மருத்துவ குலம் - Rev 01

Nkd;ikkpF
kUj;Jt ,d tuyhW
KidtH g. ghyRg;gpukzpad;
MA., MCA., MBA., ML ISC., MPhil., Ph.D
gy;fiyf; fof E}yfH>
kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhH gy;fiyf; fofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp - 627012.
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15/21 Br;rh;]; fpy;L fhydp> 2-tJ njU>
,uh[h[p efH tphpT>
tpy;ypthf;fk;> nrd;id - 600 049
njhiyNgrp: 044-26502086, 9444191256
email: azhagu.pathippagam1@gmail.com
wef: www.shankarpathippagam.in & www.bookthagam.com
E}y; tptug; gl;bay;
E}ypd; ngaH
Nkd;ikkpF kUj;Jt ,d tuyhW
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E}yhrphpaH
KidtH g. ghyRg;gpukzpad;
E}y; msT
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gjpg;G Mz;L † 2023

ISBN.NO: 978-93-94811-XX-X
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tpy;ypthf;fk;> nrd;id - 600 049
njhiyNgrp: 044-2650 2086 | 9444191256
Nkyl;il & tbtikg;G:

juz; fpuhgpf;]; – 9962587730
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fpspf;Lgphpz;l; - nrd;id - 600 018.
nghUslf;fk;
Mrpupau; ciu 5
1. Mjp kUj;Jtu;fs; 9
2. kUj;Jtu; r%f tuyhW 12
3. yz;ld; ehtpju;fs; rq;fk; 16
4. jkpofj;jpy; kUj;Jt Fyk; 17
5. kUj;Jtr;rp 23
6. guQ;Nrhjp 36
7. mkuftp jpahfp v];.v];.tp];tehjjh]; 48
8. tuyhw;W mwpQu; ee;ju; 55
9. mWit rpfpr;ir Kd;Ndhbfs; 61
10. khzpf;fthrfu; 66
11. Ntjhuz;ak; itug;gd; 90
12. fu;g;G+up jhf;$u; 92
13. rtuj; njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW 94
14. Mde;jk; gz;bju; 100
15. ,e;jpa mstpy; kUj;Jt Fyj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; 113

Mrpupau; ciu
k Uj;Jtu; vd;Dk; MjpkUj;Jtu; r%fk; mk;gl;lu;>
gupahup> ghu;gu;> ehtpju;> kq;fsh vd;W gy;NtW
ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,d;W r%fj;jpy;
nfsutkhff; fUjg;gLk; gpA+l;b ghu;yu;> kfg;NgW kUj;Jtu;
vdg; ngUikahfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk; njhopy;fis md;W
nra;jtu;fs; kUj;Jtu; Fyj;jpdu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
MjpkUj;Jtu;fs; jkpopdj;jpd; %j;j Fbfs;. ,tu;fs;
capu; fhf;Fk; kUj;Jtj; njhopiyf; Fyj;njhopyhff;
nfhz;ltu;fs;.
,tu;fs; nts;isaupd; fhyj;jpy; Kb ntl;Lk;
njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ehsiltpy; ehtpju; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ltu;fs; fpuhkg;Gw kUj;Jtu;fshfTk; xg;gidj;
njhopy; nra;gtu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; muru;fs;> gpuGf;fs;> uh[FUkhu;fs;>
Fbkf;fs; vd ahUf;FNk Kfr;rtuk;> rpif myq;fhuk;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk; gof;fk; fpilahJ. Mz;fs; midtUNk.
ePz;l jhbAlDk;> [lh KbAlDNk fhzg;gl;ldu;>
Njrq;fSf;fpilNa Nghu; Gupe;j tPuu;fs;> muru;fSf;Ff;
fhaq;fs; Vw;gLk; nghOJ muz;kid itj;jpau; gr;rpiy
itj;Jf; fl;Ltjw;F ,ilA+whf ,Uf;Fk; kapiu ePf;fptpl;L
fhaj;jpw;F kUe;jpl;L itj;jpak; nra;jdu;.
6
gpw;fhyj;jpy; mJ eilKiw tho;f;iff;F trjpahfg;
glNt> midtUk; rpif myq;fhuk; nra;J nfhs;s
tpUk;gpdu;. itj;jpaUk; jd; Kjd;ikj; njhopiy tpl;L rtuk;
Nkw;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,g;gbj;jhd; itj;jpau; ehtpju;
Mdhu;fs;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpy; epytpa %lek;gpf;iffshy;
ehtpju;fspd; kjpg;G Fiwthff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
NkYk;; kq;fy r%fj;jhu;> rkz rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;j
mNrhf kd;dupd; ee;j tk;rhtspapy; te;jtu;fs; vd;Wk;>
mtu;fs; kq;fy(td;)> kq;fiy> ehtpju;> rtu;zd;>
itj;jpau;> mq;fitj;jpau;> kUj;Jtu;> kUj;Jtr;rp> gl;lu;>
mk;gl;lu;> Mkhj;jpau;> khkhj;jpau;> kfhkhj;jpuu;> khkhj;jpuu;>
ngUkQ;rpfu;> gpuhNzhgfhup> gpuNahfj;jiuad;> Mrtuhau;>
ry;ypauhau;> Fbkf;fs;> Mrpkf;fs;> gz;bju;> gpuhkzu;>
Ntyf;fl;lotu;> Ntyf;fl;loehau; vd;W gytiffspYk;
miof;fg;gl;lijr; rhd;WfSld; Mtzg;gLj;jpAs;shu;
ee;ju;.
‘kq;fy" vd;gJ jpUts;Stupd; thf;Fg;gb J}a
jkpo;r;nrhy; kl;Lky;y> tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd;gb mr;nrhy;
kUj;Jtf; Fyj;jpdiuAk; Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;Wk; Ma;thsu;
ee;ju; $wpAs;shu;.
Mz;fSf;F Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSf;Fg; ngz;fSk;
kUj;Jtk; ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ngUk;ghYk;
rkzu;fNs kUj;Jtf; fiyapy; Nju;e;jtu;fshfTk;> mWit
rpfpr;ir Kjw;nfhz;L kUj;Jtj;jpy; midj;ijAk; nra;af;
$batu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. ngsj;j> rkzu;> ghu;gdu;
jtpu;j;J kopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; NtnwhUtUf;Fk;
,Ue;jjpy;iy. rkzu;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tPo;j;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;l rkzu;fs; midtUk; kUj;Jtj;
njhopYld; rtuk; nra;tijAk; nra;AkhW gzpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
mJ mg;gbNa Mz;L 1900 tiu njhlu;e;jJ.
fhaq;fs; Vw;gl;l gFjpapy; kUj;Jtk; nra;a me;j
,lq;fspy; kapiu kopg;gJ tof;fk; vd;gjhy; md;iwa
kUj;Jtu;fs; midtUNk rtuk; nra;tijAk; njupe;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;.
