Annexure - I

Presentations made by Experts

COAL-BIOMASS GASIFICATION IN OXY-BLOWN FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER

Prakash Chavan

5th Jan, 2022

Virtual Meeting of Expert Committee for

“Possible Technology Options for Conversion of Indian Coal to Hydrogen
along with the CCUS Technology Options”
at

Gasification & Catalysis Research Group

CSIR-CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MINING & FUEL RESEARCH
DHANBAD
 INDIAN COAL SCENARIO
COAL & LIGNITE RESERVES IN INDIA
Proved, BT Indicated, BT Inferred, BT Total, BT
COAL 163.46 (47%) 150.39 (44%) 30.17 (9%) 344.02*
LIGNITE 6.79 (15%) 26.24 (57%) 12.99 (28%) 46.02
• Total estimated reserves of coal as on 1st April 2020, up to 1200 m of depth.
Source: Coal Directory of India 2019-2020 Coal statistics, GoI, MoC, CCO

RL COAL FIELD WISE COAL RESERVES

NCL CCL BCCL
ECL
GL Reserves Coal with A+M Coal with A+M Coal with A+M
SECL Proved, BT <24, BT >24 & <34, BT >34, BT
WCL
MCL
ECL 22.4 2.37 8.83 11.2
MCL 40.9 0.45 1.60 38.85
SCCL CCL 16.8 0.74 4.13 11.93
SECL 27.2 2.10 4.95 20.13
WCL 9.4 0.66 4.42 4.42
NCL 13.1 0.85 5.31 6.94
NLC
Lignite 6.79 6.79 - -
Source: Coal Directory of India 2019-2020 Coal statistics, GoI, MoC, CCO
Lignite ash content varies from 3 – 14%, Source: CSIR-CIMFR.

For coal resource above 34% Ash + Moisture, suitable

gasification technology is not available.
COAL GASIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

COAL/BIOMASS
CHARACTERISTICS

SUITABLE OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY PHILOSOPHY

Understanding Solid Fuel Characteristics

Physico-chemical properties of fuel & Ash towards gasification.
Gasifier suitability vis-à-vis Utilization strategy
GASIFICATION POTENTIAL MAPPING
 NITI Aayog entrusted CSIR-CIMFR & CMPDIL “Gasification Potential
Mapping of Indian Coal” (Notification: 17/05/2018)

 Completed mapping for MCL (13 mines, Ash: 20-46%), CCL (6 mines, Ash:
29-53%) and ECL (5 mines, Ash: 18-38%).

 Developed Coal characterization matrix for Physico-chemical properties

of coal/Ash essential for gasification.

 Suggested Matching gasification technology vis-à-vis Utilization pattern &

gasification strategy for gainful utilization of Indian coal resource.

 Report submitted to NITI Aayog on 24th Dec, 2019

Fuel choice may be the least flexible factor

due to economic, geographical and political reasons, so, it is necessary to adapt the
gasification technology according to the available coal/biomass.
 INDIAN COAL GASIFICATION STRATEGY: NITI AAYOG INITIATIVE

OPTION-1: COMMERCIALLY PROVEN GASIFIER OPTION-2: INDIGENOUS GASIFIER

For Methanol/Fertilizer/DRI Plant Retrofitting with Methanol Plants

Entrained Flow Gasifier (Shell/Air Products)

with Low ash (<20%) coal & high ash coal after
washing/blending with petcoke to reduce ash.
• Locations: Demo Plants of CIL at TFL, Talcher,
WCL (Wardha), SECL (Mahamaya), ECL
(Sonpur Bazari, Dankuni) Capacity: ~500 TPD
Coal
Moving Bed Gasifier (Lurgi)
Low ash (<30%) coal & high ash coal washing or
blending with imported coal
• Experience at JSPL, Angul (~3000 TPD Coal)
PFBG PILOT SCALE PLANTS
CSIR-CIMFR, BHEL, IITD-Thermax & EIL
Proof of concept & Blueprint for Demo Plant
PFBG RETROFITTED DEMO PLANTS
300/500 TPD Coal, 2019-23
ECL, CCL, SECL, WCL
Outcome: DPR for 7500-25000TPD Plant

COMMERCIAL PLANTS
7500-25000 TPD Coal, 2023-30
Locations: Different Pit Head locations for utilization of 100 MMTPA coal for value added products
CSIR-CIMFR: Role in Indian Coal Gasification & Methanol Economy Program

Member of NITI Aayog Methanol Economy Task Forces: (Notification Date: 23/05/2017)
Member of Technical Expert Committee for Talcher Fertilizer Limited (TFL): (Notification
Date: 14/06/2018).
Member of Technical Standing Group for Indian Coal Gasification Mission: (Notification
Date: 8/05/2020)
Nodal institution for Resource Group for Gasification (Ministry of Coal): (Notification Date:
3/07/2020)
 CSIR-CIMFR: Coal to Syngas & Methanol/Hydrogen Program
 Gasification Centre of Excellence
• State of the Art Analytical Facilities & Pilot Plants
• Gasification Potential Mapping & Matching Gasifier

 1.5 TPD Oxy-blown PFBG Gasifier for High Ash Indian Coal

 Integration of 250 kg/day Syngas to Methanol Pilot Plant

with 1.5 TPD PFBG Pilot Plant
250 kg/day Syngas to
Gasification Methanol Plant (2022)
Potential Advanced Dual Bed
1.5 TPD Oxy- Mapping of Gasifier (2022)
blown PFBG WCL, SECL
(17th Nov,2020) (2021)
Gasification Gasification
Potential Centre of
Mapping Excellence
MCL, CCL & (2021)
Thermo- ECL
Gravimetric (2019)
Reactor
20 kg/h (2016)
PFBG
(2009)
 CSIR-CIMFR: Centre of Excellence for Gasification
 Bench Scale to Pilot Scale Gasification & Syngas utilization facilities.
• 20 kg/h Air-blown PFBG Pilot Plant
• 1.5 TPD Oxy-blown PFBG Pilot Plant
• Cold/Hot Fluidization study facilities
• Thermo-gravimetric Reactor
• High Pressure Micro Reactor for Syngas Processing
• Bench Scale High Pressure Reactor for Syngas Processing
• 250 kg/day Syngas to Methanol Pilot Plant (Ongoing)
• Advanced Dual Bed Gasifier (ADBG) for tar free syngas and C1, C2 gases (Ongoing)

 State of the art Analytical Hub for gasification and syngas utilization.
• Physico-chemical Characterization Facilities for Coal/Biomass, Ash, Syngas, Catalyst, etc
• Gasification Potential Mapping of Indian Coal/Biomass & Utilization Strategy.

