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Hcrrfrc [XMHL@LE
[XMHL@ LE C
Csmeicturc Dftlal`leäc af `c mivfstmechmøi hmfitäjmhc M
Erupl ‐C—
Alhfitf Dsh. ]frhl Dlitcól Jfriãiafz
[frmlal MM/?;3= 3fr Xfdfstrf
Chcaídmhl
Xuosfaf VACOL@ Xcitc Hruz.
Hlpyrmegt © (?;3=) plr
p lr (Xcitf`mhfs, Híspfafs, Olzl, Hcrvcnc`, Euzdci). Qlals `ls afrfhgls rfsfrvcals.
Qätu`l> HCVXCX AF @LX Q_CXQL_ILX C@MDFIQMHMLX FI C@VDILX AF ?al
AF XFHVIAC_MC AF@ HL@FEML ‐ALI OLXHL— HFIQ_C@ XCIQC H_V^
Cutlr/fs> Xcitf`mhfs, Híspfafs, Olzl, Hcrvcnc`, Euzdãi
Cutlrfs>
Hf`fstf Dcräc Xcitf`mhfs @fiz
Xcrcg Ecormf`c Híspfafs _cdärfz
Bf``y Qfrfsc Olzl Eutmírrfz
_lofrtl Nlcquäi Hcrvcnc` Aäcz
Nlsguc Euzdãi Alrcal
Hcrrfrc>
[smhl`leäc
Dctfrmc>
Dftlal`leäc af `c mivfstmechmøi hmfitäjmhc M
Alhfitf>
Dsh. ]frhl Dlitcól Jfriãiafz
Xuosfaf>
Vacol` Xcitc Hruz
Jfhgc>
;:/3?/?;3=
_FXVDFI>
Fi `c mivfstmechmøi prmihmpc`dfitf qufräcdls scofr sm `cs/`ls cal`fshfitfs, c`udils(cs)af ?al af
sfhuiacrmc af` Hl`feml Ali Olshl hfitrc` af `c hmuaca af Xcitc Hruz-Ol`mvmc prfsfitci säitldcs y
hliauhtcs af trcstlrils c`mdfitcrmls.
@c gfrrcdmfitc af vc`machmøi fs `c af fihufstcs amsfócacs/hrfcacs hli `c cyuac af iufstrl alhfitf pcrc
vc`macr iufstrc mivfstmechmøi
mivfstmechmøi hli f` 33;;%
;;%
Aftfhtcdls fi `c mivfstmechmøi slorf `ls trcstlrils f` hldplrtcdmfitl c`mdfitcrml, hldfr il fs sø`l ui
dfhcimsdl af afjfisc af slorfvmvfihmc, smil tcdomíi uic dcimjfstchmøi af `ls fstcals fdlhmlic`fs. Fs
mitl`frcitf fsc chtmtua rfof`af y hcprmhglsc quf prltcelimzcoc `c vcimaca slorf cquf``ls quf ifecoci f`
c`mdfitl c sus hufrpls, il fitfiaäc hødl f` p`chfr af hldfr y afeustcr `ls scolrfs jufrc ui dldfitl
tlrtulsl quf fihcrhf`coc f` sfitmdmfitl af hu`pc y f` dmfal c fielracr. ¼[lr quí migmomr f` cc`mdfitl<,
`mdfitl<, ¼plr
quí fxpu`scr`l<, ¼plr quí rfhgczcr`l<, ¼quí gmstlrmc citfhfaäc y quí jchtlrfs gcoäci prlauhmal fstls
trcstlrils< Fs csä hldl fdpmfzc fstc mivfstmechmøi af` trcstlril af `c hliauhtc c`mdfitcrmc.
COXQ_CHQ>
Mi tgf mivfstmectmli, wf dcmi`y wcitfa tl bilw mj tgf cal`fshfits, sfhliacry shgll` stuafits lj tgf Hfitrc`
Ali Olshl Xhgll` mi tgf hmty lj Xcitc Hruz-Ol`mvmc prfsfit sydptlds cia ofgcvmlrs lj fctmie amslrafrs.
Qgf vc`mactmli tll` ms tgct lj survfys afsmeifa / hrfctfa wmtg tgf gf`p lj lur tfchgfr tl vc`mactf lur rfsfcrhg
wmtg 3;;%
Uf aftfht mi fctmie amslrafrs amslrafrs fctmie ofgcvmlr, fctmie ms ilt li`y c survmvc` afjfisf dfhgcimsd,
out c`sl
c`sl c dcimjfs
dcimjfstctmli
tctmli lj fdltmli
fdltmlic`
c` sstctfs.
tctfs. Mt ms mi
mitl`frcit
tl`frcit tgct rfof``mlus cia hcpr
hcprmhmlus
mhmlus cttmtuaf tgct stcrrfa
vcimty lvfr tglsf wgl afimfa jlla tl tgfmr olamfs, ama ilt uiafrstcia glw tgf p`fcsurf lj fctmie cia tcstmie
tgf j`cvlrs wcs c tlrtulus dldfit tgct mdprmslifa tgf jff`mie lj eum`t cia tgf jfcr lj ecmimie wfmegt. Ugy
migmomt jlla< Ugy fxpf` mt< Ugy rfnfht mt< Ugct gmstlry prfhfafa mt cia wgct jchtlrs gca prlauhfa tgfsf
amslrafrs< Qgms ms glw tgms mivfstmectmli lj fctmie ofgcvmlr amslrafr ofemis.