Kidth; g. ghyRg;gpukzpad;
7
,g;gbahf cUthd kUj;Jt r%fk; jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs;
kw;Wk; cau;rhjpapdUf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;a Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy;>
jPz;lhik Mjpf;fj;jpd; ghjpg;Gf;F mtu;fSk; Mshdhu;fs;.
ehk; ek; cliyj; njhl mDkjpg;gJ kUj;Jtu;fSf;Fk;>
rtuj;njhopyhspf;Fk; kl;LNk. me;j ,UNtiyiaAk;
xUtuhfr; nra;Jte;j> kUj;Jtu; r%fk; ,g;NghJ
Kbj;jpUj;jj;ij kl;LNk nra;JtUfpwJ. mjw;F tuyhw;W
fhuzk; cz;L.
Mq;fpNya nkf;fy;Ny fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpdhy; mNyhgjp
kUj;Jtk; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF> kUj;Jtj;
njhopypy; fpilf;Fk; gzk; Gfo; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;Lk;> jw;NghJ Vida gpw r%fKk; Mq;fpy kUj;Jtj;
njhopYf;F khwptpl;lhu;fs;.
12 E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; Nkyhf kUj;Jtk; ghu;j;J te;j Mjp
kUj;Jtu;fs;> murhq;f rl;ljpl;lk; fhuzkhf kUj;Jtj;
njhopiyj; njhlu Kbahky; jq;fSf;Fj; njupe;j kw;nwhU
njhopyhd rtuj;njhopiy kl;LNk NtW topapd;wp
njhlu;fpd;wdu;. me;jj; njhopiyAk; $l efur; R+oypy;>
mjw;F xU caupa tpiyia epu;zak; nra;J 'g;A+l;b ghu;yu;"
vd;w ngaupy; trjp gilj;jtu;fs; itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
cyf mstpy; mWit kUj;Jt Kd;Ndhbfshf>
mWitf;fhd fj;jpia itj;jpUe;jtu;fs; ,d;iwa epiyapy;
Kb ntl;Lk; fj;jpupf;NfhYld; tyk; tUfpd;wdu;.
kUj;Jt Fy r%fk; vg;gb ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j cyfj;jpw;F
mtu;fs; gq;fspg;G vj;jifaJ. ,e;jf; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
mwpQu;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j
E}ypy; fhz;Nghk;.
,e;j E}iy rhjp gw;wpajhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jpwikfs;> Nkd;ikfs;
cs;sd. me;j tifapy; jkpof rKjha tuyhw;wpd; xU
Kf;fpaf; $whf ,e;j E}iy thrfu;fs; fUj Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
vd;Dila md;ghd jho;ikahd Ntz;LNfhs;.
8
vd;id kUj;Jtu; ,d tuyhW vDk; ,e;E}iy vOj
Cf;Ftpj;j ,d vOr;rp ehafd; yz;ld; G.gh];fud;
mtu;fSf;Fk;> kUj;Jtu; r%fj;jpid ntsp cyFf;F
nfhz;Lte;j ee;ju; vd;w jq;fk; tp];tehjd; mtu;fSf;Fk;>
mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf; fofk; Mq;fpyj;Jiw Nkdhs;
Nguhrpupau; md;ghde;jk; mtu;fSf;Fk;>
Bd; rq;f jiytu; n[gkzp> Bd; rq;f nrayhsu;>
tof;fwpQu; n[.nry;thR+lhkzp mtu;fSf;Fk;> mUik
ez;gu;fs; kapiy Fkhu;> M> FkuFUgud; mtu;fSf;Fk;>
kw;Wk; E}iy ntspf;nfhz;Ltu cjtpa rq;fu; gjpg;gf
cupikahsu; M.Nfhkjpehafk; kw;Wk; Ma;T khztu;
m.ghyh[p MfpNahUf;Fk; csk; fdpe;j ed;wpiaj;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ,e;E}ypid
moFw tbtikj;j juz; fpuhgpf;];-f;Fk; vd; ed;wp.
– Kidtu; g. ghyRg;gpukzpad;
1
Mjp kUj;Jtu;fs;
, e;jpahtpy; mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J
tsu;j;jJ ehtpju;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kUj;Jt
Fy r%fj;jpdu; Mthu;fs;. Nghu;f;fhyq;fspYk;> mjd;
gpwF uhZt tPuu;fSf;F kUj;JtKk;> mWit rpfpr;irAk;
nra;jdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tu;fs; jq;fs; trk; jPl;ba fj;jp
xd;iw vg;NghJk; itj;jpUg;gJ tof;fk;.
,J Fwpj;J tuyhw;wwpQu; b.b.Nfhrhk;gp $Wifapy;>
'Nghupy; my;yJ Nehapy; %f;F ,oe;jtu;fSf;F khw;W %f;F
xl;lWit Kiw> ehtpjupd; fz;Lgpbg;Ng”> vd;fpwhu;.
nghJthd kUj;Jt rpfpr;iria ehtpju;fs; tuyhw;wpd;
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nra;J te;jdu;. Fwpg;ghfg;
Nghu;f;fhyq;fspYk;> mjd; gpwF uhZt tPuu;fSf;F
kUj;JtKk;> mWit rpfpr;irAk; nra;J te;jdu;. ,jd;
fhuzkhf ,tu;fs; jq;fs; trk; jPl;ba $u;ikahd fj;jpia
itj;jpUg;gJ tof;fk;.
,yz;ldpy; mWit rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; ehtpju;fs; rq;fk;
(Guild of Surgeons) 1318-y; cUthdJ. 1505Mk; Mz;L
ghuP]; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ehtpju; mWit kUj;Jtu;fisg;
Nguhrpupau;fshf epakdk; nra;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1540-y;
ehtpju;fs; mWitahsu; rq;fj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;fs;
(Company of Barber – Surgeons). Mdhy;> eilKiwapy;
Kbntl;LjiyAk;> rtuk; nra;jiyAk; nra;J te;j ehtpju;fs;
mWit rpfpr;ir nra;tjw;Fj; jiltpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
kUe;Jfshy; Neha; FzkhfhJ vd;w epiy tUk;NghJ>
kUj;Jtu;fshy; mtu;fs; fl;lisg;gb ehtpju;fs; Njitahd
9
10
msT fPwpNah my;yJ ml;iliaf; fbf;ftpLtjd; (Leeches)
%ykhfNth ,uj;jj;ij ntspNaw;wpdu;. kUj;Jtu;fs; ,ij
ehtpju;fsplk; xg;gilj;jdu;. fhuzk; me;j Ntiyia
mtu;fs; nra;a tpUg;gk; ,y;yhik kw;Wk; ehtpju;fs; kPJ
cs;s ek;gpf;if MFk;.
gpuhd;rpy; 1743-k; Mz;bYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1745-k;
Mz;bYk; mWit rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtu;fs; ehtpju;fsplkpUe;J
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. 1800-k; Mz;by; uhay; fhNy[; Mg;
ru;[d;]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpypUe;J ehtpju;fs;
,izg;ig ,r;rq;fk; KOikahfj; Jz;bj;jJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf ,d;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; vk;.Mu;.rp.v];.