 CFD Process Modeling & Simulation Laboratory.

 Gasification Training & Skill Development Centre.

• For Industry, Academic & R&D Institutions.
 AIR BLOWN PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION FACILITY (TRL-5)
AIR BLOWN PFBG ACHIEVEMENTS
 Addressed operational issues: fuel feeding, ash
agglomerates extraction

 Established operational philosophy for

gasification in PFBG.

 Gasification performance of high ash coals,

Biomasses & blends

 Design copyright & Indian Patent (TRL-5).

 Electrically heated alloy reactor (TRL-5)  Syngas Composition: (Vol.%)

 Installed in 2008-09 CO: 15-22, H2: 15-20, CH4: 1-2,CO2: 10-12 & N2
 Fuel Feed Rate : up to 20 kg/h  Heat Value: 1000-1200 kcal/Nm3
 Temperature: up to 1000 oC  Carbon Conversion : up to 93%
 Pressure : up to 3 kg/cm2  Yield : 2.2-2.5 Nm3/kg of fuel
1.5 TPD OXY-BLOWN PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION PILOT PLANT (TRL-6)

 CSIR-CIMFR design, Refractory Lined Gasifier

 Fuel Feed Rate : up to 1.5 TPD
 Gasifying Agents: Air/Oxygen & Steam
 Temperature: up to 1050 oC, Pressure : up to 10 kg/cm2
 Facility dedicated to the nation on 17/11/2020

ACHIEVEMENTS:
 Oxy-blown Gasification of MCL, (Ash 42%) & MCL,
(Ash 36%) with 92% Oxygen & Steam.
 Cumulative operation: >110 hrs.
 Syngas Comp. Vol.%: CO: 25, H2: 30, CH4: 3.5, CO2: 30,
 Carbon Conversion: >95%,
 Syngas Yield: 1.43-1.68 Nm3/kg fuel
 Applied for Indian patent
1.5 TPD PFBG PILOT PLANT
 250 kg/day COAL SYNGAS TO METHANOL (CoSynol) PROGRAM (Ongoing….)
Coal Gasification & Syngas Cleaning Syngas Conditioning

H2S
CO2

Coal

Methanol

Methanol Synthesis

 Ongoing program is Mission Mode Activity under ‘CSIR Mission Directorate.

 Process will be established with commercial as well as indigenous catalyst from CSIR institutes
 Above facility can be utilized for Hydrogen generation from Coal/Biomass through gasification route
 Hydrogen % can be increased in the Shift Reactor from 30% to 45%
 CO2 can be removed to desired level with Amine based scrubbing system from to get H2 ~80 %
 Further, H2 concentration can be increased to 98-99% by Membrane separation system.
 Expected H2 generation ~55 g/kg fuel (0.6 Nm3/kg fuel) & CO2 ~900 g/kg fuel (0.45 Nm3/kg fuel)
 Water Gas Shift
 Developed Continuous Shift Reactor System
 Catalyst Capacity 500 ml
 Commercial Iron Chromium Based Catalyst
 Experiments Designed with Different Syngas
Composition
BENCH SCALE WATER GAS SHIFT REACTOR
Syngas To Methanol
 Conducted Syngas to Methanol Conversion Experiments
in 100 ml Bench Scale Reactor
 Used Cu-Zn-Al Based Commercial Catalyst
 Maintained Syngas Composition Expected at the Exit of
WGS & CO2 Scrubber (H2: 58, CO: 32, CO2:5.0 & CH4: 5.0)
 Temperature: 200 -240 OC, Pressure: 40 – 70 kg/cm2
SYNGAS TO METHANOL REACTOR
 INDIAN COAL/BIOMASS RESOURCE: GASIFICATION STRATEGY
 Understanding fuel: Physico-chemical characterization of fuel for gasifier selection, Utilization
pattern & Strategy (Washing/Blending & Co-gasification)

 Gasification potential Mapping & techno-economics of Indian Coal/Biomass Resource vis-à-vis

utilization Strategy towards downstream applications.

 Gasification Technology: High temperature Entrained Flow Gasifier (Membrane wall) with washing/
blending or Oxy-blown Fluidized Bed Gasifier

 Operational Philosophy: AI based operational philosophy in relation with physico-chemical

characterization of fuel for specific gasifier

 Polygeneration: Integration of Methanol/Chemical/Hydrogen generation with Fertilizer

(Ammonia/Urea) as well as Power Modules to utilize side streams (N2, CO2, Heat)

 Exploitation of Lignite reserves and renewable resource biomass, RDF, Lignite

 Utilization of membrane based O2 generation, selective separation of H2, CO2

 Collaboration with Engineering Houses for Upscaling of the Pilot Plant to Demo Scale
 SUMMARY

Indigenously developed 1.5 TPD PFBG Facility (TRL-6) is a milestone achievement as a part
of "Methanol Economy Program" and an important step towards “Atmanirbhar Bharat
Abhiyan” of Govt. of India.

Outcome:
 Engineering inputs for the development of Demo Scale PFBG suitable for Indian High Ash
Coal/Biomass resource.
 Gasification potential of high ash Indian coal & techno-economics vis-à-vis utilization
prospects for downstream applications such as Methanol/chemicals, hydrogen,
fertilizers, DRI.
 Integration of Syngas micro-cleaning, conditioning and 250 kg/day Syngas to Methanol
Pilot Plant with 1.5 TPD PFBG Pilot Plant.
 CSIR-CIMFR may act as an indigenous technology developer, Resource Centre and
knowledge partner in the Coal Gasification initiatives of the Govt. of India.
director@cimfr.nic.in
Membrane-based Separation of Hydrogen from Coal Derived Syngas:
A Near-term opportunity for Scale-up and Commercialization

Virtual Meeting on
CONVERSION OF INDIAN COAL TO HYDROGEN ALONG WITH
THE CCUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Dr. M. S. Santosh
Senior Scientist
Coal to Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable Solutions (CHESS) Division
CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR)
Digwadih Campus, PO: FRI, Dhanbad – 828 108.
Email: santoshms@cimfr.nic.in | santoshgulwadi@gmail.com
Mobile: +91-9480793007
 Conceptualization
• H2 is 14 times lighter than air.

• Mass basis - High energy content of 120 MJ/kg.

• Volumetric basis – Energy content is 10.8 (MJ/m3).

• Membrane-based H2 separation – fast

chemical kinetics and good WGS equilibrium.

• Dense polymer, microporous ceramic, porous

carbon, dense metallic, and dense ceramic.