Qco`c Af Hlitfimals
Mitrlauhhmøi ............................................................................................................................... :
Hcpätu`l 3. Citfhfafitfs ........................................................................................................... 5
Hcpätu`l ?. [`citfcdmfitl af` [rlo`fdc ...............................................
....................................................................................
..................................... 7
?.3 Afshrmphmøi af` prlo`fdc ............................................................................................. =
?.? [rfeuitcs af mivfstmechmøi ........................................................................................... =
?.?.3 [`citfcdmfitl afjmimtmvl af` prlo`fdc………………………………………….…….=
prlo`fdc…………………………………………
?.?.?. [`citfcdmfitl afjmimtmvl af` prlo`fdc …………………………………………….… =
?.8. Lonftmvls………………………………………………………………………….……. =
?.8.3. Lonftmvl Efifrc`………………………………………………………………...……=
?.8.?. Lonftmvls Fspfhäjmhls……..……………………………………………….………...3;
?.1. Nustmjmhchmøi………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………..…………..3;
……………..…………..3;
?.1.3. Nustmjmhchmøi af `c mivfstmechmøi ……………………………………………………..3;
?.1.?. Nustmjmhchmøi Xlhmc`…………………………………………………………………..3;
?.1.8. Nustmjmhchmøi Hmfitäjmhc…………………………………………………………… ....33
?.1.1. Nustmjmhchmøi hlitfdplrãifc………………………………………………………… 33
?.6 Af`mdmtchmøi……………………………………………………………………………. 33
?.6.3. Af`mdmtchmøi Qfdãtmhc……………………………………………………………….3 ?
6.?. Fijlquf……………………………………………………..……
Fijlquf……………………………
6.3. Afjmimhmøi ………………………..……………………………?
af` c`hcihf af `c mivfstmechmøi ……………………………………………….? ………………………?11
6.?.3. Afjmimhmøi af` c`hcihf f`femal sfeþi cutlr ……………………………………………? 1
6.8. Amsfól af `c mivfstmechmøi………………
mi vfstmechmøi……………………………………………
…………………………………………….…? ……………….…?6
6.1. [lo`chmøi y sf`fhhmøi af dufstrc ………………………………………………………..? 6
6.1.3. [lo`chmøi……………………………………………………………………………….? 6
6.1.?. Qíhimhc af dufstrfl……………………………………………………………………? 6
6.1.8. Dufstrc…………………………………………………………………………………? 6
Hcpätu`l :. Ciã`msms f mitfrprftchmøi af tco`cs………………………………………………
tco`cs………………………………………………..? ..?:
:.3. Mitfrprftchmøi af `ls rfsu`tcals rfspfhtl c `cs hcrchtfrästmhcs efifrc`fs af` fihufstcal...?:
:.?. Mitfrprftchmøi af `ls rfsu`tcals slorf `ls fjfhtls psmhl`øemhls af `ls trcstlrils
c`mdfitmhmls……………………………………………………………………………...……? 7
:.8. Mitfrprftchmøi af `ls rfsu`tcals slorf `cs hcrchtfrästmhcs af` fitlril slhmc` ……………88
Hcpätu`l 5. Hlih`usmlifs……………………………………………
Hlih`usmlifs……………………………………………………………………..8
………………………..8:
_fjfrfihmcs ............................................................................................................................... 85
Cpíiamhf .................................................................................................................................. 87
Iufstrl prlyfhtl sf ocsc fi hldoctmr `ls afsørafifs c`mdfitmhmls y juf f`femal plrquf pcrc
ilsltrls fs mdplrtcitf fdpfzcr c tldcr chhmlifs slorf f` mihrfdfitl af `ls afsørafifs
c`mdfitmhmls quf sf fihufitrci fi iufstrl pcäs.
F` lonftmvl af fstf prlyfhtl fs cyuacr c `ls fstuamcitfs af` sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af`
hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl—, prlplrhmliãial`fs rfhursls af mijlrdchmøi chfrhc af `ls afsørafifs
c`mdfitmhmls quf fxmstfi, csä hldl tcdomíi cyuacr c gchfr`fs hlihmfihmc y hli fstl `lercr quf `ls
prf cal`fshfitfs quf pcafzhci
pcaf zhci c`eþi afslrafi gceci ui hcdoml fi su vmac.
@`cdcdls afslrafi c`mdfitmhml c `l quf gly fi aäc `c slhmfaca hlilhf hldl lofsmaca,
afsiutrmhmøi, cilrfxmc, ou`mdmc, lrtlrfxmc fitrf ltrls.
Gly fi aäc `c slhmfaca il rfhmof `c hc`maca y hcitmaca af c`mdfitls quf `fs cplrtfi c`tl
vc`lr iutrmhmlic`, plr tcitl, il tmfifi uic amftc cafhucac pcrc su fjmhcz afscrrl``l.
Fi f` sme`l WWMMM, y plr huctrlhmfitls cóls dãs, f` cyuil hlistmtuyø uic fspfhmc`maca af
dunfrfs. [crc f``cs, f` c`mdfitl y `c costmifihmc frci
frc i pcrtf af` `fieucnf, uic vfracaf
vfracafrc
rc dftãjlrc
quf gco`coc c trcvís af` hufrpl.
Fi 3:=6, _mhgcra Dlrtli afshrmomø f` prmdfr hcsl af Cilrfxmc Ifrvmlsc (CI) y slstuvl quf
`ls hcdomls af rl`fs y `c oþsqufac plr uic mafitmaca slhmc` frci `ls fnfs af `c pctl`leäc.