vd;w mWit rpfpr;irg;gl;lk; ngw;w gpd;G lhf;lu; vd;W
miof;fg;glhJ jpU> jpUkjp> nry;tp (Mr, Mrs, Miss) vd;Nw
gl;lj;jpw;F Kd; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
,e;j ehtpju;fs; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j cghyp vd;gtu; gTj;j
rq;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;Js;shu;. ,g;gTj;ju;fs;
fhyj;jpy; jhd; nka;Qhd mwptpaNyhL mWit rpfpr;ir
ahdJ Njhd;wp tsu;r;rpaile;jjhf tuyhw;wpQu; thl;];
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
cghyp (Upali) vd;W rk];fpUjj;jpy; miof;fg;gLgtu;fs;
njhopy; Kiwapy; muz;kid ehtpju;fshf tpsq;fpdu;.
cghyp xUtu; nfsjk Gj;jupd; rPlu;fspy; xUtuhfr;
Nru;e;J jdJ mwnewpahYk;> Qhdj;jpdhYk; Gj;jupd; gj;J
Kjd;ikr; rPlu;fspy; xUtuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. nfsjk Gj;ju;
fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j newpfs; kw;Wk; gpf;Ffs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
tpjpKiwfs; mlq;fpa tpda gPlfj;ijj; njhFj;jtu; ,tNu.
xUKiw nfsjk Gj;jUf;F cghyp Kb ntl;Lk; NghJ>
cghyp Ntfkhf %r;rpiwj;jhu;. %r;R fhw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; %r;rpiwg;ig ePfF ; k; Kiwia Gj;ju; mwpe;J $wpdhu;.
xUKiw nfsjk Gj;ju; VO ,sturu;fis> r%fj;jpd; kpfTk;
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;ej
; cghypf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;jf;
$wpdhu;. mtu;fSk; cghypf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;jpdu;.
11
,jd; %yk; cghyp nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ngsj;j gpf;Ffs;
rKjhaj;Jld; vg;gb Nru;eJ
; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpjpKiwfis
cghyp njhFj;jhu;. gpd;du; jpup gPlfq;fspy; xd;whd tpda
gPlfk; vDk; ngsj;j jj;Jt E}iyAk; cghyp njhFj;jhu;.
kUj;Jtk; Gupe;jtu;fs; kUj;Jtu;fs; my;yJ itj;jpau;fs;
vd;W rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fs; miof;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,jpy; jpwd;
ngw;w kUj;Jtu;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; 'Neha; kUq;fwpQu;”
(njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;: 183) vd;W rpwg;ghf miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; ehb gpbj;Jg;ghu;f;Fk;
kUj;Jtk; Gupgtu; (Physician) kUj;Jtd;> kUj;jd;>
kh khj;jpuu;> itj;jpad; kw;Wk; rtu;zd; Nghd;w nrhw;fshy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu; vd;fpwJ Mrpupa epfz;L.
,J Nghd;W mWitr; rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; kUj;Jtu;
(Surgeon) ry;ypaf;fpupiag; gz;Zthd;> mq;f itj;jpad;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
clypy; VNjDk; gpur;id vd;why;> kUj;Jtuplk; XLfpNwhk;.
mg;gbNa NfhapYf;Fk; nrd;W flTisj; juprpj;J> ek;
gpuhu;jj
; idia itj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;fpNwhk;. kf;fs; jq;fs; clypy;
VNjDk; jPuhj Neha; te;J mtjpg;gl;lhy;> clNd mk;kid ehb
te;J> jq;fs; Nfhupf;ifia itj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdu;. mtSk;
Neha; jPuf
; F
; k; kUj;Jtr;rpahfj; jpfo;fpwhs;.
kUj;Jtk; GupAk; ngz;fs; kUj;Jtp vd;Wk;> gpurtk;
ghu;f;Fk; ngz; kUj;Jtr;rp vd;Wk;> rpfpr;irf;Fj; Jiz
epw;Fk; ngz;fs; jhjp> nrtpyp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
gupfhuk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Neha; ePf;fy;> guhkupj;jy; vd;W
nghUs;gLtjhy; gupfhup vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; Neha; ePf;Fgtiuf;
Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. (gupahup vd;w nrhy; ,d;Wk;> fpuhkq;fspy;
ehtpju;fis miof;Fk; nrhy;yhf cs;sJ).
er;ir ePf;Fk; rpfpr;ir mspg;gtu; tp\ itj;jpad;> tpl
`hup vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
2
kUj;Jtu; r%f tuyhW
r tuj; njhopyhspfs; vd;gtu;fs; ahu;> Vd; mtu;fs;
me;jj; njhopiyr; nra;JtUfpwhu;fs;? mtu;fSf;F
mJ Fyj;njhopyh? vd;fpw Nfs;tpia ek;kpy; Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;ltu; FiwNt. ve;j xU ,dj;jpYk; Fyj;njhopyhf
,y;yhj gy njhopy;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Fyj;njhopy;fshfj;
njhlu;tjpy; rtuj; njhopYk; xd;W.
rtuj; njhopyhspfs; ahu; ?

mk;gl;lu;> gupahup> ghu;gu;> ehtpju; vd;W gy;NtW
ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gLk; kUj;Jtu; vd;Dk; MjpkUj;Jtu;
r%fk; vg;gb Vw;gl;lJ vd;W ghu;j;jhy;> gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy;
Kbfis kopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; ngsj;ju;fSf;Fk;>
rkzu;fSf;FNk cupa tof;fk;> mtu;fs; jtpu;j;J ghu;gdu;fs;
jiy cr;rpiaj; jtpu;j;J jiyia kopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
tof;fk; cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. clypy; G+Z}y; mzpahj
fhyq;fspy; ghu;gdu;fs; jq;fspd; jdp milahsj;jpw;fhf
cr;rpf; FLkp itj;J rpiuj;Jf; nfhs;tJ tof;fk;.
G+Z}y; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tJ Mwhk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpwNf
te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tuyhw;W> ,yf;fpa Mu;tyu;fs;
nrhy;Yfpwhu;fs;. G+Z}y; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gplhj ts;StUk;>
'kopj;jYk; ePl;lYk; Ntz;lhk;" vd;W mwpTWj;jpaJ
ghu;gdu;fspd; ntspg;gfl;ilf; fz;bg;gjw;Fj;jhd; vd;Wk;
ciuahrpupau;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;.
kUj;Jtj;ijg; gz;ila jkpofj;jpy; ngsj;ju;fSk;>
rkzu;fSk; nra;J te;jjhff; $Wfpwhu;fs;> rpj;ju;fspy; gyu;
rkz rpj;ju;fs; vd;Wk; ,e;J> irt rka Mjpf;fq;fspdhy;
12
13
mtu;fs; gpd;dhspy; ,e;J rkak; rhu;e;jtu;fshff;
fhl;lg;gLtnjy;yhk; ntWk; fl;Lkhdq;fNs vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. Mz;fSf;F Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSf;F
ngz;fSk; kUj;Jtk; ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ngUk;ghYk;
rkzu;fNs kUj;Jtf; fiyapy; Nju;e;jtu;fshfTk; mWit
rpfpr;ir Kjw;nfhz;L kUj;Jtj;jpy; midj;ijAk; nra;af;
$batu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. ngsj;j> rkzu;> ghu;g;gdu;
jtpu;j;J kopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; NtnwhUtUf;Fk;
,Ue;jjpy;iy. rkzu;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tPo;j;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;l rkzu;fs; midtUk; kUj;Jtj;
njhopYld; rtuk; nra;tijAk; nra;AkhW gzpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
mJ mg;gbNa Mz;L 1900 tiu njhlu;e;jJ.
