ∞Φ州 一 — — △○ 屮× 0C ハ〓 ハ ハ 〓 一 一 r・ ・・

“
p∞ “ 0υ C〓 r一 .. . ~υ
口一 △ C0 υ 。〓 ●
q~“ ~冖Hハ
^一'・ ˇ
一c rυ α “●扫ハ“扫
gハ
O凵 凵‘∞△ ∞ιΦ ‘ ∞ “ △O⌒ υ￠ “冖∞ι● o￡ ￡∞门
ハ υ c乙 △〓 一
ハ一 〓 〓〓 一 ::
一 qハ ハ 0f 〓￠ ● ハハ● oc
一 o
・
g>ro0ハ gcqE一 ,二
0>△ 0∞ c一
''
t一 ° ○￡ ∞
ハΞ口ハ∞ μ‘∞ E∞ 0凵υ∝
0一
￠ “一￠ “ J“司 ∞出
‘ ハ 一ハ一
ˇ一c〓 一一三 ι〓 一 ・ ・
・ ・ 一≡
`一
扫∽cH 一 o匹 .υ
^Φ
00凵 `Φ o一
ハ
C`FOυ 0c“
弓 0×υ
舀c 乇 τ
cυ
`
∞ pc“ υ 色 一υ ハ 冖〓 /一 C一 。〓 ~一 ハ 一ˇ 0>3一 〓 ι 一二 ∷ 〓 ・ ・・
ˇ ˇ一 _f一 一 ハ￡0一 h `ハ
C0一 ~〓 ur〓 >^ˇ G“ Cハ 凵 co
.一
・ I・
“冖△ ● 〓 ハ
dlcor一
0￡
一二 co●
一ˇ
J三 ι 0
5
C一
C一
ˇ
0〓
/一 `⌒
一 〓≡
corcˉ
ハ三 ・
0一
一
〓 :〓 二 三 三 〓j
~` `ハ .`〓
~y. `
ν

(
^
``・
一 ˇ〓 :〓
・ ˇ一
・ 二 〓

hk
`≡ 〓 0〓 F△ 崾
H`Ν
0`Ν
⌒ Φ∞ Φ‘凵 ω △● υ 。一“冖 ∞△“Φ >Φ ￠一ハ`
^△
△“臼 ‘∞● 。一○冖￠ ハ〓㈤ △“ bPυ
d诏
∞“ >rΞ
△ OsPυ CO。
吗。 凵￠ Φ冖¤
>“ Φ一n● ∞ υ△“∞ “ `I
‘ 凵“○ ￠ ○了△ OGO△
G“ Goppハ GΦ
.∞
凵∞ 00Φ 0cdc0凵 ￠“d● HΦ
● 0。 ハ∞ ハ△Φ 凵“一 `ι
〓㈡ 。∞● 凵‘∞〓 “ ￠ 。 >“∞ Φ△ハ 一Φ∞“‘ Ji° 一 >rΦ
￡ ∞。
>r∞ 0〓
O一 o凵
y△ d酝 Oncハ
∞ ￠ ~。〓ˇ
△
∞Φ￠ ,。 ‘ 凵￠ Φ‘ 凵“凵∞0∞ ∞● 0Ξ “ 一△● n>。 ‘凵‘ 。诏
Ξ >rCOυ dd一 d“
Φ‘ pc“
0‘ bP.Φ
C“
“山 ‘∞● 彐凹 〓 O∞ △Φ “ cq∞ △ 。 υ〓△
Φ￡凵 〓。 ∞〓Φ C>rO0‘
“ Φ△。⒊
凵 ハ∞一 'y△
O△ Ondハ
g>ro一
∞卜 0<〓
ˇ
d⒆冖 ‘ 0冖 0∽⌒ H一佼 丶%疋 〓”
`、 ~9、 。心〓 Φ走㈦ 。叫
“。 ∞ “ハ 一・兰〓
∞〓 。 p。“△ d‘ 。 。Ξ 〓 ∞Φ凵“△一∞● 〓“ 凵“Ξ 凵 Φ∞
C~弓
Φ∞“υ 0Ξ μ ∞~∞ 0CΦ F.dΦ ∞ d。 吗 O∞ 0氵
n一 d0」 uood日 咱 0oυ Jouo一
。“〓“ J0 ~.N一
“
.⌒
`H一 一^〓
^ˇ
J一 一
“Φ Φ 〓 〓i
“∞ ハ z・ υ ￠ “冖凵￠ ‘〓 一
。 凵 >〓 △“△ 冖口 一∞ Φ∞ 0冖 。 “ 〓“。冖 ∞一￠ Φ￠ ≡
>召
ΦΦ∞ˇ ∽凵￠ “
H0∞
CΦ >0。 ˉ
。△。吗△Φ “‘ 凵 >“ C一 υ ￠ “一〓 F兰 'I
Φ‘ 凵ハ 凵扫 “ △ o凵 ￡ ∞ 〓 〓○ C。 ￡ 口‘ υ 一0。 >r凵 >r“
>'。 :`萨 pc诏
〓
∞ 。‘ p>° ~ι 一兰 <〓
。 ￠ ○⒍ ハ ∞ 叫 △。 一凵C。
^υ
Φ‘ 凵∞ G“ ∞● Φ∞一ε %。 Ξ 0O△
G“ υ△ ● nd口 o△ C“ v.6。
ˉ
⒐ ∝
Φ 。 “`疒一门Φ∞ Φ‘ ‘ 。△ ∞ 9冖一 〓 一一 :!F
〓 O⒍ ⒐ ハ￡ 凵 ∞ 〓 〓Φ‘ 〓 Φ G`萨 udΦ pun“
0∞ d△ >ocCΦ
dCotC△
￠〓
一ハ υ Φ‘ 凵 。 凵 扫 “ ● ￠ “ 凵‘ ⑾ 〓 O一 ∞凵‘ ∞ E丐 〓△ 一 :〓 二
.●
d~一 口CΦ <r一 Φ∞ °二 一△。 >otc“ 一凵 cdd屮
⒎ ::
∞ 。 ∞° ∞ E“ Φ υ ● 冖。 d“ ∞凵G。 冖GΦ ∞“υ 0>〓
υ△ ● r△ 。吆 0凵‘
GG。
凵￠ “ d△ ● O℃ 。Ξ μ CO∞ c“ p△
“×臼 ・>“吕 。。 ~〓●α √
一 ￠一〓 ∞口 一
∞0 △ 一C〓 △Φ C
〓ハ ∞ハ一α
c`萨
c冖 E一
L〓
“

F一
C “∞ υc

■■ ■■ ■ ■
ˇ〓芍 冖口 ハ∞“ハ・ 一一
∝E Co 一
△Φ〓 一 Ξ 一Φ〓 凵 cΦ 0>〓
α ∞ 凵冖冖 d“ 0r〓

<
`ハ ^ˇ
o一 0凵 CCハ
“

co △ 0C>'0 一dυ ∵ζ ハc Φ ‘一
>夕 〓扫 >● ハ“ △“一
● O△ △“。 >c“ ハΦ白
〓￡ ~￡ o一 ° 公 ハ t ^
一
0 ~ 凵 Gυ 一>△ ハc υ ‘ 一￡ 一 △
' Φ△ハ一Φ 凵 /・
冖一cυ ∵ζ ハ` ハΞ 一〓
G0一
.υ
g“ 0∞ 冖 一υ 冖 r<'^ˇ
pC一
∞凵Cυ 冖口 Φ〓“0 Φ 〓“ Φ△“ υ Φ￠c
>“ ~G 凵dυ F“ ハ 〓 ∞O0 ∞冖~一
凵 r
△` 阿
>一 u∞ 0α
“

0c“ 0>一
卜 υ“。山 忒 “一一 ~“‘一 〓 0 cu .υc● 瓦 6△ 丶 >“ C ∞ ,Ξ∞E υ〓
江 一
・
'ハ
0> C∞ H∞ 一 00△ 6C一
“
C “〓 凵 凵‘ 丬 〓
E
△ G0∞ 一0α △υ冖
一凵 C〓 ^ˇ c一 υ C6一 υ￡ 一 一Φ >c υ 一0“ ∞沼。一。×。 ￠一
凵冖 Hυ 。°
Φ 爿∞ >“ 0△ 0p“ ￠ ￠~Φ >〓 “饿 Φ￠ 0
△⌒ ハ >〓 氵OG 0￡ >dg ￠ 0~F
《
cGυ cd。
灬 Φ∞ υ△Φ× Φ
Φc ハ￡ P ￠ 一一‘∝

■B
0cハ 冖口 Φ￠ 。一 凵 G0门 >△ υ “
’ 0一∞
∞∞ ^〓
〓 〓〓三一
冖〓 。 〓。 一 一 ■
㈨¤ Ξ 凵△ O“ △ハ
Gハ
△ p“ ○ qΦ冖 Φ￠ 启 pΦ G丶 OΦ ￡ g~“
0>o.υ d“ ~Φ ‘
.‘ ￠ “冖。‘ 凵“。 ∞￠ 日 月 一 Φ‘ 一一 o一 一。 〓 冫 <一
“ ∞凵C。 ￠ 。 n一 “Ξ 凵 ~ΦnΦ
:一
ハ‘ P一 ￡ ∞ △ 。 p冖
.υ
Go△
△△冖 H0凵
ι二 一・ 一 卜 〓 α × ハハ
凵∞。△Φ ∞门 ‘ △。‘ 凵。 。￡ 一 ￡㈠ 一υΞ〓
Ju “ハ 0c Φ〓 α × Φ
.υ
凵H.υ ￠ “冖 ●σ
CCJ〓
g“
Φ一° “ハ。△ O〓 Φ 0一 △ c“ ^〓
d“
dΦ `萨 pdHC“ c凵 C屮 ハ ハ● og ￡ 凵
∞∞甲 Φ色一
Cod●
“〓 .〓
忒 GΦ ‘ 0￠ΦΦ
Φ〓一 Φ n>一 冖n“Φハ△ 。〓△ “ oc。 G△ crr〓 `ハ ￠ “ Gハ 凵 ・
〓 dm : ハ一“￠ 屮H・口 Φ0 >“
‘ △ハ 冖 O

》
o〓
口
.υ
0gΦ
一 ˇ‘￠ “￠
G0Φ
>'凵 GoΦ ~口 C“ c⌒
0~〓 0一
.∞

《
ハ冖△江 0△Φ∞ 底‘ 日 。∞“Φ￠“∞“抒 〓“● ￠ υ彐 ∞ Eυ ￡ dpハ itt〓 〓 . . ˇ≡ ∝ du△Φ凵
“冖 一CC υ `
c“ r一 0Codd
υΦ ∞ J
c“

tC|i
t一口
d。 pcH● cΦ 0〓 0￠ >・ HΦ

“
0>“ 0￡
￠氓〓Φハ >‰ 〓“∞ >Φ￡〓ハハ 〓:
二一 〓C G Φ ￡u
∞￠ 。Φ∞。Ξ占。。 白 C。 〓υ ~>c:了 〓 c〓 一 × 冖∞ ιハ ~〓 一⌒叱 ∞Φ∞Ξ¤ υ△ “ υ△ ˇハ 一9〓

“
d。 Go。
.∞
qυ O△ dハ c一 c△ C〓
冖 cハ
p×。 c∞ ￠ “υ 〓 。 〓 一 冖〓 ˇ 〓〓 TL 〓 犭ハ α ×ハ
υハ α
凵Ξ ∞ <υ ∞。J一 — — 一 o。 υ “● 凵ハ“扫
0￡
∞“ ×Φ
0∞“ 〓“
>“ dG∞ (〓 Eハ 一 COυ ハ 〓凵 一
△ C● 00口 0C ・
C 0>△ Φ∞ 0凵
∞ 厂〓〓 二〓..
‘∞△ ∞、Φ 色。‘∞ d△ O^υ gd冖 ∞ι。。 0Ξ∞“
Φ￠ ∞qΞ△。υ c● c〓 r〓 `一 “0> C>石
Eμ
一 0冖 ￠~α ハ ‘ ∞
〓一
'00c“
凵∞￠“△Ch .υ
Φ℃ u×ハ

“
Op凵 d>r。 Cハ `一
∞ ~〓一。〓 了 二〓 △
Φ‘〓Φ∞● O一 一‘∞一
△ ∞、ハ G>rハ
℃ d“ 一 C“ ‘ ハμμΦ
一“刂 ∞一 op一 ωυ一 cc一
^●
ι△ 一 0~ 二 ˇ一C〓 ∪ C“ 一 0￡
i一 一 〓
・
>ハ ￠ dCυ ハハ ￡凵%ハ 石“
・ C一 F〓 0一
∪υ >0一 一〓∝〓 〓ι〓Ⅰ 〓
一 〓 〓 色 ×υ 三 ˇ0u ハハ〓 oc ξ
一
¨ 一Φ⒐ 〓ハΞ 凵 “。 υ 一Φ‘凵△。 一 ι:一
.
` Ⅰ 。弓 三 〓
>。 c。 ~〓 `一
∞ b￠ “ `⌒
c一
dΦ p司 CO∞ OC“ C“ coEˉ ×一 一
ˇ一乙 ハ一
`一 E一 ≡ 工 ・
⌒一〓` >● 〓 △ 〓 ι `△ υ、
〓

