CEP 372

FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE
Chapter 2: Principles of
Hydrostatic Pressures
Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 AGENDA
In this module, here are the following desired learning outcomes:

1. Define the types of pressures

2. Present all pressure measuring devices and equipment
3. Discuss formulas and solve sample problems relating to
hydrostatic pressures.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

2.1 INTRODUCTION

PRESSURE
- Refers to the effect of a pressure acting against and distributed over a
surface. They may be created by a solid, liquid or gas.
- Is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface,
with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑭
𝑷= =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
 Principle of Hydrostatic Pressure

• Fluid Pressure, p: the force exerted on a unit area. If F represents the total
force on an area A, and dF is the elemental force on an elemental area dA,
the intensity of pressure is,
dF
p=
dA
Note: If the pressure is uniform over the area A, then
F
p=
A
Otherwise this formula gives only the average pressure
Units:
English System: lb 2 ( psf ) or lb 2 ( psi )
ft in
Metric System: gr S.I. : N 2
2
cm m
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
 PASCAL’S LAW y

- Developed by French
mathematician Blaise Pascal θ
θ θ

θ
x
- States that, “The pressure on a
fluid is equal in all directions
and in all parts of the
container.”

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝜽 𝜽 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷

𝐹𝑥 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
+ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹
𝑃𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹 − 𝑃𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 =0
෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝑷𝒙 = 𝑷𝒚 PASCAL’S LAW
𝐹𝑧 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 ∴ 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑷𝒛
+ 𝐴𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹
෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑃𝑧 𝐴𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 − 𝑃𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 =0
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝑷𝒛 = 𝑷𝒚

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 • The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal to its
specific weight, γ multiplied by the vertical depth of the
point from the surface, or
Liquid surface

p =  h
Note: This relationship is only true for
liquids in which the specific weight
h varies slightly with small changes in
elevation.

• p = γ.h

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 GAGE PRESSURE
(RELATIVE PRESSURE)
- Are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by
pressure gauges or manometers.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
- Is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the air
above it.
- Refers to the prevailing pressure in the air around us.

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Millibar is 1/1000th of a bar and
is the amount of force it takes to
move an object weighing a gram,
one centimeter, in one second. c.
Millibar values used in
meteorology range from about 100
to 1050. At sea level, standard air
pressure in millibars is 1013.2.
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1013 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 column of mercury 1 inch in height at the
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 Centimeters of Mercury is a small
pressure unit which represents the pressure
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 pushing down due to gravity of any volume
of liquid mercury which is 1cm high.
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 2166 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 Inch of mercury is a non-SI unit of
measurement for pressure. It is used for
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 76 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 barometric pressure in weather reports,
refrigeration and aviation in the United
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 29.9 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 States. It is the pressure exerted by a
standard acceleration of gravity.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 VACUUM
- A space that has all matter removed from
it.

- Can also be described as a region of

space where the pressure is less than the
normal atmospheric pressure of 760 mm
(29.9 in) of mercury Hg.

- is the pressure below the atmospheric

pressure.

- is used when the gauge pressure is

negative.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
- Is the pressure above absolute zero (vacuum).

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 + 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎

NOTE:
• Absolute zero is obtained if all air is removed. It is the lowest possible
pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 Equipment for
Pressure Measurement

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 MERCURY
BAROMETER
ANEROID
- Is an accurate and relatively BAROMETER
simple way to measure
changes in atmospheric - In an aneroid barometer, a
pressure. At sea level, the partially evacuated metal
weight of the atmosphere drum expands or contracts
forces mercury 760 mm in response to changes in air
(29.9 in) up a calibrated pressure. A series of levers
glass tube. Higher and springs translates the up
elevations yield lower and down movement of the
readings because the drum top into the circular
atmosphere is less dense motion of the pointers along
there, and the thinner air the aneroid barometer’s
exerts less pressure on the face.
mercury.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 TYPES OF
MANOMETER MANOMETER
-Is a tube, usually 1. OPEN TYPE
bent in a form of U, - Has an atmospheric surface in one
containing a liquid of leg and is capable of measuring gage
known specific pressures.
gravity, the surface
of which moves
proportionally to
changes of pressure.
It is used to measure
pressure.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2. DIFFERENTIAL TYPE 3. PIEZOMETER
- Without an atmospheric surface and - The simplest form of open manometer. It is a
capable of measuring only tube tapped into a wall of a container or
differences of pressure. conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure.
The fluid in the container or conduit rises in
this tube to form a free surface.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 LIMITATIONS OF STEPS IN SOLVING
PIEZOMETER MANOMETER PROBLEMS
- Large pressures in the 1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the
lighter liquids require heads are to be expressed, (water is most
long tubes. advisable).
2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the
- Gas pressures can not interface of different fluids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into
be measured because
account that for a homogeneous fluid at rest, the
gas can not form a free pressure along the same horizontal plane are
surface. equal). Label these points with the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going
down) or subtracting (if going up) pressure heads
as the elevation decreases or increases,
respectively with due regard for the specific
gravity of the fluids.