C` jrcihís Hgcr`fs @cssíeuf tcdomíi sf `f ctrmouyf sfr uil af `ls quf afshrmomø `c cilrfxmc
ifrvmlsc smdu`tãifcdfitf. Juf pmlifrl fi nfrcrqumzcr `ls hlij`mhtls jcdm`mcrfs gchmfial
rfjfrfihmc c` fitlril af c`tc fxmefihmc. Xuefräc quf `c CI sf cslhmcräc c jrustrchmlifs fi `c
trcismhmøi af `c cal`fshfihmc c `c cau`tfz. Fitrf f``cs, `cs fxpfhtctmvcs rldãitmhcs, f` o`lqufl
af `cs lplrtuimacafs slhmc`fs l fauhctmvcs y prljfsmlic`fs, `cs pf`fcs hli `ls pcarfs, sfräci `ls
dãs hlduifs hlij`mhtls af `cs dunfrfs.
F` sme`l WMW dcrhø uic `äifc amvmslrmc fi `c hliauhtc c`mdfitcrmc jfdfimic af c`euic dcifrc
rf`chmlicac hli `c cpcrmhmøi af `c [smqumcträc hldl fspfhmc`maca díamhc.
Fi f` sme`l WW, Gm`af Oruihg rfsu`tø sfr uic caf`citcac, p`citfø f` hldmfizl af `c pctl`leäc
hli uic amjmhu`tca af `ls dcylrfs, pcrtmhu`crdfitf af `c dcarf, af mitfrprftcr `cs sfóc`fs af`
Fxpusø quf sf gcoäc pframal l amrfhtcdfitf il sf crdø `c amstcihmc fitrf `cs ifhfsmacafs af `c
imóc y `cs rfspufstcs af `c dcarf. C jc`tc af fsc sfpcrchmøi y af fsc amshrmdmichmøi, `c imóc il
rfspliaf c ‐sus ifhfsmacafs— smil c `cs af `c dcarf.
dc arf. Oruihg smtuø c `c Cilrfxmc Ifrvmlsc hldl
uic fitmaca af tmpl fsqumzljríimhl, pfrl `c amstmieumø af `c fsqumzljrfimc prfhmscdfitf plr fsf
rcsel af rfhgczl c` c`mdfitl hldl dlal af caqumrmr cutlildäc y hlitrl` af` hufrpl.
hcpchmaca pcrc lotfifr mijlrdchmøi. Duhgls af f``ls tmfifi amjmhu`tcafs pcrc tfifr uic oufic
c`mdfitchmøi yc quf sf `fvcitci duy tcraf l smdp`fdfitf sf ctrcsci c` gchfr su tcrfc y il tmfifi
f` tmfdpl ifhfscrml pcrc ui oufi c`dufrzl, fi c`euils hcsls `ls pcarfs `fs afnci f` amifrl pcrc
quf vcyci c uic pfismøi y f``ls prfjmfrfi ecstcr fi f` rfhrfl, fsl duhgcs vfhfs cjfhtc fi f`
cprfiamzcnf af `cs h`csfs c fstl sf sudc ltrls jchtlrfs quf cjfhtci fi f` prlhfsl af fisfócizc hli
`ls dcfstrls. Fi fstf sfitmal, mihmaf fi f` prlhfsl af fisfócizc-cprfiamzcnf af `ls fstuamcitfs af`
hl`feml y sf hlivmfrtf fi ui prlo`fdc pcrc `c fauhchmøi fi efifrc` plrquf il sl`cdfitf cjfhtc c
`cs fshuf`cs y hl`femls tcdomíi. C uimvfrsmacafs, prljfslrfs, prljfsmlic`fs
prlj fsmlic`fs y pcarfs af jcdm`mc. Fs
mdplrtcitf hlilhfr huã` fs f` imvf` af c`mdfitchmøi quf tmfifi `ls fstuamcitfs af` Hl`feml Ali
3) ¼Suí fjfhtls hcusci `ls Qrcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls fi `ls fstuamcitfs af ?al af sfhuiacrmc
af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz<
?) ¼Huã` fs f` imvf` af hlilhmdmfitl slorf `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls af `ls fstuamcitfs af
?al af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz<
8) ¼Suí chtmvmacafs af prfvfihmøi mdp`fdfitc `c amrfhhmøi af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc`
Xcitc Hruz pcrc `ls fstuamcitfs<
?.8. Lonftmvls
@ls lonftmvls quf sf aftc``ci c hlitmiuchmøi sli `ls prlpøsmtls af fstf trcocnl>
?.8.3. Lonftmvl Efifrc`
Aftfrdmicr `cs hcuscs af `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls fi c`udils af ?al af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml
‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz.
3. Cic`mzcr `ls fjfhtls quf hcusci `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls fi `ls fstuamcitfs af ? al af
sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz.
?. Hc`hu`cr f` imvf` af hlilhmdmfitls slorf `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls af `ls fstuamcitfs af
?al af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz.
8. Mafitmjmhcr `cs chtmvmacafs af prfvfihmøi quf mdp`fdfitc `c amrfhhmøi af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl— hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz pcrc `ls fstuamcitfs.
?.1. Nustmjmhchmøi
?.6 Af`mdmtchmøi
@cs hcuscs af `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls fs tfdc af mitfrís quf prflhupc c `c plo`chmøi.
Hcac dmfdorl af` fqumpl af mivfstmechmøi hufitc hli fxpfrmfihmc fi f` hcdpl af `c mivfstmechmøi
hmfitäjmhc quf pfrdmtmrã hlih`umr sctmsjchtlrmcdfitf f` trcocnl. @cs gfrrcdmfitcs cafhucacs pcrc
trcocncr hli `ls c`udils af` hl`feml sfrãi fihufstcs af prfeuitcs hfrrcacs y jmic`dfitf f` dcrhl
tførmhl quf afscrrl``c fi dcylr prljuiamaca `ls hlihfptls af` tfdc af mivfstmechmøi.