《
00〓
〓 0〓 三 〓 :〓 〓一 一 `
ι〓 一 t ●c 〓2
・ 二 〓
ˇ
〓 一二 ^一
`u冖 一
・ 口
ˇ口一‘ u`● J一
>〓 厂 〓I
〓 `Ν υ d“ ∞△ OOυ Φ川 O冖 日∞ `r・
υΦ㈠ハΦ凵ハ△α ω〓 0>贮 ∞白 ∞凵∞ ハ￡△ .娟
Ξ ∞巧 ○ハ∞ “ υ ￠ “ ∞Φ∞“ 0白 `
“凵 二
・ “υ 0υ △ハ幅%“ :^ハ ハ C“ 凵∞ g“ ∞●“ハハ° υ “ O△
CF一 ^Φ
h○
幅 ∞ハ ハ凵凵￡∞△ “
一 O￠ ∞
^υ
oCuハ
c“ ``~
ˉ
卜° ∞“ >'∞ ￠ “ <
凵‘∞“0凵 ∞△CΦ Ξ 凵ハ凵∞∞Φ。。
C>'ハ
ハ υ〓ハ￡ %>Φ △ O凵∞ˉ “ “ハ ∞>Φ ˇ
>一ハ凵ハ“ △ ~● F一
>‘ Op∞ :〓 >'^∞
υ￠ Φ△叫∞叫
￡ %ハ Φ ∞ >一ハ△Φ
>“
∽“Φ珀 △ d扫 ○￠ υ冖
●
goハ
FH∞
O>'uCハ
￠ Φ° Φ冖口“∞ ハ冖冖
㈠
∞卜 υ <〓 `'\\
//・ //\`
・
`\、
∽思 罢 霾 呤蛰 灬
一 6愈 己 捻 门∽ 基∩ 鬯 0
吾 丶、o容 0态 蔼 窖 会
Φ
菇售 君8
o`冬
` ' ' K \ \ ˉ
gM口 /<`丶 /'・
. ) '
``丿 ' \ 丶
豳翮 豳
豳鼹 豳
豳 / / ' ・
・
豳确曦田
圃 斓 m涵镏
嘟幽搠郎 疆圈
豳 m蛐瑚
``\/''\、
/・
r—
———
\—
[豳
\・ `、
\\)/''・
```
~㈥0∞

<`
〓>⑩ υハ凵
“△u●∞目招 >口“Φ “ ∞ハα ハ￡△
“ C∞ CO△
ˉ` / ' \ \ 、
e∞ 廿“α
` ' ・
扫Φ￡ 日 ハ由 υ ∞∞ '\丶
`/\\ 丿 `/``
\\—
・`\、
/'・
g● c“ o一 8ハ d△
.碧
Gogge
Φ￡ p〓ハ Φ∞
口△ ΦΞ 日启一
一 Φ△∞ △ Φ￠ μ‘ Ξ ￠“ “ ハ一
〓

Right of way
pp门 OpΦ d∞ >rolo00￡ 0“ `.κ rg~凵 c0>00冖 0μ
Φハυ ハ‘凵‘∞●ハ〓
‘凵υΦ “ ‘υ“∞出 “冖0∞Φ△∞ ‘△△∞ 〓Φ ○日 ∞ /`\
%0υ “ 门
Ξ〓c >Φ do△ c>rol0° `萨 0吗

=・
—
~
刁 凵
‘∞△∞ ‘∞ ∞ 一
g“
∞●一
co“ ハ×ΦΦ‘凵 ￠ハ一∞∞Φ∞
∞0α °凵凵 “ ハ△
“ ハ×ハ Φ
△ ○O一 g诏 dg0由 c>roˉ o00￠ pg0>p〓
・
uCΦ 屮`‘ 0∞
O凵 ¤“α
∞〓 Cod一 〓¤ ハハ Φ‘ 凵〓 0CO一 ∞∞Φ∞∞ハα “ O>名 g● △ハ日 >rol00Φ
‘ 9〓ハ Φ∞“
ハ△ハ×ハ 0〓 一
^∞

|—
●∞Φ△
ハ p“冖 O凵 Φ一
冖“扫 ∞Φ℃ 、 〓“●∞● ∞“ ui△ Φ >ハ K萨 ハ△ ∷ d0诏 ∞∞ハ∞∞ OG吗 0卜 〓 C● 〓ハ 二● ∞Φ△ △ `I

「
∞〓E“ α 目汩 凵。∞● 。μ u州∞ E“ ∞㈥￡ 〓￠ Φ 〓Edα 一
^∞
gハ 0“ 咱 0^△ q“ GO￠ >¤ 000〓
口
do00Ξ G>'0〓
m0亠
一〓“卜 0υ ハ￠
C<0zυ
一 ハ￠O△ >'oˉ o0“ ∞
犭 l∞
￠“
υ△● 0ハ‘ PC“ ∞
〓 G● ○ ^△
咱 Φ
∞
C>r0ˇ 0￡ >rol0° ~〓 ハ二
Φ△“ 卜 Φ‘ ‘ ∞△Φ￠ ハ Φ p“〓“ G0∞
μ △“ ∞ 日Φ Φ∞Φ￡ 一 du“ GdoF〓
〓
一 N`知 `
h`G一 `萨 G“ 0GΦ pg0冖 g0p0>石 ^I
一
t‘ ≡ ∞● 冖υ× ハ Φ‘ 凵 Φ引 ￠Φ
Φ‘ μ Φq一 Φ￠ Φ凵 Φ∞ >一ハ
“ υ υ Φ∞● 二
^∞ ^凵
dΦ ~口 pCΦ g“ 〓 C● >门 FrJ〓
口C“ 日 “ Φ nハ 口υ 一d∞ Φ° 凵‘ ∞ △ ¤ Φ△ΦΞ p∞“Φ〓Φ‘ ∞“￡ 吗 OΦ ∞● Φ ∞● 一ハ× Φ ハ〓 〓 二 彡c 一 Gυ
C 凵￡ 〓 〓
c△ Oυ >“
T三 一 gΦ Φ∞ 它
sP.ug●
FHυ
△ 0>O ・
E ￡ ハ≡Ξ >r 一
G0扫
>~>'
￠
<叮 0冖
“ ￠“ CΦ F一Hハ cハ 凵
uΞ∞ “
△“ ‘〓 ccΦ 冖 GGO一 ハ υ ハ‘ 凵一 OΦ 一○ ￡ Ξ ∞ハ△“ J∞ 〓ハ 一Φ ∞~Φ〓 〓〓〓〓 ˇ上 ~吆ハ △ . t ~υO △ α
E∞
`萨 >ハ >Pハ pg叫 .一
ΦΞ 凵 ￠ 一 ハΞu
c>rol00“
0日 >PO
〓 0ハ ∞∞

ε
一 △￡

0
000“
tG“ c一 0>H⒇
凵“￡ Φ￠ “∞ Φ一ハ‘ 凵 凵ハ ￠ ∞一 p￠ 0冖日 ⒐ 0一 Φ >Φ υ 一qd● ˉJ冖ハ 口 扫 ““ ハ〓彡 〓
u吗 O△ >'0一 dCHHC● O^△
〓ハ
一 Gハ
Ec
⌒ H一 dΞ
￠ 凵 0~一 一
" △
〓 ￠“Ξ >△ “ハ一
ハ ⌒一 .弓
do△ ハ〓 0ハ α υΞu△
¨
G弋
υ C“ 一
● α ハυ ∞“ ∞“ ∞“ p凵● m・ ● dハ ￠ 扫α Φ “α ω
υ ハ￡ 凵∽ハ 凵△∷ ● ¤ ハ∽ ∞ 〓 〓 〓一 ‘ 〓 ≥ `@ ℃ ハ ^∩
g司 dハ ‘ o冖 >ハ C“ d〓
一
Coハ oG“ ^∞
f召 υ￠ “冖ΦΞ 凵一 0>0 ∞∞“α 一 ~冖玩 〓 ・
“ ￠“￡ ハΞ0
C>'ハ
C凵
“
.丐
〓 O△ 0α
〓 “凵∞ 〓忒￡ ハハ △一CΦ Φ‘ Φ凵“凵∞ハ Φ Ju〓 υ “ハ △
CΦ
>g“ ^∞
c“ ￡〓 C〓 υ c“ c“ 0℃ g“ 0∞
ハΦ△“℃ cc ￠“Ξ 凵
一 ˇ c△一吐
“￡凵一 C
>r∞ ``ι .二
α
00“
￠ △ ハΞ 口 ⌒宀⒋≡ “凵∞ △ c臼

“
0g>PO
〓 00￠ C识
ΦΞ p△ ハ >○ >“ >r〓 0ハ ￡ ∞ ~△“ ハハ G“ 一∞ C“ △ 0← — — ∞〓 d⒍ COH卩 ¤ ハ ハ Φ‘ 凵 △ 0>ハ ι二 〓
∞ 9Cハ ≈ 一 ˇ一一
〓“ C一 冖H一0υ 一cυ 口 ハ夕 刀 ￠ “ C一
弓 υΞ ハ“凵扫“ 0￡ 一 `● 〓● ￡ “一O∞~
d¤ cc口 c一 凵∞“× Φ
卜ハ 一
￠ ハ 一CΦ 冖口 υ 岿 ￠ ● ˉr冖 0目 出 “ 咱 o∞ △ハ 凵 凵忒￡ 凵 凵‘ ∞ △一
〓一 一
一 〓 u ハ 冖0
GO冖 ,○ ‘ 0Φ 一 一
~一⌒
ハ υハ >ハ一
0>ハ 0u~一 0￠ 0凵
g>'00Ξ
0F一 G~c“ F一 o一
一 Ec“ 000冖 ° △ハ ￠“ >冖
Cuハ gハ
. g 0 目 一 Oυ >。 凵ハ‘ 凵咱 OΦ ∞ 0Φ ‘ 凵 >0∞ 凵gハ 冖日 ˉ口 一● 冖￠ 〓ハ α “‘ ∠ 乙〓 纟 〓
0￡
GOHΦ
υ 〓
￠⌒ˇΦ
"￠ c“ C“ dΦ >Φ g● 乙 〓 0~ 一 GΦ 一>△ υ ∞ ハ ￡一 α
飞 一 △ 0>O "Ξ瓴召
<
G“ 00冖
`“ 一 cハ ~日 ハ ∞“ハ 口
ハΞ 凵 ￠ ハ >“ ∞ ∞ Goˇ
∞ GOE≡ ￠~ Φ 0￠ “ハC“￠ ∞ “∞ △“ ~ハハ△ △“G ∞“Ξ pgΦ 冖日 Φ扫 ● σ p一 ・〓〓
・
```ι `突 `υ 0●
<过 `辶 `安
``~``安
六 ・
~`~∽
``交 ```、 ``丶 〓
α
^ˇ `>`t△ 0`^υ
一 ~~ˉ 一
∩ △△ d吕 一一 一・一
```^
nc0~日 0一 0>υ :c0ˉ
△ 一 一^ˇ
一一一一 一
・ υ一
一一 ⌒:一
U一 0 吁叱
.
一 ~冖冖一⌒~一一个ˇ ・ ⌒一一~⌒一一~〓・ ^υ ⌒一 一`一
~~冖 ~一
υ一
F0~一
~一 ~”
咛ˇ
` ~υ
~r冖 一 一 ~一
T一 ^υ 冖一~
Jˇ
・ ・
.υ α ∞ハ ∞ ∞叫 凵门 ∞ 凵υ 口 “ △日 。 υ 吗 O一 ハ〓 ・ 二〓
Φυ 一凵￠ “
^υ
G“ c一
〓〓
Gハ 0Ξ >ζ
i〓 ~乞 0Ξ 一υ τ υ〓
ˇ￡ 一 ハ
0~一 C△ c一 ~〓 ^≈
〓 υ 一 `〓
ハ一
~~丐 CF△ cハ F一 △ 一工 〓 0冖
一~ ・
∞ ~υ υ卜 0一 CΦ ハ￡ 凵gハ FHハ ∞“ハ 0‘ 凵 ∞υ ΦΦ￠ △Φ∞ do冖 0gΦ 〓∷ ● dd一 口Cυ rF一 υ∞ 一 O一 ハ 〓 '‘ ・ LT
扌 τハ ∝ιハ o一
∞“ >“ >r￡
∞ ~￡ ハ彐 ° ,α υΞ 凵ハ 凵 υ “ハ △ ∞∞Φハハ“ υ E凵 0∞ ● c“ 。 υ‘
^∞
冖 GO△
吆υ C“ 一 uC2>〓 :¨ f ˇ 一 〓一 一
τ 〓τ “
. .一 r〓
~一
一 一ハ
>一
ハ
0FH0Gυ
E0≡
υ ~一
0`一 vc“
o
EFGo一
u0~一
`ι c><ˇ 一
二 ハハ“ ⌒
〓一 凵 〓〓￠● ￡ 卜 Φ￡ 凵 ハ∞● Φ△ △ ∞“ ハ‘ υ ￠ “冖 ハ E∷ 〓 ˇ 一
・〓
υ
.>“
>r冖 Gハ
C“
●
rˇ Cd一 Ouυ
cυ ~〓 0c0一 ~∈ 0一 >一 υ￠ 一
ˇ￠ “ 一c“ c△ ● o一 0“ ハ⌒一一￡ ≈ 日 ハ一υ ~它 ・
。〓 一 `<.~C~一 c`叵 0∞ 门￡ uoC门 “ ∞ “ 凵gΦ ~￠ Φ ∞“ Φ C“ υ ∞一0△ ハ × Φ μハ GG“ 0υ c“ 一一ハ 亠ハ 〓 '‘ 二j
I一 一
二 ‘ 凵`一一υ一 0“ 一“
一 一~一 ~口υ
/ˇ
:丫 ~〓 ~一 ^ˇ ハ・
〓 υハ〓 一
`ハ r~ˇ '￡
“一 一∈ハ一
ˇ≡ ~〓 一^ˇハ
逛 Φ 找 ~QΦη
~⌒
吧 _・
0〓
0≌ `S又
・
● t逵 `忒φ过 Φ R灬 ``sΦ `eΦ ∽ `R心 、安 心 R灬 逮 0QΦ
突 `σ 歇 Φ父 $0Φ
&卜 一r・ 一
iiˉ
一〓 二 一 if〓
・× 〓 〓 3ハ ^ˇ ˇ 0一 〓 ~τ υ
一一 △ υ 一υ υ 冖一0`‘ 〓 冖J一 u・ ハ . '.、~ c υ
^ハ`一 >'>、
oハ FHυ `~υ
1△ 一 i一
一・一・一 ・i一 ・ˇ `一 一 ^ˇ 一 0〓 〓 一 ˇ
~只 `ハ `〓 c冖
一ι 一υ 冖一 ''⌒ 〓 宀丫〓一
`0 0〓
^ˇ `・ 0 0〓
一 一ハ △ υ 〓一
¨ ˇ一二 〓 〓 ∷ C一〓 ハ 〓 〓 ハ〓 〓 〓
3一
△● 〓 二 /二 C一 `一 △ハ 丐 一>〓 `〓 〓 ~・ 一 c`〓
一 C一 一 `工 〓 〓 二 三 〓 〓 〓 `
∠ F〓 二 FTI二 彡 0L〓 C一 T≡ ハ 二 〓〓 cc`;二 三 ハ 三 J一 t〓 △
一 <△ 三 I
〓 〓 一
'ι 工
卜 z臼 Σ 0⌒ 〓〓
〓 一 一 L〓 了二一 '/〓 IIL〓 ˇ:工 ι :ι 〓 c'△ /'ハ `一 二 。 〓 。二 一
〓 〓 。〓 一 b`〓 〓 0ι
二 一二 ι 〓 .. .
一c〓 ・
r二
〓
〓〓 一 i〓 二 〓 工 厂二 :E一 ˇ〓 二 〓 冖一ι 〓 一ι `〓 3〓 〓
工
ii`一
〓 一 ν〓 3△ F● 〓
'・一 ・ I・ ¨ ・
一
`'i〓 ^一
一
・ˇ 一 一一 ~一 一 一 `^ˇ F一 一冖 一一 一一一一 一 ^ˇ ∷ˇ一ˇ ν一 ˇ
一 ^ˇ 一一 ・
`〓
・ '' ^ˇ ^ˇ 一 >∷ 二 一一
二
三 三 〓 二 三 三 〓 F二 FF— 二 Fr三
△ 〓∷ E〓 二 三 τ〓 3r● 〓 二 c彡 IE〓 〓 ∷〓 .I
二 一一 一 一 ^ˇ 一 ^ˇ 一一 一^ˇ
`一 〓 ˇ一 一
・ˇ一 一一
.Iˇ
'△ ''^ˇ
^ˇ `一 一. 一 ^ˇ /〓 '一 'ˇ一一 一 一・ ˇ ∫
一一
・ LI二 一 ''^一 ∷二 一一
三
・Ξ EtI:三 〓 二 IE一 — 〓 EE二 :二 F二 二 I
〓〓 一 .二
一一
一 一〓 一
一一一 ^ˇ 一 一〓 一 一一一 ˇ∷ˇ 一 ・
・ ^・ ・ 一 ˇ一一
.^一
一一 一・ˇ一一一一〓 r● 一一 ∷二
一一 一 一 ^・ 一一一 一
'^ˇ
一 一一^ ・ ˇ
r・
rj^一
〓 二 三 〓 二 〓 〓 二〓 〓 二 I一 :F三 II三 彡 〓 二 三 二 〓 〓 Ⅰ ¨ 二 〓 〓 二 三 二三
一ˇ
彡
・ `一
一
一

(
〓 三 ι二 'I二
一二 j「
二 了 二 〓 :一 〓 〓 〓 三 ^ 一
:三 :二 :〓 '△
tjf二
一
ILII〓
L〓 I一 Eι 〓 〓 〓 ι< 一
∷ ・二 〓
 〓 〓 △ 一了 二 〓 3〓 △ 二 〓彡 〓 工 〓 <〓 ˇハ 〓 〓 r△ 〓 △ 〓 Ic
_r一 'ι
〓 i''△ 3一 ^二 c〓
〓 i△ ~〓 〓 0〓
一ハ 〓 〓 ハ C“ 一
ハ c“ 一。‘ 尸 一oハ Ld“ ￠ ハ￡ 口 CC.υ ハ C△ ● PCo〓 ∞ 00σ 0‘ 一 `>〓 ハ ⒍ 。 △ G0‘ 9哄○
〓 ic~ハ ハ〓一一ハ ∞△Φ C`萨 o0‘ up∞ “∞“ 凵￡∞〓 一
￠“ “ハ一ハ c・口日 00>一 0△ ハ⒐ d凵 ハ⌒一凵 Cハ 冖cハ `i乙 二〓ハ 一 〓 i〓 c〓 ハ〓〓 一
〓 >`一 yLハ 。 cccハ 0⌒ 一 C一 ハ二 Gυ “Ξ 口
中一ハ o一弓 G“ 一ハ￡ p一 oΦ ハ Hd>
⒐
ci一 cc￠ “ >'凵
丘∞〓 ∞“
‘ ∞“ pc“ υ￠ ハ%Φ弓 ΦΞ凵 Φ● ∞ ○口 υ 0△ △ CΦ poc∞ “ >r“
〓●￠ “
“一色 ハ〓△ T.△ 乙△ ˇ 〓工
〓 一一 I。 〓 ~一“〓 ~>PC〓 ￠ op一 cハ ハE〓 0∞ 凵
一 OC∞ 6>':一 “Ξ 口刁 Φ∞氵 “冖一 d● ハ舀 u・ .'H
、一一
τ。 F一 工 一y二 ‘ ￡ Cハ F一 0扫 ,σ Φ△ ∞△△ 宀出∞丁“∞ 凵ハ￠ υ屮 y△“° ハΞ一ハ￠ハ
.υ
T〓 CH一
卜 z臼 Ha0⌒ 〓〓 三 ∷〓 `E〓 彡 c0`00〓 0〓 〓 二 一〓 ˇハ∞ ハ 一△ `△ 淳 〓 ★
・ (t丶 `、 `℃ ``vcs交
通 `"ハ 义 冖〓
‘υ C・ '0凵 cν 〓 000〓 ~o一 ハ〓 ~“ c“ >丐 “
△￠ Φ oGΦ ∞“ 0c“ ￠“ >P一 ∪υ〓 〓△一ˇ t・ r:一 〓 ^一ハ△ˇ F一 冖〓 ~￡ 一△υ￡ 屮“△ υ c~● 凵G“ c△ COυ ハ州 一ハ 凵一CΦ Cハ ￡ 一 o。 0ハ upCハ F一 HOCυ 凵
￡・F・ JΞ ∞一
ハ‘ ‘ ハ“ △ ∞屮
Ξ ￡〓 `萨・ハ°￠ Φ△ 0〓一 OPG一 △ 0“ COUハ “ C“ ∞ dE° O凵 υハ Eu旨 〓〓 〓〓〓 〓 〓 〓ˇ乙〓 厂一
ハ 一 CΦ ~g卜 ハ 一CΦ 冖
“ FrocΦ
“凵‘叫 `萨 υυ凵ハΦ CCo0>〓 ￠ Φ ~ハC㈦。∞ ハ￡ ハ 二 “
ハ￡ △ .一
ハ ハ‘凵 ￠ ハ ∞ u“ α
△● ∞“Φ门 p● Gハ 舀“ 0￠“υ￠ ハ吗ハυ ハ‘卜 亠“ g“ ハ υ〓 一 〓〓 一 一一 〓 y〓 〓 ~G“ C△ 口 ハ υ ハ E一 O凵 一C“ ￠ ハ≡
ζ 0° α “ Φ 0>冖 ￠ ハ 凵 od凵 ∞ ,口 一 凵￠ 0口 一Φ∞“ 0Φ Ξ△
・
dd“ O@ハ
α 凵● ∞一 △∝
∞一氐ハ° Φ△ハ∞“ 0一 GOuu‘
△Φ >~∞ ,冖 ハ冈υ υ g“ Φ冖ハ∞ ハΞ凵￠扫￡ υΦ pd“ tc“ ± 一~c〓 〓二
・
Φ‘凵ハ凵冖
“ C“ ハ ハ‘凵吐ハ 夕 C~￡ ΦΞ pdoυ g“ 冖υΦ∞“ハ冖冖
“ c“ ハ “ υΦ c>ro凵 “Ξ凵 >d“ ⒍ F一 cι '・ `’ ;安 ι 〓 `卜 `〓 心 t`R`0⌒
叫 φ 疋 `ハ `丶 `ハ 寒 一R、 000`.`%`一
`・s`RΦ 一安 0∽ 心 一q0&h一 〓 N㈧ H
∞卜 ⌒ˇ<二 〓υ 一∞“冖~υ ￡ u“Ξ u一“叫 “ E∞ハ ハ 〓￡凵 ∞ G一 cc● 一 ∞υ Gq⒐ △ハ ~∞ F~一
`・
∞。 O一 占u
〓 '〓 /ˇ 一 凵￡ ∞ 〓
ˇ一 ⌒ˇ “ c“ “凵Φ△ o一 ￡∞ ?.F・
卜 “冖C∞ G一 υ 〓● ハ >ハ △ o一 ∞ˉ口
一● F一 υ占 9一 ハ
~NHO喇 Ξ Ν ⌒∽0∞已 α q这 h● 丶``
&Φ L〓 一
.。
ハ c“ p∞口 们△ o臼
.Φ
∞“ハ一 0冖 它 %ハ υ ハ q△
ハ ⒍ υ冖口 ∞￠ 门
△口 弓 ∞Φ∞△ 日 ハ△α υ Φ∞“υ一υ‘ 凵
〓 〓二〓 “一Φ△ >“ △ 0一υ 一“ “△ △ 0冖υ ハ￡ 凵〓。 α “
‘ ∞△ハ￠
^>τ
g叫 C“ F¤ ∞ >PC
.υ
0`〓 0C“ HHυ C6一
υ△ ハ△“ 凵“‘ 凵 ∞>“ 沧 r ∞∞Φ
〓一 一 y〓 〓ハ一 00“ co￠ 一
口一○ 0△ Φ‘凵O υ C“ .∞ >“ >rハ
G
∞“∞∞“
〓
∞“ GO●
￡ 凵“○ Φ冖α
“〓 冖日 〓 ∞“ dC“ ×Φ 0“ ∞∞“冖0Φ ‘ μ `凵 gΦ △口Φ∞“Φ cd∞ “ υΦ F一 〓〓 . 三 t・ 乙 >0一 GΦ 目 ¤ ∞“Φ g“ >oF0冖
甲萨 ∞￠ 一
υ它。冖 Φ‘凵 g冖 ∞ HC● H
“。 ∞ハ∞“ハ
Φ n凵 ハ ハ Φ∞ “一d弋 “ 一“一ハ△Φ冖 △Φ ∞△Φ∽ 凵“冖一 ∞ E“ 二一 〓〓
τ。凵 ∞“
Ξ 凵“ C∽ ハ 川 υ 0冖 nハ 一ハ〓 〓。 。Φ∞∞Φ冖￠ 、
’ υ ハ￡ p∞ “υ△ 冖
^∞
Φ g“
^△
CC“ >υ CdCo0Φ dC“ GOハ
一
p冖 >Φ >Po屮
一 `〓 >r“ O△ OH.υ
/:〓 〓了 E一 △ 0臼 .υ △ハ 一υ C“ 一 ∞“
‘ ハ凵 ⒇ C“ 〓 CO冖 ハ nυ g“ 一 △ΦΞ 凵o一 Φ >OudΦ 冖 C0∞ “0
FI二 一c∞ g00“ △ 0吗 Φ出O△ ∞ハα ∞一凵 H.co△ “ G● ハハ 0Φ u“△“ ⒍ υ∞ △ O%一 dハ ~d0扫 0σ υ一
. g 0 口一 “ 凵￠ ○ υ Φ凵ハ ∞∞ ●⌒一ι〓一 〓〓 一 ハ 凵CΦ 引 Φ∞ 弓 凵G“ υ Φ ハ ⒍“
Ξ ∞〓。 凵“△“ a0∞ △o%
冖 一 c“ c△ Cハ
.〓
0Φ OOG∞ >rυ c“ 0￡ ,υ COυ 0C△ r'〓 C0凵 `r冖 Eu㈦ G>roΦ
.F “ g∞ q∞“ ∞
〓ι σ υ一 o冖 ￠ ∞色 “￡ △υα ∞一二
tハ udΦ cハ 冖 召 凵“‘口 uハ“〓ΦΞ㈠ `udΦ Φ∞“υ c“ ∞“ 凵∞~×Φ υ 一● 0ハ C“ ‘ 0凵 凵￡∞ Eハ 一〓 :“ `“ 一 0d● CΦ 冖日 0・d● 0一 ∞一
￡ 凵ハ° Eυ ∞Φ υ ハ uハ ,“△ハ ハ 0“
Φ、 .Nr
△ Z㈤ Σ 0⌒ 〓二 `υ `“ H N.N.㈧
.υ
￠“一ハ￡凵 CCυ ハ凵υ● υτ ^〓
∞∞ハ ハ ● 0υ 一 ハ‘凵 ￠ Φ° 凵 凵“ ∞“ 凵gハ 冖日 “ ∞“ ∞￠〓∞“
又ハ 一
ハ ˇ△ ハ
.戈
0￡ c〓 ^一
G~∞
du凵 d“ udハ ocυ qυ 0∞ 0d“
ハ一n“ α“ハ 凵ハ￠ ∞式 ●‘∞〓 Φ￡凵凵“Ξ 凵∞“
`滂 >P‘ ハ叫
‘ >旷 %OΦ CO〓 ∞υ ￠● o△ ∞一
“△ハ >Φ ∞ d0凵
Ξ ∞〓 ι〓一 二〓 〓 Fˇ '00一 ●ハ凵ハ F~%0一 00ハ ∪ ハ 占一
一 r一 一。ハ ≡ハ ``0C● c0>00υ
〓一 0oCo〓
ハハ一p∞ Goハ
弓 ハ∞ CΦ 彐“‘ ハ 凵 cdυ Cハ 吆Φυ ハ‘μ∷ Φ∞● OΞ ∞△ g“ υ gΦ 吗ハ° Φ‘护 %O〓 “ >rΦ
‘护 ハ凵υˇ“ O一 i
〓〓 一〓 一 一
〓 ^一 ˉ— υハ g>rolo00Eυ c“ 一 △Φ >OuCΦ 冖日 Φ ∞“ Φ g“ Φ >“ ‘ 凵0￠ υ H● O。 。‘
“× 凵‘ ∞ E“ 弓“Ξ ハ‘ μ“￡凵 ~ハ ￠白 “一
υυ ∞● 〓 0● ⒐ “ υ Φ 叫了￠ “
“一⒍ 。〓〓 〓 ˇ冖〓〓一
υ“Ξ υ 。冖 ￡ 一G一 ￠ υ￡凵 扫 “一∞ υ〓 出 二 。‘ 凵
.△
CC一 ddΦ OJυ d`’ O“ 0￡ o● c。 uodu● ooC￡ ou∞ uo凵
〓 〓● 一 〓ハ υ一 ‘ 凵￡ ∞“Φ ハ‘ ∞∞Φ° 0“ 0凵 υ Φ 〓△ GΦ ∞“ 〓 G“ “冖α ハΞ ㈠
^二 OO口 00凵
・
odq△ >r%〓
∞△ 0<乙
㈠ Z㈤ 〓 0C一 试
⒍卜∞ 0∽ Φ`虬
Ν⌒冖‘υ ㈧冖舀凵⌒ 叱Φ `∽◇、 `
飞ハハ丶
Φ uハΦ 一 ∞ “Φ
nハ υ ￠ Φ幅ハυ ハΞ 一 Lハ 引￡ Ξ 凵￡
.●
uc“ >rouco0叫
二 〓△ 一〓工 ハ ハ”Ξ 凵 ~Φ ∞￠“ Gハ ￡ ￠∞Φ 一 ∞ 一ω‘ 一
￠ハ △ OOdΞ 〓 gqgハ
Ξ ㈠ ハ 一 ∞∞Φ。。“ Cq“ 0凵 氓“
〓 C~υ G● O吆 ∽ ~uCΦ ￠ Φ 0∞ ∞Φ￠ ● n%ハ
~∞ Φ一。 冖 C“ × Φ d司
¨一 d0d● ハ〓二 土 ~一 〓二 cハ
一一一 C“ ∞冖α Φ￡ p二 。 ∞ハ△ “ ∞.△ .υ .υ
引 >冖 ,υ Φ‘ ‘ 。“‘ 志 rd△ OOυ
卜 ° 冖 。 冖。四 OFM∞
一￠ “￠ ￠
~冖 0υ ハ〓 一ハ 〓 `.υ
OFF日 ハ ハハ“ >“ F一Hυ ￠ “一ハ￡ 凵￠ ハ υ Φ凵ハ● υ gハ ° ∞∞Φ d门 ∞● n△ “ H●ハ〓△ 三 一 一二 ι 一 二 υ 0△ ハ 一υ△ハ ∞
^ˇ d>rpc“
υ cυ %Φtハ 冖△ 一 cハ 冖 cu△ “ α 0⌒㈡ ∞ハ υ ~>△ Φ ∞ υ△“臼 ハ 〓 凵 >⌒一
Φ￡ ⌒一 一 一〓 ⒇ ~△“ ハ∞ 0o△ ● α ∞∞ハ 〓 ハ 〓 <¨ α 。 ‘凵ハ 一c。 冖 “υ弓 。Ξ 一c`
∞● 冖 “ 0∽ >'
Φ∞● ∞“ υ ￠ “一 ハ‘ 凵 Φ△υ冖一 ● υ υ
^∞
u∞ pdハ cハ ~6二 C“
.υ
i〓 rci亠 u△ 0oCE~￠ c“ uC“ Cυ u。 ~υ
'扫
.pg0日0∞ “ ∞“ 占 〓“ハσ ハ口 Φ >〓 ハ‘ α “ ∞ 一 Ξ ∞ “Φ Φ￡ △ ‘ 凵 冖△ ∞扫 “ p∞ 。冖卞 ハ 由 ∞∞υハυ“
出 日 Φ￡ 凵△ 一
0c“ opΦ dB`:二
一 '':x一
T〓 ooC￡ g~dΦ 0凵 0凵
Φ￡ ∽ 0彐 0日 >0Fυ
一 uc“ υ∞● Φ￡ ￡ “
≥ υ gハ ハ￠ cハ ハ 安 石 Φυ 舀 ●∞ ∞“≥ 莒 搜 一
〓 ハハ △ 〓 二 二 `工 〓 〓一 ‘ 0“ ￡ >r^∞ △ OOυ
>●
￡ O冖 。亠 ハ 冖¤ ∞ ΦΞ 凵 ∞ dq>ハ 冖口 Φ△ >冖 △ハ ハ C‘ 凵‘ ∞“。
¨ ∞一。α Φ冖¤ “∞ ΦΞ 凵 >至 υ Φ￠
υ一“∞ “ Φ∞● ‘∞△ 日 日“ハσ 凵ハ冖一 ハ∞ △ 一ハ
￠ “￡ 一°Ξ 凵ハ ハ￡凵 〓 〓 二 △一ι〓 >〓 “
冖口Φ∞“ ∞“ 宀 屮 〓一
,υ
co⌒ Cハ opμ ucΦ 0g“ `〓 ~丐 dd￡ 9ハ ￡ `‘ Cハ >'O・ CH∞ EOυ `彡
υ一 ,OKB'屮
￡∞ E“ ‘ ハ●∞ 凵“叫 “ ∞“ 0“￠ ハ‘ 凵 %Oμ dΦ 冖 c>0一 口 0° ‘凵ハハ￠ “￡ cハ 凵 ogυ 口ハ湛
一 L一 〓〓一 j〓 〓〓 一ˇ〓 i凵 占∞叫ハ ハΞ ㈠ ∷ >一 goハ ∞“。扫 “μ∞ %ハ >“ >r>° ∞“ >r△ OO叫
￡ uC一 G。 〓 。一
冖
∞△“‘ ° %ハ ハハ△吗 ∞ハ∞△ハハハ 〓ι一一 ハ〓 〓α ハ△ GG“ ハ Cハ α ハ 岿 JΦ J△ “ 。一 〓
° “● 一
冖 “ >一
υΦ凵r● Iハ
一G冖¤ “×Φ 〓ハ“ 一
〓 ハΞ 凵ハ一qハ >〓 υ υ
^Φ
●
.>°
υ 一,ハ
^ハ
0扫 co。 >“
>ハ oυ d● no一
.υ
:〓
`纟
∽卜之㈦丶 ∽人日
e~㈦
`宝
<QQ之 <日 0之 0ˇ 0之 0丶
 ″oⅣ G K‘乃V・ G E4Ⅳ D乙月【
`l/

tlnconncctcd 、
vitl△ the usc Of thc lcasecl land, w11icll cOlupnscd a ll(~`1
~in thc caserrlent.A scnhen
boathouse bc argued a col△ ncction could cxist, as a boa tl1o j`=
It 1η ight ˉ
t subject mattcr ofthe gnF
ittlc tlSC if thcrc ls no nght
to put the bc)ats it houscs On thc
watcr lDt i nghtofway,orthe p1pes、
1t 1S built. A house alsO could
bc said tO beneflt f101△ a nght to put l` - --ncr rnay,ho、
a r1vcr C)r canal the san1c t`..ra y as it beneflts △on△ a rigllt vever,scpa炙
tO usc a garc`△ ˉ
11|ˉ 1~

~Diect rnatter of t11e ease111e

the plaintif was assert1ng a sole and cxclusi
VC right to tlSC thc canal
9vas thus secking to protect his lDusincss Thc One exceptiOn to this1
rathcr than enhance his tlsC Ii rcqulrc the serv1ent oivn
land It vifas a Case of thc land aCCon△
王nodating the right, not t11c
accon△ n△ odating thc use Of the land.
ff`〃 ″ r″pper illu stratcs
二2,5 No￡次
‘ z'e orJo`
thc sOn△ et11△ 1es l△ arrc)x.i\..T distinct1On bet、 vce11 `s犭
tha 1△ 1crcly confcrs a pcrsOnal Or Con1nlcrCia1 `纟

advantagc and Onc that aght玑 'ill

said tO benet1t thc dolulnant tcnc1△ 1cnt not qualis厂 as an
as suc11 This qtlcstion ls ^rner frorn-occupation ofth(
l)crl1~i-ˉ
the r1△ orc clilF1cult to rcsOlvc 、
、 accOIn1nodation Of thc land ar1sc s
a bcncF1t to thc busincss conductcd
`11crc fthe servicntland,A nghtt。
On thc land, for a bcnef1t tO the
will invariably bc Of a coln111crcial
rthis rcasOn:
naturc
A practical conscqucnce Of the rcqulre111cnt
that an casen1cnt
ac(∶ orn111。 date tllc don11nant te ne1△1cnt that the dor11inant and
ls
tcnc11△ cnts 1nust be ph ysically clOsc to cacll Othcr although 6(pOF‘ /‘
not ``7‘
aOacent In 刀 e E`Je`z抄 o`0zrg乃 P夕
S C)111c Of thc houscs surrotlndcd
Others t\..iCrC not qultc SC) close but
`功 tllc CTs
ncvcrthcle SS closc C1△ Ou gh to
flom thc park By contrast, a 1gllt to put tl p ``..rCrC
^ic plaintiff、
1ˉ
an ad vert1slng s1gn 1
.`asthe owner of刁
Ba y ay bcncnt
11ˉ

1η busIncss 1|r1 Ytlen Long but it cannot be

a
sald to IDc11cf∶ ∶ rchard was by a stnp ofland u
land u pon hiCh the buslncss 1S conductcd It cannot
`P`厂
thcrcforc qualiR- tpaircd as part Ofhis busincss.
cascn1ent
ng usc to park cars on the str
・
-C Orchard.
12,2,4 7乃 c″ 农乃r灿 rs/Bc9 C・‘ n,彻 ′
ry)‘7z9/c〉 r``・
肋 cP‘ z``,/c'c/此 z/严‘ '`・ ~_~
‘
r(;`刀 '`留
`?产 I)GRIENT
NO right carl be clain1cd as a11 casc111cnt t11△ 1css it 1S Ca pa blc Of being tC courtconsidered thatthc d〈
by dccd, It 1S sOn△ ctin△ cs said that cascnlcnts llie
a11 grant A ntlllnlDcr
11il
∶
11cre cascn1ent,butfor○
conditio11s r1O.・ ⒈ 10m t11is rcqulrc111cnt ner
`厂

12.241 ccrtaintv
This liInitatiOn is F11Ost kccl
jpO肠 勾〃″cmgez乃
'「
11c 1ˉ 1gllt 11nust lDc sufficie1△ tly ccrtain t(D1)Crn1it acctIratc dct1rlition F
J・
伤歹 1彡
^^ir storage of cars;butin
ˉ as wc ha
ˉ
cXanlplc.aF・ ight tO ligllt throt1g11 a dcf111ccl clla11nel is capablc Of bc1n:~一 饣
:q乃 J
77・

-.-as acccptcd as an casc1nent.H

casc111cnt lDut tl gc11cral rig1△ t tO ligllt o1ˉ tO(1 vicT\`is not Like、 vise a 1ˉ igil∶ ∶ fstomgcwasnotcdin c陶
air t1● rotlgh a clcr11)ed cllannclis ca∶ pablc ofbci11g an casc11△ 狩s0,`″ rl
a gcnt「 ~ cl△ t,l)tlt -right Of storagc could succced
r1g11t t(D ai1・ isnot A c(Dvcnanttllat p1・ ollibits lD11ild1ng on a piecc()flancl ll1~∶ --llolc of the sc^犭
()、 vcvcr,ac11icvc thc rcstllt tl△ ent tenernent
at a女 △tInrestrictcd rigl△ t tO light or air carl∶
1△

l 二cgree,and it1nust be considerc

∶
ise,sin1ilar considerations appl
12242 ∶
NO P()sitivc Burclcn on scrvic11t(D、 \iner
￡饣
″召 ,Or)/Cl″ v 61oz`″
c″ ″J〃 z″ f`7[19^
A right 、ill not bc ad1△ 1ittcd as an casc1nent `石
QB 688
if it requlrcs thc SC1、 ・
.、

lcnt Although tinis agrccmc11tis not pan

to lncur an~ y cxpenditurc ()r takc
any pos1tlve action Thc rolc of thc sCl¨ ---
cnforccablc against subscquent scp
Owner 1S ess cntially pass1 VC Irc 1nust principlcs rclatimg to covcnants I-nci
allot、 ..`
tllc doluinant c)、 vner to CXC∶ - `
thc eascn△ ent and hc luust rcfla1n on△ Cascn】 cnts 1nust bc creatcci f。
f1・ taking at1、 i aCtion that wOuld lntcri~
r a rcn
Jo勿 es″ P`饣 ce[1965]2 QB 618
2 1bid (19491 2 KB 744
276 1972J1、VLR 1355
「
 f⒕ sfaF・ fⅣ ⒎s
.1ˉ Ll ``・ 11ic11 c()11△ prisCclˇ t-- ic easeFncnt.A scrvient owncr cannotthcrefore be requircd t。
il C()tllCl cxist.as a lD()ut1^ - ˉ rcpair
|CCt ll∶ 1atter ofthc grant~f。
^`1t ll()tlscs C)11t|11c、 r instancc,the roadway-`.7herc thc nght