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
FREE LIQUID SURFACE (FFS) refers to liquid surface subject to zero gage pressure or with
atmospheric pressure only.

With reference to illustration shown,

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉
𝑊 = 𝛾(𝑎𝐿)

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑃2 𝑎 − 𝑃1 𝑎 = 𝛾 𝑎𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
 VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

With reference to illustration shown,

Consider that points 1 and 2 lie on the same elevation, such that h=0, then:

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾(0)
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
 PRESSURE BELOW
LAYERS OF DIFFERENT PRESSURE HEAD
LIQUIDS
- Is the height “h” of a column of
𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒,
homogenous liquid of unit
𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = ෍ 𝑷 weight γ that will produce an
ℎ1
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟏
intensity of pressure P.
𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 + 𝛾2 ℎ2 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 + 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ2
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟐
𝑷
𝒉=
ℎ3 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟑
𝜸
𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD (height) OF LIQUID A TO LIQUID B
𝒔𝑨 𝝆𝑨 𝜸𝑨
𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑜𝑟 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑜𝑟 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨
𝒔𝑩 𝝆𝑩 𝜸𝑩

Technique:
Use “unit analysis” as a guide. Note that “h” is length/height measurement.

TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD (height) OF ANY LIQUID TO WATER

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

But 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1

𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒉𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 LIQUID PRESSURE IN A HYDAULIC SYSTEM
In a hydraulic system, fluid is confined to two chambers. Each chamber has a
piston that is free to move.
𝐹
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑃=
𝐴
𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑶𝑼𝑻𝑷𝑼𝑻
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝑃1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 =
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑨𝟐
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑨𝟏 SAME
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟏 PRESSURE FOR 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
HOMOGENOUS =
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
LIQUID

𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 1 − 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝐶𝑌𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑅

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 2 − 𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑉𝐸 𝐶𝑌𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑅

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #1: In a depth of liquid of 1 m causes a pressure of 7 kPa, what is the specific gravity of the
liquid?

Given:
h=1m
P = 7 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solution:

P = 𝛾ℎ

P = (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝑠)ℎ

kN 𝑘𝑁
7 2 = 9.81 3 (𝑠)(1 𝑚)
𝑚 𝑚

𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #2: What is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean? Use specific gravity = 1.03 for salt water.

Given:
h = 12.5 m
s = 1.03

Solution:

P = 𝛾ℎ

P = (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝑠)ℎ

𝑘𝑁
P= 9.81 3 x 1.03 (12.5 𝑚)
𝑚

𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #3: If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit weight, mass
density, and specific gravity.

(a) Unit weight (c) Specific gravity

𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ 𝑠=
338.445 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾(23) 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐤𝐍 𝑘𝑔
𝜸 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟑 1500 3
𝑠= 𝑚
𝒎
𝑘𝑔
1000 3
(b) Mass density 𝑚
𝛾 𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝜌=
𝑔
N
14.715(1000) 3
𝜌= 𝑚
𝑚
9.81 2
𝑠

𝒌𝒈
𝝆 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝒎

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #4: If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa, what is the pressure 27 meters below this
point.

REMEMBER:
The difference between in pressure between any 2 points in a liquid
is
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉

Solution:

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑘N
𝑃2 − 60 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 9.81 3 x 1.03 (27 𝑚)
𝑚

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #5: If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is 115 kPa absolute, what is the
gage pressure 2 m below the surface?

Solution:
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑘N
𝑃2 − (115 − 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 9.81 3 x 0.75 (2 𝑚)
𝑚
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION
(in heads of water)
𝑷
𝒉=
𝜸
𝑘𝑁
115 − 101.325 2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 0.27 = 𝑃2
2𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
9.81 3 9.81 3
𝑚 𝑚
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #6: A pressure gauge 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 90 kPa. Another gage height 4 m
reads 103 kPa. Determine the specific weight of the liquid.

Solution:

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 103 − 90 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾(2 𝑚)
2𝑚
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝒌𝑵
6𝑚
𝜸 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝟑
4𝑚
𝒎

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #7: In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom
of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?

𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑵 𝑻𝑶 𝑨𝑻𝑴
Solution:

𝑆𝐴𝐸 𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑠 = 0.89 1.5 𝑚 0 + 1.5𝑚 0.89 + 2.5𝑚 + 2.9𝑚 𝑠

water 2.5 𝑚
130.27 𝑘𝑃𝑎
+ 0.4𝑚(13.6) =
𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑠 =? 2.9 𝑚 𝑘𝑁
9.81 3
𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦, 𝑠 = 13.6 0.4 𝑚

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂 𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #8: Piston A has a cross section of 950 𝑐𝑚2 while of piston B is 1200 𝑐𝑚2 with the latter higher than piston A by
1.75 m. If the intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8, what is the difference in pressure between A
and B.

𝑩
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
2
𝑨 1.75 𝑚
𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
1

𝒐𝒊𝒍, 𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖

Solution:
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛾𝑜 ℎ𝑜
𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 9.81 3 x 0.8 1.75 𝑚
𝑚
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #9: In the figure shown, determine the weight W that can be carried by the 1.5 kN force acting on the piston.
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
Since 1 and 2 lie on
the same elevation, 𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑶𝑼𝑻𝑷𝑼𝑻
Oil s = 0.82 𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟐
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑨𝟐
= 𝐹
1 2 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑃=
𝐴
𝐹1 𝑊 𝑨𝟏 SAME
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟏 PRESSURE FOR 𝐹1 𝐹2
= HOMOGENOUS 𝑃1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 =
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2
LIQUID

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
1.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑊 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆
𝜋 =𝜋 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
(0.03)2 (0.3)2 =
4 4 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝑾 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 1 − 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝐶𝑌𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑅

𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 2 − 𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑉𝐸 𝐶𝑌𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑅

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #10: The figure shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder. What force F is required to balance
the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is negligible?

W = 44 kN PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water)

𝑷
2 𝒉=
𝜸

𝑃1 𝑃2
− ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
1

𝐹1 𝐹2
ൗ𝐴 ൗ𝐴
1 2
− ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤

44𝑘𝑁ൗ 𝐹ൗ
0.323 𝑚 − (4.6𝑚)(0.78) = 0.00323 𝑚2
2

9.81 𝑘𝑁ൗ 3 9.81 𝑘𝑁ൗ 3

𝑚 𝑚
𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #11: The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil s = 0.82. Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force F on
the handle is required to support the 10kN weight?

10 kN

1 2 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵

෍ 𝑴𝒐 = 𝟎
Since 1 and 2 lie on 10 𝑘𝑁 𝑊
the same elevation, 𝜋 =𝜋
(0.075) 2 (0.025)2
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 4 4 𝐹 0.025𝑚 + 0.4𝑚 − 1.1 𝑘𝑁 0.025𝑚 = 0
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝑵
=
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #12: For the tank shown, ℎ1 = 3 𝑚 and ℎ3 = 4 𝑚. Determine the value of ℎ2 .

𝑷𝑨𝑻𝑴
𝑷𝑨𝑻𝑴
1
3

2 2
= 𝟒𝒎
𝟑𝒎 =

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water)

𝑷
𝒉=
𝜸
𝑃1 𝑃2
+ ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 − ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
0 + ℎ2 0.84 − (𝟏𝒎)(1) = 0
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #13: Determine the value of y in the manometer shown.

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION

(in heads of water)

𝑷
𝑷𝑨𝑻𝑴 𝒉=
Water 𝜸

𝑃1 𝑃2
+ ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 + ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − ℎ𝐻𝑔 𝑠𝐻𝑔 =
𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤

5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
+ 3𝑚 0.8 + 1𝑚 + 0.5𝑚 1 − 𝑦(13.6) = 0
9.81 𝑘𝑁ൗ 3
𝑚
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝒎

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #14: Determine the difference in pressure between points A and B.

𝑷
PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water) 𝒉 =
𝜸
3 3 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
± ෍ ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
250 mm 𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
B
310 mm 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
A
+ 0.2 0.88 − 0.09 13.6 − 0.31 0.82 + 0.25 − 0.1(0.0012) =
4 4 𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
2 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
− = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
1 1 𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
∴ 𝑷𝑨 −𝑷𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #15: A gage on the suction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 250 mm of mercury. Compute (a) the pressure head in
m of water; (b) The pressure in kPa; (c) absolute pressure in kPa if the barometer reads 737 mm of mercury. The specific weight of
water is 9810 N/m3.