Afsaf gchf c`euils cóls, `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitcrmls hlistmtuyfi ui sfrml dltmvl af
prflhupchmøi pcrc `cs pl`ätmhcs
pl`ätmhcs pþo`mhcs af sc`ua. Erci pcrtf af fstc prflhupchmøi sf rf`chmlic hli
`cs ercvfs hlisfhufihmcs jäsmhcs y fdlhmlic`fs quf mivl`uhrc il sl`cdfitf c `c pfrslic cjfhtcac,
smil tcdomíi c su jcdm`mc. Csä, f` mitfrís af `c mivfstmechmøi h`äimhc fi f` ãrfc af `ls trcstlrils
c`mdfitcrmls suref hldl uic ifhfsmaca af acr rfspufstc c `cs amjmhu`tcafs quf prfsfitci
chtuc`dfitf ui cdp`ml sfhtlr af `c plo`chmøi. (Qfrcpmc [smhl`øemhc, ?;;5).
F` gmpltã`cdl, fs `c rfemøi quf dcylr mdplrtcihmc tmfif fi f` hlitrl` af `cs sfóc`fs pcrc
f` hlisudl af c`mdfitls. @cs sustcihmcs quf dlau`ci `c chtmvmaca gmpltc`ãdmhc sli `fptmic,
egrf`mic f misu`mic, tcdomíi sf fxprfsci fi `cs rfemlifs hfrforc`fs mivl`uhrcacs hli `c rfhldpfisc,
rfh ldpfisc,
dltmvchmøi, cprfiamzcnf, fdlhmøi y fstrís. F` hlisudl af c`mdfitls fstã mdpu`scal plr sus
prlpmfacafs erctmjmhcitfs, gfhgl quf sf gc vmihu`cal c` cudfitl af
af `c chtmvmaca alpcdmiíremhc fi
`ls hmrhumtls hfrforc`fs af rfhldpfisc. @ls smstfdcs af rfhldpfisc alpcdmiíremhls y lpmlmafs
sli hrätmhls pcrc `c supfrvmvfihmc, pufs hliamhmlici mdpu`sls cdlrlsls, rfprlauhtmvls y af
miefstc c`mdfitcrmc. Qlal `l citfrmlr fstã aftfrdmical plr `c chhmøi af `c alpcdmic fi f` iþh`fl
Csmeicturc> Qflräcs y Xmstfdcs fi [smhl`leäc.
Hcrrfrc> [smhl`leäc [ãemic 31 af 87
Qätu`l> HCVXCX AF @LX Q_CXQL_ILX C@MDFIQMHMLX FI C@VDILX AF ?al
AF XFHVIAC_MC AF@ HL@FEML ‐ALI OLXHL— HFIQ_C@ XCIQC H_V^
Cutlr/fs> Xcitf`mhfs, Híspfafs, Olzl, Hcrvcnc`, Euzdãi
chhudofis y fi f` `øou`l jrlitc`. Fstc dmsdc chhmøi rfeu`c `ls fjfhtls af `ls dfhcimsdls af
rfhldpfisc il icturc`fs2 hldl `ls rf`chmlicals hli f` c`hlgl`, `cs arlecs y af hmfrtcs hliauhtcs
hldpu`smvcs hldl f` sfxl, f` nufel y `cs c`tfrchmlifs fi `c c`mdfitchmøi.
[frp`fnmaca
Fs ui tírdmil af iufstrl `fieucnf quf sf usc pcrc rfjfrmrsf
rf jfrmrsf c `c mihfrtmaudorf l miafhmsmøi quf uic
pfrslic tmfif slorf c`el. Cafdãs, smeimjmhc mrrfsl`uhmøi, hlijusmøi y auac af `l quf sf afol gchfr
fi c`el. @c pfrp`fnmaca lhurrf citf ui gfhgl quf hcusc hlidlhmøi. Fstcs sli smtuchmlifs quf
efifrci slrprfsc l mdpchtl y, plr `l tcitl, fvmtci quf f` miamvmaul rfchhmlif af dcifrc rãpmac l
j`umac.
Qrcstlrils C`mdfitmhmls
@ls trcstlrils af `c c`mdfitchmøi sli fijfrdfacafs
fijfrdfacaf s hrøimhcs y prlerfsmvcs, sf dcimjmfstci c trcvís
af `c hliauhtc c`mdfitcrmc. Fie`loci uic ecdc duy hldp`fnc af jchtlrfs psmhl`øemhls y
fdlhmlic`fs fitrf `ls quf prfvc`fhf uic c`tfrchmøi l amstlrsmøi af `c cutl-mdcefi hlrplrc`, gcy
ui erci tfdlr c suomr af pfsl y `c cutlfstmdc fstã supfamtcac c `c pfrhfphmøi af uic oufic mdcefi
hlrplrc`.
([cpc`mc, ?;;6) afjmif c `ls trcstlrils af c`mdfitchmøi hldl ‐hldfr fi fxhfsl y jc`tc fxtrfdc af
c`mdfitls— y sli dãs hlduifs fi `cs slhmfacafs miaustrmc`mzcacs aliaf f` c`mdfitl fs couiacitf
y `l ctrchtmvl sf fqumpcrã hli `c af`ecafz.