\-tltcr . ~1t ofway,orthe pipcs-w'herc thc nghtis a nghtto drainagc.3-A servient
c∶ 1crlt f1ˉ Ol△ 1a1ˉ igl△ tto I)1∶ 1ˉ Ⅱ
ˉ
-∶
uay,ho硒 rcvcr,separately cxpressly or i1・
∶`ˉ ()ln a riglnttc)tlsc a s~ˉ nplicitly agree tO repair the
]ˉ

i111attcr of the ease111ent,4

-c rigllt to tlsc tl△
~`i、 c ct1∶ 1-∶
=|onc exception to this rulc isthc。 bligation to rnaintain a fcnce,which
∶
`Ι llc1ˉ t11an cnllancc 1115-~、 .
tuire thc scrvient owner to bear the cOst ofrcpair,5
n|)clating thc rigllt, nc-∶ 1 1

AlO E跖 c`z衫 s勿c。 rJo乡

刀r occ彻 p夕 ″ 。幻
1drrox、 ・
∶ distlnction bct`r.-.
alt1clvantage and()1△
`∶ c til~ will nOt quali灯 as an cascmcnt ifit in effect excludes thc seⅣ
`‘ ∶
c11.This qucstion is I^=ˉ
ri。 1-11。 ccupation ofthe servientIand or c。 ient
1i11C)Clation ofthc land.— Ⅱ nstitutes joint。
ccupation
1、 I、 cR.厂 ientland,A righttO park cars On a snlall arca can causc problen△
∶
J闸 lCl for a l)enenttc)tllt- ~
reasc)r1: s

∶
∶ˉ
∶Clllc11t tllat a1△ casci--了 ^
iltl[ [l)c cl()111j111】 nt L1∶ 1--ˉ -
6(pe肠 绍〃″
I.i)tllcr)alt11Oug11 110[11= 2]Ch 488
ˉ
∶「lc ln()tlscs surroulnclc~ ˉ-
ˉ
-C`sX\・ erc closc cnotlgll1 ˉ
′ˇ●1 LlClVertising s1gn 111.C~∶ ~ ‘
lntiff吼 `asthc。 w11crofan orchard and adj。
∶ir c・ a11nc)tl)c s111Cl tCll`T-
~∶
t`.7as by a strip ofland upon、 ininghouse.Accessto thc
Ir t ttln1)Ott11crcforc c刂 j- - vhich the dcfendant parked carsthat he
d as part ofhis business Thc dcfendantclairned an easerncntthrough
C to park cars。 n thc stnp ofland,subject to thc plaintff,s acccss to
lard,
7′
″ 历 C,`′ ,/ecr ln广 ..
``留
ENT
Ca 1)able of bei ~11t Considcred thatthe defcndant’
11cnts.lie in grant・ A ItLJ s clairn a111Ounted to a
casernent,butfor。 、
、..rncrship ofthe strip and as such the
cla11△ 1 notfor
claim枷 lcd,

1is limitation is most kccnly fclt in lelation to nghts。

.r`7〃 f stonge,In
″c印 g勿 乃锡石 as wc have altady scen,tl'lc couns rcjectcd a claim
ˉ
′辶:111it ac・ ctlratC dc⒈ △ :ˉ
rage ofcars;butin T∥
∶ 夕 c伤 〃 |伤 ″・
ti1tlllncl is capablc c)i^-||=
7饣
lg乃 76 a r1ghttO store coalin a shcd
iccptcd as an casernent,II。
`″ `么
ic\、 :is not Likc\、 -~gewasnotcdin C彬 wcver,the dfflcultics prcsented by nghts
:i、 -i卜
c-~-
婶、s勿・J.勿
>eing an case111ent,but ^(Dfstorage could succccd、
`″
′ `″ '`ze7whcreBnghtmanJdoubtedwhcther
hcre it al110unted to exclusive use ofthe
--ilcling()n a piccc(∶ |∶
-_ ~- i of thc sen'ient tenen△ ^厂

∶ cd1・ 1gllt cnt,Thc questi。 n is thus essentially one。

.`∶
to ligllt o1ˉ .∶ r r and itl1|1ust bc considcred in the light ofthe facts of each particular f
lilllilar considcrations apply in relation to the grant of a nght to park
)1R・ ner
-r’
夕 oo/σ″/6o″ ″c``夕
′
J`饣 ‘
1688. eq厂 .″ ps勿 ・
...’

)勿 虑 【
ˉ ``z[197-]Ac 239 and￡ 7勿 s冶 ″夕 Co″ r1985J
J1r1ˉ c(ltli1・ cs tlle sc1ˉ \∶
=∶ ∶
∶1。 tlgh th】 s agrccn1cntis r・ `歹
10t pa1△ ofthc cascmcnt,it F1△
J-∶ ctiC)11,1.llc 1ˉolc(∶ )l∶ i-` 、- f~Drccablc against subscqucnt sc1、 ay ncvcrthclcss bc
--t clo111inant o、
厂
1cnt Ow11crs as a land c。
∶
∶ n.ciplcs rclating to c。 vcnant undcrthc
v11c1ˉ ∶j vcnants i11cluding lcaschold covcnants,for1n I・
)cIncn~ts 1η tIst bc crcatcd for a tcr11】 I。 ng Kong all
=~i11`^aCtion that`・ c)t1∶ 1i-一 ∶es″
△9]2 `'Jce[1965]2
KB 744 QB 618
^2]1 wLR 1355

277
啷

u嬲 1...

.咄 .
""

镒
・
|l i1 ∶
 ˉ .C LA-Ⅳ
″oⅣ |C KoⅣ D I沮 【
乃
7

cars On thc、 vhole or part Ofthc se1、 ricnt land,

Co`77`″ 。 Fse`″ c`z‘
`zE‘
⊥Z25.1 Capablc Grantor/G・ rantcc
△ Ofillustration ofthe charactcnsti(
`ˉ

:∶Dfulto list son△ e ofthe n1ore coⅡ Fn(

Thcre n△ ust bc a pcrsOn capablc of granting t11e easc111ent ani~
Licr11ents:
capablc ofrcce1ving thc caselucnt FOrinstancc,if a con1pany is
ust
easen1cnt, it 1〕 △ bc authoriscd to do so by the pOwers sct i△ ・ -1Jhts Of way
1△ △ ˉf
e111Orandurn,Furthcrn△ Orc,an casen△ cnt cannot be granted b∶ 、
-ihts to、 vater and dra1nage
inhabitants of a town or other nuctuating bo句 .T1△ eydo nd id刂 。ghts to light and air through a dcfin
co11ect1ve capacity as capable grantors and grantees.
■ -1ghts of support of buildings
∶
ic rightto fcnce
12,2.6 N溺 留 ∝ Ne刃 E￠ se″,e″ 芯 。gllts to use facilities,eg washing 11-n|
`z衫
・
ic rightto use a sign.11
T.hc class Ofrights thatthc courts Fnay recognIsc as easerncnts is nOI
Changesin our1|11odc Ofliving rcquircs thc lav‘ ..rtO bc sufficicntlv
accon△ n1odatc ne`/rights.Cars,s``i1111〕 ling pools,and telcvlsion
bccorne part of cveryday lifc in thc 20th century andˉ 玑厂 3 Acquisition ofEase1mlents
ith thern
nccd tO cOns1dcr whcther a nghtto use a parking spacc,orthe 5w
rc are a nu1・
1△ ber of、 vays in、 vhich cas(
poOl Ora TiVaerialcan cxistas an caserncnt.However,thc courts ha、 ˉ
e
t``^o lnain catcgones:express granti
reluctancc tO rccognlsc as casc111cnts rigllts that arc signincantl、
nlarised as follo`7s:
f1^on1 t11Osc tradltiona11y acceptcd as Cascn1cnts N O dOubt t11`
conselvat1s111 ar1scs △ om a itlstiflablc reluctance tO create tOO manv
burdens OVCr land, In particular t11c courts havc statcd that 1t 1S
`f2,2 ~Acquisition of Easc1ncnts
an cxtcnsion of ncgativc easc1・ 1△ ents、vould be justiflcd.’ rhe purpc.、t
negative case1△ 1cntser、 /esis Oftcn luorc convcniently achievcd bⅤ Acquisition oJ
thc
a restr1ctivc cOvCnant,The court’ s att1tudc to new negativc
illustrated in∶
Express

一一
P乃 巾 ps″ Pe伤 谷 [1965]1 QB
Jced Bys 16 cPO. By e11forceable
FACTS
agrccFnent
T11c IDla1nt11f and dcfcndant()、 vncd adioining propertics,\、 r11iCh、 -c rt

VCfV Close togcthcr although theywercinfact dctachcd,Because ofthc

proxil△lity Of thc propertlcs, the 环rall Of the plaintiff) S house that adioI・

CIF
Necessity

o
-

dcfendant’ S propcny had not bcc11 rcndercd propcrly agalnst thc

n
、

Thc defcndant’ S housc fell into disrcpa1r and he w・ as rcqu1rcd tO `

by the local counci1.A~s a result ofthe dcn△ o11tion,thc`厂 all ofthe

house 、ras exposcd to thc xvcather and suffcred da1〕 △agc、 vhich thc
E∶
炉 约ess C锡 绍莎∝ E夕se绍 幽
sOught to recover froFn the dcfendant On the ground that he enjo。 od ‘沼 cs(

easeFnent of protection frOr11 the、 veathcr ∶

1cre an owner grants a 11ght over hislan(
-casc11△ entiscreated.where an o△vner se
JUDGMENT `llto rctain a oghtto pass Overthc partc
rland which ren△ ai11s in his Oˉ wˉ nership.A
Thc plaintiff`/as not entitled to rccovcr dan1ages as a nght tO
f1Ol11.the硒 reathcr 、vas not a right t11c la 、V wOuld rccogn1se glvcn its Dme″ e``″ ro″
ncgatlve nature. ~lf``Je'″ Ec`7.2e'尸 乃 `er(1832)3B&Ad
o歹 勿 735 3o4
c芯 ￡莎歹[1956]ch
Co`歹 乃e`g″ E歹 刃夕”
ds[1950]ch 247.
278
lfoo‘ s莎 e黑 g/es(1879)LR 12 ch D 261
`,″
 J冶 se1.rFⅣ 7・ 1~5・

=n1cntland,
・.・
6r)`77'`・ i1.o`ZE幺
7・
咛
e`77e`7左 s

飞ˉayOfillustrationofthccharactcr1sticsofeascrnentjustexarrlincdit1nay
of granting the caser1△
・∶
lclpfultolistsoFncofthclllorecoF11n△
ent and a on r1ghtsthat havc bccn rccogniscd
Fo1・ 1nstance,if a co1・ 11pany is
iasernents:
∶) clo so by thc poˉ w・ ers sct ~ˉ |r
・ nghts of way
∶`C111Cnt Cannot be grantcd lDT- -
・ °nghts to water and drainage
J】 △】
[ilag lDody I11cy do not q】 △~---
o rights to light and airthrough a dcnncd channel
tl∶、t11△ d grantccs
・ rights Of support of buildings
1ˉ

・ the nghtto fence

一
、・

・ rights to use facilitics,eg washing lines/poles,:toilets,91e“

・the nghtto usc a sign.11 er box;lo
a1-rcc(Dgnisc as casc1△ 1e1・ lts is nc.I
【
res the law to bc sumciently
i^∷
111ning pools,and tclcvls1c。 1-1~
2|lt11 ccnttlry Ft11d`rith thc111. 2.3 Acquisition ofEasements
一:
)usc a pa1ˉ king space,or the
^C1ˉ
cn△ ent However,thc courts ha・ c are a nun△ bcr ofwaysin`厂1.ich casenlents can be acquired.1111.esc fa11
,ˉ c
△I卜 rigllts that are signif1cantll ∶丿rv￠ O Inain categones:express grant and ilnplicd grant,,vhich 11△
∶
as cascments,No doubt rlLi △11uarised as follows: ay be
Drcluctance to crcate too rnany
.coults have stated thatitis g F2.2 A.cquisition of Easc1.ents
・
i^()tlld lDc justi11ed Thc purrl∶ `Ⅰ

∶
C CC)nVcnicntly ac11icvccllDv--i--. A-cquisition of Easernents
attitude to mew negativc

Exprcss 刁
Presurncd~
Prescnption
‘[1965]1 QB 76

dccd Bys16 cPO By cnforccable Comrnon LOst Prcsc11ption

agreen1cnt
Law 公 odern
/Ι
Act
-1_|c)11△ i11g propcrtics.、vh1cl1・ ~tˉ
^I^1
-
Grant 1832
∶
辶:in R1ctctctaC11cd Bccausc|∶
afthc plaintiff’ s housethat
1clcrccl prc)pcrlv aga1nst t11c-- N^cccssity Common
=∶ 彬%召 e`〃 o刀 夕
p。 1rand hc、 vas rcquircd to cic∶ 1- Intention Bo`△ ・
1。 功s
c de111Olition,thc wall ofthe
nd suffered darnage wh1c1△ the
p1 ￡・
∶ Ⅱ
^∶
吵 印 ss C`・夕刀 ￡锡se`72e绍 ‘冫
li)】 11c g1ˉ oul△ cl tllat 11c辶
:1 贺 eseq夕 ″。”s
'Q厂
:rC an ow11cr grants
a right ovcr hisland in fav。
Jascn1entis crcatcd, ur ofneighb。 unngland,
Whcre an 0、 vncr sclls。
∶lto rcta1n a nghtto ffa piece ofhisland,he rnay
pass overthc part ofthe land sOld f。
∶and which rernains in his Ow11ership.A~gain an cascIncntisrthc benent。
crcatcd,but f
′亡 Clarllagcs,as a1ˉ
:ˉ
igllt t()I1「
ij飞
`c)tlld rccognise givc11∶ ∶
`
D绍纪,e``″ rozz勿
'(1832)3B& .Ad 735.
e'″ Ec`.・ ″
-Ifr〃 e'P`。 ‘
矿z`crs z莎 〃[1!
・
Co/歹 莎e`・ g″ E歹 印 勿药
956]Ch 3o4,
〃sr1950]ch 247
l勿 o‘ sre袈 勋s(187c,)LR 12
Ch D 261
`″
279
〓
瘛一铡

|`II|. i ..
 foⅣ C KOA`・ Cz″4ⅣD I.A【
′ ....1...′

11△ this 111stanCe it lS tC1ˉ 1△ 1cd a ‘

rcsc1△ ・
ation beca usc thc (-)\V11c1・ as
-|1,1 By Deed
l△
thc but instcad has disposcd Of llis 111tcrcst
rigllr
1 thc scrV1ent 11i・

tO thc reserv11t1on 0f a right f()r the

bcncnt Of thc rctaincd dominant
cxa1△ 1ple A lS thc o、 vncr Of ˉ
~-iegal casernents【
tWo p1eces Of land, LOt 1 and LOt 2 L∶ 11ust be granted
onto tI1e pu blic road btlt LOt 2 does not, anc1 acccss
-二
`chold,a legal easernentrnustals(
ls Obtainccl
Over Lot 1 If A sclls LOt 1 to B, hc will ∶ne easernent 111ust not exceed
need tO rcser、 ic a righr Of X`^t1・
1ˉ

Of Lot 2 A, as thc cOntinuing C)```n C1ˉ ~i runantorscn厂 ientland,′

,

Of Lot 2 thc d()n1ina11t tcnc111t∶ Γhus iftht

rcserva tion over LOt
1ˉ
~一 工rhe lease。
thc sC1`・ 1cnt tcnelncnt. If A had sOld f the seir飞 厂
ientland is〈
Lot 9 I-,∶ ∶
LOt 1 llc wOulcl nccd tO creatc an = ~iintcd forl。 ngcrthan 75 years.1・
ease111cnt OVCr Lot 1 ra vour
111
^=ser`厂 h~e
T11us cascl△ lents and rcs ervatiol△ s arc ientland was for 999 years a
the sa111c lntc1ˉ cst lt 1S t11c11ˉ
Crca t1O11 、
vllic11 diffcrs rirs,`n eascn△ cnt for another pcrio
At con1ruon ^= cannot cxist atlaw but。
possiblc for a do11△ 1nant o\vncr to sell
la W it lS nc)t
nly 1.ne〈
tl、 -

la11cl subjcct to a reservatio1・

1 Prcviously the rigl△ r
had tO bc crcatc`∶
Of regrant by thc purchaser Of thc -31.2 ~By Writing Or other Means
serv1cnt tcnen△ cnt ACC()人 △^~
ass1gnrnent of t11c scn△ cnt tcncnlcnt
had tO be exccutcc1 by thc
and thc right its elf woul d bc construecl agalnst -∶ he application ofthe rule in【
thc ptlrchascr 汐勿恐
the principlc that right lS Co1△ strued
l△ tingrnaybe upheldin equityv`herel
i店

a aga lnst t11c grantor Scct10n

6b`7夕 c2伤 ″c勿g ‘″〃 P`ˉ0pe`I)` 工Tailable,・ 、7here the grantis r11ade c
O`″ ‘ '/z now provides t11at a rcscI-、
rights car1 be 111a de directl 11il the `″ `7Ce’ “
rint ofan equltablc easerncntifthe gl
V ass1gn1△ 1ent so tha no rcgrant 1S
It 1S thtls clcar a purchaser does l^tstoppc1.15
t1△ a 11C)t havc to Cxccutc the
ho`rcvcr. it 1S 0t Cl car △・
1△ ether t11c section will also evcrsc tlk
1△

construction ofthe nght againstthc purchascr ~32

1ˉ

召、s F6fF9￠ 汤 e Co勾

″钐 夕刀(

F‘ 1g r23 Easemcnts and Rcselvations 了[tion 16(1)statcs:

U・ nless the contrary intention△

Pul)lic Road
assign111ent shall opcrate to a~ssi适
刀 一∞〓冖 ハ

privilcges, cascl△
lents Or appu
LOt 1I B appertaining to thatland。
r at t1.(
b<、

occupied Or c叫 。yed wit11 thatla

・

ptlblic ROacl
丁he objcct ofthis sccti。
刀 一∞ 一

n,w11ic11 is si
_~IZ~92L5iisto cnsurc that on the sale or(
二 ハ讠 乡 、●

Rcsclγ ation LOt 2|A △ ileges appurtenant to the land,n。

1ˉ

LOt 1:A 1
uld aut。 nlaticallypass t。
^cXpress rnention.∶ thc purchasc
Before the section、
△as usual to exprcssly insert sirnilar`
,ˉ

工ieve this rcsult,16

LOt.2∶ A
冗冖

Easel△ lcnt Ho、 `rever,the secti。

n rn~ay have the ef
〓可 ハ叶

△lcre perFnissi。 n into an easernent.I“

LOt II A the casc。 f:
'

Lot.2∶ |B

s//L‘ ″ c” ∫
”oc^〃 ″夕 )〃
``″ ``″ `in t;” `们
yi```‘
/″ ‘cz丿 (LT‘
-
280 l(D8 ^沙 `t`Q/ ``/9c9/^``r丿
[19-・
 E⒕ sF~arE氵 Vrs
ˉ -
J∶ l(D11・ bccausc thc oxvne1・ 11i`∶ ˉ二1 By Dccd
∶.rinls lntcrcstln the se1飞 -le111 -f
・
′11Cfit ˉ
t・ c)ft11c rctaincd c1()111i11.工
=gal easernents rnust bc granted by deed.13A.s allland in I・ IOng Kongis
ttCs()fland,I'Ot1 and Lot2 1
∶ 、
r∶ 】
old,a legal casernentr1△ ust also bc createdfora tern1 ofycars.The terrn
t`11()t,t111d aCccss is ol)ta11nt~i - ˉ
△c easernent 111ust not exceed the period of the lease of cither thc
-∶
∶
∶∶1ccclt()rcscl飞 ,C a rigllt ofi~~ ˉ
1inant or servicntland.'Γ husifthelease ofthe dorninantland is 999 years
^t)fL()t2,tllc dc)n△
1=∶ il1~a11t tc11c∶ 1
∶∶∶
1c lease ofthe servlcntland is Only 75 years,the easernent can~not bc
1∶ Ic11C111ent,IfA 11ad sOlcl Lc)tir~ 工:cd forlongerthan 75 years.'1・ he sar1△ e、
-C-~r vould bc the case ifthe leasc Of
1c.1`C111Clnt(Dvcr I'Ot l in il、 `cr飞
t rllc sa11△ c1nterestl tt ls rllcir∶
'ientland was for 999 ycars and the lcase of dorninantland was 75
~.∶ 1
rs A~n ease1m.cntfor another period than a terrn ofyears,forinstancc for
cannot exist atlaw but on灯 in equiγ
∶
t△ ∶ k1ctO111inant ox`rncrtO scllt1--.`∶
)1ˉ
ˉ .

∶.l`l)111c rigllt llad to lDc clrcu∶ -~~ :1,2 By Writ1ng or C)ther

压cans
Δ
11C `CrViCnt tcnclucnt Acc(i∶ ~ -~
ll a(lt()l)c cixcctltCd l)、 ・t11c∶
ˉ
t∶ 1∶
∶
1e application ofthe rulc in【 ″zo锡s〃 ,a grant ofan eascrnentin
l伤 .汐
^i~Ccl t】 i伤
gtli1△ st t11C purc11ascl tl、 ˇ ln~grnaybcuphcldincquity、 vhere`s乃specificpcrfor1nanccoftheagreeF11ent
`召
-j`!tlgainst t11c grant()1ˉ 1~-
scCti( ∶ -ailable.ˉ
、7herc the grantis 111ade orally,equity rnay again recognise the
-j~r″
cc'11C〉 pr()V1clcs tllat a lt・ `r一 tr of an equitable easen△ cntifthc grantee can rely on part perforrnancc14
`\・
′
.``∶ -~ -
unnlc11t s()tllat nc)rcgra11t l`∶ stoppe1.15
・ ˉ
`-`∶ 1()t lla、 c tc)c-xCCtItC thc‘ l``l=∶

、 cctic)n \、 ill tllso rc、 c1・ 卜C 1 1 ˉ

ˉ
-i ・
、 ・
2 By s F6fF丿 Jo绍 ″q,'伤 勾 c勿g仍
^-t^int11 C11tlscr,li 鲈 莎乃召 勾〃 P约ope〃 、 o石伢 ,勾 伤彻 ce

ion 16(1)states:
)ns

Uˉ nless thc cOntrary intention is expressed in the ass1gnrnent, an

Public Road assignrl△ ent shall opcrate to assign、 hth the land,all nghts,intcrcsts,
刀一

priv11cges, easc1・ 11ents or appurtenanccs in, ovcr, belonging or

〓一二 ハ

appertaining to thatland or atthe til11e ofthe assignrnent uscd,hcld,

LOt 1∶ B occupied or cnjoyed with thatland.,.
i'<●
k

Γˉ > 了11e Objcct ofthis section,vvhich 1s sirn11ar tO s 62 Ofthe z砑

ˉ 乙‘.,qFP″qpe```
F92~5,isto ensure that on thc salc Or othcr disposal ofland,all rights and
j1Ⅱ ∷)1△ LOt 21 A ilcgcs appurtcnant to thc land,not iust forrnally granted casenlents,
/~/'' ild autornaticallypassto thc purchascror other grantee玑 7ithOutthc nccd
txprcss 1〕△ention,Beforc the section was passed on 1stiNovel1△
ber 1984,
s usual to expressly insert sirnilar words in an assignrnent in order tO
^△

∶
cve this rcsult.16