Solution:

(a) The pressure head in m of water is, (c) The absolute pressure in kPa is,

 3 N  pabs = p g + patm
 101.325 x10 2 
− 250mmHg  m 
 760mmHg   101.325kPa 
  pabs = −33.33kPa + 737 mmHg  
p − 250mmHg    760mmHg 
hw = = = = −3.4m
 w 9810 N N
pabs = 64.928kPa
3 9810 3
m m

(b) The pressure in kPa

 101.325kPa 
p = −250mmHg   = −33.33kPa
 760mmHg 

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #16: Given the figure below, determine the pressure at m if x = 760 mm and y = 760 mm.

1 1
Air Air
y y = 760 mm
0 0

CaCl4 ( s = 1.60) CaCl4 ( s = 1.60)

m m
Oil ( s = 0.856) x Oil ( s = 0.856) x = 760 mm Note: In meters of oil, the head is
2 2

Solution: Starting from level 0, then to level 1, then to level 2 and lastly to level m
p N
Using addition and subtraction of pressure 0 − y (1.6 ) − x(0.856 ) = m pm = −18,311 2
w m
heads, expressed in head of water. The addition and
pm kN
subtraction maybe started at atmospheric level 0 − (0.760m )(1.6 ) − (0.760m )(0.856 ) = = −18.311 2
N or m
(level 0) and proceeding from level to level up to 9810 3
to obtain the algebraic sum of the pressure heads at m pm = −18.311kPa
the level in consideration ( In this case, it is point m).

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #17: Given the figure below, determine (a) Pm if x = 0.30 m and y = 0.50 m; (b) how many millimeters
in the 12 mm tube will the fluid rises if the pressure at m is increased by 7 kPa..
( b ) Let d = drop in the 125 mm dia. Tube.
0 12 mm dia. tube
r = rise in the 12 mm dia. Tube
s = 2.95 Note:
X = 0.30 m
Volume that drops = volume that rises
1 125 mm dia.
 
4 mm dia. tube (125) d = (12)2 r
2

4 4 2 2
 125   12 
y = 0.50 m s = 0.915
r =  d or d =   r
Note when the pressure at m is  12   125 
increased, the fluid inside tends
New level
m to push outward. r
0 Original level Consider the new levels
pm
Solution: 12 mm dia. tube ( )( ) ( )( )
0 + r + x + d 2.95 + y − d 0.915 =
(a) Starting at the 0 level and proceeding up to the level X = 0.30 m s = 2.95 w
pm
0 + (r + 0.30 + d )(2.95) + (0.50 − d )(0.915) =
125 mm dia.
m. p 1
0 + x(2.95) + y (0.915) = w
m d New level

w 4 mm dia. tube

pm 13.17 + 7
0 + (0.30m )(2.95) + (0.50m )(0.915) =
y = 0.50 m
( )( ) ( )( )
0 + r + 0.30 + d 2.95 + 0.50 − d 0.915 =
N s = 0.915 9.81
9810 3  2
  2

 12   12  20.17
N m m
0 +  r + 0.30 +   r (2.95) +  0.50 −   r (0.915) =
pm = 13,170 2 or 13.170kPa   125     125   9.81
 
m
r = 0.24m
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #18: In figure, fluid A is water while fluid B is oil (s = 0.85). If x = 1500 mm and y = 750 mm, find (pm – pn).
Fluid B
Fluid B Level 1
Level 1
y = 0.75 m
z
z Level n n•
Level n
y = 0.75 m n Level 2
•
Level 2
Fluid A Fluid A
Fluid A Fluid A x = 1.50 m
w
x = 1.50 m
w Note : x + z = y + w
or x – y = w – z Note: w – z = 0.75
Level m m
•
Level m m 1.50 – 0.75 = w – z
•
w – z = 0.75
Solution: Using addition and subtraction of pressures p m −9810  w − 0.85(9810)(0.75) + 9810  z = pn
Starting from the end pressure pm and proceeding to pn.
p m − pn = 0.85(9810)(0.75) + 9810(w − z )
p m − w  w −  o  y +  w  z = pn
p m − pn = 0.85(9810)(0.75) + 9810(0.75)
p m −9810  w − 0.85(9810)(0.75) + 9810  z = pn
N
p m − pn = 13,611 2 or p m − pn = 13.611kPa
m

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

 FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE

THANK YOU!
Feel free to approach me at MS Teams
if you have any questions.

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT