EXTERNAL FACTOR

TERRORISM
 The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against
TERRORISM civilians, usually stemming from domestic influences.

Employers have to make provisions for employees to protect

company personnel and their facilities from dangers from outside
the workplace that would inflict death and pain upon employees
while exacting damage upon the physical assets of the workplace.
HOW TO BE PREPARED?
o Antiterrorism training

o Self-protective behavior

o Protection devices (e.g., bulletproof vest)

o Safe activities that decrease personal risk

o Security provisions

o Hardening potential targets

o Planning that is implemented and

practiced
TRAVEL SECURITY
• When executives, managers, and employees travel or work abroad or to areas with the potential
for being attacked.
SUGGESTED
ANTITERRORISM SECURIT Y
MEASURES
LOW-COST ACTIONS

1 PREPAREDNESS

2 AWARENESS
PREPAREDNESS
• Encourage personnel to know emergency exits
and stairwells.

• Post emergency telephone numbers for police,

fire, and rescue. Encourage personnel to
memorize important numbers.

• Know the location of the closest police stations,

hospitals, schools, etc.

• Review current contingency plans

• Limit the number of access points and strictly

enforce access control procedures.

• Etc.
AWARENESS
• Maintain situational awareness of world events
and ongoing threats.

• Encourage personnel to take notice and report

suspicious packages, devices, unattended
briefcases.

• Take any threatening or malicious telephone

call, facsimile, or bomb threat seriously.

• Approach all illegally parked vehicles in and

around facilities.

• Etc.
HIGH-COST ACTIONS
• Install perimeter around compound or facility.

• Consider installing telephone caller I.D., and record

phone calls, if necessary.

• Increase perimeter lighting.

• Deploy visible security cameras and motion sensors.

• Remove vegetation in and around perimeters, and

maintain it regularly.

• Initiate a system to enhance mail and package

screening procedures.

• Install intrusion devices.

• Etc.
BLAST PROTECTION
Is mostly undertaken during the design phase to
prevent and delay facility collapse.

• Use configuration that better resists blast shock

waves.

• Maximize distances between parking and

facilities.

• Review size and location of window with

detonation points in mind.

• Etc.
POTENTIAL TERRORIST’S
WEAPONS
Nuclear, Biological & Chemical (NBC)
Weapons.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
In a nuclear terrorist event, the hazards are
thermal radiation, blast, and shock effect and
nuclear contamination. Radiation can contaminate
open water and food source.

DIRT Y BOMB
A “dirty bomb” uses conventional explosives to
disperse radiation into the air.

It would cause physical and psychological affect

on the people that creates panic.
BIOLOGICAL Biological and toxin weapons are either microorganisms
produced by living organisms that are produced and released
WEAPONS deliberately to cause harm and illnesses

Biological agents can be;

• inhaled,
• swallowed,
• or accidentally injected
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Bacterial Agents Viral Agents Biological Toxin
(Bacteria) (Virus) (Poison)
• Anthrax • Viral hemorrhagic fever • Botulinum Toxin (Food
• Pneumonic and bubonic (VHFs) Poisoning)
plagues • Small pox • Ricin
• Tularemia
• Q Fever
• Salmonella
 Most chemical agents used by terrorist are usually in
the form of solids or liquids. The chemical agents can
CHEMICAL WEAPONS harm the respiratory system and nerves and cause
burns to the skin. The types of chemicals used as
weapons are varied in potency and effects.
PROTECTION FROM
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, OR
RADIOLOGICAL ATTACKS
PROTECTION FROM CHEMICAL,
BIOLOGICAL, OR RADIOLOGICAL
ATTACKS
Employers need reliable information about how
they can;

Modify their workplace to decrease

1 the likelihood or effects of an NBC
incident

Respond quickly and appropriately

2 should an NBC incident occur
PROTECTION FROM CHEMICAL,
BIOLOGICAL, OR RADIOLOGICAL
ATTACKS
Comprehensive guidance is needed in several
areas:

• How to modify the existing system for better air

protection and security?

• How to design new facilities to be more secure?

• What plans employers should prepare in

advance to help them make effective decisions
in the midst of an NBC incident?
CHECKLIST FOR
PREVENTION OF AN
NBC ATTACK
THINGS NOT TO DO!
Employers and managers should ensure that any
actions they take do not have a detrimental effect on
the facility’s under normal building operations.

• Do not permanently seal outdoor air intakes.

• Do not modify the HVAC system without first

understanding the effect systems or the occupants.

• Do not interfere with fire protection and life safety

systems.
PHYSICAL SECURIT Y
High-sidewall
outdoor air intake

• Relocate outdoor air intake vents – Relocating

accessible air intakes to a publicly inaccessible
location.
PHYSICAL SECURIT Y

• Extend outdoor air intakes – an extension height of

3.7 m will place the intake out of reach of
individuals. (See Figure 3. Extend outdoor intakes.)
PHYSICAL SECURIT Y

• Establish a security zone around outdoor air

intakes – Physically inaccessible outdoor air
intakes are the preferred protection strategy.
VENTILATION &
FILTRATION
VENTILATION & FILTRATION
o Evaluate HVAC control options

o Assess filtration

o Ducted and non-ducted return air systems

o Low-leakage, fast-acting dampers

o Building air tightness

MAINTENANCE,
ADMINISTRATION, & TRAINING
MAINTENANCE
Preventive maintenance and procedures:

• Replacement filters, parts, and so forth should

be obtained from known manufacturers and
examined prior to installation.

• Ventilation systems should be maintained and

cleaned according to the manufacturer’s
specifications.
ADMINISTRATION
Emergency plans, policies, and procedures

• Emergency plans to address fire, weather, and other

types of emergencies.

• Identifying suitable shelter-in-place areas.

• Identifying appropriate use and selection of personal

protective equipment.

• Directing emergency evacuations.

• HVAC control or shutdown, and communication with

building occupants and emergency responders
should all be addressed.
TRAINING
• Holding regularly scheduled practice drills

• Periodic training of HVAC maintenance staff in

system operation and maintenance should be
conducted.

• Training should also cover health and safety

aspects for maintenance personnel, as well as
the potential health consequences to occupants
of poorly performing systems.
THANK YOU