fhaq;fs; Vw;gl;l gFjpapy; kUj;Jtk; nra;a me;j
,lq;fspy; kapiuAk; kopg;gJ tof;fk; vd;gjhy; md;iwa
kUj;Jtu;fs; midtUNk rtuk; nra;tijAk; njupe;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; vd;w
ngaupy; rkzu;fs; tPo;j;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;G ghu;gdu;fs;
jq;fSf;Fj; jhq;fNs rpiuj;Jf; nfhs;tJ jhd; tof;fk;.
tPo;j;jg;gl;l rkz r%fj;jpy; kUj;Jtk; njupe;jtu;fis
kUj;Jtu;fs; vd;fpw rhjpg; gpupthf Mf;fp> kUj;Jtk;
njupahjtu;fis tz;zhu;fs; kw;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;l
r%fkhf khw;wp CUf;F xJf;Fg;Gwk; Fb ,Uf;f
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ljhfj;jhd; gz;ila rhjpak; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp
gw;wp Ma;e;jtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;jpahntq;Fk;> Gj;j
rkz kj tPo;r;rp vd;gJ Mjprq;fuUf;Fg; gpwF Vw;gl;litNa.
mtu;fs; midtUk; jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fshfj; njhlu;e;jJk;
Mjprq;fuUf;Fg; gpwF ele;j tuyhw;W epfo;Nt.
,g;gbahf cUthd kUj;Jt r%fk; jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs;
kw;Wk; cau;rhjpapdUf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;a Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy;>
jPz;lhik Mjpf;fj;jpd; ghjpg;Gf;F mtu;fSk; Mshdhu;fs;.
kUj;Jtu;fspd; r%ff; flikfshf mtu;fSf;F Kw;gl;l
r%fk; 'tpjpf;fg;gl;lit" vit vd;W ghu;j;jhy;>
14
Njitahd NghJ jiy> Kfr; rtuk; nra;JtpLtJ
,y;yr; rlq;fpd; NghJ N`hkk; nra;a tUk;
ghu;g;gdUf;F cjTjy;
G+g;G va;Jk; rlq;F> rhT Mfpatw;iw gpwu;f;Fr;
nrhy;yptpLjy;> G+g;G va;jpa ngz;Zf;F %ypifr;
rhW fye;j Fspf;Fk; ePiu Maj;jk; nra;J jUtJ
'khg;gps;is rtuk;" - jpUkzj;jpd; Kjy; ehspd;
NghJ kzkfdpd; gpwg;G cWg;G gFjpapy; Kb ePf;Fjy;>
mg;NghJ mtDf;F VNjDk; Mz;ik njhlu;ghd
Neha;fs; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;W fz;lwpe;J nrhy;Yjy;
kzg;ngz;Zf;F Nriyf; fl;btpLtJ (kDju;kg;gb
ghy;> gl;Lg; Gilitf;Fk; jPl;L fpilahNj‚)
Mz;/ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk; khjk; xUKiw kiwtpl
kopj;jy;
ngz;fSf;F kfg;NgWf;F cjTjy;
rtj;Jf;F rtuk;> rtj;ij Fspg;ghl;b tpLtJ> rt
Cu;tyj;jpy; rq;F CJjy;> rt mlf;fj;jpy; cjTjy;
,itfSf;F 'Cu;r; NrhWk;"> $ypahf ney; Nghd;w
jhdpaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> mit ,y;yhjtu;fs;
gzk; nfhLg;gJk; tof;fkhk;. ,e;jj; njhopypy; <LgLk;
me;jr; r%fj;J Mz;fs; kUj;Jtu;fs; vd;Wk; ngz;fs;
kUj;Jtr;rpfs; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fspy; ngz;fs;
kUj;Jtk; kpFjpahfj; njupe;J itj;jpUe;jjhy; 'ghl;b
itj;jpak;" vd;fpw nrhy; $l ngz;fs; rpwg;ghf kUj;Jtk;
ghu;j;jjhy; Vw;gl;l nrhy; vd;Nw nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.
Mq;fpNya nkf;fy;Ny fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpdhy; mNyhgjp
kUj;Jtk; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF> Fyj;njhopy;
,iwtdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; gpwtw;iwr; nra;tJ
,iw tpjpf;F Vw;GilaJ my;y vd;W $wptUk; ghu;g;gdu;fs;
kUj;Jtj; njhopypy; fpilf;Fk; gzk; Gfo; Mfpatw;iwf;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk;> jw;NghJ Vida gpw r%fKk; Mq;fpy
kUj;Jtj; njhopYf;F khwptpl;lhu;fs;. 12 E}w;whz;Lf;Fk;
15
Nkyhf kUj;Jtk; ghu;j;J te;j Mjp kUj;Jtu;fs;> murhq;f
rl;ljpl;lk; fhuzkhf kUj;Jtj; njhopiyj; njhlu Kbahky;
jq;fSf;Fj; njupe;j kw;nwhU njhopyhd rtuj;njhopiy
NtW topapd;wp njhlu;fpd;wdu;. me;jj; njhopiyAk; $l
efur; R+oypy;> mjw;F xU cupa tpiyia epu;zak; nra;J
'g;A+l;b ghu;yu;" vd;w ngaupy; Kw;gl;l r%fk; itj;J nra;J
nfhz;L tUfpd;wd.
ehk; ek; cliyj; njhl mDkjpg;gJ kUj;Jtu;fSf;Fk;>
rtuj;njhopyhspf;Fk; kl;LNk. me;j ,UNtiyiaAk;
xUtuhfr; nra;Jte;j> jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fshf mwptpf;fg;gl;l
kUj;Jtu; r%fk; Kbj;jpUj;jj;ij kl;LNk nra;JtUfpwJ.
3
yz;ld;
ehtpju;fs; rq;fk;
, yz;ldpy; mWit rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; ehtpju;fs;
rq;fk; (Guild of Surgeons) 1318-,y; cUthdJ.
1505-Mk; Mz;L ghuP]; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ehtpju;
mWit kUj;Jtu;fisg; Nguhrpupau;fshf epakdk; nra;jJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1540-,y; ehtpju;fs; mWitahsu; rq;fj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;fs; (Company of Barber–Surgeons).
Mdhy;> eilKiwapy; Kbntl;LjiyAk;> rtuk; nra;jiyAk;
nra;J te;j ehtpju;fs; mWit rpfpr;ir nra;tjw;Fj;
jiltpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
gpuhd;rpy; 1743-Mk; Mz;bYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1745-Mk;
Mz;bYk;> mWit rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtu;fs; ehtpju;fsplkpUe;J
gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jdu;. 1800-Mk; Mz;by; uhay; fhNy[; Mg;
ru;[d;]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ehtpju;fs; ,izg;ig
,r;rq;fk; KOikahfj; Jz;bj;jJ. ,jd; vr;rkhfNt ,d;Wk;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; vk;.Mu;.rp.v];. vd;w mWit rpfpr;irg;gl;lk;
ngw;w gpd;G lhf;lu; vd;W miof;fg;glhJ Mr> Mrs> Miss vd;Nw
gl;lj;jpw;F Kd; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
16
4
jkpofj;jpy;
kUj;Jt Fyk;
r q;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kUj;Jt Fyj;jpdu; nghUsPl;Lk;
Nehf;fk; ,y;yhky;> Nrit kdg;ghd;ikAlNd
kUj;Jtk; nra;J te;Js;sdu;. vdpDk; trjpAs;s
NehahspfSf;F kUe;J jahupf;Fk; NghJ> xU gFjpia
trjpaw;w NehahspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir mspf;f xJf;fptpLtu;.
,jid ‘kUj;Jt ghfk;" vd mioj;jdu;.
(Mjhuk;: ,uh. khjtd;> kUj;Jt Nehf;fpy; jkpoupd;
nghUshjhuk;> (Friday Seminar Paper - 111 T.S. 1965 / P. 37).
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nehahsp ngUk; nghUs; nfhLj;J
kUj;Jtk; ngw;wjhfNth my;yJ kUj;Jtu; Nehahspaplk;
nghUs; VJk; thq;fpajhfNth> tuyhw;wpy; $wtpy;iy.
md;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; fpuhkq;fspy; gyUk; nrUg;G
mzpatpy;iy. mtu;fs; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpf; nfhz;L rPo;
gpbj;J mtjpg;gLk; rkaq;fspy;> ehtpjuplk; tUthu;fs;.
Ks; Fj;jpajhy; rpukg;gLfpwtiu XupUtu; gpbj;J mKf;fpf;
nfhs;s> ehtpju; rpwpa $u;ikahd fj;jpapdhy; Ks; Fj;jpa
,lj;ijf; fPwptpLtJld; rPiog; gpJf;fp ntspNaw;Wthu;.
XupU ehl;fspy; Ks; Fj;jpa ,lk; FzkilAk;.
,e;j Ntiyf;nfdj; jdpahfg; gzk; vijAk; vjpu;
ghu;f;fhky; ehtpju;fs; Nritahf ,e;jg; gzpiar; nra;jdu;.
NkYk; Kbntl;LtJld; fhy; if tpuy;fspy; tsu;e;jpUf;Fk;
efq;fis ntl;Ljy;> jiyiaj; jpUg;gpr; nrhlf;F
17
18
vLj;J krh[; gz;Zjy; vd ehtpjupd; gzpjpwd;fs;
gd;Kfg;gl;litahf ,Ue;jd.
rpy rhjpapy; jdpg;gl;l ehtpju; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; Fbkfd;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtUk; vy;NyhiuAk; mg;gh vd;Nw
miog;ghu;. ,wg;G tPLfspy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffspy;
Fbkfd;fs;jhd; vy;yhr; rlq;FfisAk; Kd;dpd;W nra;jdu;.
ehsiltpy; kUj;Jtu;fs; jq;fs; Njitiaf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L gz;lq;fis ntFkjpahfg; ngw;wdu;. md;iwa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw gpujhdkhf ,Ue;jJ.
kUj;Jt rpfpr;irf;Fj; jtwhJ $ypapidf; nfhLf;f
xsitahu; cyfePjpapy; typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
'(mQ;RNguf;) $ypiaf; iff; nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;

tQ;rkw eQ;R mWj;j kUj;Jtr;rpf; $yp.”
'kfh NehT jd;idj; jPu;j;j kUj;Jtd; $yp.”

(cyf ePjp: 11)
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtkidfs; Njhd;wpa nghOJ
ney; kw;Wk; nghw;fhRfis Cjpakhff; nfhLj;jdu;.
kUj;Jtu;fs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; rpwe;j ,irg; Gytu;fshf
,Ue;Js;sdu;. v.fh.: kUj;Jtu; ey;yr;Rjdhu; - ,tu; gupghlypy;
KUfidf; Fwpj;J vOjpaNjhL mg;ghly;fspy; 6> 8> 9> 10>
15> 19 Mfpa ghly;fSf;Fk; ,iraikj;Js;shu;. (gupghly;:
g. xxiii). ,Nj Nghy ciwA+u; kUj;Jtd; jhNkhjudhu;
GwehD}w;wpYk;> FWe;njhifapYk; ghly;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
,tu; %d;whk; jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhu;
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (Gwk; - Kd;Diug; gFjp).
'murUf;F ey;top fhl;Lk; Ik;ngUq;FO> vz;Nguhak;
vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;Lk; Ie;J> vl;Lg;Ngu;fs; nfhz;l
rigfspy; kUj;Jtu;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;. ,tu;fs;
murUf;Fk; epu;thf rig cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; kUj;Jt Nrit
Gupe;J te;jpUf;fpd;wdu;” vd;W $WfpwJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
19
,ijtplg; ngUikg;gLk; tpjkhf Midkiyf;
fy;ntl;bd;gb> kUj;Jtg; Gytu; khwd;fhup my;yJ %Nte;j
kq;fyg; Nguiuad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu;> fp.gp. 7-Mk;
E}w;whz;by; ghz;ba kd;du; guhe;jfd; muritapy; Kjy;
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,k;kUj;Jtu; ftpj;Jtj;jpy; rpwe;j
Gyik ngw;wpUe;jjw;fhf kJuftp vd;Dk; gl;lkspf;fg;gl;Lf;
nfsutpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. ($II VOL XIV NO.2 Lines 1-4)
,tUila jk;gp khwd; vapdd; khwd;fhup kiwTf;Fg; gpwF
,Nj muritapy; mikr;ruhf ,lk; ngw;whu;.
fp.gp. 1062–1067 - Mk; Mz;ilr; Nru;e;j tPu ,uhN[e;jpu
Nrhodpd; jpUKf;$ly; fy;ntl;bd;gb>
'Myk; ghf;fj;J rtu;zd; Nfhjz;luhkd;

mRtj;jhk gl;lDf;F.....”
vd tUk; fy;ntl;L tupfs; Myk;ghf;fk; vd;w CupypUe;J

kUj;Jtiu mioj;J te;J kUj;Jt Nrit Gupa Vw;ghL
nra;jpUg;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,jd;gb jpwik> mDgtk;
Mfpatw;wpw;fhf mjpf mstpy; Cjpak; nfhLj;J muru;fs;
kUj;Jtu;fisf; $l;b te;J cau;e;j epiyapy; itj;jpUe;jJ
Gyg;gLfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtu;fs; rtu;zd;>
itj;jpad;> kUj;Jtd;> ry;ypad;> mq;f itj;jpad; vd;W
rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
v.fh:
1. rtu; miuad; kJuhe;jfd; (ARE 248 / 249 / 1923)
2. fsf;Fb itj;jpad; %Nte;j kq;fyg; Nguiuad; Mfpa
khwd; fhup (E1 VOL.VII./(E1 VOL.VII./N0.33: PP. 317–320)
3. mq;f itj;jpad; $j;jngUkhs; (ARE 429 / 1909)
v.fh.:
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtj; njhopy; Gupe;j gyu;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; murNuhL njhlu;Gilatu;fs;.