• Operational temp, selectivity, and flux

• Can produce hydrogen - 99.99 % purity

• Dense metallic – T=300-600 oC, P=up to 35 bar

Current State of Work

Gas supply pressure = 2 bar

Temperature = ~RT (25 oC)

Downstream Pressure = ~10-5 atm

 Road Map for Scale Up

Membrane Material Development Membrane Module Development

• Material Synthesis • Design of Membrane Gasifier
• Screening and Testing Configuration
• Contaminant Issues • Large-Scale Membrane
• Stability and Durability manufacturing

Membrane Gasifier Scale-up Membrane Process Development

• Engineering Design • Flow sheet development and
• Pilot Scale Simulation
• Demonstration • Optimize operation conditions
• Economic analysis
 Cost Benefit Analysis
• It is estimated that Hydrogen produced by coal gasification with CCUS may
vary from $1.6/kg H2 to around $2.1/kg H2.

• Capital expenditure (Capex) and Operating costs (Opex) account for around
80%-85% of the cost.

• Fuel accounts for the remaining 15%-20%.

• The addition of the CCUS system contributes to around a 5% increase in

Capex.
Thanks a lot!

6
Thermax Experience on

• Coal to Chemicals
• Coal to Hydrogen
• Carbon capture and utilization
 Thermax at a Glance 822
MILLION USD COMPANY

R A N G E OF
ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

H E A D Q U A RT E R E D I N
PUNE, INDIA
GLOBAL NETW ORK IN
27 C O U N T R I E S
MANUFACTURING
14 FACILITIES
10 IN INDIA, 4 GLOBAL
INSTALLATIONS IN

88 COUNT
RIE S

30 SUBSIDIARIES

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 Thermax Portfolio

Power Heating Cooling Water Chemical

Utilities

Raw Material Desired Products

Waste

Air Pollution Wastewater Hazardous Waste Waste to Energy

Control Treatment Treatment Generation

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 3

 Research Technology & Innovation Centre (RTIC)

Strength : 147
PG / PhD’s: 61+6
Fellowships: 13

300+ Total Patents*

Total Trademark
Registered 200+
Centers of Excellences:
• Combustion & Gasification
• Biotechnology
• Material Science
• Process Design, Controls, System
Integration *Including filed patents

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 Thermax Foray Into Coal Gasification

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 5

 Gasification platform capabilities:
Coal to Liquid
(Diesel as product)
Integrated Gasification
combined cycle (IGCC)
Coal to Ethanol / Methanol / H2
Power CTL/
CTH

Indian
coal Gasific Import
FO and NG replacement
including
ation sub- In Steel industry
high ash stitute

Agro Green CO2

waste Solution management
CO2 Capture and utilization

H2/SNG/Chemicals
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 6
 Gasification platform capabilities:
Coal to Liquid
Integrated Gasification (Diesel as product)
combined cycle (IGCC)

CTL/ Coal to Ethanol /

Power
CTH Methanol / H2

Indian
coal Gasific Import FO and NG replacement
including
high ash ation sub-stitute In Steel industry

Agro Green CO2

waste Solution management
CO2 Capture and
utilization

H2/SNG/Chemicals
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 7
 Confidential
Thermax Gasification Technology Development Journey:-
Demo of 20 kW Demonstration
synGas engine

Commissioning
Conceptualization Commissioning of 1TPD plant
of 250 kW 1 TPD Coal to
DRDO Methanol
Multi feed Commiss. project – DST-
Gasification of 4.5 MW IITD program 2022
studies Biomass
Award of Commiss. Plant
Award Propose DPR
1MWe Coal of 1 MWe 2019
gasifier for of 4.5 MW for a 300 TPD
Biomass Commissioning
IGCC & CTL
of EIL
2017 plant
Gasifier
Award SYNOVA-ECN 2016
of EIL & Indo-
EU project 2015 On going Project/Studies:
1. Coal to Methanol (DST Project
2013 2. Coal to Ethanol
2011 Collaborators 3. BioCNG from Agro waste (Under execution)
4. Coal to H2 (Exploratory)
5. Flue gas CO2 utilization to methanol
(Exploratory

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 8

 Technology blocks for Coal to Chemicals , Fuel and H2 Confidential

Methanol through
Steam Catalytic conversion (60-
Gas 80 bar) DME, Olefins
Clean up and
Coal Clean
Raw conditioning: H2 through
Coal Gasification Island syngas
Syngas Filters, Water gas shift, PSA (15-60 bar)
(4-6 bar)
Acid Gas removal,
250 kg/hr Guard beds Compressor Ethanol
Through fermentation 5- MEG, DEG,
O2 Light Tars, NH3, COS, Hg, H2S, CO2 6 bar Ethylene
Ash

1) Particulate : Ceramic
1) Oxy blown gasification tested filter 1) compressor : main and
2) Gasifier, candle filter, feeding 2) Tar : Oil based system recycle
system installed 3) Shift: Sour WGS 2) Catalyst
4) H2S + CO2: Amine 3) Enzymes
5) Minor impurity: Guard
beds
Target Parameters: Target Parameters: Target Parameters:
• H2/CO >1 • COS, H2S <1 ppmv • COS, H2S <0.1 ppmv
• N2< 2% v/v • NH3, HCN < 10 ppmv
• S/C < 1.3 • CO2 < as required
• O/C <0.5 • H2/CO ~as required
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 9
 Comparison of Coal Gasification Technologies Confidential

Types of gasifier
Advantages of FBG
• High ash coal is reactive fuel

• High Initial deformation temperature

(>1200oC) allows gasifier to operate
~1000oC for providing better efficiency

• Low velocity (<1.5m/s) in FBG aids handling

Fluidized Entrained flow Updraft moving bed
of abrasive ash (quartz content)
Parameters Fluidized bed Entrained Flow Moving bed
• 30% Less oxygen consumption due to 900 -
Max. ash in coal (wt.%) 25 - 42% <20% <30%
1000oC temperature operation
Suitability to India’s high ash Suitable No standalone Suitable only for
coal installation worldwide freshly mined coal • Indigenous components leading to lower
Reliability (Life of refractory) High Low (abrasive ash) Low CAPEX of plant for high ash coal

Slag formation NO Yes Yes • Integrated Fluid bed char combustor for
Coal <6mm pulverized Sized 25-50 mm best overall efficiency
Heavy Tars Issue No No Yes (severe)

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 Fluidized Bed Gasification (FBG) Suitable for Mid / High Ash CoalConfidential

Developed knowhow

1) Bubbling Fluidized Bed

2) Oxy blown

3) Fire side pressurised (upto

6bar)

4) Control of C/Steam Ratio

5) Heat recovery unit for syngas

heat

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 11

 Confidential
Coal to Methanol – Technology demonstration Plant
Gasifier island Front view Gas clean up and Methanol plant

Gas cleanup island Methanol island

CHP

MCC

N2, Air PSA

Chiller, Acid dosing Control Room PLC

First gasification trials completed…..Gas clean up island & Methanol island in pre-commissioning stage
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 12
 Confidential
Gasifier Performance

• Fully integrated plant , DCS

SCADA controlled

• H2/CO ratio > 1.4

• Uniform bed temperature

+/- 5 degree C

SCADA • Online analyser for

continuous performance
monitoring

N2 and
Raw Gas N2 free CO2 Free
CO 9.88 24.55 38.94
H2 14.07 34.96 55.46
CO2 14.88 36.97
Typical Coal requirement = 4 kg per kg of methanol CH4 1.42 3.53 5.60
N2 59.75
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 13
 Confidential

Coal Gasification for Ethanol Generation

CO2

Syngas
Coal Gasification
Coal fermentationtion Ethanol
& Gas Cleaning
Total Syngas:
Ethanol
Syngas:

Ethanol can be further converted to

Current Demo project under consideration CO+H2 ethylene & downstream chemicals

Typical Coal requirement = 5 to 6 kg per kg of ethanol

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 14

 Confidential

Coal Gasification for H2 Generation

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 15

 C TO H2: Typical Coal to Hydrogen detailed process steps Confidential

12 kg O2 33 kg Steam Hydrocarbon

Coal handling Coal Oxy blown Raw Cooler + Cyclone +

Oil scrubber
unit FB Gasifier Gas Filter
25 kg
Ash

SOUR COS
hydrolysis +
Acid Gas Removal WGS Shift Acid wash
Guard
reactor column
Sweet shift
H2S,CO2 NH3 removal
WGS Shift reactor Purified syngas

CO2 purification Multi stage PSA Purity: 99.99% Cost of raw material
H2 PSA and compressor Recovery : 70-80% For 1 kg H2
CO2 utilization Sulfur = Rs 90-100
recovery H2 1 kg
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 16
 Confidential

Towards Carbon Capture and Utilization

(CCU)

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 17

 Confidential
Proposed Project 01: Flue gas CO2 to Methanol – Feasibility studies

CO2 Capture H2 Generation

Via Electrolyser

Methanol Generation

Low-cost green
Hydrogen source can
make the project
viable
Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 18
 Confidential
Proposed Project 02: Coal to Ethanol with CO2 utilization

Test vehicle of the future to demonstrate and prove the potential of “green” hydrogen to make the “green” world a reality, thus
providing impetus to India’s hydrogen mission….

CO2 Capture & Utilization (add on) & doubling ethanol production Renewable
Electricity

Green
Hydrogen Electrolyzer:
CO2 R-WGS Reactor H2

Addn. Syngas

Ethanol to ~Ethylene
Syngas Ethylene (Future)
Coal Gasification Syngas:
Coal fermentation to
& Gas Cleaning
Total Syngas:
Ethanol Ethanol
(Present)

Ethanol can be further converted to

CO+H2 ethylene & downstream chemicals

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 19

 CO2 utilization through solid oxide Electrolysis cell (SOEC) Confidential

O2
Co Electrolysis of CO2 and H20

CO2, H2O Syngas to

SOEC-II Syngas H2, CO
chemicals

700 and 900 °C

Studies under initiation

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 20

 Confidential
TL is ready to provide end to end solution for
emerging coal to Hydrogen program

• Decade worth of experience in Coal Gasification

( 5 demo projects)

• Expertise in Integration of various technology blocks beyond gasification

(Energy integration, Gas cleanup, catalytic reactors, compression)

• Coupled with collaborative approach with key technology providers

(National and international repute suppliers)

• Demonstrated capabilities in EPC and asset management

(India and Abroad)

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 21

 Thank you

Energy | Environment | Chemical www.thermaxglobal.com 22

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen
Expert Committee – Roadmap for Coal based Hydrogen Production
Ministry of Coal
February 8, 2022
 With You Today

Mr. Atanu Mukherjee Mr. Don Stevenson Ms. Mei Chia Dr. Vikram Vishal
President & CEO Managing Director & Vice Senior Business Leader Convenor & In-Charge, National
President, Energy Supply and Centre of Excellence on Carbon
Mr. Abhijit Sarkar Conversion Capture & Utilization
Vice President
Dr. Arnab Dutta
Dr. Suprotim Ganguly Associate Professor, Chemical
Techno-Strategic Advisor Engg

Mr. Phil Amick

Gasification Expert

Mr. Saurav Chatterjee

Business Leader

Mr. Arunava Maity

Process Design and Economics Leader

Mr. Arnab Adak Mr. Vello Kuuskraa Mr. Ken Hines Ms. Kristjana M. Kristjánsdóttir
Practice Leader President VP, Business Development & Director, Projects & Business
Licensing Development
Mr. Saptarshi Bhattacharya
Gas Processing Expert

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 2

 Key Discussion Points

01 Blue hydrogen is pivotal to a future hydrogen economy and green hydrogen at scale

02 Proven industrial-scale technologies exist for gasification of medium & high ash coals

Established technologies for producing blue H2 - gas cleaning & conditioning, CO2 & H2
03 separation, carbon capture, sequestration and utilization

04 Blue H2 provides an economically viable pathway for industrial decarbonization

05 Demonstration scale coal to blue H2 plant - the first step towards a Blue H2 economy

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 3

About Dastur
 About Dastur

1 2

Proven track record of Concept to Commissioning of over

65 years of $100B of capital projects in energy, metals & mining across the world
experience in
engineering, 3 4
technology and Architecting marquee
consulting industrial-scale clean Adapting and deploying best in class
energy projects in gasification and carbon capture
India and abroad technologies in India

Engineers, technologists and process modelers with 10,000+ years of

cumulative experience

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 5

 What We Do

Engineering Technology
(System Design, Engineering (R&D, Technology Licensing &
& Integration, Project Development, Process Simulation &
Management) Modelling) Clean Energy Carbon Engg.

Dastur
Value
Coal Gasification Carbon Capture and Design
Proposition
H2, Ammonia, Derivatives, Carbon to Value (Methanol,
Fuel blends Cured Concrete)

H2 Turbines, Clean Power CO2 Transport – Clusters &

Systems Grids

Consulting & Cost Methanol and derivatives EOR & Sequestration

(Markets & Business Models,
Project Conceptualization &
Feasibility, Techno-Economics &
Financial Analysis)

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 6

 Our Global Presence

Dastur International Inc. Dastur Engineering International GmbH M. N. Dastur & Co (P) Ltd.
New Jersey Düsseldorf Kolkata
P: +1 201 261 2300 P: +49 211 178 540 P: +91 33 2225 5420 / 0500
E: us@dastur.com E: duesseldorf@dastur.com E: kolkata@dastur.com

Dastur Energy Pvt Ltd.