Cutlhlihfptl
Cismfaca
Cieustmc quf suf`f chldpcócr c duhgcs fijfrdfacafs, fi pcrtmhu`cr c hmfrtcs ifurlsms y quf il
pfrdmtf slsmfel c `ls fijfrdls. Fstcal af cemtchmøi, miqumftua l zlzlorc af` ãimdl. [rflhupchmøi
y dmfal mitfisls, fxhfsmvls y hlitmiuls citf smtuchmlifs hltmamcics. Fs plsmo`f quf sf prlauzhc
tcqumhcramc, rfspmrchmøi cemtcac, sualrchmøi y sfischmøi af hciscihml. @c cismfaca pufaf sfr
ilrdc` fi smtuchmlifs fstrfscitfs, hldl gco`cr fi pþo`mhl l rfc`mzcr uic prufoc. @c cismfaca fs
sl`l ui miamhcalr af uic fijfrdfaca suoychfitf hucial `ls sfitmdmfitls sf vuf`vfi fxhfsmvls,
fi tlal dldfitl f mitfrjmfrfi hli `c vmac hltmamcic.
Mdcefi Hlrplrc`
Fs hødl `c pfrslic sf vf c sä dmsdc y hødl sf pfrhmof hucial sf dmrc c` fspfnl, fs afhmr, hødl
`c pfrslic hrff quf fs. @c mdcefi hlrplrc` tcdomíi tmfif quf vfr hli `ls sfitmdmfitls
sfi tmdmfitls y fdlhmlifs
quf fxpfrmdfitc `c pfrslic rfspfhtl c hødl pfrhmof su jäsmhl, hødl sf smfitf hli su hufrpl y
afitrl af su prlpml hufrpl.
Hliauhtc C`mdfitcrmc
@c hliauhtc c`mdfitcrmc sf afjmif hldl f` hldplrtcdmfitl ilrdc` rf`chmlical hli> `ls gãomtls
af c`mdfitchmøi, `c sf`fhhmøi af c`mdfitls quf sf miemfrfi, `cs prfpcrchmlifs hu`micrmcs y `cs
hcitmacafs miefrmacs af f``ls.
Cilrfxmc Ifrvmlsc
Ou`mdmc
@c ou`mdmc fs ui trcstlril c`mdfitcrml fi f` quf sf miemfrf duhgc hcitmaca af hldmac af uic sl`c
vfz2 amhgc chhmøi sf hcrchtfrmzc hldl ‐ctrchøi—, c hlitmiuchmøi, sf fjfhtþc chhmlifs pcrc
hldpfiscr f` fxhfsl af hldmac2 chhmøi hlilhmac hldl ‐purec—. [crc hldpfiscr f` gfhgl af
hldfr fi fxhfsl sf prlvlhc f` vødmtl y sf prchtmhc f` fnfrhmhml hli mitfismaca.
@c ou`mdmc suf`f hldfizcr fi `c cal`fshfihmc l fi `ls prmdfrls cóls af `c nuvfitua y fs dãs
jrfhufitf fi imócs y dunfrfs. [ufaf fstcr
f stcr hcuscac plr `cs prfsmlifs slh
slhmc`fs
mc`fs pcrc fstcr af`ecac. @c
ou`mdmc pufaf sfr gfrfamtcrmc.
Fijfrdfaca Hrøimhc
@cs fijfrdfacafs hrøimhcs sli fijfrdfacafs af `crec aurchmøi y efifrc`dfitf af prlerfsmøi
`fitc. Il fstã fstmpu`cal f` p`czl aftfrdmical pcrc afhmamr quf uic fijfrdfaca fs hrøimhc, smi
fdocrel, sf suf`f hlismafrcr hldl hrøimhc huc`qumfr fijfrdfaca quf aurc dãs af sfms dfsfs.
Ifurldlau`calrfs
Csmeicturc> Qflräcs y Xmstfdcs fi [smhl`leäc.
Hcrrfrc> [smhl`leäc [ãemic 37 af 87
Qätu`l> HCVXCX AF @LX Q_CXQL_ILX C@MDFIQMHMLX FI C@VDILX AF ?al
AF XFHVIAC_MC AF@ HL@FEML ‐ALI OLXHL— HFIQ_C@ XCIQC H_V^
Cutlr/fs> Xcitf`mhfs, Híspfafs, Olzl, Hcrvcnc`, Euzdãi
@ls ifurldlau`calrfs sli sustcihmcs fiaøefics, prlauhtls af` dftcol`msdl, quf smi sfr
chudu`cacs y `mofrcacs plr tfrdmic`fs ifrvmlscs chtþci prfsmiãptmhcdfitf, dlau`cial `c säitfsms
y/l `mofrchmøi af ui ifurltrcisdmslr.
Iþh`fl Chhudofis
F` iþh`fl Chhudofis fs uic fstruhturc hfrforc` quf jlrdc pcrtf af iufstrl smstfdc af p`chfr y
rfhldpfisc. Xf fihcrec af chtmvcr iufstrc dltmvchmøi y pfrdmtf quf `c vl`uitca sf trcauzhc fi
chhmøi. Qmfif ui pcpf` fsfihmc` fi f` cprfiamzcnf y dfdlrmc, fi `c rmsc, f` dmfal, `c cerfsmøi, `cs
camhhmlifs, f` fjfhtl p`chfol, f` sfxl, `c miefstc af hldmac.