,tu;fspd; ngau;fs; rpytw;iwf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
mtu;fs;> rtu;zd;> miuad; re;jpuNrfud;> Nfhjz;luhk
20
mRtj;jhk gl;ld;> kq;fshjp uhrd; rPuhsd; - vd;gtu;fs;.
,k;kUj;Jtu;fs; ‘irt rpfhkzp’> ‘rpt fPu;j;jp flfnkLj;j
$j;jgpuhd;" vdr; rpwg;Gg; ngau; ngw;wpUe;jpUf;fpd;wdu;
(eld fhrpehjd; - mUz;nkhop Ma;Tj; njhFjp> nrd;id
1988 - gf;. 165).
,J NghyNt jpwd; kpf;f kUj;Jtu; rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;Jld;
rpfhkzp> itj;jpa rpfhkzp> (ARE- 98 / 1927-28) itj;jpa
uh[h (ARE 125 / 1906)> itj;jpa rf;futu;j;jp> (ARE 130 /
1906) itj;jpag; Gue;jud; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu; vd;W
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
guk;giu kUj;Jtk; Gupe;j FLk;gk; itj;jpa Fyk;> kUj;Jt
Fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; fhuzkhf ,d;Wtiu
kUj;Jt Fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; njhopy;fSf;Nfw;g jdpj;jdp tPjpfspy;
my;yJ gFjpfspy; kf;fs; Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. ,jd;gb
Gfhu; efupd; mikg;igf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,sq;Nfh mbfs;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
'MAu; Ntj kUj;Jtu; tPjp”-iaf; Fwpg;gpLtJ
mf;fhyj;jpy; MAu;Ntjk; kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir ,Ue;Js;sijj;
njupag;gLj;JfpwJ.
,NjNghy; kUj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;j Cu; kUj;Jtf;Fb
vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. v.fh. jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; jpiu%u;
ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jpUf;Fuq;fhLJiw fpuhkj;jpdUfpy;
kUj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;j gFjp kUj;Jtf;Fb vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; mg;ngauhNy miof;fg;gl;L tUtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (FR. Heming Sway. Gazatteer of Thanjavur District
(FR. Heming Sway. Gazatteer of Thanjavur District Vol. 1. P.216).
kUj;Jtj;ij mwr; nray;fSs; xd;whff; fUjpdu;.
'kUe;jha;e;J nfhLj;j mwNthd;” vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly;
21
tup> kUj;Jtid (136) mwNthd; vdg; Gfo;fpwJ.
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehtpju;fs; kpfTk; cd;dj epiyapy;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,uh[uh[dpd; fp.gp. 1014-Mk; Mz;ila fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy;
gQ;rtd; kq;fyg; Nguiuad; midad; gtUj;jpud; kw;Wk;
,uh[uh[ gpuNahfj;jiuad; vd;Dk; ngau; nfhz;l mWit
rpfpr;ir nra;jtu;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpuNahfk; vd;w nrhy; kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLk;
nrhy;yhFk;. vdNt gpuNahfj;jiuad; vd;w nrhy; kUj;Jt
rpfpr;ir nra;gtidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
midad; gtUj;jpud; vd;gtu; Nfhypdik (Nfhypdik -
Nfhyp - kapu;) vd;w njhopypy; ty;ytd; vd;w Fwpg;G tUfpd;wJ.
,g;ngaUf;F mUfpy; ,uh[uh[ gpuNahfj; jiuad; vd;w
nrhy; kUj;Jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
mk;gl;ld; vd;w nrhy;Yk; kUj;Jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
vdNt Nfhypdik vd;w nrhy;Yk; kUj;Jtj;Jld;
njhlu;GilajhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fy;ntl;lha;thsu;
V. Rg;guhaY $Wfpwhu;.
jpUtplY}u; rptNahfehju; Myaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fp.gp. 1016-Mk; ehspl;l
fy;ntl;by; ,uhzp Fe;jit Mu;f;fhl;L $w;wk; = guhe;jf
rJu;Ntjp kq;fyj;Jr; rigaplkpUe;J epyk; tpiyf;F thq;fp
miuad; cj;jkNrhod; vd;w ehtpjDf;Fr; ry;ypa Nghfkhf
toq;fpajhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ARE No. 351/1907)
,Nj Myaj;jpYs;s kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; Fe;jit>
,uh[Nfrup rJu;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpYs;s xU Ntyp 4
khepyj;ijAk;> Ntk;gj;J}upYs;s xU tPl;ilAk; miuad;
cj;jk Nrhod; vd;w ,uhN[e;jpu Nrho gpuNahfj;jiuad;
Mfpa mk;gl;lDf;Fr; ry;ypa fpupah Nghfkhf (mWit
kUj;Jtj; njhopiy tpUj;jpailar; nra;tjw;fhd
khdpaj;jpd; ngau;) toq;fpapUg;gJ njupa tUfpd;wJ. (ARE
22
No. 350/1907)
kUj;Jtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;

kUj;Jtu;fs; kUj;Jtj;ijj; jq;fs; re;jjpf;Fk;>
gapy tpUk;Gk; kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; cz;L. rpwe;j
kUj;Jtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J kUj;Jtu;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;> ‘itj;jpa tpUj;jp" vdTk;> ‘ry;ypa
tpUj;jp" vdTk; toq;fg;gl;ld vd;gijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;
%yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
5
kUj;Jtr;rp
g z;ila fhyj;jpy; rlq;Ffisg; ngz;fNs Kd;dpd;W
elj;jpdu;. ,d;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; 'ghl;b itj;jpak;”
vd;w ngau; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ md;W ngz;fNs kUj;Jtk;
nra;jdu; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
ehtpju; tPl;Lg; ngz;fs;jhd; fpuhkj;jpy; vy;yh rhjpg;
ngz;fSf;Fk; ‘gpurtk;" ghu;j;jdu;. ,d;W kfspupay;
kUj;Jtuhd ngz; lhf;lu; nra;Ak; Ntiyia> md;W guk;giu
mwptpd; JizAld; ehtpju; rhjpg; ngz;fs; rpwg;ghfr;
nra;jdu;.
,jw;F xU ,yf;fpa rhd;whff; nfhq;F kz;lyr;
rjfj;jpy; fhu;Nkff; ftpQu; (9-Mk; E}w;whz;L) tpupthf
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
nfhq;F ehl;L kd;ddpd; kfs; gpurt typahy;
Jd;Gw;wnghOJ rpR ntsptuhj epiyapy; xU ehtpjg; ngz;>
tapw;iwf; fPwp> (Caesarean) rpRit ntspNa vLj;jijr;
rpwg;Gw tpsf;FtJ ,q;F epidT $uj;jf;fjhFk;.
,JNghyNt tapw;W typ Vw;gLk; Foe;ijfSf;Ff;
Fly; jl;b ,d;Wtiu eptu;j;jp mspg;gJk; ngz;fNs MFk;.