`

`nt

Public ROad
`
e

HO、vever,the section rnay have thc effect of clevating a licencc cnJoyCd

刀 一〓 〓一 C一 彡 、●ˇ
`

11ere pcrr11ission intO an easelllent,Its effect in this rcspect is illustratcd

Lot 1:A nc case of∶

>

LOt 2∶ B
scction 4 ofthc Co″ z‘
v历 刀c′ 勿g历 ″〃P`ope匆 yO`谚 勿夕勿ce Cap 219
勿勿 s″ 61(,o虑 召(1887)35 ch D 681
-Ifcrl乙 z饣

ˉ ￡ 6`刀 z‘ 9s扩
莎z叨 ″允 饣
夕乃 [1967]2 QB 379
・
ji∴
●
/y∶ 7″ cc,zⅡ (△ /〃 c‘ \t)2`L1・ = I・
`勿clausc was `27e勿
hc k.no、 vn as‘ thc gcneral wOrds clausc’
`次
``″

28】

■■■■■■■■ — 」垫
・
J● △
i. i||"lilil|| |||l ill(i

踯
・ |
△・

一一

I I||||||l i‖ li-l|li li l lil i肿

I..涧 |

″
‘ ,‘ 心
il||||||I1|
一;

.岫 ~ i|1 .l|||‘

跏
 ・
〃oⅣ G KOⅣG L月 ⅣID∠ 41..・ I′

比r`忠 乃 9

1比‘ 〃夕″7[1949J
ˉ
△tc to transfer o.r create t1・
`‘ 'c夕
2 KB 744 I=「

1e in
|1-1】 nc
FAcTs of【衫勿 夕z。 绍.s〃 ″ 20n△ a
|ˉ .ˉ
rrcstin land in
`s乃cquity,itis notth|
`召
~l equity looks。
The plaintir a
ˉ
weekly n as d。 nc svhar
tCllant Of tW0 roolns ~△ 亡
`vas
dcfcndant) s house, on the top . ・ en△ cnt is spccifically perforlna
Thc dcfcndant gave dle fˉ

shed 1 llis gardcn. A couplc plaintif pcrn△ iss1。

lrˉ

of ycars latcr t1△ c dcfendant

n [t-
~i22 A1I Rights,Interests,Privl
a new tcnancy Of thc tw。 rOOFns grantccl
plus anothcr rOO111,
n1ade to tllc coal srlcd 1n thc new but no
ˉ
tcnancy agrec11,ent, :rightlnust be capablc ofcxistin蓬
to tlSe thc coal s11ccl 1・ Ilc plaintirr
until thc defendant dcnlandcd Fiopps夕 Pe夕 ‘:21
usc pa,厂 lnCnt for 1ts

JUDGMENT A.flnc vicw,Oran cxpanse or

to a house,butit、
vouId not pi
Thc plaintir1・ ’ use a coalshed ort。
s right tO tl SC thc Coal shed was go along
S 62 Of t11c an casc1mcnt 、vhic11 IDa′ ′ Thc reason being thatthese la
z‘ /刃 〃″‘尸 ‘ t~
彳 cr On thc grant Of tIle othcs at not,A。
ncs、 lcasc qtlalirlccl` 'pc``、 thc nc`「 ˉ
'925 tcnˇ ∷ ghtto pl
..7 `。

as a11 ass1gn111cnt -

Opcrated tO pass all CXISting for the purposcs kno、vn to the law.It d。
Of thc sC(∶ ∶ ^ es not
11ghts, including
pc1△ n1ss1。 n of the thosc that 7crc hcld
sClvient oWner `飞 ~323 c)ver,Bcl。
ng1ng,。 r Apper
^ireis a necd f。
Tl△ c sCCtion d()cs nor Opcratc rdivcrs1tyofoccu~pa
Thc nght JtIst tO pass thc nght as a 1nerc
∶
∶1c tinle of the assign11△
bccor11es appurrcnant ^r uitcnanCe t。 ent, sⅡ .c
to the land, and
status of an cascnlent, as Sucll 1S clcv・ arc`∶ thc land bcing s。
It nla y bc
argucd that this clevation ld i
the TvOrding of thc Is not =^-icnt tcncr1△ cnt,′ rhis rcquirelllcnr、
section, but thc English
1S strong and aut11Onty agalnst this
v`ell Cstablis11ed 17
r11 suppoit r。
arguccl that thc irui。 r cxisring aut11Onty
r1uality Of the onginal 1t
pcrn△ 1ss1。 n IS bc1ng ‘
fOrn△ ality Of the
ass1gnnlcnt, although curcd z0绍 黑 ″Cozr′ 扫〃
this 丿
tlsriF1cati。 n 1gnOrcs I
that t11c panics 111a the
y ha VC Originally intcndcd .]Ts
C)r pcrsonal the 11ght only to bc
、￠e nOw IOOk n1。 re cl。 sely at thc prov1si。 ^^t COInrnon。
ns Ofs 16. w11er oft、 vo nverside pr(
12,3,21 A-ssign11・ Lot 2 in OrdcrtO cut weeds and re
=「
1ent ^tre was no path assuch。
verLot2 ro d
herc n1ust bc an ass1gn1ucnt
'Γ `cparatc purchasers,and the purcha.5
for thc SCCtion △a rightto pass over Lot 2 t。
clenncd 1 S 2 Of t11c to Opcrate .・

Go`z″ cv夕 ″c饣 g〃 repa△

P约∞ 召・・
11∶

’ t
lease, n1Ortgagc
and ‘ CVcγ assurance
`7〃 and O`丫 //`7‘
o.・

0GMENT
`饣

C)r convcyance
``7Ce `・

1nstrulncnt’ This last hcad has been of land

Thus held tO q rcst Of thc uali灯 thc
a11 Oral leasc does not qualfy beca
agrcclncnt to aSs1gn usc 1t lS not an 1nstrun1ent. r:antJ reiected thc iplaindff’
C)r leasc also
lid not repalred the bank and cut l
s clai1n.1・
1nstru11△ ent, 1t
docs not q uali灯 bcca
docs not itsclf quali灯
tlsc wˉ i!t 1△

as ar1 assura11ce, 19 t urtenanttO L。

An asstlr(:∶ 1-. t1,I.ie had done so b、
娴夕

~∶ lc decls10rl did
attract s。 n1e contro、
”

-(
^∷
crdccision of B幻
o卿 /`g`‘ ″ 石・
【7〃 7`″ si
' `‘

sCc scctior1 5 3,
282 i1965]1 QB 76 at84
∶1897]1 ch 602
 E△ sEl1,rEⅣ 「s

∶
△-【
O transfer or create the intcrest,Although an agreeFnent undcrthe
`9`[1949]2I(B744 ll1 ^C ofˉ
l彤 勿 乃″ z‘ s″ |夕
∷ ∶、∶∶n land in cquib厂
`绍
,1tis`e2Ornayhave the cffcct ofcreating ortransfcr an
|”

`s・

li r1Otthc agrccll∶ 1entitselfthat does sO butthc fact

∶~二 |Rilooks。 n as d。
ne v`.厂 hat oughtt。
l亡 nr is specif1cally perf。
be done~but only、 vhcrc the
of tlvo rooFrls on thc top rn1able,
tvc the plaintffperrn1ss10n
~i r111 Rights,Interests,priv11cgcs,Easer1△
Ittcrtllc clcfcndant granrt~
cnts,Or.Appuitcnanccs
ls another roon1,but no
I1c)^agrccnlent,Thc ~∶ ltn1ustbecapableofcxistingasaneascInent.AsLord Dcnn1~ng noted
l ˉ
3s乙 ′
JFV溺
rlt dernandedpayn1cntfor si 21
`∶

∴ine vle`1 Oran expanse open to thc、

∶lla housc,butit w。 inds,1nay be an‘ advantagc・ .厂

uld not pass undcrscction 62,、

ise a coalshed orto go along a passagc v`..冫 7hercas a nghtto
了:lc rcas。 n bcing thatthesc last are r1ghts ould pass undcrsccti。
knOw1.t。 n62.
i、 vas ancasernentw11ich
∶
~1c Others arc not,A rightto prOtecti。 thclaW,vt.7hcreas
歹on the grant ofthe new n fro111 the、
ino`.厂 n veatheris not a1・1ght
to thclaw It d。 cs notthercfore pass undcr
~t fo1ˉ t11c ptlrposcs Of t∶ lt- scction 62,
lc1uding those that wcre
¨Γ Over,Bclonging,or~Appertaining tO That Land

j i a needfor diversityofoccupation。
fthe do1・ 11inant and sc1・
J ∶
i111e Of the assignn△ 厂
、ientland
C rigllt as a 111cr[ cnt, since the nght 1・
l)(lss tl△ ^「
:nancc to thc land bcing sold and n。 1△ ust bc cn1oyed as an
e land,and as such is t bccausc Of。 w11crship of thc
ri-∶ rcnc11ˉ 1cnt,・ This rcquiren△ cnt was cstablished in:
(i illat this elevation l、
∶
l ∶
1gllsll authori5.r aga1nstt∶ 1~`

f” ∶
)rt fo1・ cxisting atlt11(∶ -
.r∷

n~al perlnission is bcing zo′ 饣

8^″ (7‘ .i勿 ″[1 923]2 ch 177
`〃
hisjustificauonignoms
t∶ 1ciccl tlDc 11ght onlv[‘ -1^ˉ
=

)rovisions of s 16 11On 0、 Vner oftwo riverside propcrtics,L。

11∶

∶2 in orderto cut wccds and rcpairthc bankt1and

ofthcLot2,uscd tO pass
rivcr,although
`no path as such。 vcr Lot 2 t。
^jtc purchascrs,and thc purchaserthc
of nver
L。 bank.L。 ts1 and 2、
`..rcre
t1,thc plaintiff,clain△ sold
l sCCt1on tO Opcratc, ii1tto pass Over LOt 2 t。
repair the rivcr bank and cutthc、
cd hc
/P`ˉ 0pe`.・ ・
..rccds,
110`'〃
t ()1 ConVeyancc``7夕
li∶`2cf
.i --
rENT
ld to qua1旬 t1△ e rest of
tlusc itis not an
工 F rcjected the plaintiff,s clairn,Thc cOrmnon owner ofLotl and L。
:ˇ

ˉ 1 not repaircd thc bank and cut the reeds in cxcrcisc Of a right t
5 not quali灯 bccaus《
,
△tnanttO L。 t1, He had d。
an assurance.19``-n ne s。 by virtuc of his。 ・
w-nership of L。 t2

~ fl)1651 and(J。 /‘ /乙 c,`I- J`lCC1S1On did attract sO111c

cOntrOversy as lt appcarccl
∶
ccision ofB幻 o卿 contra∶ v to thc
〃e`〃 ″ 夕 22、 v1△ crc no diversityOfoccupation
t・

W・ 7``7・
f。 r pc】 1od not `77s
~● ∶
′ fc)r a instrˉ ~-・ >Cction 5 3
′tc `vrittcn
llˉ △ -
511 QB 76 at84
``tr,/7严 `.△ `c‘
?‘

`″
^i1ch 602

283

■
・
〓“

一〓

|岬 唧|
屮渺
呤吵
 rfoⅣG KoⅣG IzAⅣ D LAˉ 〃

t`.Tas requlrcd fc)r a right tO lig11tt。 pass undcr thc scCtion sarni-
this ear lier dec1s1On as contlncd to rights to light 、`hich formed
J″ 驴 ′
’e〃 c昭 ″
'
to ra t11cr than abas1s fc)r thc gcneral rule T11c HOusc Of Lcri` ˉ
ˉ
e seen thatan ov、 .`ner car11△
r`z绍 s砌 。 -j an owner has bcen accust(0t
力 r汤 e￡ ″拗 刀
‘ 品 c″ 四 ∝ 犰 功 z广 l~t
`zrs z莎
g
￡o⒎氵 ″ CO〃 )`‘)rr '″
and a 1)provcd thc nccd
'‘
fc)r
`饣
dⅣ crsiγ Of C)CCt∶ ∶^~l
`?ze`・
-Jiar way,vˇ ich is ofbencf1tt〈
the1・ c 1s diversity Of occupat1On thc right 1nay `1△
1n c)
h。 、vevcr JE~a quasi~easen△ ent、
・
彤.・ 人llthe elc
.7,Oe`‘
rulc 11fl 【 ″ Bz‘ r`'oz.t...・ .∷
ls,
which V`C sllall IOc)k at shortlv
crslty of occupation ofthc d|
As a rcsult `0`7
Of this ne Cd fc)r diversity Of occupat1On, thc ()1● t∶ -^
f part ofthe land,therc is dil
ls largcly con± 1ncd tO thc landlord and tenant
context If an (.^ ∶p into an ease11△ cntdisplayIne
part Of his land, thcre 1s nO diversity Of occupat1On bcforc he ^fance,whcre A Ownstw。
a landlord rs
rc1・ 1c、、 a lcasc Ofland) which ls adjaccnt tO land he lot
1in orderto getfroFn the road
over、 vhich the tenant cnJoys SOF∶ nc right or prlvilcge,there is t】
Ⅱ irt1ng the road cannot exist
()CCtl pation bct、 vcen thc do1△ 11nant
land、 T`△ 1ich lS subject to the
landlord・ s adj accnt serv1ent land A salc Of thc landlord′ -c∶
r工 t tcncl△ 1cnts are in the O`厂 nc
S rc、 `
i-1e lot furthest frorn the road t
dc)nlinant land tO the tcnant 、 vill alsO provide an c)pportt● 1---
∶ tnt.
^ˉ

opcrat1On Of s 16 FlC)r instancc, ifL lets a propcrty tO T and allo、 -` ˉˉ

~C】 1uplication ofan cascn△
over his adj| o1nl11g propcrty as a short cut tO thc ptlb11c road, S 1 6 entij
llCd Con△ n1。 n intcntion of th(
thc evcnt that L elther
-∶

11〕 rc1△ es`..i/s T’ s lcasc C)r scll his rcvcrs1O11 ~~Jtion contcnlplated by the pa
AlthOugh tlDc right 111ust bc appurtenant tO thc land assigned ∶11C1△ t whcre thc paltics have fai
havc to be a ppurtenant to thc cxact cstate 11r1 t11e land that ls as卜 li∶
-.~ ・
25
1ce,if no case11△ ent is irnplied i
11i・ 1 G`〃 乃夕 ″ P乃 a purchascr Of thc flcehold Of ar1 Old
`7` `/cOJ =「-(D right ofaccess t。 the publici
ablc to clailη -thc bcneflt of a right of、 .ray thatlle had cnjoycd as j
、
△for B’ s purchasc is Flustratcd
part Of the coach~housc.In【 -IOng KOng t11c diffcrent estatcs`-i1I
ˉ
~`1nlplied eascrncnts arc based l
frcehold andleaschold)butcOuld be diff0rentlcascholdcstatcs Fc、
= i pa1tics,they`ill give`.厂
a tenant of a shopˉ 吼rh。 ,on thc rcnewal of his lease,wishes to ayto a
-=Dartics.
Opcrations and thus takcs a rleT`..i' leasc Of his original s11Op plus ˉˉ
~crc arc three instanccs whcn a
cotlld clail△ 1 thc right 1 respect Of both un1ts and not
11∶
thc C)r1~∶ △~ Just t sale Ofthc quasi~do1ninant tcl

12,32.4 2`t the′ Γirne Of the,`ssignrncnt

-r~cicr the【 △11e in【 彩7饣
OJ〃 c'`zz,B3″
J~(ClnCnts arising by necessity;aF
The right lllust be cxercisable at thc tin△ e Of the ass1g1△
111Cnt A ・~scn1cnts Of cornn△ on intcntion,
extinguishcd prior to the assignl△ lent、rlll not be rcstlrrcctcd
by tllr
For 1nstancc a right 111~ a lease that ls surrcndcrcd Or othcr、 visc
1 Thc Rule in 1彤 %ee`歹 o″
IDcf()rc the lcasc 1s rcnc、 vcd not pass 26
This result △1 n。 w ^C△ ″Bz|
e、
`7111
n1crely has bcen a dclay in con△ plcting thc rcncwal ofthc lease so `入

一二ic is onc Ofintcnti。

is a tirne gap bet、 vecn the expiry ofthe old lease and thc co11△ n,vˇ .rhiCh 1s
pleti(】 己
1 derogatc fron1 his grant'Γ
renewa1.Itis the datc ofthe rcnewed lease,latc though 1t rnay决 he cl
~. ∶
fer LJ in thc case Of lF7,ge`‘ .
dec1s1ve,27 70`7乙

T.his requircn△ ent provides an escapc routc for o、 、ncrs、

vho do rIE .i・

lDrlthe grant by thc Owncr of a

to elcvatc pcrnuss1 VC r1ghts If the right IS tcrnlinated
pr1(J Just itis thcn uscd and cn1oyed,th(
assignFnent,itcannot passto a purchaser tlndcr thc section,
T11c continuous and apparcnt eascl
gives way to a contrary intcntion,
cluasi-Case1△ 1ents)。 r,in othcr`
neccssary tO thc reasOnable en“
11ich have bcen and arc atthc
绍 加 约

[19791 AC 144 人 `ˉ
Scc 12.331 ofthc cntircty for thc bcneflt of
[1984]QB 747
2627

Ⅲ凡4E勿g``z∞ 勿gz〃 ″歹” 召 严6o I砑 (1987)Thc T1mcs 22 octobcr

Cc)`钅 沙e`召 ″E歹 匆夕
`,,s莎
`^彡

'ds[1952]Ch 247, s^8)12 ch D 31 at49,

’一
^xˇ

'铋
 EAs四 MEⅣ 「‘
s

a.ssunderthesection,Sa11antJ( r`,,∫ ,`/c〃 C`z″ 7'

)r1ghts to light`丙 厂
hich forr11ed
1cralrule Thc HOuse of
∶ ∶~_l\ˉ e seenthatan o△ ncrcannothave an easerncntovcrhis ownland,∶ But
9e F叨 ^陶 锡 25
frt an o、 vncr has been accustOII△ ed to using one part of his land in a
`.厂

切 招 ./or莎 ′ z莎
`72g夕
:nccd fc)1ˉ diversity Of 一二llarway,whichisofbencfittothcrestofhisland,his uscis commOnl飞
`

∶l Illc rigllt 111ay.ll(-)、 vCVC1ˉ l`∶ `′ rd a quasi-easc1m~ent,、 人11theelerncntsofaneascnlcntarcprescntexcept

--^
∶~∶ 1`ˉ c s11all lOOk at shortl、 ~∶ y of occupation Ofthc dorninant and servicnttenen△cnts,C)n the
`ers△
-crsitv Of occupation,thc .∶ if part Of the land,there is diversity of occupation and the right ni1ay
0 tl11d tcnant contcxt,If an =∶
∶)p intoancase1nentdisplayingallthe characteristicswc havecxan△ ined,
-△
510ˉ of occupation bcfore hc stance,△vhere A.Ownst.趴 厂 O IOts ofland and itis ncccssary to pass ovcr
ltln orderto getfrorn thc road tO the otherlot,the rightto pass overthe
1 ∶
`-hlch is adiacentto land hc
nc right or prⅣ ilege,there is
【 -・ `utting thc road cannot exist as an caserncnt,for the don△ inant and
1tland,、 vhichis subiccttothC l ^∶ tnt tcnen△ cnts arc in thc Owncrship of only one pcrsOn.Butif A~thcn
I.A sale Of thc landlord’ s `∶ ilc IOt furthcst froni1 the rOad tO IB,thc right of way will ripen into an
ful als。 pr。 vidc an i =△ 1Cnt,
〓

L lets a property tO'r and 1n△ plication ofan casernentin these circurnstancesis bascd upon thc
T∶ lc
〓.

1ortcutto the public road,s16 △1ed Co1111non intention of the parties.In ordcr to glve effect to the
-′ ~△

ˉ
`iCtion Conternplated by the part1es,it 111ay be neccssary to in1ply an
丁`lcasc Or sel1 11is rcvcrs1c)∶ 11
′ tCna11t to tllC lancl ftss1g11c`∶ △∶11Cnt△ Vhere thc partics havc failcd tO Incntion exprcssly the right,For
r u1ˉ

act estate in thc land thatis -∷ 1ce,if no eascni1ent is irnplied in our exarnple,the land sOld by A`砬
ll

Ⅲ ≡ 肥 栅 肥 Ⅲ≡ ≡ Ⅲ Ⅲ
rrt~)lt11cfrccboldofanold i no right of acccssto thc public road.Itˉ 玖ollthcn be Ofhttlc use and thc
I Ofwaythat he had cnjoyedas `-i1for B’ s purchasc is frustrated.

Lg KOng the different estatcs .`1rnplied easc1inents are based upon thc prcsurncd cornn1on intention
~ipc diffcrcntlcascl△ old estatc` -t pa1ties,they、 .`ill givc way to an cxpress contrary intention displayed
^ie pa五
ene、val of his lease,wishes to
阝 ies.
lcasc Of his original shop plus I∶ 1cre are three instanccs whcn a grant of an easer1△ ent n△ ay be irnplied
)fboth unlts and nOtjustthe iˉ -C salC Ofthe quasi~do1ninant tenen△
cnt∶

gnment
豆 ^dcr the rule in`】 7,ee`″o`z″ 召z饣
∶ s;
`.71ozt丿
J-】 sC111cnts arising by ncccssity;and
∶thc tirnc ofthe assig11mcnt,A I~~sC1△1ents Of cOn1rnon intcntion,
ncnt will not bc resurrectcd by
-1 Thc Rulc in 1..iV・ ・
ut is surrendered or Othcrwisc 乃ee`〃 o″ ″止″rr'o〃 s
DOt pass.26 This rcsult珉 `111△ Ow
ˉ
∶t∶ lng tl△ c rc1・ le、 Val()ft11c lctlsc` ∶ilc is One Ofintcntion,9vhich is based upon the principlc that a 1)0an
-ofthc old lcase and thc ∶ lt dcrogatc frO111 his grant,The elcrnents Ofthc rulc环
-
厂
erC identif1ed by
1C`ˉ Cd leaseJ latc though it 1△1JI- j`∶ gcr LJ in thC casc Of`】 ‘
7,召 9`‘ /o” ″B.zr严 飞
7・,″ 丿
s as bcing:

l cscapc routc for o丐 vners who on the grant by the owncr of a tcncn△ ent or part Ofthat tcncrl△ cnt as
・
thc right is ter1ninatcd just itls thcn used and enjOyed,there will pass tO the grantee all those
~∶ 、llasc1ˉ tll△ dc1ˉ t11c scction Tllc continuous and apparcnt cascrnents(by which,Of coursc,In△ can
quasi-easc111ents)Or,in othcr、 vOrds,all those casen△ cnts Tvh1ch arc
nccessary to the rcasonable enjOvn1ent ofthc proper叩 grantCd,and
、
vhich have bccn and arc atthc tilnc Ofthc grant uscd by thc Os`..rnCr
ofthc entirety for thc bencst ofthc part grantcd.28

6。 Ir歹 (1987)Thc Tirrlcs 22 0Ctobcr.

1378)12 Ch D 31 at49

285
崂髑

0
厕
∵㈣
峥泗

门`丶
巾跏
ⅡoⅣ iC KoⅣ C LAⅣ D LAI乃 7

Thc rule providesthat a quasi-easement may dcvclop byimplicakm r△ tial rcquirernent,that the r11
easen△ cnt,provided thc user satisnes thrcc elerncnts∶ :ssa叩 to thC c11,oyment as wcl
nˇ
(0

it111ust be continuous and apparcnt; i. Continuous and apparel

0

`u・

it 1△1ust be reasOnably ncccssa1△ forthc cnjoy11∶ 1cnt oftltr

.iγ

sold;and ght does not havc to bc con

⌒u・

r∶

itFnust be in use atthe tirnc ofthc sale,

f tlsCc1.A right of``ay,for in(
-ˉ
s passing day and night Ove1
In 】
彩饣,ee`″ o锡 夕 B彻 r”oz‘ ,ls requircrnents (i) and (ii) are r-1J1becn g1vcn the w1der n1car
alternat1ves,butthcre is sO1△ 1e suggcstion thatboth lirnbs1・ 1△ ust bc 1ˉ
^cnifarightisnotcontinuOuslI
that,at the very lcast thc f1rst lin1b n1ust be found, ^ rcnt,Thcrc n△
ust bc sOrnc fea
△carcful inspcction by a pcl
isesthc cxistcnce ofthe caselu
Ⅱ 丿
‘Κ /‘ /``‘ /[1967]C11194 ^iˉ
ouldpointto arightofwayi31.
`/``刁 ``'々
I-a1η ~anholc covcr,、 vould 1ndi
「ACTS 、1I△ atthc rightto entcrthc farrn!
~I叨 ‘ 犭 油切”呓 sincc there was
`Κ
For lnany ycars∶ priO1ˉ to 1928, t11c plaintiff’ s cottagc and t11c ^ir∶
△1yard to shox、 /that a quasi~e
far111hotlsc had bccn owncd by thc church,In 1928 the cOttagc、 as
′)
`ˉ
the plaintiff’ s prcdeccssOrin t1tle,togcthcr`oth a righttO use the Reasonably necessary
farn111Ousc ya1ˉ d for unloading coa1,In 1942 the dcfendant beca111t¨
Ofthe fa1・ △housc,Fro1・ 1△ 1942-1 954 thc plaintiff)s predeccssOrin title
1△
~△ this rcquire111entis not applie(
thc farlnyard in ordcrtO 1△ 1aintain the、 vall ofthe cottage’ rhcre`ias n i :cessaly-that w1thOutitthc pror
、
、ay oflnaintaining the cottage,The plaintiffboughtthe cottage 1王 △1
.「

∶lacilitates the rcasonable cn1o)

convcrtcd it.Frol△ 11954-1958 thc plaintiffalsO cntcrcd thc farn△ yarc 1工
to nlaintain thc cottage In 1958 the dcfcndant boughtthc 32 1汐%eOJ〃 o勾 ″B笏 卿10zz s and
rcftlscd to allo、 、thC plaintiff to entcr thc farlη yard to r1△ aintain thc
..i・

二)△ uilar15'bet、 vecn s 16 Ofthc c

JLTDGMENT i iile rule 1n【 ,%cOJ‘ 氵
(,绍 .犭
″23笏 rmo“ `

^工
Ct1ons:
′
Γhc right tO entcr the farn△ yard to l△ laintain the cOttagc could ex】 支
eascn△ ent,butit could not pass to the plaint1ff undcrthc rule 1n :=Ilon 16 OperatesT、 hcrc thcrc i5
・
...・

B.zr`△ 1oz.Vsasitwas notcontinuous and apparent.Thc right did, ho`ˉ c-.一 ∶∶

∶1crcforc docs notapply to qua
’
unders 62 Ofthc z伤 zrJ oFP”opert)..・ ・
Ⅱc莎 192529to thc plaintif)s △trast,Opcrates in just this s1tui
titlc、vho acquircd the prOperty in 1928. I~tlon 16 Opcrates Only、 vherc tl
^-t-propcrty but w乃
I-8
cO`〃 r'`z 乙
-∶ 亡C111cnt to assign or lcase,33
Ungocd Thonlas J in his iudglnent considcred whet11cr the rttion 16 、
vill pass nghts that
that werc rcas(Dnably neccssa117 for thc enioyn△ ent of thc propc∶ J~、 sonably neccssa1y fort11c cnio
=‘
forr11cd a scparate catcgory frorn thosc rights that、 vcre continttou= ∶
TVcVcr,theright111ustbc enj。 yc|
apparent,and notcd that there``as no casc in v)..Thich a posit1ve e ~Ition16andthe1ˉ ule in TVi乃 ee磁”
falling、 vithin tllc rule had not been continuous and apparcnt Thc ^∶
亡ntioncxprcssed bythcpartics I
Of、 、`o rcCluircn△ Cntswercalternat1ves Orc()ncurrcnt
′
t1scd upon the prcsun△ ed intc1△
`..rhcthcrt11ct、 1

was alsO raiscd,but not f1nally settled,bcfore the English Court of ^-sc unless itis`.ithin thc i1△
1pliec
sgz‘ 伤 J氵 勿rr饣 s-S`・ 7多 莎
′9.30 The court decided,without holding that1t吼
9・

`'g`z′
~1氵
‘
乙 矿″ go[1921]1 Ch 322,
)'‘

F,臼 ・
``7氵
″6‘ 7钅e'(1887)1H&N916;and sc`
”

`勿
Scc s 16 ofthc 610`刃 e1‘ 7`2cf刀g勿 物 e`扌 IO”″切勿 三 勿″C7・
判

.∶
,`冫
[1930]1 Ch 493,
(1981)42P&CR 118 at 124. `9歹 `?ce
i瓦‘ `z砑 jJjr隐
7`^〃 ″ '勿
`/汐 [19691 Ch 194,
`2歹
286 `历
 f4SEA.F・ fⅣ 「s

^tiln11y clevclop by ilnp∶ ∶

t∶ ~~ˉ :∶ al requireFnent,that the nght of way in qucstion、
=工 厂
as reasonably
`-11rcc clc1ncnts∶
=`sary to thc enJoyr1△ ent as、vˉ cll as being continuous and apparent,

ˉ
I)l)tlrcntl - Continuous and apparent
′
′ur)^f()rt11c cnjoyFucInt i

=ght does not have to be continuous in the sense thatitis constantly

lc ofthe sale
CI11CntS (i) and(ii)are
∶
∶i)l△ tl、lt l,Ot11 1in△ bs lntt`∶
i`rlDc found
[1967]ch 194
`:歹
,1aintiff’ s cOttage and the
I`lrcll In 1928 tllc cottˇ tsr^^ ~
crllcr Tvith a right to tlsc∶ ˉ
∶ 了
∶
1 1942 thc dcfencla1△ tl)ck~ˉ - -
e plaintiff’ s predccessor至 11
-i-ill()ft11c cottagc・
「lnc△ -t—
tilntiffl)otlghtthc cotL1● t-^
11∶ 1上 1ialso cntcred the fa∶ tl1ˉ .~^~
clefcndant bought thc
∶
∶1c fartuvard to 111ainLtii- ~
ˉ
“∶∶
1L1111 tllc cottagc c()1∶ -` ~
plaintiff undcr thc rule
apparcnt.The nght did,
29 to the plaintiff’
F~925・
28.
lt considcred、 vhether the
-^C cni()ynlCnt()f t11c・ ^r ˉ^
∶ ∶
|、 c rigllts that、 vcrc cctltir~
1 1 Casc in、 Vllicll a po`lt--了
n∶ 111uotls alad appare11[ ~-.
.~lcrnat1Vcs or c()ncurrernt一
l=uscd.A-。 ght。 f way,for instance,does not need to have son1eonc
-^△ passing day and night overthe road or path、
`ay.‘ Continuous・ has
^^.r =i~bcen glven thc w1der rneaning of per111ancnt.
ETenifarightisnotcontinuouslybeingused,its ex.istencernustbea1△
ircnt,Thcre rnust be sorne feature on thc servlent land,ascertaⅡ ays
∶~careful inspection by a person conversant w1th such 1n~attersl tl△able
△
at
l∶
iCsthe eXistcnce ofthe ease11△ ent.For lrlstancc,a roadˉ
nˉ ay or a dist1~nct
iouldpointto anght。 fway;31 and a drain,orhtl△
e cascofasubmergcd
1 i rnanhole cover,wOuld 1ndicate a 11ght to dra11△ ˇ
age.32 It△ 、as on tlus
ttnat tl△
e r1ghtto cnterthe farrnyard to rcpairthe cottage did notsuccecd
l了 ‘氵z'巫 Ⅰ万
7ˉ
r隐 伤‘彦,since there was nothing apparentfron1 an 1n.spection of
・
~△ 11yard to`伤sho、v that a quasi~eascrncnt arose.
ReasOnab灯 neccssaFy
his requlrernent1s nOt applied 1rlthe stnctsensc thatthe nghtrx△
=∶
ust be
_ ^JCssary that`。
thoutitthe property can-not b・ e used.but rat1△
erthatthe
icilitates the reasOnable enjoyFncnt ofthe propeIy.
12 1彤 铭,eez″ io绍 夕B勿 卿10“
`sand s 16.
rnila。 ty bctween s 16 ofthe 60勾
・
z',c'历 绍C彡 刀g'饣 .'P`t,rF△
△e rule in T'勿 ee`歹 |o绍 z/23仍 箩约
V om'饣 勾夕”c召
。z.us is strikL△ g,butthere are a nuinber of
Jt1ons:
.9rCtion16operates、
vhere thcreis d1vcrsityofoccupation before the salc.
IInerefore docs not applyto quasi-easen△
ents.ˉ w勿 Pe`'o″ ″B彷 ″10彷
s ∶
ntrast,operates in just th1s situation. `s,by
・
rCtion 16 Operates only w1△ crc there is a fon・
nal assignrn~crkt orlease of
ic propcrty-but w乃 ee`〃 i0绍 z'~z,笏 ?7ooa.'s svⅡ
l apply△ vhcrc there is an
trccFnent to assign or leasc,33
`tction 16`/111 pass rights that are not cont1~nuous Or apparent Or
=isonably ncccssary forthc cnloyrnent Ofthc property,34In both cases,
∶
`^cVer,thenghtrnustbcenjoyedatthet1rneofthclcaseorassigrlFnent.
tction16andtherulein l彩 '79召 e`″ io绍 ″
.B彷 卿10a`s bothg1vewayto a contrary
∶
∶cntioncxpressedbythepa皮 ies.Ho-w-ever,w・
hereas w%召 ez历 o锡 vB仍 搿° 9s
r~ 。ased upon thc presurned intention ofthe parties sO thata oght cannot
z辽

∶
`cforc tllc E1△ glisll cotll一 : ise unless itis wIthin the 1rnplied contractual rights ofthc grantcc,s16
t.iclcc1.环 `ithout holdlng ti— _ˉ

氵
’0/?’ ″
″″̀
`go[1921]1 ch 322
./乙

,ty″ 勿
勿 夕勿 矽 6b形 ˉ
Cl历
衤 1・ 0'歹 丿 刀ce △ 勿夕C“ '(1887)1H&N916;and sc乃 .,.,历
o勿 [1916]2 ch 120&钅 59
∥⒎ [193()1 ch 493,
`・

`z夕 `79勿
`ˉ

‘
7`刁 矽KJ'隐 勿歹
'乃
[1969]ch 194
`历

287
〓〓 一
铡
"〓
〓〓
"m

榀 犯 -
 ‘
f氵 9庐 C∠ 4ⅣD zj4【
.・

`f9JC@Ⅳ
`T.冫

may Operate to crcate an easclncnt tO which tl△ c grantcc

tI11dcr thc contract by ~-J be irnplied.Indeed,as sa1Inor
he acquired 1△ is 1ntercst thc
`.rhich 11|1
fJIly carryˉ
on thc business, fc
12,3.4 E伤 s‘ )陶 e″ 扌
・
sσ N0cess9莎 ,
-~∶
ations then in f。
rcc.

An cascrllcnt Ofncccssity is a rigllt tl△

atis s()csscntialto r1ˉ
lanct tl△ at tl△ cland w`c)tllcl l)c tlscless△ 1c cnioI.∶ ll- ∶l is interesung t。
c ′ˉ
virhoutit,TI1c classic cxLln11)‘ 。bserve that i
c)f`ray to lancl~l。 ckcd propcrtv, ∶
-ir∶
Jng MR,that atthc thnc the lcas(
It llad bccn th。 tlgllt tllar tllc basis f。 .ila bigger duct b.e crcctcd.’
r ilnplication Of casJ-∶ -I Γlley、
ncccssitylayiF1~ptlbliclDOlicy Irisclcarlynotintlleptlblicintercs[∶ ∶
transpired,that the existing vcntt
i11 1iollg KOng、 vhcrc tlsablc land 1s s。 r~一 ~ll
sCarCc,tIDat land slD()t∶ ==crore that thc testis not s。
usclcss,1△ 。丐 cVcr,t11is vie、 ∶
`i -- ^工 Fnucll
、is、 ias 1・ clCCtCCl i11∫
:theirprcsurned intcnuon、
doctrinc is bascd rat11c1・
`.・ 。
\「 ‘9`谷
}‘/`^`ˉ z7‘
/`j 、 v。 uId
lplicd on tllc il△ intcntion`c乃 `7z`~乙 atri1.ˉ
oft11c partics
prcnliscs arc sold,and is tlltls stlbicct t()ac()ntra~t飞 ∶|・
irltcntion
Tllc cxtcnt ofcasc11.cnts illlpliccl by ncccssity is strictly liluitcc∶
i・

。i l15 J彻 p`勿
〃刀ese印
Of t11c lancl at thc till△ ∶ ˉ。 伤 陶
c oftrlc grant anc1 111av l)c exerciscd tO 111。 ''。
ptlr1)()se l)tlt il()。
tllc1・
ii_ —
∶ ||
=couits arc 111。 rc rcluctantto uphc
^ur ofthe grantor where the quasi~
1235 ￡ c``人 (?/C。 ~itor should not be aIIOwcd t。
c9″ r`7卢 c,`?″ 。
'rse`″ `″ `″
`? ∶Inlstances arc clcar t。 c
Easc1)ncnts 1)nav alsc)lDc ln11)liccltO give cFFectt。 ・
the grant
t3ˉ ed in favour ofthe grantor on t

IDartiCs,・ 「
l△ at 111tc11tic)11n1ay arise becatlsc t11c 1ˉ
t11c co11111△ On il△ tcrl∶
∶一 || lln10n intention ofthe parties;butth
thc lanclcontcn1platcd byr11c parties,OrlDccausc stIrrOuncllng clrct∶r()1ˉ ∶
.1.
1g11tis 1ˉ leccssa13・
~.励 .
畎 ∶ie casc。 f thc irnp1】
-.I仙 cati。 n of a gra
Llrc sucr1 that tllc partics 11△ 二--、
,.
t△ lcnt.~An cxa1・
tIst haVe c()ntcrnplatccl sLlcll a right A11 t~--~1|鄱 11ple ofthc c。 urt’
()ft11c ilnplicat10n ofa right()n t11c l)asls Ofc、 .=nlent bascd upon c。 s str
case()f:
()n1111c)n intc11rion is il)1-∶ ˉ_ ˉ rnn.。 n intcnri〈
m

1日:e^I开 7o331、 ze‘

7s‘,[二
W.0勾 gz' Be夕 zr`″ 。
P“ pg力・
0・・
zzsr z/‘ [1965]1 QB 173
`7`
`
FACTs
^i dcfcndant、
vas t11c lessee。
A lcase Of a ccIlar rcqulrcd -|Ⅰ fa buⅡ di
thc lcsscc tO sublet the rest。
to usc his best
tlSe the pren1iscs as a f the flo。 rs t。
thc
cndcavOurs tO dCvcIOp thc busincss, ^-∶ casc,thcre、vcrc twO advertisernent
all Snlclls and to Co11△ ply
to control and et to the plaintiff.A.ner ten ycars the
with thc healt11 regulations ~-∶

forcc The partics did R)r thc ti111c

not apprcciatc t11at thc _— icasc.N-cithcrthe ong1nal or new sut
satish` 11calt11 regtllati。 CX1Stlng vcntilation
ns, The plaintiFF acqtlired ~1∶ to Fna1ntaln the advertisen1ents.
1 order to Co111pl
thc rcsldtlc Of t11e
11i・
y with rCgulations
to flx a biggcr duct
OLlts1Clc Of thc lDtlilding,
The dcF辶 11clant,`visIDcd
t11c Onginal ,s
landlord
L|GM・ EN・ T
ritlc rcftis ed to allo、 v 11irn to do SO
.・
defendanthad n。r1ghtin thc abscnce(
JUDGMENT r advertisc1ncnts.The 1nere fact that th
-icase and did notsubscqucndy。
T1△ c COurt Of Appcal was tlnaniluotls -prcnliscs f。 bjcct1
its 飞71e、 that oln Cascrllcnt r advcrtising硒
`as not suf
11^1~
ilnplicd
v・
36
Tl△ c tcrn△ s Of thc
lease cotlld not be pcrforn1ed =ntion to i1nplyan ease1・ 11cnt.IfthelandIc
tlnlcss
35 l∶ the onus、 vas on hirn|t。
[1981J Cll 426 sh。 w tha1
36
RCicrcncc was naadc to ~`1stcnt B/ith any。
casclncnts of ncccssitv
but it is clcar tlla t an casciu●
ther explanadon,
ncccsstuy thc strict sCnse. but was △∶
lntcntion d1splaycd
neccssary ‘n ordcr to glvc
288 tllcir lcasc
cffect to thc
 FⅡ sεⅣ FⅣ「6
i CtlsC1uCnt tO T\..Thich thc grantce l1.1_—
l 二id bc i1nplied,Indccd,as saln1OnLJ。
cll llc膏 lcqtlircd 1△ is intcrcst in tllc li工 bsclvcd,thc plaintiffalso c。
l∶

~ ˉ
^∶ˉ
uld not
△111y carry On thc business, for to d。
sO w。 uld breach the health
<`J广
r。 llations then in force,
l

ri● llt tllat 1s s()cssc1△ tial tO t11c cnic)yi1-t-

It is interesting tO Observc that it was accepted)in particular by LOrd
`c∶ c、 、 ・
1thoutit,TI1c classic exan1plcˉ ˉ
`、 -`--l∶ :nning RIR,that atthc tin1e the lcase was grantcd the palties did not1~ntend
ˉ
^ ∶
⒎
it a biggcr duct be erected.Thcy wcre underthe in△
llc l)asis f。 in1plicarion of ca`c∶ 1・
prcssion,r1△ stakcnly
=-~-
`∶ t transpircd,thatthe existing vcntilation systcrn私
∶`clcarlynotin thc publicintercst i^i=- 厂
as adequate,It appears
I∶

--trcforc that the tcstis not sO 1.1uChˉ

ri.ti1cl is sO scarcc.that land s11Oui`∶ -rT. ^∶ 环厂
hat the parties actually 1-ntended but
・
“、rcicctccl 「c乃 ‘ 1attheirpresurnedintentionwouldbeifthcywcreinfullposscssi。
in i、 P`so`7z丿
B‘/`″ 饣‘ /|.、 ~its. n ofthc
r rlllDilCd intcntion Ofthc part1cs at r11t-∶ `・

'-
`卜
-jloicct to a contrary intcnti。

・ri1ccl l)v ncccssity is strictly lilnltecit 1

n. -~3,6 z彻 p/勿 〃夕esem丿 夕匆。
绍
、
lllt.lnc1 111ay l)c cxcrciscd to 111t】 ˉ
=∶ ∶
it_— iC Courts are n1ore reluctantto uphold the irnplication of a reservation in
~IOur ofthc grantor,vhcrc the quasi~servient tene111ent is sOld,because a
tr~1ntor should not be allov`ed t。
饣|D″ J77莎 召刀莎 dcrogate fro111 his grant unlcss thc
'。
`z lrcurn~stances are clear to the grantee,A~n eascrncnt rnay be irnplied,
|g1\-c cfFcCtto tl.c con111η
:icrved in favour of thc grantor on the basis。
In11non intention Ofthe parties;butthe courts、 f nccessity,Or due to the
~i∶

、
On intcll△ i
c`ccatlsc thc 1ˉ 1g11tls neccssary fo1-∶ 厂
∶ ill adopt a stnctertcst than
△thc casc of thc il△lplication Of a grant in favour
ˉ ()rl)ccatlsc st11丁
I∶ ∶
-.— _
of thc quasi~d。
tc、
OLInding clrct∷ r-`-~ n△ inant
r∶ 1elllcnt.An exan△
i△ 1^cc・ o11tCinplatcd sucll a riglDt ple ofthe court’ s stncter attitude tO the in△
「 工se111ent based upon cO1rlnaon intention is found in∶ plication ofan
∶
∶lt!、 ls1s of c()111n1O11 intention is fc)1~∶ ^L -
`11 rll~ˉ

j氏
le T【 |9.198沙 ‘ze夕 Is。 [1951]1 ch 808
i -0c``卢 .△
z`・ ...r.s产
zr‘
\CTS
)‘

`[1965]1 QB 173

了ilc defendant was the lessee of a building.I-Ic Occupied thc ground fl。
nd sublet the rest of thc f1。
-∶ or
usc thc pren1iscs as a resta
tO ors to the plaintifF,~At the tiFne of the iniual
^ciop Li r~-r `~lbleasc,there wcre t、
thc business, to control and vo advertisernents On thc环
`-lblct to thc pla1ntiff.After tcn ycars the defendant renewed fthcplaintiff’
`a1Is。 the uppcr n。 。rs
health rcgtllations fOr thc
tiluc `~lblcasc.Nˉ c1ther the。 s
c1atc thc ex1sting ventilatio11
tIlat r1ginal or new subleasc reserved to thc defendant a
ghtto 1△1a1nta1n the advcrtiscInents.
-∶

.~∶ IIf accluircd

thc rcsldtl C Of thc lc~.
1`
∶ wishcd tO nx biggcr duct ∵ DGMENT
a
j∶
l℃ la11t、 thc Orig111al lan(llord 9s ˉ
stlC・ Cc``
△11e defcndanthadno nghtin the absencc Ofexprcssrcsen'ation to r11aintain
∶∶
le advcrtise1ncnts.′ rhe 1.1cre fact that the tenant knew at thc date of thc
`(lblcase and did not subscquently objectto the landlord using the△
.ralls。
t1c pre111ises for adve1tising`.,as not sufficient tO establish thc required f
-∴ `i11 its vicl认 `itllat an casc111Cnt si1. --~ .i
ntcntion to in△ plyan
cascn1cnt.Ifthelandl。
J,- lulcl ll()r be pcrl()r111ccl tlnlcss t1. ˉ
ˉ rd、 v1shcdt。
~ ight,the Onus was On hirla tO show that the facts wercestablish ani1nplied
nOt rcasonably
onsistent``ith any othcr explanation.
ˉ~t``ir` l)ttt it is clcal tllttt ala cttsc111cil∶