Kolkata
P: +91 33 2225 5422 /0501
E: info@dasturenergy.com

Dastur Energy Inc.

Austin, TX
P: +1 (512) 823 0398
E: info@dasturenergy.com

Dastur Engineering International GmbH Dastur Engineering International GmbH

Abu Dhabi Tokyo
P: +971 55 8721160 P: +81 03 3545 3621
E: abudhabi@dastur.com E: Tokyo@dastur.com

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 7

 Our Partners for this Endeavour

CO2 Capture
Island

Gas
Conditioning & EOR &
Hydrogen Sequestration

System Design &

Architecture,
Gasification Technology Adaptation EOR &
& Integration Sequestration

CO2 to CO2 to
Methanol Aggregates

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 8

Few Relevant Case
Studies
 BPCL: 1.4 mtpa Petcoke Gasification to Produce 70 ktpa Clean Hydrogen and Other Clean
Products with Carbon Capture

Purification and Compression

Dehydration

Dense Compressed
Gasification CO2 CO2
Gas Conditioning (Supercritical EOR
Island
Acid Gas or Liquefied)

Oxygen Syngas Removal

Transportation
Steam
Water Gas Shift
Petcoke Storage

Treated
Syngas

BPCL Refinery Value-added products

Methanol

Power
Acetic Acid

Hydrogen
MEG

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 10

 ADNOC: 4 mtpa Coal + 2.2 mtpa Petcoke Gasification Based Clean Power & Chemicals
with 10 mtpa CO2 for EOR

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 11

 JSPL Angul: 3.5 mtpa Coal based 1 mtpa Methanol and 1.3 mtpa Urea Plant with 3.4 mtpa
CO2 Capture

Steam Methanol Unit

Carbon CO2
dioxide
To Urea Plant
Oxygen Methanol

WGS Island Acid Gas Removal

Indian
Ammonia Unit Urea Unit
Coal Partial CO Shift

Raw Shift reactor Gas cooling Treated

Gas Gas
Shifted CO2
Gas Ammonia Urea
Shift reactor Gas cooling

Full CO Shift

Unshifted Gas H2
H2 Rich
Gas
Acid gas Hydrogen Unit

PSA

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 12

 Cliffs: First Industrial Scale Carbon Capture Demo Project in Steel in North America – for
2.8 mtpa CO2 Capture for producing Low Emissions Steel

CO2 Storage /
Compressor
Dense Utilization
CO2

Top Compressor
Gas Water (75% of CO2 otherwise emitted)
Gas CO2 capture
Shift
Steam

CCGT Power
Fuel Boiler
Air G
Other in-plant
Oxygen, units
NG / PCI Hydrogen Rich Gas
GT
Blast Furnace
Slag Stove
G ST
Hot Metal

HRSG

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 13

 IOCL: First Industrial Scale Carbon Capture & CO2 EOR Project in India – 0.7 mtpa CO2
Capture and Utilization in EOR and F&B

Pure
EOR
H2
Steam Methane Reforming Valorized Transportation
Unit(s) H2 Dense
CO2
Water Gas Cryogenic
PSA
Shift Unit
Compressor Food & Beverage
Syngas
Stea Stea Stea
m m m

Natural PSA tail gas

Gas recycle

Steam

Project Battery Limit

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 14

Hydrogen Economy
 Seeding the Hydrogen Economy through Blue Hydrogen

Blue Hydrogen Green Hydrogen

Current Consumption of ~7 mtpa (oil Renewable 2030 H2 economy: 15 mtpa

refining, fertilizers) Electricity
Power
Coal
Existing cost structure: US$ 5-6/kg
Competitive cash cost of US$ 1-1.2
Power
/kg
CCUS
Gasification H2 O

Drive the H2 economy (NG spiking, Blue H2, renewables at scale &
Electrolysis
steel etc.) beyond current uses greening of grid will drive green H2

H2 H2

H2 Distribution
H2 injection Oil & Fertilizer & Heavy
in Nat Gas Power Steel
Gas Chemicals Transport

Energy Security, Economic Prosperity

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 16

 Hydrogen demand is expected to grow 2x from ~7mtpa (2020) to 15 mtpa (2030), and over 6x
to 44 mtpa in 2050

Demand centres for

H2 injection Oil & Fertilizer & Heavy
low carbon hydrogen in Nat Gas
Power Steel
Gas Chemicals transportation

11

9
8

6
5
Potential H2 5 5
4
4
economy in India 3 3

1
1 1
0 0 0 0

2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050

Policy push › Clean › Low- › O&G sector › Import › Decarbonization

(National H2 baseload emission growth and substitution of heavy-duty
Energy support to steel making decarbonization of fertilizers transport
Key factors
Mission) renewables
for driving demand for 20% › Import of › Sulfur › Sectoral › Distribution
blending › Tech. coking coal emissions growth infrastructure
development and price control
of H2 turbines variability

Steel, Fertilizer & Chemicals and O&G sectors are expected to drive H2 demand

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 17

Producing Blue
Hydrogen from Coal
 Flexible Gasification of Coal – Generation of Hydrogen with CCUS

CO2 Utilization &

Fuel System & Gasification Gas Conditioning & Processing
Sequestration

Aggregates

SRU
Coal

Gas conditioning Island Acid gas removal

Biomass
Green
Raw WGSR Treated Methanol
Syngas Gas
Air HTSR LTSR CO2 / H2S
Separation Oxygen Removal Unit Dense
Unit
CO2
Steam
EOR
H2 rich gas
CO2

Hydrogen Economy Hydrogen

H2 injection Oil & Fertilizer & Sequestration

in Nat Gas Power Steel
Gas Chemicals

PSA

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 19

 Key Technical Challenges and Approach towards “Coal to Blue H2”

Gasification of Indian Gas cleaning and Hydrogen EOR & CO2 Utilization
coals conditioning separation Geo-sequestration

› High ash coal - › Contaminants in raw › Availability of high › Onshore & offshore pore › CO2 to chemicals: low
average > 35% syngas pressure gas space mapping & catalyst life (water
Key challenges

characterization poisoning), low yield &

› High SiO2/Al2O3 and › Needs superheated › Selective separation of
productivity, high PT
AFT above 1500 0C - steam H2 and other impurities › No pilot/demo scale
needs high temp from gas stream project in India › Process kinetics and
operation for fluid techno-economics
slagging for high ash › Risk management
coal usage