Gmpltã`cdl
F` gmpltã`cdl fs ui ãrfc af` hfrforl quf sf gc``c smtucal afocnl af` tã`cdl y quf pufaf fidcrhcrsf
afitrl af` amfihíjc`l. C trcvís af `c `mofrchmøi af glrdlics, f` gmpltã`cdl sf fihcrec af `c
rfeu`chmøi af `c tfdpfrcturc af` hufrpl, `c sfa, f` gcdorf, f` fstcal ciädmhl.
mistmtumr ui glecr af chlemac y fisfócizc. [rlitl fstc `colr, sf dfihmlic quf fi plhl dfils af 1
Csmeicturc> Qflräcs y Xmstfdcs fi [smhl`leäc.
Hcrrfrc> [smhl`leäc [ãemic 3= af 87
Qätu`l> HCVXCX AF @LX Q_CXQL_ILX C@MDFIQMHMLX FI C@VDILX AF ?al
AF XFHVIAC_MC AF@ HL@FEML ‐ALI OLXHL— HFIQ_C@ XCIQC H_V^
Cutlr/fs> Xcitf`mhfs, Híspfafs, Olzl, Hcrvcnc`, Euzdãi
cóls, cvcizc y ``fec c Hlhgcocdoc y `ufel Xcitc Hruz. Fs fi `c hlduimaca ilrtfóc af Dlitfrl
aliaf ``fec f` prmdfr erupl, quf sf csmfitc fi uils tfrrfils hfamals plr f` fstcal, quf citfs
lhupcoc `c fdprfsc fstctc` af hcdmils, c``ä juiaci Duyurmic, aliaf prmdfrl mistruyfi c `ls hgmhls
fi `colrfs cerähl`cs.
Hli duhgl fsjufrzl y afamhchmøi, plhl c plhl `fvcitcdls ui pcr af cu`cs, aliaf sf hldfizø `c
tcrfc fauhctmvc, rfhufrac f` pcarf Hmrl Dlitfdurl, quf `ufel af duhgls cóls hldl amrfhtlr,
lhupc f` hcrel af cadmimstrcalr af` hl`feml. Dlitfdurl rfhufrac quf fi cquf``cs íplhcs ``fecr
afsaf Dlitfrl c `c hcpmtc` frc hldp`mhcal y plr f``l vmsmtcoci f` tfrrfil hcac 8 c 1 dfsfs, fsc
smtuchmøi hcsm `ls gchf pfrafr `ls prfamls, pufs erci pcrtf juf cvcsc``cac y ltrc yc fstcoc fi dmrcs
af` duimhmpml, quf p`cifcoc ui dfrhcal pcrc fsf `uecr.
@cs lorcs hldmfizci c du`tmp`mhcrsf fi Xcitc Hruz. Hli f` pcsl af `ls cóls y f` cplrtf af `ls
pcarfs af jjcdm`mc
cdm`mc quf chlemfrli hl
hlii duhgl cercal, `c jlrdc fi `c quf `ls rf
rf`memlsls
`memlsls mistruäci c
`ls hgmhls, f` hl`feml juf hrfhmfial y `c `colr sf fxpciamø hli f` ichmdmfitl af `c lorc Dmeuf`
Dcelif fi `c zlic af @c Huhgm``c y yc fi `c aíhcac af `ls =; hli `ls glecrfs af chlemac, uomhcals
fi `c zlic af` ocrrml 1 af ilvmfdorf. F` pcarf Dlitfdurl dfihmlic quf gly fi aäc, `cs
fisfócizcs af Ali Olshl sf vfi rfj`fncacs fi duhgls prljfsmlic`fs y gldorfs af omfi quf gci
pcscal plr iufstrcs cu`cs, hgmhls quf il tfiäci fspfrcizc af fstuaml y hcpchmaca pcrc sfr
cutlsujmhmfitfs, sli prljfsmlic`fs, fsf fs f` erci `fecal af Ali Olshl quf gcy quf hf`forcr.
Af` hl`feml c `c uimvfrsmaca. @c lorc af `ls pcarfs sc`fsmcils iuihc pfrdcifhf midøvm` y fs csä
quf afsaf gchf c`euils cóls yc hufitci hli uic pfqufóc uimvfrsmaca,
uimvfrsmac a, uomhcac fi f` dmsdl o`lquf
Fi fsls tfrrfils, sf fihufitrc `c pcrrlqumc Dcräc Cuxm`mcalrc y f` tfctrl, quf jlrdci pcrtf af ui
o`lquf af famjmhmls quf rfprfsfitci hli su dceimtua, f` erci cplrtf quf gci rfc`mzcal c `c
hlduimaca ol`mvmcic.
sfvfrcdfitf su miefstc c`mdfitcrmc2 fstl sf hlilhf hldl cilrfxmc rfstrmhtmvc. @c ltrc dmtca af `ls
@c ou`mdmc ifrvmlsc, fs dãs hldþi quf `c cilrfxmc, afshrmof ui hmh`l af hldfr fxhfsmvl
quf sf hlilhf hldl ctrchøi, chldpcócal efifrc`dfitf af ui hldplrtcdmfitl purectmvl. @c
ou`mdmc ifrvmlsc fdpmfzc efifrc`dfitf c prmihmpmls af `c cal`fshfihmc hucial `cs dunfrfs nøvfifs
mitfitci amftcs rfstrmhtmvcs, jrchcsci y rfchhmlici hldmfial fxhfsmvcdfitf. Fi rfspufstc c `ls
fxhfsls `ls pchmfitfs sf pureci vldmtcial l tldcial `cxcitfs, cilrfxäefils y/l amurítmhls. @ls
pchmfitfs tcdomíi pufafi rfvfrtmr c amftcs sfvfrcs, `cs huc`fs sf tlrici af iufvl fi fxhfsls, sm ffss
quf il ``fec c hlivfrtmrsf fi cilríxmhc/l. Hli `cs purecs sf pmfraf ui prldfaml af 3;;; hc`lräcs,
pfrl aurcitf ui ctrchøi pufafi ``fecr c miefrmr fitrf 3;;; c ?;;;; hc`lräcs, aãialsf ui prldfaml
Vic sfrmf af jchtlrfs slhmc`fs y hu`turc`fs cudfitci `c prfamsplsmhmøi f mih`usl sli hcpchfs
af afsfihcaficr `ls trcstlrils af `c hliauhtc c`mdfitcrmc. @c prfsmøi slhmc` quf fxmstf fi tlril c
`c `äifc y f` caf`eczcdmfitl tmfif ui pcpf` afhmsmvl fi `c cpcrmhmøi y afscrrl``l af `c fijfrdfaca,
`c dlac y `c puo`mhmaca mihmtci dãs jrfhufitfdfitf c caf`eczcr quf c dcitfifr uic oufic sc`ua.