````‘ tl飞 itl()r(lcr t()gi、 ・

c cffcct t()tllc f`~一 -

289
 ″o~Ⅳ C`《1~9∧ /cL/1Ⅳ D丿 L/11.・ 厂 .1・

It is not possible tO in△ ply a rcscrvation under thc rule in

’ f9rg`'o乃 z乡 色‘
伤 绍 c召 ・2 thougl
iz r`△
召 oc)z‘ s.In faCt,this was the pOint atissue in the case, `O留 〃 勿
・I1.ng,forthey cx~pressly apphed d
~△ ,-!・ 3 In vlew of this uncerta1.13

-DiCct、
Ⅵ9%ge`〃 o″ ″B仍 12 Ch D 31 'ill only be covcred 1~n oul
`7^(,zts(1879) TI~ere are three玑厂
aysin、 vhich an ea
FACTS
。 at co11111△
on law bylong usc sIn
。 underthe doct。
N...Ir Ⅵ1△ ccldon and 卜.Ir BurrOws acqtlircd nc oflostFnod(
adj Oln1ng pleccs of land ° underthe P绍
vcndor. Mr BtlrrOws purchascd sc彬 p″ 。刀/c莎 F召 工
l∶
sa1△ 1c
SO
11is la11d aFtcr lVIr W...i'hccldon 乡
rights hc CnJoyCd Over 卜Ir Ⅵ・ l△ ccklon S land
wOulcl havc had to 11a、 、 -c
ltfore looking atthcse tlu・
rescrved by the Co1ˉ 111non vcndor Ir ee naetho
、Fhecldon cticd and his w1fc, N..∶

rrescnptive use, 、
il△ 11critcd the land,
put up a hoarding that Obstructcd r111uc
thc ligllt pass△ 1= ∶∶ ^'hichoflost1n。
I11n10nlaw,the doctnnc is c。
、厂 OrkShop ()11 Ir Burrows’ land ⅣIr Burrow`s
R...∶

clain1cd that a right to

ln his % Vour by ir11plicd rcselvation
∶
=37,1 Prcsc。 ptive 1Jse
JUDGMENT
・clairnant byprcscriptionrnust bc al
i nght’ Or,in othcrˉ
lVⅠ r BurrOw・ s 玑 Tas
not cntitled tO a 1ght tO light by i1uplication w・ ords,the usc 1・ .
vcnclor had failed to rcsc1、 `c cXprcssly Thc 1ˉ

●rDpcdygrantcdtohirn,′
a right tO light 1n his salc
Γhe usernus
^crr11ission.Also,the cxercisc。
scrVlcnt land tO Mr Ⅵ厂 Of thc
hccldon and it wOuld bc tO dcrogate iom his ^i nat`rill consutute sufacicnt c。 f thl
Ⅸ̀Ir W|厂 hccldon ro il△ 1ply a right 1n the abscnce Of an express lin1itatior nui
~E‘ on t11c Flaturc Ofthe use,~forinsL
f`ˉ ay is rarely continuously exerc处
.=31ent owncr that a continuous rigl
It ls intercsting tO 11Otc that
R...Ir Burr。 1nay、 vcll llavc stiCCccClcd
acqtlircd his Janci ar rhc saillc dine ``s
as A...fr V￠hcclclon. ftDr t11e
・
rulc 1.r1 mon Law
ls has bec11 。
″ Z7〃 %。 .・ z..‘
tppliccl to silnultaneous dispOsals, 37 =3.7,2 con△
`”

^i∶
s`^厂 (3FF estabiished that prcscF1ption
12.3,7 P`^esc彬 p莎 加绍
.risehOId c。
ntext and is thus unavaⅡ
^^.Duld have t。 a1
‘
Prcscnption thc acquisition of an casc11ˉ lent by
lS bc establishcd since un
long △1sC If a right 11a` ∶∶
ln△non law to be 1189,a date cleariy
exerc1scd f()r a sufficient pcrlod
Of tin△ e thc la`厂 prcsunle thc
onginal grant Of tha right as an easenlcnt.
I|IOwevcr `111
it 1s unccrtain t`^ 23.73 LOstR‘ 。dern Grant
∶
prcscription can be applied 1n
Hong KOng, S11△ Cc an cstablisllcd ka】 ~r1
prescription at con△ n101△ la 1s that ˉ
the right △tl St bc acquircd by a fce\・
1△
lJ OVerCoFnc the problcF△
Of thc do1111nant land agalnst thc fce
ow・ n cr `∶
1s of cstablisl△ 」
simple owncr Of tl△ e SC1飞 /1ent .urts evolvcd the ncti。
A leaschold W1・1cr who exerc1scs ~∶
n。 fa lost grant
0・
a right oVcr thc land 0f
anc)thcr
prescribc nghts for hilnsclf but only ==0Vides thatiflong usc could be estabL
On bchalf Of the fee si1△ 1plc
land. Ir 、vas fc)r this C)``rllcr tˉ antisprcsuInedtohave bccnFnade thal
rcaso1・ 1 that a right to light arls1ng by prcscr1ption ∶cannot bc produccd,45 The ncu。
rCiCctCd 11|1 floo 氏夕
,绍 g Press. 38 This dccls1On
-s乃 饣 ″ Zc`c伤 Prr刀 彦 ˉ n is sc
ever been `77 `zg Ilas. ・ Dutted by ev1dence that no such gran
criticised, 39 ancl subscqucntly ・
`
thc court ˉ ~`乙 1 P夕 i1g K印 伤” 衫想 ilDdcrn grant has,in England,no appl
幽 oJ~乃 酽 rcfuscd
11・
()

to dis1n1ss totally thc possibility

that by
`・

a right
`・

tion luight arlsc 1r1 HOng KOng, 41 Cleady the drancrs Of t11c -4p/`c″
夕

Cap 88,
sc乃 zz‘ 7″ ″ ″(Jlo/'o刀 [1916]2 Ch 12o
犯

scc 1ter11 6o in the schcdule to clap 88,

(1953)37 HKLR 2o8
”

SCc Chcshire and Bu王

l`nccb()nc(1977)7I1I(l<T373 △
1,M0dc1・ n Law of Rcall
如

(1989)Ⅰ ICtFFcA No A2091 of1989

C1亻 ti11 cd)51亻 and Mcgariy&wadc,The In`-
姐

sons Ltd,198亻 at 869 f。

Scc a1.so″ 助 /`/`,s乙 li、 ￡ ・ jD夕
r fu1・ thcr dctail
‘ nc)tcclin NOrton Kysllc∶ 肋 绍 ″/勿黑勿s〈 q61o(1881)6 App Casˉ
人 ″8(\fCtcll ancl i.cc Ho.lg`、 助 `′ ′)・
i′ E〃 ″.￠ LJ i. 40
Kong】 971)at 51o
(’

29@
`∶
`￠ 7z乃`'° y nf彡 打 z莎 歹 ″ Ab彬 御夕
`ze'历
'″ `zr1971]2Q:52
 ￡nsfi..” F召 Ⅳ?is
,1・ C`C1△ ratiOn tlnclcr thc rtlle 111 1i =|
ˇ
fˉ 心乃z夕 zt`O"‘ 氵 9e42 thought prcscription
/`7夕
rllitint at isstlc in tIlc casc had son△ e cffcct in I~】 。
1g,F()rthcy cxpressly
`7‘
applicd the P`。 ・ ng
csc″ crFss2intO Hong Kong
———
__T.T.TIF|T|TT||T.∷
.IT|TI|T~~
・3 In v1cw Of this unccrtainty surrounding
rv′ c``z 月
∷ ˉ
CCt`/111。
presc11ption this difficult
nly be c。 vcred in outlinc,4・
J∶ ?`・
`丫 `z‘ `(i1879)12 Cll f)31 rc arcthrcc waysin which an casen△
cnt11・ 1ay bc acquired byprescnption∶
。at cO1△ 1Fnon law by long use sincc tilne irnrnen10nal;
・ underthe doctnnc oflost n△
′~it(Lltlirccl tldioining picccs of ltl11t∶
' |||Ⅱ . °undcrthe P夕 ^gsc幻
odern grant;and
∶ p″ 。绍彳c彦 F8:9Ξ P.
-~`CClllis lancl ancr卜 fr、 vhcelc1()n`
∶ |||
`Id()i1・ s lancl Ⅵ`Otllcl llavc hacl to i-~ j .|"・ :叮 rore lOoking atthese three rncthOdsitis necessary to look atthe nature of
∶-\1r`Vllcclclo11 clicd and 11is`-11c ~l1,i
rCscnptive use, 、vhich is c。 r111nOn tO prescr1ption whethcr under the
、!111g tllat()1)strtlctccl tI1c ligllt pj`、
一 -nunonlaw,the doct。 ne oflostInoderngrant,ortheP弘
`l∶
~ ...
J1∶ 13tlrrox`.is Clainlcd tllat a rigllt tcl∶ gsc77IDr9o绍
∶ '4crFs3|2.
= .1.lkli
~~∶ ∶
t|In
i3.7,1 PFscriptive Use