Fluidized Bed (FB) Water Gas Shift and Pressure Swing Project Architecture CO2 to Methanol and
Gasification best suited Carbon Capture Adsorption Process and Conceptualization Aggregates

a. Can accept high ash a. Acid Gas (SOx & CO2) a. FB gasifier can operate a. MVA framework for a. Proven/high TRL
Approach

and fine coals removal at high pressure (>20 risk management technologies for CO2
b. Non-slagging operation b. Better heat integration Bar.G) suitable for H2 b. Proven tools & to aggregate and
c. High reactivity of coal with gasification separation methodologies for green methanol
favours gasification c. H2S used to generate b. H2 transportation easier pore space mapping b. Cost competitive
elemental sulphur or at high pressure & characterization production of blue H2
sulphuric acid c. 99% pure H2 can be c. Project – reduces methanol
generated conceptualization & cost
site selection
A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 20
 Fluidized Bed Gasification Technology – Best Fit for Indian Coals

Coal

Biomass

Air
Separation Oxygen
Unit

Source: GTI

• Coal Preparation
Non-Slagging
• Dedicated Oxygen Plant
Suitable for Indian coal (G4 to G10) and high cold Feed flexibility
• Steam from Gasification gas efficiency (~ 75-80%)
H2/ CO ratio (~ 1.0).
Island
No by-product; moderate CAPEX/OPEX

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 21

 Gasification of Coal to Syngas

HP Coal Feed System

SG Cooler
Crusher SG Scrubber
Feed
Preparation Fine Ash
Silo Removal
GTI U-GAS
Gasifier

Char/
Fines
Recycle
Coarse Ash
Removal

Source: GTI

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 22

 Gas Cleaning and Conditioning

Gas conditioning Island

Raw Treated
Syngas Gas
HTSR LTSR
Steam

Source: DASTUR

• Raw gas preheating to 350-

400 degrees C with Syngas High temperature and low temperature shift for
as fuel Low pressure steam
complete shift of CO to H2
generation

• Steam from Gasification COS → H2S conversion in high temperature shift; COS conversion
Island; No external steam easy for removal
generator

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 23

 CO2 Removal Unit

CO2 removal CO2 compression

SRU H2 Rich
Dense
Gas
CO2
Multistage Compressors
CO2 Capture Island + Intercooler

CO2
Dense Dehydrator
Treated CO2 Capture
Gas Island CO2
Compressor Treated
Gas

Multistage Compressors
+ Intercooler Supercritical
H2 rich gas
CO2

Source: UOP Honeywell

97% of CO2 removal

Physical absorption for high pressure operation
CO2 compression to
super-critical stage for
• Treated syngas input at high Selective removal of high concentration CO2 and
transportation
pressure H2S
Lower OPEX due to high CO2 concentration and H2S utilised for
elemental sulphur or
cheap solvent cost H2SO4 production

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 24

 CO2 Utilization: EOR, Sequestration, Aggregate and Methanol Production

Matured Commercial Technologies Promising Technologies Propositions

EOR Sequestration Aggregate Methanol Fuel Polymers Novel Materials

Ca
CO3
Ca
CO3
Ca
CO3

TRL 5-6 TRL 6-7 TRL 4-5 TRL 3-4 TRL 3-4

▪ Green methanol
▪ EOR potential in India: 2.8 Gt of CO2 ▪ Proven process which addresses issues with catalyst
▪ Sequestration opportunity poisoning, yield, productivity & cost economics

▪ Saline aquifers: 291 Gt ▪ Import substitution opportunity & fuel blending mandate

▪ CBM: 2.8 – 5.3 Gt ▪ Aggregates

▪ Basaltic traps: 87 – 316 Gt ▪ Industrial scale deployments

▪ Large market for aggregate and availability of industrial waste

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 25

Cost Economics of Blue
Hydrogen
 Schematic of a Hydrogen-based Gasification model with CO2 Utilization & Sequestration

Coal Gasifiers

WGS +AGR
Investment
0.7-0.8 mtpa Hydrogen Unit ₹ 3,500 Crore
Raw Treated Gas
Gas Gas processing Gasification + Gas processing + Methanol + CO2
and pipeline + auxiliaries (excluding CO2 to mineral
Bio-mass conditioning PSA aggregates)

0.1-0.15 mtpa 70 ktpa

CO2 50 ktpa
H2

Cash Cost
₹ 70 - 80 / kg EBITDA
Oxygen Storage/EOR CO2 Utilization (0.35 mtpa)
Amortized Cost ₹750 Crore
2,000 tpd
Aggregate Methanol ₹ 100 - 140 kg
50 ktpa H2 @ 2,500 $/Te + 0.1 Mt
Methanol @500 $/Te + 1.2 Mt
Aggregate @ 20% premium

Power
0.65 mtpa 1.2 mtpa 0.1 mtpa
55 MW

Legend Return on Investment

Capacity 20% plus
Sale
Source: Dastur Analysis

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 27

 Product wise Economics

Blue Hydrogen Aggregate1 Green Methanol2 CO2 Sequestration3

Products
50 ktpa 1.2 – 1.5 mtpa 300 TPD 0.6-0.7 mtpa

Investment ~ ₹ 3,000 Cr. TBD ~ ₹ 300 Cr. ~ ₹ 200-400 Cr.

Revenue ~ ₹ 1000 Cr. ~ ₹ 100 Cr. ~ ₹ 400 Cr. ~ ₹ xx Cr.

Profit ~ ₹ 600 Cr. ~ ₹ 70 Cr. ~ ₹ 90 Cr. ~ ₹ xx Cr.

Return on
~ 20% - ~ 30% ~ XX%
Investment

CO2
0.7 – 1.2 mtpa 0.2 – 0.25 mtpa ~ 0.15 mtpa 0.6 – 0.7 mtpa
Abatement (Compared to SMR based
production)
Need incentive/policy support
Note: 1. Additional revenue and profit over conventional concrete for premium (20%) as well as increase in quantity (0.4 mtpa) has been calculated for green aggregate
2. Green methanol selling price considered @ 500 US$/Tonne as prevailing in Europe
3. Cost of pipeline (~ 200 km and 12” dia.) is only considered. Exploration, modelling, survey, injection drilling, monitoring and inspection cost will be additional.
Source: Dastur Research

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 28

Our partners for Enabling
Blue Hydrogen Economy
in India
 Our Partners for this Endeavour

CO2 Capture
Island

Gas EOR &

Conditioning & Sequestration
Hydrogen

System Design &

Architecture, EOR &
Gasification Technology Adaptation
Sequestration
& Integration