Hcpätu`l 1. Gmpøtfsms
‐@cs hcuscs af `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls fi c`udils af ? al af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml Ali
Olshl hfitrc` Xcitc Hruz2 sli `ls fstfrfltmpls af of``fzc quf `c slhmfaca mdplif miamrfhtcdfitf
y quf cafdãs `ls hliauhf c uic dc`c c`mdfitchmøi quf hcrfhf af `ls iutrmfitfs ifhfscrmls pcrc su
hufrpl— .
6.3.Fijlquf
@c prfsfitf mivfstmechmøi fs af fijlquf hucitmtctmvl afomal c quf sf dfamrãi `cs vcrmco`fs
pcrc ``fecr c `c rfspufstc af `c mivfstmechmøi.
F` fijlquf hucitmtctmvl Vtm`mzc `c rfhl`fhhmøi af ciã`msms af actls pcrc hlitfstcr
prfeuitcs af mivfstmechmøi y prlocr gmpøtfsms fstco`fhmacs p
prfvmcdfitf
rfvmcdfitf y hlijäc fi `c dfamhmøi
iudírmhc, f` hlitfl y jrfhufitfdfitf fi f` usl af `c fstcaästmhc pcrc fstco`fhfr hli fxchtmtua
pctrlifs af hldplrtcdmfitl af uic plo`chmøi. (GF_ICIAF^ ft c`, ?;31, [ce.1).
Afshrmptmvl. -
‐@ls fstuamls afshrmptmvls pfrdmtfi aftc``cr smtuchmlifs y fvfitls, fs afhmr hødl fs y
hødl sf dcimjmfstc aftfrdmical jfiødfil y oushc fspfhmjmhcr prlpmfacafs mdplrtcitfs af
pfrslics, erupls, hlduimacafs l huc`qumfr ltrl jfiødfil quf sfc sldftmal c ciã`msms—. Xfeþi
Xcdpmfrm (3==7, [ce. :;).
Fxp`mhctmvl. -
‐Fstãi amrmemals c rfspliafr plr `cs hcuscs af `ls fvfitls y jfiødfils jäsmhls l slhmc`fs.
Hldl su ildorf `l miamhc, su mitfrís sf hfitrc fi fxp`mhcr plr quí lhurrf ui jfiødfil y fi quí
HVCA_L I» 3
FACA AF @LX FXQVAMCIQFX AF XFEVIAL AF XFHVIAC_MC
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 3? - 38 cóls 18 68%
? 31 cóls 88 13%
8 36 cóls fi caf`citf 6 :%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
E_ÃJMHL I» 3
Faca
3? - 38 cóls 31 cóls 36 cóls fi caf`citf
:%
13% 68%
Xfeþi `c fihufstc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—, sf cprfhmc quf> f` 68% tmfifi fitrf 3? c 38 cóls, f` 13% tmfif 31 cóls y f` :% tmfif 36
cóls fi caf`citf.
Eíifrl
HVCA_L I» ?
EÍIF_L AF @LX FXQVAMCIQFX AF XFEVIAL AF XFHVIAC_MC
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Dunfr 16 6:%
? Gldorf 8: 11%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
Eíifrl
Dunfr Gldorf
11%
6:%
Xfeþi `c fihufstc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—, sf cprfhmc quf> f` 6:% sli af eíifrl Jfdfimil y f` 11% af eíifrl Dcshu`mil, `l quf
amhf quf `c dcylräc af `ls fstuamcitfs sli af eíifrl Jfdfimil.
:.?. Mitfrprftchmøi af `ls rfsu`tcals slorf `ls fjfhtls psmhl`øemhls af `ls trcstlrils
c`mdfitmhmls
HVCA_L I» 8
_FDL_AMDMFIQL AFX[ÞFX AF HLIXVDM_ @LX C@MDFIQLX
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Qltc`dfitf af chufral 8 1%
? ? 36 3=%
8 8 37 ??%
1 1 ?1 8;%
6 Qltc`dfitf fi afschufral ?3 ?:%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
1%
?:% 37%
??%
8;%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> F` 8;% fstãi fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` ?:% fstã
tltc`dfitf fi afshufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` ??% il fstã afchufral im fi afschufral, f` 37% fstã
af chufral hli `c prfeuitc y f` 1% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf f` 8;% af `ls fstuamcitfs fstãi fi
afschufral quf smfitfi rfdlramdmfitl afspuís af hlisudmr `ls c`mdfitls.