11airnant byprcscr1ption rnust be ablc to sh。

ˉ w that he exerciscd thc usc(as
t1ght’ Or,in othcr wOrds,thc use has been cxcrciscd asifa nght had becn
∶ ∶
●11t t()ligllt l)y ilupllcarion,T11c~ ˉ
Dpedygrantedto hirn,'rheusernustthusnotbeinsecretOrbyforceOr、
~∶

∶``、 -tt 1ˉ igllt to ligllt i11 1△ is salc()1ˉ

l、
ll~ iituiss10n,-AlsO)thc excrcise of the right n△
∶ 'ith
l lit`()uld l)c tc)clcrogatc fro1u ll∶
`=ˉ
-
lat will c。 nstitute sufficient c。
ust be continuous,although
1∶ ∶
∶辶、
tl)scr1cc Oftln cxp1・ css ntinuity for thcse purposes`7iII dcpcnd
li1111ta∶ ∶∶ .on thc naturc ofthe usc,~f。
rinstance,、 e havc alrcady sccn thata nght
.⒎

ay is rarely continuously excrcised.It 11r1~ust,ho17、

vlent Ow11er that a cont1nuous nghtis be1ng asscrtcd, eVer,bc clcar to the
`・ .厂

I-)、 lt()x\ˉ s111ay、 \fcll havc stlCCcc(lcci∶ ˉ

∶
t“ 、 ′
X11cclclon、 for t11c rtllc 111 11 = 2,3,7.2 co1△ 1rnon La、
・
∶l`ilt△
`J1・
iˉ 11cous cllsp(-)sals,・ r v

1S B.7e11 established that prcscription at c。

rnn△ 0n la、 厂has no placc in thc
asehold contcxt and is thus unavailablc in Iˉ
】。ng KOng.In any event,use
ould have to be cstablished since tilne i111111eFnonal~、
∶∶′Cti、
ctuc11tl)v long tlsc,Ifa rig11tl1~` )111n1on law to bc 1189,a date clcady inappropnate to Iˉ vhich is takcn at
・ .ill l)rcst1111c
[∶ lllC tllc lat\.r、 、
∶
∶1J IOng Kiong!
-′ CillCllt I・ △ ()`.cvcr、 it ls Llnccrtain・ - 1
′
2,3,7.3 Lost卜 IOdcrn Grant
∶ ~1(o1ng,since ft1n cstablis11cc1 1tˇ
~1~-
∶∶i-辶 :ig11t111ustlDc ttcqtlirccl by a lt c` -
-0 overco111e the problcn△
′ˉ i^C|Cc st1111DlC c)s\:ncr()fr11c sc1飞
s of establishing use sincc tin1c irnn△
ici・ `ourts evolved the nctI。 eInonal,the
ˉ
′~i lltlnt()vc1・ tllc la1△
~
n。 f a lost grantin the latc 18th ccntury,′
cl()f anotllc∶ _— r.rovides thatiflong use could be establishcd for 2o ycars Orrnorc,arhe ncti。 n
forFnal
!1i)c11tllf()1ˉ t1】 c fcc sillnplc(D、 \-11 ci^ ^ ●rantis presu111ed tohave beenrnadcthatsubsequentlyhas been1ost,sO that
∶
~!11】 (-)11gllt arising l)yl)rcscrilDr∶ — 1 cannot be produccd.45′
-—
・j`7广 /`7~f∫ ’’ -“ ˉ hc ncti。 n is s。 well cstablishcd thatit cannOt bc
I・
^・
、、 T11is clcclsio11 1nu` cbutted by evidcnce that no such grant was rnade,46 Prcscnption by lost
I.mc courrin rˇ /`7:K″ ‘
`《
.r∶
/″ ~/″ ∷ `
11odern grant has,in England,no application with rcspcct of leasehold
-・ ∶ ix)、 s11)ilirv t11at ll rigllt lDy I`∷ˉ
` -
∶
…∶`・
rⅡ tllc clrancrs c)f rlnc r】 y,夕 /`cc-
Cap 88,
scc Itci11 6o in thc sc1△
cdule to cap 88
sCC Cheshire and Bu1・ n,Modcrn La`冫
(14th cd)514 and Mcgarry&wadc,Thc of Real Propcrb`,B.uttcr、
La环 vorths,London,1988 at
sons Ltd,1984 at 869 f。 `of Real Propcrty(5th ed)Stcvems and
r fuithcr detail
ˉ 1-Iton Ityshc;`is0`,Ⅱ ・ ￡)勿 /`o夕 7夕 彳刀g笏s8Go(1881)6 App
-△
~_ -li′ ￠ 助eI〃 ″.L产 f Cas 740
肠 勿奶
l(1
`拗 ″e彻 秃 z坳 ″ /V。 ″ 勿 .`.7・

`z[1971)2 QB 528,

29∶ z
 〃@Ⅳ C KoⅣc LAⅣD￡ ,.4TV

^Thls exclusion 11as l)ccn qucstioncd、

lanct・ 4:thus tl△ ˉ
prcscription by lost ll△ odcrn grant could be applicd in Hong KOng
crc is a poss1卜 :∶ ∶
∶ .il~沮
1 丑xp`'召 ss c`‘ 冫
`7莎

△c extent and nature of an cxpressl

12374 P`6c`巾 ″。 cr Fs`;2
`7月 t WOrds ofthc grant,A nghtInay be
i、
-be cxercised at any tirne and in aF
Thc act `ras i1△ tcnctcd tO rc111Ovc thc diffictlltics of t11e otl△
cr l △l、 illll
int1s restr1ctcd in thc tirncs orthc ln-a
prescription、 but unf()rtunatcly it \vas so poorly drancd that 1t f_—
~g stancc,a nght ofway rnay be restnci
C()lllplicatcs thc p()sition ・ Γhc act trcats thc acqtlisition()f a rightt()i∶ ..
crciscd only dur11△ g the daylight ho
prcscription diffcrcntly Fl()1△ △thc aCquisition of othcr rights by prescr∶ =-η
I・

i-Li l△
ˉ hcrC there is diff1culty in con.
`1;厂

(a) Easc11△ cntS Otllcr than a r1g11t to ligllt.19 tounding circun△ stanccs at the t1rn(
t thc terlns of the grant、
vⅡ l not
・ run△ stanccswhcre thc cxtent ofthe
Γ11c act nrst sceks to assist in tl△ e prOOf of a clailn 11t con11110n la、 v o1ˉ ∶
-ˉ
"端
111C)dCrrl grant by prOviding t11ata usc r()r2o vcars Or111Ore cannot be clcir~r..:
|||

n1thc tcrFns Ofthe grant,52

A-n exan1ple of the courtIO。
lDy cvidc11cc s1△ 。、
vi1△ g thatthc usc dicl not start until aftcr 1189,sccOI~~ -・
.崆
king l
1struc the tc1△ ns Ofthe grantis f。 un
act 11ntrodt1ccs a statutory|pcriocl of prcscrlptio11()f40 ycars,、
、
/hic11∶ ` ˉ l ll

ctcF)endenttlp()n con1111On laXV lDrcscription()rlostrnoclcrngrant.Nc、 ・

cI△ |1r I-`
usc f()1・ △o vcars lllust still lDc・ as Of1ˉ igl)t・ and`ill not assist in t11c lct卜 r-ˉ ll ∠刁陶
contcxt A usc for 4(J vcars`ill not bc dcfeatccl ttnlcss it can bc prc〉 -c-∶ ˉ
ˉ 夕‘
/召 ,sz∠ 沱乃Drocc``‘
、 ~d `饣

t11c rigllt`tts cnioVcd as a 1ˉ csult()f a xvr1ttc11 pcr111iss1()n givcn citllcr C~--些 [1975]1Ⅲ
Or attllc start oftlle IDeriod,()r an oralipcrn1ission givc1-1 bcIOrc lDtlt nc)(J~~1ˉ
ˉ
t11c period,In t11c case Oft11c 2o~vcaripcrioc1,a pcr1△
il山
CTs
1ssion-`.11ct11c1ˉ v.「 ∶ ˉ ・ .Ⅱ

or()ral_givcn~cit11cr l)cr(Drc o1ˉ cltlring tI1e 1)criocl of tlsc\vill l,c fattli ˉ・

pcr1c)ds oftlsc 111ustin l)()t11 cascslDc in1111cdiatclyl)cforcthc actio11co111nlc。 "!
e plaintiffsold son1e land to thc defen
=` i churchyard,butwas sOld subjectto
a1△ d111ust 11()t llaVc bccn intcrrtlptcc1,savc t11at tl△
∶1~- ˉ
e act1)rovidcs t11at ll、 |.↓
hc churchwas by a path,part ofˉ
is clec111cd tC〉 lDc a1n interruption tlnlcss it11as l)ccn stlbnDittcclt()Orac・ vchicl
qtl∶ c、 心 -.ˉ
dc up ofsand and graveland covere(
in IDv t11c do111inant()vvncr fc)1ˉ 111Ore tlla11 a vcar,5°
cther thc right。 fv).ray ovcr the∶
patl
(b9 Rig11t to ligllt31 liclcs.

1・ hc acquisitio11 Of(t rigllt to ligllt l)y prcscr1ption is lnorc gcncrotlsI、 -trc~~ˉ

DGMENT
1Ⅱ
l)y thc act,'r1△ erc is()1△ 1y ol△ c stattltOry~pcriocl of l)rcscription of 2C)1-r_—
\v11ic11\villgivc risc tc)arig11t clcc111cc1・ al)solutc a11clinclcfcasiblc.,rtlrtllcr11
e oght of way was a nght。
ˉ n fO。 t。 n.II
1
a grant of‘ a r1ght of硒 冫
t11c usc 11cCd 11()1∶ l)c a tlse as ofrigllt and、 111Orc i1111DOrtantly,i11t11c II()1△ ay,,but the p
gF‘ i ~ tated thatit could not have bcen intc】
Co1ntcxt,it al)1DCars t1△ at t11c tlsc t11ay lDc 111ainta111ccl lDv a tcna11t botll agi~r・
i

a landl()rc1.proviclcc1 that lancllord is not t11c)cro`・

n,ar)d agtunst t111 i ∶
ˉ
`”

tcna】 1t,、 、llCtllcr of t11c salnc o1・ cliFrcrclnt lancllOrc1,

、7hcre thc cOurt cannot f1nd a clear a1
●
111 thc tcr1ns of thc grant and the surrc
)11struc the grant against thc grantor.
12。 4 Extent oftJse
The extcnt ofan exprcss grantis notc(
'Γ a nghtwas OnginaIIyintcnded atthet1.n1(
lnc naturc t】 11cl CXtcnt of an crtsc111Cnt`^ill clcl)c|11Cl Orl x、 .11ctllc1ˉ
it is c1(
ention tO that effect,An。
cxprcssly()r11111)11cclly, ftcn~quoted c
I,`功 ″c夕^勿 绍〃Hoヵ 乙o`△ ・
egz彦 磁53`lle1
s彦
17
刀
`Jg′
″Ⅰ干1夕 ‘
9莎 ,厂 (1834)1 Cr
M&R211;讶 7勿 e勿 彦。″″△F勿 tp′e[1893]3 Ch 48;and~承 了及 ininant tencrl△ ent`/as
`E伤 a private dˉ
″C勿 ″″‘
's[1904]1
`虑 KB 457 eⅡ i

48 sincss purposcs when the h。 `「

scc Dclancy(1958)74 LQR 82 usc、 vas c
△9
Scct10rt 2 ofthe P” 留
sc乃 p`Jo″
'4c`1832,
Scction 4 Ibid
51 灭。C虍 ″彳
Scct1on 3 1b1d.
[1913]1 ch`7zorr1965]1Q:334
113,
292
 fhsE`1,rJ`、 g
∷ˉfiuCstiol△ ed,18 thus t11crc is a pc-`、 -
`⒎
Illl||||ll∶

∶△.int cc)tlld IDc ttpplicd in「 IOng∶ K|∶ ∶

1 E艿 p留ss c陶 ″莎
1=

it extent and nature of an express ease11△

cnt w111 depend priInaoly upon
l亡 wOrds Ofthe grant,A r1ghtrnay be gcneral,v`hich`。
ll c。 nfer a rightthat
-be excrcised at any tiFne and in anyway;Oritrnay be lirnitcd,where thc
-j、
.It・
t11C din1cult1cs ()f・ t11c ()rllci- i i1~
^∶ ˉ
as so pOOrlv draftcd t11j— — ..ˉ =htis restricted in thc tirncs Orthe rnanncr11△
[ `、 v`hich itr11ay be cxcrciscd,For
`tance,a r1ght ofway ll△ ay be rcstricted to passage by foot only.or n△
I""

~~「 [lCats tllc acquisirion c)fa1・ —

1g11∶ _ .川 | iCrCised only dunng thc day11ght hours. ay be
l~ .iCCltlisiti()n(∶ )f ot11cr F・
igllts b】 -lDI t`-・
、7hcre thcrc is difficulty in construing thc teltns of the grant, the
ITOunding circurr1stances atthe tiFne ofthc grantrnay assist construction,
In a right to light49
t thc tern1s Of the grant`/ill not be cut down by thc surrounding
・
^-- n1ˉ
()()f ol′
℃un△ stances v`Thcre the extcnt ofthc easernent can be adequately defined
a clair11 at col11111()n lar. i l"lii
)In thc ter1ns ofthc grant,52
- i`cl()r20 vcars()rl)1Orc cail1△
。tl`r-∶ An exa11△ plc of thc court IOOking to the surrounding circurnstances to
~`c tilc1 11()t start tInt11 t】
rtc1 1189 `cˉ ~ |Ⅱ nstrtlc thc terlns Of the grantis found in:
~∶ |ll′
1)rcsCript1On()f△ o vcars、 、
\∶ 1

∶
L^`k1ˉ 1IDti()1△ 0rl()st 111()dc1ˉ 1△ glu11t,l\ci.=一
` i lighr ancl w 111 not assist in tlk∶
J-`
∶ clcrcatccl tlnlcss it cLtr1 bc ID∶
“ ″c`9 D9occs御 B。 粥〃‘ F`∶
1 .∶
^ i tl\`1・
lDc・
-. `7‘ P/・ 67‘ 7`^勿 fi``i1o,2,
`I,sz‘ 1975]1wˉ LR 468 `7夕 `zce″
irtcn 1Dcr111issi()n glvcn cltiltI-~ ..
- ・
△11 1Dcrn1ission givc|111)clore btlt 11 ˉ
-
\CTS
--l lDc△ 1()Cl、 fl pcrlllissi()n-、
v11ct11cˉ
-

∶
~1△ 1i1)g tllc`1)cri()dc)f tlse`-ill l)c-~--
ˉ ∶
lc plaintiffsold sOrnc land to the defendant.'Γ
-∶ i1111)cCliFltcl、 ・
bc1()rc t11c acti()nc(Ⅱ ∶-- - heland surrounded a church
ˉ ld churchyard,butwassoldsubjccttoanghtOfwaytothechurch,~Acccss
i′
=`l `tl`c tllat t11c act l)rovidcs tl1|1 ∶ -

.the churchwas bya path,part ofv`hich.vas onlyfourfcct,s1xinches w1de,

i^ C`、 it l、 ts l)ccn stll)Inittccl tO()1ˉ ~- ~ .
tl辶
adc up ofsand and gravel and covcrcd`'ith leaves.The qucstiOn arOsc。
l ∶
辶rllttll a VCiar sl)
llethcr thc right of way over the path was On f。 f
.hiclcs. 。t only or extendcd t。

^DGNIENT
∶′
・
l)!c′ Cr11)tIO11 1S 111(D1ˉ c gc11er()tls| ∶
I・ -

∶
-~_~i.`l飞
l)Cr1()cl c)1・ IDrcscril)ti()11(i)上 I ^11c right of-玑
△^ ∶ ay was a right on foot only.′
、 lihe grant was expresscd rnercly
7・

llD`()ltltca1ncli11clc1(Jasiblc・
,Ftlrti∶ c一
^`l ll)()rc in11)orttlr1tl v.i11t11c F1(-l∶
s a grant of‘ a r1ght Of、
∶
- 1~i∶ vay’ ,but thc physical charactenstics Of the path
1~l ictatcd thatit could not havc bcen intcndcd for vchiclcs,
∶
、C lllaintainccl l)、 ・a tcnL11)t ID()tl∶ -~-
-l`rlot thc crown.ancl again、 〔
`r-
ˉ
∶
`l、 llt lancll()rc1
Where thc c。 urt cannOt f1nd a clear ans、 -cr in their task。
ˉ ″ f construction
onl the tcr1ns of thc grant and the surrounding circurnstanccs,they r1△
onstruc the grant againstthe grantor, ust
Thc cxtcnt Ofan exprcss grantis not conf1ncd tO the purposes for、
vhich
lc right职 .7as Originallyintcnded atthe tirne ofthc grant,unlcsstherc is a clcar
Jˉ 1ˉ t11[`111 clcI)e1△ d()n、 \・ 11crllcr it i、
、∶
c--l ltention to that cffect,以
ˉ
ˉ
′ ple is provided by the case of
9″ e″ (Jr夕 ,莎 `n乙。
e`￡i伤 s莎 often-quoted cxan△a nght ofⅥ
zezrd,53w'herc
`z〃 .冫
ay grantcd、 vhcn thc
l1・ 乃O″ /‘ ,`?″ ./1・ I￡ 7`p`‘ >r1893]3(∶ )h亻 8;and
‘ )rninant tenc1・`?i‘
1△ ent`.厂 as
`夕
a private dwelling house was hcld to cxtcnd t。
1siness purposcs丐 vhcn thc h。
usc was converted to a hotc1,
m.

KeC虍 ″彳
△

[1913]1 ch`77o'[1965]1
113 QB 334

293
 ・
″aⅣ G K9Ⅳ c“ ⅣD E川 ....T..・
.冫

HOwever,while a change ofuse ofthe dOminanttencment may脉 ■

叫■
the burden placcd on the scMcntland,it must notlead to such an im叫 ●△,3 Re`,。 e″ 勿s
inuse aswould unreasonablyinte1fcrewiththe rights ofothers,Fo血 ■
in〃 沙召钅 夕 扬 ″蔚 亻环 ere agriculmralland was conve茁 71〕
n叫■ ^jnually an aggoeved party,ˉ
‘
edto a ca哪 9`hethl
for 2oo caravans,the cOurt d.ecided the increased△ 灬 ‘
■ △iustified intqrferencc-职
1se was excessive申
日
the generaltems ofthe grant.Butin Hong KOng theincrcased use ofa刂 1■ ■
。th an ca
Icessive usc,职 hll seek redress by o1
Ofwayresuhngfromtheredeyelopmentofa singlcresidenccintou■ ∵v旷 ayofdan.agcs,injuncti。
n,。 rdec
was not considcrcd exccssi、 re,55 ~.J■ oc acu。 nablc it1nust be substanuaj
Thenghtmustbe usedforthe c” oy111entofthe dominantteneme亚 ˉ
」y takc acti。 n ifan obstacle iFnped(
the use of a nght。 f way for the purposc of acccss to land a的 日■ additiOn to the non・
n|a1111eth。 ds of
oiniru百 ■■
dominanttenemcntis ptcluded,56
But,unlessthe℃ are express wordsto t1△ e contraγ
,thCrightmaybeo■
日
■■ `-ner r1|1ay abate thc intcrfierencc F1L
n1ust cxerc1se abatelnent cauti。
by anyone expressly or 111△ plicdy autho“ ■ ticc to the sen.厂
us
ed to use it,prmdedtM酬 icnt owner, and
acconmodates the dominanttenemcnt.T1△
us a suggestion that a胛
■
■ ncccssary dar1△ age,58
杨vour ofa dominanttenement on which a busincssis cOnduckd t h丬 刂■
to the Owners ofthc bus1ness anclcxcludcstheircustomersisunacceF丬
田■■
flIIll
1242坳″
粥锡莎 12.5 Termination ofEaseInents

A.r11rnDlied
工 grantis
。
lirnited to the DurDOse for、
the oght arose,Thus a right ofway ofnecess”
人 工
引
vhich it、 vas uscd at d|19日 ■■■■
~.■ ■■■
~i5.1 B、

l cascn1ents 1n I・
弓刃切c莎 勿勾 Q'乃 陶e

to a propc唧 fo1・ agnc蝴 .∶

I。 ngl《 Ong rnust bc g
pu9oses would not e刈 cnd to accessto a%ct。 ■■ ttnera11y bc f。 rthc sh。
γthatthe dominant c刂■■
maywish to crect on theland.A1)increascin use is not prccluded,ho嗽
rter ofthe terF11
~l)nlinant and scrvicntland,Atthe enc
ˉ
unless it is sO excessi、 e as to posc an unrcasonable inte1・ ■■ `granted,it`。
fercnce咖 dg■ ll sin1ply expirc bye丑
nghts of others entitled to the grant. J■ ■ `a statutory rencwal or cxtcnsion of。 luc
■■■
~nd,the grantrnay also bc dce111ed to