CO2 to CO2 to
Methanol Aggregates

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 30

Way Forward
 Way Forward

Blue hydrogen - a techno-economically feasible pathway for the hydrogen economy, industrial
decarbonization and reaching India’s net zero goals
Industrial scale and commercially established technologies amenable for Indian coals and
indigenization
Coal to CO2 to value-added products (concrete and chemicals) a powerful lever to drive decarbonization
hydrogen
Critical to map and characterize the pore space in India for CO2 sequestration

Next steps – FEED followed by implementation & construction of a demonstration scale coal to H2
plant

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 32

www.dastur.com
www.dasturenergy.com
 Gas Technology Institute (GTI)

FOR A BETTER ECONOMY AND A BETTER ENVIRONMENT

SUPPLY CONVERSION DELIVERY UTILIZATION

World-class piloting
facilities headquartered
in Chicago, USA

80 Year History of Turning Raw Technology into Practical Energy Solutions

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 34

 GTI U-GAS™ Gasification Technology

• U-GAS is an advanced gasification system, > Efficiency

differentiated by proven results and best-in-class ─ carbon conversion 95-98%+ and cold gas efficiency
performance. 80%+
• Over 40 years of development by GTI > Flexibility
─ coal, biomass and combinations
─ high- to low-quality fuels
Syngas
Low Grade Coal (CO+ H2) CO2 > Versatility
H2 for Cleaner Fuels
─ Air-blown, enriched-air or oxygen
─ Atmospheric to high pressure
U-GAS™

Industrial Fuels
> Operability
Biomass
SYNGAS > simple, single-stage, deep bed
PROCESSING
iGAS Power thermal flywheel
> low temperature with long
MSW SNG
component life
Chemicals
& Fertilizers > Up to 50% turndown capability
Diesel &
Naphtha > Potential for tar / oil free syngas
SULFUR
Ash
DRI for Steel
Production > Commercially deployed
─ Commercially deployed
Low Value SES Gasification $4-6 per MMBTU High Value
Feedstock Processing Cost of Syngas(1) End Products ─ 12 gasifiers in 5 plants

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 35

 GTI U-GAS™ Gasification Feedstock Flexibility Demonstrated

• Feedstocks tested with U-GAS™

Tested Result Range by Site
Bituminous and Sub-bituminous Coals Coke Char, Peat, Wastes
• Western Kentucky No. 9, washed & ROM • Metallurgical Coke, U.S., U-GASTotal
CoalCharacteristic ZZ Yima
• Western Kentucky No. 9 and 11, Camp China, Poland (including
• Illinois No. 6, Peabody No. 10 and Crown • Western Kentucky No. 9 coal Pilot Plants)
III char
• Pittsburgh No. 8, Champion and Ireland • Illinois No. 6 coal char Ash Content (wt %) 10 - 55 19 - 52 1 - 55
• Australian, Bayswater No. 2, Sydney Basin • Finnish Peat, Viidansuo and
• Polish, Silesia Savaloneva MoistureContent 4 - 43 1 - 10 1 - 43
• French, Merlebach - ROM • Automobile Shredder Residue (wt %)
• Utah - ROM • Oil shale
Volatile Matter (wt 12 - 40 20 - 30 3 - 69
• Colombian
Biomass %)
• Chinese, Shen Fu, ZaoZhuang, Shen Mu
• Indian, North Karanpura, washed and • Finnish waste wood and pulp FixedCarbon (wt %) 24 - 66 22 - 38 6 - 83
ROM mill waste
• Ambre Subbituminous coal • Danish Willow
Sulfur (wt %) 0.6 - 4.0 0.2 - 2.0 0.2 - 4.6
• Danish Straw
Low Rank Coals • Pelletized alfalfa stems
• Montana Rosebud, Colstrip Wyoming, Big • Pelletized waste wood Ash Softening 1,112 - 1,450 1,277 - 1,488 1,040 - 1,460+
Horn, North Dakota lignite, Freedom • Bagasse Temperature (°C)
• Saskatchewan Lignite • Rice straw
• Inner Mongolia lignite • Chicken litter HeatingValue 3,100 - 6,100 2,625 - 5,076 3,050 - 7,700
• Sorted MSW (kcal/kg)

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 36

 GTI U-GAS™ Gasification Reference Projects
• 12 Commercial Gasifier Systems
• Outstanding Performance U-GAS™ Gasification Projects
• Strong Design Basis
for India

CHALCO
7 SGT Gasifier
Yima Large Systems –
Scale Chemical Industrial Fuel
Project Gas
ZZ Syngas
Project

2 Trains
30 Years R&D (GTI) 80,000 nm3/hr syngas
432-576 MTPD coal per gasifier
ZZ 3 Bar Operating Pressure Shandong
2 Trains
1 Train
22,000 nm3/hr syngas
28,000 nm3/hr syngas
400 MTPD coal per gasifier
365 MTPD coal per gasifier
3 Bar Operating Pressure Shanxi
3 Bar Operating Pressure

3 Trains Yima
300,000 mt/yr methanol
1200 MTPD coal per gasifier
10 Bar Operating Pressure
4 Trains
120,000 nm3/hr syngas
315-432 MTPD coal per gasifier
4 Bar Operating Pressure Henan

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 37

Back
 HONEYWELL INC. - Overview

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 39

 Sustainable Technology Solutions Wins

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 40

 UOP’S Extensive CO2 Capture Portfolio

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 41

 Honeywell CO2 Capture References

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 42

 SEPARALL –Physical Solvent Process

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 43

 UOP Acid Gas Removal Technology in Gasification Plants

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 44

 COFFEYVILLE RESOURCES (US) –Chemicals

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 45

Back
 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage at IIT Bombay

National Centre of Excellence in Carbon Capture and Utilization

• CO2 transportation

• Country-wide capacity • Life-cycle analysis

• Nanofluid amine based
solutions
• Modified membrane
based CO2 separation
• Aqueous solution-based
CO2 capture
assessment • Techno-economic analysis
• Enhanced oil recovery • Bioenergy based CCS (BECCS)
• CO2 valorization
• Enhanced CBM recovery • Environmental Impact Assessment
• Methanol production
• Mineralization
• High value organics
• CO/CH4 generation
Cross-cutting systems

CO2 sequestration

CO2 utilization

Carbon Capture

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 47

 CO2 Storage Potential through CO2 EOR, ECBMR, in Saline Aquifers, and in Basalt

Reserves Contingent Resources Prospective Resources

Source: A systematic capacity assessment and classification of geologic CO2 storage systems in India, Vikram Vishal et al

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 48

Back
 Advanced Resources International

Our history of services: Our clients include:

We specialize in the geological storage of CO2 ,

enhanced oil and gas recovery, and unconventional
oil & gas resources.
Our approach is to integrate geology and
geophysics, petroleum engineering, and strategic and
economic analysis.
For over fifty years*, we have added value to
hundreds of oil and gas E&P projects in the U.S. and
in over 30 countries, from Australia to Zimbabwe.

