Ques (1-4): Direction: Read the passage and answer the questions based on it. RICHARD WRIGHT, the father figure of African American literature, both nurtured and was rejected by his two most conspicuous heirs, Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin. Wright, who took Ellison under his wing in New York in the late 1930s, told his acolyte to stop copying him, that he was mimicking, not cultivating his own style. Ellison responded that he was trying to learn to write well by imitating his mentor. That was when they were close. Baldwin, too, started out as a pupil and an admirer who saw Wright poised to be the greatest Black writer in the United States. Though it happened slowly, by 1941, Ellison betrayed signs of feeling that Wright, affiliated off and on with the Communist Party, wrote fiction that was too ideological and not sensitive enough to nuance: Wright wanted to testify to the monstrosities of white supremacy, rather than the power of Black resilience. Ellison grew committed to the poetry of American democracy, despite how badly it was sullied; he swore by the virtues of individualism. Calling Wright “Poor Richard,” Baldwin joined Ellison in lamenting their mentor's failure to see the beauty of Black people. The two of them never ceased to love Wright's prose, but they came to reject his perspective. | admit I’ve been inclined to share their verdict, based onWright's first novel, Native Son, published in 1940, which | read again and again in classes before and during college. I've parroted the notes | took in lectures, and I’ve taught a version of those lectures myself: Bigger Thomas was a protagonist stripped of any redeeming qualities, so distorted by the conditions of racism that he became an avatar more than a character, and an unsettling representation of Blackness. My assessment of Wright has begun to shift over the past couple of years. I've read 12 Million Black Voices (1941)—his reflections on the Great Migration, accompanied by Farm Security Administration photographs taken during the Depression—and been struck by his broad sympathy. And I’ve reread Black Boy (1945), a memoir | hadn't touched since my final year of high school in the Northeast, in a writing seminar led by a teacher born, like me, in Birmingham, Alabama. Wright reached for the very core of the human condition in his portrait of growing up destitute in the Deep South during the early 20th century and then making his way north: abundance everywhere and terrible hunger, tragedy mixed with the quotidian in the most disorienting ways. The experience he evoked might not have been every Black life, but it was indeed a part of Black life. In Mississippi, the land could swallow you whole. In Chicago, a rat might bite you, because after all, you were made to live in slums no different from rattraps. Wright was showing us something true, if not absolute—how, with the plantation breathing at your back and deferred dreams before you, a tragedy happened. Now I'm even more convinced that Wright deserves to be lookedat with fresh eyes. Q.1 All of the following statements can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that: A. The protagonist, Bigger Thomas, is portrayed as a pessimistic character who is an unsettling reflection of Blackness. B. Wright grew up extremely poor in the Deep South in the early twentieth century and then moved north. C. Bigger Thomas, a character devoid of any negative traits, was the protagonist in Wright's first book, Native Son. D. The author was moved by Wright's broad sympathy after reading his book 12 Million Black Voices. Q.2 Why does the author claim that "In Mississippi, the land could swallow you whole. In Chicago, a rat might bite you, because after all, you were made to live in slums no different from rattraps?" A. The author was trying to emphasize how blacks faced horrible hunger and disaster, were suppressed, and were denied their dreams. B. The author was reading lines from Wright's novel 12 Million Black Voices (1941), which was about the Great Migration. C. The author was referring to Black Protestantism, which provided believers with psychic refuge while still recommending submission to the cruelty of the world. D. The author was explaining how Wright came across all of the blacks’ misery while growing up destitute in the early 21st century.Q.3 Which of the following statements WEAKENS the author's argument that said: "RICHARD WRIGHT, the father figure of African American literature, both nurtured and was rejected by his two most conspicuous heirs, Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin"? A. Ellison and Baldwin both opposed and chastised Wright for his intermittent affiliation with the Communist Party. B. Ellison was attempting to learn to write well by imitating Wright, and Baldwin, too, respected Wright, who was on the verge of becoming the greatest Black writer in the United States. C. Ellison and Baldwin criticized Wright's viewpoint, claiming that he failed to acknowledge the beauty of Black people. D. Ellison and Baldwin chastised Wright for his insistence on dramatising inevitability of subjugation and saw Wright as submitting to Black supremacy. Q.4 Which of the following best represents the author's change of opinions about Richard Wright? A. Ideological and non-sensitive works of Wright, American democracy, virtues of individualism B. Wright's first novel, Native Son, Wright's reflections on the Great Migration, Black Boy (1945) C. Black resilience, virtues of individualism, 12 Million Black Voices D. Communist Party, fiction, ideological and non-sensitive worksQuestions 5-8 are from the following passage: To date, we don't have a very satisfactory account of the mechanism that causes the formation of the ocean basin. The traditional view which has been going on for some time proposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves like a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods. Furthermore, it proposes that the differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection currents in the mantle of the earth, leading to a rise in convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and also sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection and the currents thus generated would carry the continental plates along. The whole process can be thought of as objects moving on a conveyor belt. They would generate the forces required to produce the split along the ridges. This view may hold much water: it has an inherent advantage that the currents are generated and driven by temperature differences that themselves depend upon the relative position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, which is quite possible, in which the relative position and the velocity of the moving plate has an impact on the very forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions leading to the formation of ridges. On the other hand, the theory has a very big disadvantage because convection does not normally occur along lines. Moreover, it does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction relative to the forces thatproduce it. Also, it is difficult to see how the theory is applied to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean, as the geographical happenings in these regions defy the predictions of the theory. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no immediate trench, the two ridges must be moving part but in reality, it is not so. Hence the predictions made by the traditional view of oceanology should be taken with a pinch of slat. It would be odd and definitely against conventional logic if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. Hence to explain such phenomenon an alternative theory that postulates that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it, is gaining traction among the geologists. However, like its predecessor, it fails to explain the happenings in the South Atlantic ridges where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part. Another possibility based on empirical data is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle which leads to a temperature difference in turn. produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the anomalies enclosed with thin seas, such as the Sea of Japan which is separated by plates growing on both sides. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sedimentary rocks. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods as per the geological data. It seems quite possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins as postulated by the empirical data. The enclosed seas are animportant feature of the earth's surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs like the Black sea which is enclosed between continental plates growing from both sides, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, and perhaps the North Sea. Q.5 Which of the following is enough to move the continental plates according to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins? A. Increase in sedimentation on ocean floors B. Spreading of ocean trenches C. Sinking of ocean basins D. Difference in temperature under oceans and currents Q.6 What is true regarding the author reference to "conveyor belt"? A. Illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle B. Show how temperature differences depending on the position of the continents C. Demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge D. Account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges Q.7 According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both the sides? A. The Pacific Ocean and Sea of Japan B. The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge C. The Black Sea and the Sea of JapanD. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge Q.8 What should be the appropriate title of the passage? A. A description of the Oceans of the world B. Several Theories of the Ocean Basin formation C. The Traditional view of Oceans D. Convection Currents and Formation of Ocean Basins