HVCA_L I» 1
XF XMFIQF EL_AL (C) CVISVF LQ_LX AMECI SVF FXQÃ AF@ECAL
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Qltc`dfitf af chufral 3; 3?%
? ? 35 ?3%
8 8 1 6%
1 1 ?: 8?%
6 Qltc`dfitf fi afschufral ?1 8;%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
E_ÃJMHL I» 1
3?%
8;%
?3%
8?% 6%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> F` 8?% fstãi fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 8;% fstã
tltc`dfitf fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 6% il fstã afchufral im fi afschufral, f` ?3% fstã
af chufral hli `c prfeuitc y f` 3?% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf f` 8?% fstã fi afschufral hli quf
sf vfi elrals cuiquf ltrls ameci quf fstãi af`ecals.
HVCA_L I» 6
XF XMFIQF OMFI HLI XV CX[FHQL JÄXMHL
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Qltc`dfitf af chufral ?8 ?7%
? ? 38 3:%
8 8 ?? ?5%
1 1 3? 36%
6 Qltc`dfitf fi afschufral = 33%
: Xmi rfspufstc ? ?%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
E_ÃJMHL I» 6
8%
33%
?7%
36%
3:%
?5%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> F` 36% fstãi fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 33% fstã
tltc`dfitf fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` ?5% il fstã af chufral im fi afschufral, f` 3:%
3: % fstã
af chufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` ?7% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral y f` 8% il rfspliamø.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc
l osfrvc h`crcdfitf quf ?7% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral hli
quf sf smfitfi omfi hli su cspfhtl jäsmhl.
HVCA_L I» :
HLILHMDMFIQL C HF_HC AF @LX Q_CXQL_ILX C@MDFIQMHMLX
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
E_ÃJMHL I» :
8%
35%
?6%
33%
33%
88%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> F` 33% fstãi fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` ?6% fstã
tltc`dfitf fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 88% il fstã af chufral im fi afschufral, f` 33%
33 % fstã
af chufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 35% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral y f` 8% il rfspliamø.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf f` 88% il fstã af chufral im fi
afschufral hli f` hlilhmdmfitl quf plsffi c hfrhc af `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls.
HVCA_L I» 5
HLDF AFDCXMCAC HLDMAC HGCQC__C
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
E_ÃJMHL I» 5
36% 3:%
??% 35%
8;%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> F` ??% fstãi fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 36% fstã
tltc`dfitf fi afschufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 8;% il fstã af chufral im fi afschufral, f` 35%
35 % fstã
af chufral hli `c prfeuitc, f` 3:% fstã tltc`dfitf af chufral.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf f` 8;% il fstã af chufral im fi
afschufral hli quf hldfi afdcsmcac hldmac hgctcrrc.
:.8. Mitfrprftchmøi af `ls rfsu`tcals slorf `cs hcrchtfrästmhcs af` fitlril slhmc`
HVCA_L I» 7
[_FLHV[CHMØI AF @C L[MIMØI AF @LX AFDÃX XLO_F XV JÄXMHL
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Iuihc 3: ?;%
? C vfhfs 17 6=%
8 Hcsm Xmfdprf 3; 3?%
1 Xmfdprf 5 =%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
=%
?;%
3?%
6=%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> C` =% af `ls fstuamcitfs smfdprf `fs prflhupc `c lpmimøi af `ls
afdãs, c` 3?% hcsm smfdprf `f prflhupc, c` 6=% c vfhfs `fs prflhupc y c` ?;% iuihc `f prflhupc.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf c` 6=% af `ls fstuamcitfs
fstuamcitf s c vfhfs `f
prflhupc `c lpmimøi af `ls afdãs slorf su jäsmhl.
HVCA_L I» =
MIJ@VFIHMC AF @C XLHMFACA FI XV DCIF_C AF [FIXC_ XLO_F XV HVF_[L
MAFC@
I» ZC_MCO@F I» %
3 Iuihc 8; 85%
? C vfhfs 8? 1;%
8 Hcsm Xmfdprf 3? 36%
1 Xmfdprf 5 =%
Qltc` 73 3;;%
E_ÃJMHL I» =
=%
36% 85%
8=%
Xfeþi `c prfeuitc rfc`mzcac c `ls fstuamcitfs af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali
Olshl—. Xf lotmfif `ls smeumfitf> C` =% af `ls fstuamcitfs smfdprf mij`uyf fi su dcifrc af pfiscr,
c` 36% hcsm smfdprf mij`uyf, c` 8=% c vfhfs mij`uyf y c` 85% iuihc mij`uyf.
C trcvís af fstls rfsu`tcals sf losfrvc h`crcdfitf quf f` 8=% af `ls fstuamcitfs smfitfi
mij`ufihmc fi su dcifrc af pfiscr c hfrhc af su hufrpl mafc`.
@c dmilräc af `ls fstuamcitfs tmfifi miamhmls af uic ocnc cutlfstmdc fi rf`chmøi hli su
cpcrmfihmc jäsmhc y dcimjmfstci uic mij`ufihmc af` fitlril slhmc` fi f` quf sf fihufitrci
fih ufitrci rfj`fncial
csä `c dc`c c`mdfitchmøi quf ``fvci.
af sfeuial af sfhuiacrmc af` hl`feml ‐Ali Olshl—, slorf `ls trcstlrils c`mdfitmhmls2 sus
hlisfhufihmcs y hødl prfvfimr`ls.
OF@@, H., BM_B[CQ_MHB, U y _MII, _. H. (3=7:). Olay mdcef lj cilrfxmh, lofsf cia ilrdc`
jfdc`fs. Nluric` lj H`mimhc` [syhgl`ley, 1?, 183-18=.