*From 1971 – 1987, the company was called Lewin & Associates; from 1987 – 1991, the company was a
subsidiary of ICF Consulting/Kaiser Engineers; since 1991, the company is stand alone and called Advanced
Resources International, Inc.

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 50

 CCUS Project Expertise

Flagship CCUS Project Notable CCUS Field Projects

Kemper County Project ECO2S: Citronelle Carbon Dioxide Plant Daniel CO2
Ph II/III CarbonSAFE - CO2 Storage and Utilization Capture and Storage Project Injection Test
For the U.S. DOE ECO2S (Early CO2 Storage) Advanced Resources provided the project Advanced Resources was the
Project, ARI, as the geology and engineering design and reservoir modeling, field installation principal project director, geological
and operating support, and the monitoring and reservoir managers for
contractor, is managing the drilling of the six SECARB’s CO2 injection project at
function to SECARB/EPRI/ Southern Company
project characterization wells, collection and for the integrated CCS project at Citronelle. Plant Daniel, MS.
interpretation of geologic data, modeling, and UIC
Class VI permitting.
Paluxy Fm

Source: Mississippi Power Company

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 51

 Enhanced Oil Recovery Expertise

World-Wide Technology Leader in CO2-EOR – Studies and Projects

SACROC Oil Field (West Texas). ARI assessed SACROC Pressure
Contour Map
Improving Domestic the feasibility of applying gravity-stable CO2 flooding
Energy Security and in the SACROC field, one of the largest CO2-EOR
GHGT-11 Lowering CO2 projects in the world.
Emissions with
CO2 Utilization from “Next Generation” CO2 The project involved: (1) integration of 3D seismic,
Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology “Next Generation”
Vello A. Kuuskraa, Michael L. Godec, Phil DiPietro
CO2-EOR Recovery borehole logs and core data, (2) building a high-
resolution geologic and reservoir model, and (3)
conducting detailed reservoir simulations to evaluate
the performance of the CO2 flood.

Conroe Oil Field (East Texas). ARI conducted a reservoir modeling- Weyburn Field (Canada). ARI completed a Production Forecast with CO2 EOR
based evaluation study of the giant 2.2-billion-barrel Conroe Oil Field for a major project for EnCana (now Ovintiv) on the 8000

7000

private client. The study involved evaluating the efficiency of applying Weyburn field in Saskatchewan, the largest 6000

5000

(m3/day)
WAG (water-alternating-gas) vs. straight CO2 injection for EOR. CO2 flood in Canada. The project involved 4000

3000

detailed reservoir simulation to analyze

2000

1000

performance and identify opportunities for

Jan-54

Jan-58

Jan-62

Jan-66

Jan-70

Jan-74

Jan-78

Jan-82

Jan-86

Jan-90

Jan-94

Jan-98

Jan-02

Jan-06

Jan-10

Jan-14

Jan-18

Jan-22

Jan-26

Jan-30
B ase W aterflood Infill verticals Horizontals C O 2E O R

improving the CO2-EOR flood.

At the conclusion of the three-year project, the Weyburn Business Unit
received the award as the best performing business unit within EnCana
(now Ovintiv).

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 52

Clients and Projects in India

Overview of Major Projects: India Overview of Major Clients: India

Technical And Technical And
Over the past 25+ years, we have worked on numerous
Feasibility studies Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility private and public projects in India for companies such as
Study For Study For CBM
conducted jointly with India Coalbed Methane Development Of the Reliance, ONGC, and ESSAR.
Development In Sohagpur E and W
companies and US TDA. North Gujarat, India, Blocks In Madhya
(2003) Pradesh, India, (2008)

ARI performed Joint projects with India

a World Shale Ministry of Coal, Coal India
Gas and Shale and US EPA.
Oil Resource
Assessment
including India
supported by
US EIA.

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 53

Back
 Blue Planet: About the Company

› Blue Planet Ltd 2012 (Cayman Islands) – Now Blue Planet Systems Corporation (Delaware)
› Financing to date: Equity & Venture Debt
• Mitsubishi Corp., Chevron, Knife River (MDU Resources), Kamine Development Corporation
› San Francisco Bay Aggregates LLC (SFBA) - is Blue Planet’s first commercial plant project
• Demonstrate larger scale commercial operation - Currently at Pilot stage
• Financed independently from Blue Planet

What’s unique about the Blue Planet approach…

• Less cost & energy - Does not require pure CO2
• CO2 is permanently sequestered – In carbonate minerals
• Products sold at a profit – Aggregates for use in concrete
• Not dependent on subsidies for CO2 abatement
• Massive and growing market for aggregate products – Construction aggregates is the largest
volume opportunity for CO2 utilization
✓ 56G tons/yr of aggregates consumed world-wide with 6%/yr growth
✓ If that was all synthetic Limestone that would equal 24.6G tons/yr of captured/sequestered CO2

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 55

 Technology/Expertise Overview

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 56

 Reference Projects

San Francisco Bay Aggregates

4Q21 – Engineering Pilot
3Q22 – Production Pilot
2023 – 2024 Production Ramp to 175K
tonne/yr of CO2

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 57

Back
 10+ Years of Leadership Advantage in Technology & Operations

Pilot Industrial demonstration and R&D Commercialization

2006 - 2011 2012 - 2014 2015 - 2017 2018 - 2020 2022 2024

kg per day 1,3 ktpa 4 ktpa 0,4 ktpa 2 x ≥ 100 ktpa 100 ktpa
First CO2-to-methanol First industrial Largest industrial Adaptation to Full scale utilizing Largest electrolysis hub
pilot plant e-methanol plant e-methanol plant to date wind energy, hydrogen byproduct and e-methanol plant
steel furnace gas

No other company has yet #1 Recycled carbon #1 E-methanol at

delivered +1 ktpa plant project worldwide scale - worldwide

Pipeline of commercial projects

A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 59

 Patented Process Converting Waste CO2 into Sustainable Methanol

Globally
Inputs Process
traded methanol

Green chemicals feedstock

Recycling CO2 from CO2 Versatile replacement for
emissions fossil alcohols and hydrocarbons
Recover stranded
H2 from industry Methanol

or H2
Fossil fuel replacement
Generate green H2 Methanol is a highly efficient fuel
by electrolysis and releases no sulphur or soot

CRI’s business model is selling

Emissions-to-Liquids technology and services

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A Complete Solution for Coal to Blue Hydrogen || Confidential and Proprietary 61
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Back