B″ 乃 刀夕/`z‘ 氵
‘z,′s Bo‘ J`〃 z`C`‘ z“ [1965]ch 587
25,2 u陶 q/O9伤 e6乃
`人
'″
炉
ˉ
FACTS ierc nlust bc d1versityof。
^~ran casen△ wnership oft
entto ar1sc,where t11e Owˉ
1n1847the1ˉ ail\vavco111prlnylaiclatrackt11atctltOfftllcaccesstOsc)n1c∶ n(
∶
nc1・ 11ents bcc。
n1es vestcd in the saFncp
∶r J・ .
cxccpt by`iay of a crossing tl△ at llad l)cen constructcd by tllc 1ˉ ・△inction ofthc easer1△
“|— 艹 ent w111 be pen・
co1η pany,FOr n1any years t11c(lclds、
|

r(DWn,butthe eascn1ent・ ru
vcrc tlscct by can1pers and carav“ 工Ⅰ-Ⅱ 玑。 ll1nerely be si
butthc nun1bers had grc)、 、 ・
3△ enttencrncnts bcc。
`n substantiallv and t11c railsvay colnpan、 -tr∶ t~il rnevestedin thel
lii△ c usc c)f tllc crossing T11c 1ˉ cspondcnt clallncd a11 caseluci- il1.
lir t1△ a lessee undcr a shorterterr11 1ease.An|l
prcscrlpt1。 n c don1inantland`汀
llbesuspcndedduri】
1
thc leases ofthe d。
Ininant and servic
^ivciftheleascofcithcrthcscrvientor
JUDGMENT
Dircs so that thc。
・ wnership of each ten
「11c plaintiffs ad111ittcclthatt11c f1clcls could bc uscd f。
r caravans)butc1.△ ‘
-s3 Pe`召 夕、
.∶

tllc incrcasc in tlsc\飞 `aS t111accept11⒈

)lc,・T11c cotlrt Of-Apl)cal did nott|=丁 se
丁 :

cleasc rnay bc express orirnplied.An(

ˉ
,mustbe by dced,60 although equ”
“

[196割 1Ⅵ△R589 mε
郇

W饣 ・ e〃 r`,″
t刀 esr`72e刀 z″ ″He刀 γ ￡s拗 莎
es II・ 歹[1966]HKLR 399
56’

Fo勿 tV勿 夕 rzo`zc。 夕z勿

`・

s″ 'c。
oz.‘ ,e/(19o5)74 LJ Ch 127 e篱 BJe夕 ‘
f:J‘ z`.・v饣
`g勿
SCCs15 c乃。刃″.ze勿 `,,乃 gD,eF`留 a
t

1;9b。 历乃。勿
`可
s。 3
【 6oI坳 夕Κ 助 勿歹 (IDer夕 ”
ses O.药 衫 `,″ `彦
/`刀 历刀ce cap亻 o and(
z/‘ R1185 歹犭 勿勿ce Cap 150,
C9巧
`磁 `[197o]1W飞
294 scction亻 ofthe Co″
`‘

名△ 刀c勿g夕
.,l勿
')‘
P约。￠
,e″ l
`z歹
 fAsa1.r・ FⅣ rs
r r tlsc:oftllc d()111inant tc1△ c111c111△ ^-
¨∶
∶ C∶ 11 111nc1,it l△ ltlst nC)tlcad to stlci--一
-=D `e`・ ・
・
ze〃 馆s 7・

Ilicrfcrctvit11t11criglltsOfot11c1ˉ i I ˉ
ktllttlral land`∫ as convcrtcd tcl“ tllally an aggr1cved party,、
Jˉ
~-・ vhether hc be a dorninant owner clairning the
J.~kiccl t11c 1nc1・ cascd tlsc、 vas excc``
stiflcd intcrfcrence、 厂
~∶

ith an ease1inent or a servient oˉ

Jssive usc,`hllscek redress by one ofthe usua11△ wner clai111ing
∶3`lt lll I1c)ng1<。 ng thc incrcascci~`.
ˉ
ayofdar11agcs,i1△
1cthods~acti。 n cither
-ic1-cl()lDn1cnt Of a single rcsidcnˇ 1unction,ordeclaration,Butin Orderforan 1nterfercnce
c-r
c actionable itrnust be substantia1.Forinstance,the doFFunant ovˇ
^takc action ifan obstacle in△ nercan
1-^t clll()`・ t Oftllc clonli11anttc∶ lt-
111 c l△ pedcs the reasOnable cxercisc ofllis1ˉ
∶C lDtlrl)()SC ()f accc)ss to la11c1 ..` idition to the norn△ 1ghts.
i^ .∶ al rl△ cthods ofsceking redrcss by acdon,a do1△
cr1・ 1△ ay abate thc interfercnce hirnselfby re111。 11-nant
vlng thc obstruction.But
′.I()1Cls t()thC contraly,t11c riglⅠ lust cxcrcisc abatcrnent cautiously and sh。
=′ i△ -
uld rnakc sure that he gives
-IJ~i`-dlltID()risc(l to tlsc it,proviCt~ ie to thc se1、 ient o-w-ncr, and causes the least disrupti。
∶∶
tI1Cl)1cnt '「 llus a stlggcstion t11j1~ ~ |cessaly daF11age.58 n and no
nt on which a bus1ness1s conductcd
∶
1~lc\cltlclcs tllcir ctlst()111Crs is u11it~~- ...
L2,5 Terminauon ofEase1m.ents

-51 召夕与″
.笏
c莎 贞
9锡 Q厂 2饣 e
∶
∶1c IDtlrl)0SC for、 vllich it T、ras uscc1.i∶ ---= `9饣

ˉ ^OIˉ ~∶ eascrnentsin Hong Kong 1nust be granted for a terrn ofyea“

7‘
灬 ncccssity to a propcrty fc)1・ .t● △~ˉ
~rncrally be forthe shorter Ofthe ter1ns crcated by thc crow111cases ・
ofthewill
`人 CCss to a factorv t11at t11c cton111・ ,环 111chˉ
J11∶
弋:1 incrcasc ir1 usc is 1△
~ilulnant and servicntland,-At the cnd ofthe tcrF11 for Tvhich thc easclllent
Ot.precltldcd ll -
:△ l∶ |`C al△ unreasOnablc intcrfcrcncc-. 1 :ranted,itw111s1111plycxpirebyeffluctionoftiFne~although、
`△ statutory rcnc职 厂 vhcre there
●ri11t al or extension ofthc croˉ
wˉ n lease ter1n ofthc sc1・ ˉ
~d,the grant111ay also be deerned to continuc,59
~「 v1cnt

`Bc`‘ 7`丫 / z`C/`‘ rss[1965]Ch 587

i5,2 口陶 ♀厂0z‘ ,绍 召s`,垆
`夕 `・

ˉ
ilcreInustbediversityofov`ncrship ofthe doFninantand servicnttene1・
1△ ent
r an case1△ 1entto ar1sc.wherethc。 -wnership ofthe dor11inant and servient

∶
∶ trac・ k
rncnlents bccOn△ es vested in the sarne pcrsOn,the ease111entˉ
~i~t tllat ctlt offtllc acccss tO s〈 |∶
ll t
lt llad li)ccll constrtIctcd l)Ⅴ 了
I△ 1nCtion ofthc caser1△
1~1‘
tllc r~ ent w111 bc perrnanent△ vhere O-wˉ `'ill ccase.The
-crc tlscd lDv cal△ w-n,butthe caseFnentw111rnerelybc suspendcd、
iro・ nership vcsts in the
△辶Lis、 、
-∶

11Dcrs a1△ d ca1~-.~-

vhere thc dol△ linant and
.l′ `∶ ut1tiallv and t11e railxvay co111pa111.I「 =n△ enttenenlents bccOIne vestedin the san1e lesscc,bcthata CrOwnlcssec
. ˉa lessee under a shorterterln lcasc,Any eascrncnt attachcd to the lcase of
1∶ lc]csponclcnt clain△ cd an casc△ --=一
-1cdonlinantlandw111besuspcndeddunngthepenodofcon△
n。 n ow1.ership
ithe leases of the dorninant and servicnt tencrnents.Thc eascr11ent will
cive ifthe lease ofeithcrthc sc^厂
=・
ient or dorninanttene11|1entis assigncd or
tpircs sO that the o・
w-nership of each tenen△ ent is。
ncc again separatc.
_∶ ~i`u)tllcllDc tlscd t〈 )r caraVa11s,btlt、
ri・
ˉ ˉ
`lc 「llc C)()urt Of A1)pcal clic1 11(lt~~-
~

25,3 月纟 sc
`e伤
rcleasc r1△ ay be exprcss orin△ plicd,-A~1△ cxprcss releasc,t。
v,n△ ustbe by deed,60 although equity luay recognisc a rclcasebeeffected
cffectivc
l l at

lDv
F6`乃 ￡sr勿 歹[1966]HKLR 399 lV‘ 7″ 勿。″ Go l″￡勿 De`・ ・.g
B`‘ 夕c乃 ,″ g Dye`刀 g
'es z莎
sces`g勿15 σ 乙 8F勿 厂 ″ ”驾 Cb ir〃 (1 927]Ac 226 at245
‘″Ⅰe夕 `″
ses O'〃”氵 ‘ ce Cap亻 0a nci s 7 fⅥ ‘
al丿 ￡扌
歹[1970]1`V・ LR 1185, C,四 ‘
/``2夕 `'。 `″ `s乃
。・ ,z‘
ze勿ses f丑 Υ
150 re刀 s`。 勿
7ˉ 7・

`zCc caD ``幻 `76 ,`・

Scction亻 of thc Co勿 ″q|).'历

″C勿 g勿 勿‘ /``'‘ pe2・ .,,O″ 歹
ヵ 勿勿ce Cap 219
`勿

295
 〃@Ⅳ C KOA.`G∠ A1..VD EA” ′

lcssformalmcans,An1mpliedrclcasemayarisebythe deemedabandom■ ■

ofthc。 ght.T11e merefailureto cxcrcisc an casemcntis not decisivc evi由 J 3 C钐 sr0留 伤 乃rs
Ofabando】 11cnt NOn-usewⅢ onlyconstitutcabandO11111ent血 刂 `.3.`2智
11∶

only On the assumpuon thatthe dominant ownerintendcd

isexphu
to g泌 ~custornary right is a nght that i
nght.The point is clearly illustratcd by:
up△ jstoma1、 nghts diffcr from easen
■■ ・
111i11anttcncl1|1ent;andtheydffcr1
∶
11uited to a particular con11nun1t1-
∶common law a customav 0ght
JMoo`^c″ 夕‘
⒎“9so″ (1 824)3B&∶ c332
~1SOnablc,and continuous.1Jndcr
.nsidercd ancicntifit has bccn eni
FAC・「s
∶[11in liv1ng lnen△
Ory,unlcss there
Thc plaintif cnioyCd a rig11tt()11gllt to ccrtain、 ・ plicadon ofsuch a testin IIOng K。
indo`厂 s,⒈1e dcn△ olisllc-∶ ・
、
vall in``hicll ti11c、
l陛
any custon1aly nghts It1night be泛
v11△ dc)、 vsˉ
crc sittlated a11d 1・ ebuilt tllc x`rall xv∶
∶
--
ˉ
1R`ila-CtOT`7s Fotlrtccn~ycars latcr
`・ t11c dcfendant crccted a lDtlilding - - 1|
.・

=tcrr1torythc application ofthc En蓬

()tlld l△ a、 ・
c c)lDstructccl t11c lig11t to tl△
d thatcustOrn.shouldbeacceptedfii
c Old 、 s stlbsc(luCnI∶ - ・
.・

`、 厂
vin(10飞 、 1~
thc tcrritory,I】 Ov、
plaintiFF111adc a nc-`.,-w・ i11Cloxivˉ ever,the qucsti(
objcctccl to t11c()bstructio1n `|11crc()11c Oft11c Olcl\vindo\vs 11acl lDcct1 -ˉ .i
Tcrritories,where thc quesd。
`・ r
cerned by chinese custOrnaryia、 ˉ
1

JLJDGMENT
o,4 sr夕 莎钐 莎。 s召 7饣 e勾 莎s
'Γ `.3`E锡
11c altcrations tO thc、 val1.ttnd 11Otiust t11C plaintiff・
`1・

an i11tc1ntion tc)abanclo1n tllc r1gllt,

s no11~tlse,dcn1On`∶ f r・ 刂 scn△ cnts rnay be created by statutc.
:E勿 c`″ c纟 ・
夕 Ab彻 o`^乃 6荡夕砌 莎 0?E夕 空

工ts and sirlmar Rights

:crcatiOn by statute of certain cascn
12.6E故

。
ln clectncity nct、 vork by thc po.ˉ
ne1△ e

袱揣
器 manumbCr。 fo hersimilar咖 ■ 6,5 P夕 ^♀

126.1 Al伤 rz衫 约仍

lbidisinguished丘

忠
`P饣 `,奏
Natural rights exist as a natural incident to thc Ownership of land.ri叫
II
1 `沁
・Drofltis a nghtt。 takc sO1.11e pa迸
Oft
fthe servienttcncIncnt,whilst an casci
rthc servlenttcncn1cntin so111cwaV.A
prof1t 11△ay eX1st in grossˉ
认
■
eascmcnts they arisc autOmatically,as an incident of owncrship,Exa至 ∶△1△ inanttenen1ent.In the light`hcreas a
ofthe dl
ofnaturalrightsincludethcrighttOsupportofthcland(butnotanybuiR01■叩
■■ ∶Dng 1tong,pronts are not c。
Inrnor11y
crectcd on the land)and the righttO su1face waternOwing through a dd叫
channel Butthe law has notrccognised a rightto ligl△
t as within the s叫
■ 26,6 z'ce77ces
Of natural rights.A righttO light can only bc acqu11ed as an caseme正 ■
■
llccncc confcrs a periniss1。
n tO perfior
12,6,2 Pz砂 cspass.Liccnccs and caser1△
c刀 哲乃沁 cnts thus c
`9″ ∶dcr,for thcy need not c。
nforn△
Public rights,as their namc implics,arc cxcrc1sable by anyone.rd■
lII ian1incdcadierinthischaptcr.Alicencc
`Jitl

casements they arc not appurtcnant to any dominanttcnement.Com凵 ■ ∶

d it need not bc appurtcnanttO Or acc〈

na`i朗■
■
public nghts includc the righttO usc the public high泓 cncc n△ ay bc created、
v1th thc n11n1n△
.7ay,to use ust atla`厂
uI△
watcr⒌ and fish in thc sea;but thcsc rights arc frequently rcgula[odl■ be Creatcd by dced.An easer
Ordinance FOrinstancc,thc righttO usc thc public highwayforthe pu「 I
capablc of binding third palties,△ ・
hert
Ofademonstrationorprotestmarchislh△ itcdbythePz衫 押△■ 1nerc pcrsOnal nghts that`汀
ll notJ in
沙″cO“ 历 ″‘
z,■ J■ ■ ecting third partics,
`ierO饩
61
Cap 245. Scction 13A匕 217'``/o勿
z‘
es O乃〃r″ 勿″ce cap 9ˉ
296 Cap 357
 E△ sIr/lFε
`VEs
:leasen△ ayansebythc deer1△ edaba田 -26.3 Cz饣o陶 伤 ℃ s莎 乃港
:xercisc an easernentis notdccis1△ 污
e 'P农
)Fllyconstitutcabandon1nentfitise ・custorna巧 .'right is a right that is cnJoyed by a particular con△
le do11△ 1nant 0、 nCr 1ntended to gIl
.厂

I~lston△ a1、 Inunity.

nghts diffcr fronl easen△ ents in that they are not attached to a
ated by∶
~.111inanttencFnent;andthcydifferfror11pub11cnghtsinthatthcrcnjoyrnent
`∶ ilnitcd to a particular cornn1unity and not enj。
∷||I|||| || | ycd by the public atlarge.
=-∶ Co111n△ on law a custOFnary right can ar1.se only if it is ancient,certain,
c.``f(1824)3B&c332 ˉ
=△
sonable,and cOntinuous,tJnder thc corrlrnon law of England,a right is
insidered ancientifit has been en丿
oyed sincc 1189 Orit has bcen cnj。
^-∶
rllin livlng ll△ cr1△ 0ry,unlcss yed
there is evidcncc that it arosc ancr 1189.An
。plication ofsuch a tcstin I・
IOng Kong wOuld clea1・ ly rule outthe ex1stence
lghtto ce五 ain windows.He dem( ftlny custornaly oghts.It n1ight be argued thatin thc light ofthe history of
tre situatcd and rebuilt the而 ra
lc tcrntorythe application ofthe English co1・
ˉthc defcndant ercctcd a buⅡ △
11non law rulc isinappropriate,
d1 -idthatcuston1shouldbeacceptedifithasbecncxercisedsII1ceestablishrncnt
ht to thc old windows,subseql fthc tcrritory I・ 1owever,thc question is unlikely to ansc since land in the
hcre onc ofthc old、 。ndO丐 vs had i亡
``Territoncs,`l.ere the question
-crned by chinese custornary laˉ of custon△ is rnore likely to arisc,is
r)、
vi/ratherthan the English con△
11△ On law,62
~264 s由 夕莎z`莎 o1'E伤 se%吻 e”
沁

Itlsr t11c plaintiff・ snon-tlsc.cie∶ 11 ^

△ lscments rnay be crcatcd by statute.In Hong Kong wc have,for exan1ple,
^1c EzOc彦
″ cr夕 Ne/z‘ 。磁
90钅6拗 砌 莎o2E伤 se留 O绍 莎
夕” cg,63 Which pcrmits
lCcreationbystatuteofccrtaincascrncntsnccessaryforthecstablishFl△
`绍
f an electncity nct`.70rk by the power cOInpanics, ent
・Rights

^∶
26.5
∶ P刃 。刀沁
-∶ |111t】 11t1111bcrofotl)c1・ silnilar r1●

.pr。 ntis a nghtto take solue pan ofthe natural produce,soil,Or ininerals
fthc seⅣ icnttcnement,whilstan easementmc℃
the usc lyconfers a nghtt。
i^t11c servicnttcnen△ entin sornc way,A.furthcrdistinction lies 111thc factthat
pr。 nt rnay exist in gross whereas an ease11△
ncident to the o、 、nership of lanG ent Fnust be attachcd to a
.厂

ly.as an incident of ownersllip.E
D supportoftheland(butnot anIft
to surface watern。 wingthrougha
)gnised a rightto light as within d
an only be acquircd as an easen△
′∶
∶ 1aycxtcndto arightofoccupation
=` L1rC CxcrcisalDIc bv a11v(,∶ 1=
∶ △nodatc a do1111nanttenen△
11 IC)11nV(l()111inallt tc1△ Cn1cn[ ^
1-∶
`c】 llC ptllDlic lligl△ ・
`∶ ay.tc)tlsc∶\、
-1c、
c11gllts ttrc frcqtlcntlv 1・ cL-
l △′
C tllC public h1gh、 vay fortlk iˉ
I、 llm1tcclbvthc`,`rD/`cO`‘
.~工 △
1inanttene1・ 11ent.In the light。
fthe declining ilnportance ofagnculturc in
iong Kong,proflts are not cornn1Only encountcred.
26,6 z,cepzce‘ q
liccnce confers a perlnission to pcrfornl an actthat wOuld otherwise be a
cspass,Liccnces and ease1△
1ents thus ovcdap,but the arnbit ofliccnccs is
1der, for thcy nced not c。
nforlnˉ、△th the charactenstics Of easc11.cnts
ralnined eadierinthis chapter,Aliccnce1△
ld it necd not be appurtcnantto or acco1△
cnccInaybc createdw1th the n1iniFnun△ ent,A
Offorrnality,v`hereas an eascrncnt
^
Llst atlaw be crcatcd by deed.~An caser〕
△cnt creates an intcrestin land that
capablc Of binding third partics,、
vhereas a licencc falls`/ithin thc sphcrc
11△ cre personal rights that职
讨ll not,in thc norrnal course,be capablc of
/c,`・ 0,1 Ccting third partics.

Scctic)n13,、 ‘〃|∶ ″。 ,、
C)7z/```‘ 7``Ct,Cap 9=
Ca1)357 `L`v・ `^`‘

297
 |G KOⅣ G rHⅣ D ・
L、 41'I..′
`faⅣ

12.6,7 J。 ″e刀 伤绍右

13 Leasehold c。 v(
A cc)venant anccts thc 11anncr
1c11 a1△ own.cr of land
t、
n1a y use
1ˉ .・
1△

land V`.7hereas a positi VC casclucnt grants

the dO1ninant o|△ Vncr
cXCrcisablc C)Vcr SOllleonC else 13.1 Introducti。
land A ncgativc easer11cnt, howeve「 n
a closcr resemblance to
covenants bcca use it als。 inlpcdes
a SC1ˉ Vl c11r
frec cn丿 oy111cnt Of his owncrs11ip Te havcI。 。ked atthe typc。
Of land, Ncgative eascnlcnts a1・ c f
tO a sl△ lall nulnbcr Of CX1St1ng cases and shortcrte1△ ・
rights while covcnants provided thc、 ˉ n lcascs lr
land 111ay CoVcr
a 1dc rangc Of activitics COvcnants △ˉhich these c。 venan‘
・ `厂 and casen1cn卜 n・ 1ay aff(
sirnilarity 1 t11cir nced for lis lcase,onthc One hand,and(
∶
11・
twO tencn△ cnts tO Stl pport and bcar
tlk-
C()vcnants arc crcaturcs of cqulty Js rcversion,On thc。
工
and 111ust bc crcatcd lDv agrccn△ ent ther.
Eascn△ cnts, the other hand、 1uay cxist
On
a la as 、cll as equ1ty
be Crcatcd cxprcssly C)r ilnplicdl y
V`...r
11ˉ 1

131,1 z衽 ss愆 绍绍召

绍莎
`...・

TIncrc a lease Or a lcaseh。

ld r(
~=5SOr,as thc case 1・
nay be,for
rurposcs,drops out。
f thc pict
rropcrb厂 .I1is ass1gnce steps 1-nt(
~ffccting the land:it is thc partiel

i31.1.1 '人 ssignrnent ofthe LcaE

-七 lcsscc・ 矾厂
ho disposes。 fhis leasc
fthctcrm he c叫 。ysto the puthΞ
彐 Hong K。 ng,whatisreferrcd to i
∶enn that is bcing assigned by t
-nstancc,an。 .vncr,who holds a《
1ncre arc 65 ycars still to rur1,wJ
residuc ofhis cr0、
vn lease to the r
~n the land.′
Γhc assignrncnt ofsho1
∶
ncsc leases、 讨11contain a covenan1
ntcrcst.

i31,1.2 -Assign111cnt of the Lcasel

t landlord inay also`7ish to dlspoE

~ioes notaosein thc case。
f【 IOng K(
¨Cro・wˉn lessee who haslet his prop
-n~these circurnstanccs,h。
lds his crc
∶
∶1e short-terIn lcasc hc has granted.
^-lll assign his cr。
wn lease te1111,wh
^.^ith the benef1t ofthe sh。
rt~terin lei
rhc assign.ncnt of a leasehold ter
△epictcd in the following、
vay:

298