NkYk; kUj;Jt Fy ngz;fs; ,d;Wk; gy fpuhkq;fspy;
gpurtk; ghu;j;JtUtJ vd;gJ Mjpfhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtj;ijf;
fz;Lgpbj;J mjid tsu;j;J ,d;W tiuapy; gy Cu;fspy;
jf;f itj;Js;sdu;.
kUj;Jt Fy ngz;fs; kUj;Jtr;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;L>
fhydp muR fhyj;jpYk; gzpGupe;Jte;jnghOJ ,tu;fspd;
23
24
kUj;JtKiw Nkiy kUj;Jtj;ij xj;J tuhJ> J}a;ikaw;W
,Ue;jjd; fhuzkhf> 1923-y; fhydp muR ,tu;fs;
gzpia Nkk;gLj;j gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
kUj;Jtg; gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfs; Njhd;wpa gpwFk; jq;fs;
nghUshjhug; gpd;diltpdhy; Nkiy kUj;Jtk; fw;f
tha;g;gpd;wpg; Nghdhu;fs;. MfNt> ,tu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j
jkpo; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijr; rpf;nfdg; gpbj;jgb kUj;Jtk;
Gupe;jdu;. A+dpnrg; kw;Wk; cyf Rfhjhuf; fzf;Fg;gb
(1967) kUj;Jtr;rpfshy; kl;Lk; 70 tpOf;fhL gpurtq;fs;
eilngw;Ws;sjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,JNghyNt kUj;Jt Fy Mz;fs; mWit rpfpr;ir
cl;gl gy kUj;Jtg; gzpfisg; Gupe;Js;sdu;. ,J jtpu> rpy
Neha;fSf;Fg; Nga;> gprhR Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;
vd vz;zpa epiyapy;> mjid tpul;Lk; rlq;fpidAk;
nra;jdu;. ,tu;fshy; kUj;Jtk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fs;
Nky;Fb kf;fshf ,Ug;gpDk; ,tu;fs; $Wtijf; Nfl;gJ
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jjd; fhuzkhf 'vj;ijr;
nrhy;thNdh gupfhup mj;ijf; Nfl;ghd; Nehahsp” vd;w
gonkhop tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
itj;jpa tpUj;jp
jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk;> ed;dpyk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s mr;Rj
kq;fyk; vDk; Cupy; Nrhkehj Rthkp Nfhapypy; fp.gp. 12> 13-
Mk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L Nrhkehj kq;fyj;J kfh rigapdu;
jq;fs; Cu;g; nghJthd epyj;ij itj;jpa tpUj;jpahf
mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. (Nannilam (Nannilam Inscription Voll.
TNSDA: 272/1978).
GJf;Nfhl;il jpUtuq;Fsj;jpy; cs;s ùpjPu;j;Nj];tuu;
Nfhtpypy; cs;s fy;ntl;L ghz;ba kd;dupd; FyNrfuj;
Njtupdhy; epk;gtdk; vd;w ,lj;jpYs;s tapr;rhr;rpupad;
vd;gtDf;F itj;jpa tpUj;jpahf epyf;nfhil mspf;fg;gl;l
nra;jpiaj; njuptpf;fpwJ. (ARE(ARE280/1914; IPS Vol. II No. 575).
25
,J NghyNt kUj;Jtk; nra;Ak; kUj;Jtg; gz;bju;fSf;F
12 Ntyp epyk; nfhilahf mspf;fg;gl;ljhf ,uz;lhk;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; 13-Mk; Ml;rp Mz;Lf; fy;ntl;L
Fwpf;fpwJ. (eld fhrpehjd;> mUz; nkhop: Ma;Tj;njhFjp:
gf;. 164)
ry;ypa tpUj;jp
MAjf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L rpfpr;ir nra;Ak;
kUj;Jtk; ry;ypaf;fuzp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jifa
kUj;Jtf; fiyiag; gapw;Wtpj;Jg; gug;Gk; nghUl;L> ry;ypa
kUj;Jtu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l ,iwapyp epyf;nfhil ry;ypa
tpUj;jp vdg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ehd;fhk; Ml;rpahz;L
fy;ntl;L (ARE 350 / 1907 - (fp.gp. 1016). ,uh[uh[dpd;
jkf;if Fe;jitahu; jpUtprY}upy; ry;ypa tpUj;jpf;nfd
epyf;nfhil mspj;j nra;jpiaj; njuptpf;fpwJ.
tp\ tpUj;jp
tp\f;fbfSf;F kUe;jhf mike;j gr;rpiy %ypiffis
tsu;g;gjw;Fupajhf kUj;Jtu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; ,iwapyp
epyk; tp\ tpUj;jp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. (SII Vol. (SII Vol. V. No.
260 - ARE 156 / 1920).
,ilf;fhyj;jpy;> jpwik kpf;f kUj;Jtu;fspd; Nritiag;
ghuhl;b epyq;fs; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
ve;j xU nfhil my;yJ khdpak; ve;jnthU Nehf;fj;Jld;
toq;fg;gl;lhYk;> mjpy; xU gq;F kUj;Jtu;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. v.fh. gy;yt ee;jptu;kd;fspd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; Fkhukq;fy nts;sj;J}u; vd;Dk; fpuhkk;> nghJ
khdpakhf toq;fpa NghJ mjpy; xU gq;F xU kUj;JtDf;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (B. Rama Rao. 'Interesting Aspects of Health
Care in Tamil (B. Rama Rao. 'Interesting Aspects of Health Care
in Tamil Nadu History” Article Studies in History of Medical and
Science (Ed.) Hakeem Abdul Hakeem Vol. XIV. No. 1-2, New Delhi -
26
(1995 - 1996) Rp. P.-67).
rpy Neuq;fspy; rpwg;Gf;nfhilfs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
v.fh. Fe;jit murp rtu;zd;> miuad;> re;jpuNrfud; vd;w
kUj;Jtupd; Nritiag; ghuhl;b> 12 fhrpw;F epyKk;> tPLk;
thq;fp ed;nfhil mspj;Js;shu;. (ARE SIE 1924 - 25 - P.25)..
rtu;zd;> miuad;> kJuhe;jfd; vDk; kUj;JtDf;F mtu;
Nritiag; ghuhl;b> epyq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (AR SIE
1923 - 23 P.16; 1925 - 24 / P. 16).
,Nj Nghy ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy; xU kUj;JtUf;F>
jpUthkhj;J}upy; epyk; nfhilahfTk;> (ARE 182 -19 /
1922) Nrhod; NfhNdupd;ik nfhz;lhdpd; fy;ntl;by;
itj;jpa rpfhkzp vd;w gl;lk; ngw;w kUj;JtUf;F epyk;
nfhilahfTk;> (ARE 98 /1927 - 28; Nannilam Ins. Vol. II. TNSDA
No. 322 - 1978) jpUGtd Re;juj;Njtupd; fy;ntl;bd;gb
rtu;zd; guhrpupad; Mjpj;j Njtd; jpUtk;gyg;ngUkhs;
vd;w mq;f itj;jpaUf;F thdtd;khNjtp vDk; fpuhkk;
,iwapyp nfhilahf (TAX - Free Grant) toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(SII Vol. XXII pt. 1. ARE 13 /1906).
ry;ypaf; fpupah Nghfk;

,JNghy mWit kUj;Jtd;> miuad;> cj;jk Nrhod;
vd;w uhN[e;jpu Nrho gpuNahfj;jiuaDf;F 4 Ntyp>
4 kh ry;ypaf; fpupah Nghfkhf (mWit kUj;Jtj;ij
tpUj;jpailar; nra;tjw;fhf khdpak;) toq;fg;gl;lJ. (ARE
No. 350 / 1907).
itj;jpa Nghfk;
Fe;jitahy; tz;zf;fz;Ztd;> miuad;> ghuhRud;
mk;gytd;> kq;fyg; Nguiuad; vd;w kUj;JtDf;F jpUey;yk;
kf;fs; cly; ey kUj;Jtg; guhkupg;Gf;fhf MJyu; Nghfk; vd;w
ngaupy; (Nehahspfspd; kUj;Jt rpfpr;irf;F mspf;fg;gl;l)
nfhil toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ARE (ARE639 / 1909; Sii Vol. XXVI
No. 684 & P (IV).
27
,t;itj;jpa Nghfk; vd;gJ kUj;Jtu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fs;
re;jjpapdUf;Fk; mDgtpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L>
kUj;Jtu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; epyk; MFk;.
cjNae;jpuk; kw;Wk; jz;le;Njhl;lk; nrg;NgLfs; xt;nthU
fpuhkj;jpYk;> jpwik tha;e;j kUj;Jtu;fis cUthf;Fk;
nghUl;L> itj;jpa Nghfk; vd;w epyg; gq;fpid kUj;Jtu;
fSf;Ff; nfhLj;J te;j nra;jpfisj; njuptpg;gjhf lhf;lu;.
rp. kPdhl;rp mtu;fs; njuptpf;fpwhu;fs;. (mwptpay; jkpofk;:
gf;. 128–152).
'tpis epykha; ,iwtay; epyKk; itj;jpa NghfKk;”
vd;gJ itj;jpa Nghfk; gw;wpa fy;ntl;L thrfkhFk;. (ARE
307 / 1902:(ARE 307 / 1902:Sii Vol. ii No. 936).
tp\ `hu Nghfk;

er;Rf;fbapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l NehahspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir
mspf;Fk; tp\ itj;jpau;fSf;F ‘tp\ `hu Nghfk;" vd;w
ngaupy; nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cj;jpuNk&u; itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
ghk;gpd; tp\j;ij ePf;fpa tplfhup kUj;Jtd; xUtDf;F tp\
`hu Nghfkhf epyk; toq;fg;gl;l tptuj;ijj; jUfpwJ. (Sii.
Vol. III, No. 177: ARE 36 / 1898).
Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj;
njhFjpapypUe;J> tp\ KwpTf;Fg; gad;gLk; %ypifr;
nrbfisg; gapupLtjw;fhf ‘tp\ Nghfk;" vd;w ngaupy;
kUj;Jtu;fSf;F epyq;fs; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(fue;ij nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpfs; vz;. 11> ghly; 224)
kUj;Jtg; NgW
fpuhk kUj;JtUf;F tho;f;ifr; nryTf;F tUthahf tup
,y;yhky; tplg;gl;l epyk; kUj;Jtg; NgW vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
',d;dhl;rp Mug;gho; eha; thyKk;

kUj;Jtg; NgWk; gs;spAk; cl;gl.” (Sii:Vol. 11 No.4)
28
itj;jpaf; fhzp
Nehahspfsplk; vijAk; vjpu;ghuhJ kUj;Jtk; GupAk;
itj;jpau;fSf;F murhq;fj;jhNyh> fpuhkrig %ykhfNth
epue;jukhfg; guk;giu cupikahf mDgtpf;f toq;fg;gLk;
epyk; 'itj;jpa fhzp” vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzk;: nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;> Fd;dj;J}upy; cs;s
rptd; Nfhapypy; cs;s uh[uh[ Njtdpd; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;
fy;ntl;by; 'itj;jpaf; fhzp” vd;w ngaupy; rtu;z fh];agd;
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;> kq;fshjp uh[d; rPuhs Njtd; vd;w
kUj;JtDf;F epyk; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;l tptuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kUj;Jtf; fhzp tof;F

kUj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf mspf;fg;gl;l 'itj;jpaf; fhzp”
epyj;ij Kiwjtwp mDgtpj;J te;jikf;fhf fh];agd;>
miuad; miw rhz uh[ Nf]up> kq;fyg; Nguiuadpd;
fhzp epyKk;> kidAk; nry;yhJ vdr; rigNahuhy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;L> kPz;Lk;> mtDf;F me;j epyk; fpilf;f ele;j
tof;ifg; gw;wpf; fPuf;f@u; fpuhk mfj;jP];tuu; NfhapYs;s
,uz;lhk; uhN[e;jpudpd; 11-Mk; Mz;L Ml;rpf; fy;ntl;L
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (eld fhrpehjd;> mUz;nkhop Ma;Tj;
njhFjp - 1988: gf;. 165-6)
,e;jifa jfty; %yk; kUj;Jt Fyj;jpdu; goe;jkpofj;jpy;
,Ue;j cau;e;j epiyia mwpayhk;.
goe;jkpo; ehl;by; kUj;JtkhdJ ,aw;ifapy; tpise;j
%ypif nghUs;fisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;jJ.
,aw;ifahff; fpilg;gjw;F tpiy nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
R+o;epiy nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T Vw;gl toptFf;Fk; vd;Wk;>
mq;fg; nghUshjhu cupik jilg;gLk; vd;Wk; epidj;jdu;.
,jdhy; mf;fhy kUj;Jtj; Jiwapdu; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bid
vz;zpr; nray;gl;Ls;sdu;.
29
fhydpa Ml;rpapy; te;j khw;wq;fs;...
Mq;fpy kw;Wk; jkpo; mfuhjpfs; kUj;Jtu;fis rtuj;
njhopyhsu;fs; vd;Nw milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ. fhydpa
Ml;rpapdu; jq;fspd; RaNjitf;fhf ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
rhjpfs; Fwpj;jj; jfty;fisj; jpul;bdu;. rhjp Fwpj;j
Ma;TfSf;F> fhydpa Ml;rpapdu; njhFj;j ,dtiutpay;
E}y;fNs ,d;iwa Ma;thsu;fSf;F Ntj E}y; Nghy;
Kf;fpakhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;s rhjpfspd; tuyhw;wpid
vOJtjw;F vl;fu; ju;l;]dpd; njd;dpe;jpa Fyq;fSk;
FbfSk; vd;w E}Ny NtjE}y;. ,e;j E}ypy; gpuhkz
MZf;Fk; gpuhkzu; my;yhj ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;fs;
vd;Nw ngUk;ghyhd rhjpfspd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ehtpju;> ehRtu;> gz;bju;> gz;Ltu;>
kUj;Jtu;> gupahup> Fbkfd; vd gy ngau;fs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
mtu;fis mk;g\;l;lu; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; vl;fu; ju;l;]d;
mtu;fspd; Njhw;wf; fijia ,t;thW gjpT nra;Js;shu;:
'gpuhkzUf;Fk; itrpa ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;fs;
mk;g\;l;lu;”. 1909y; vl;fu; ju;l;]d; vd;d vOjpdhNuh mNj
tptuizjhd; xU E}w;whz;il fle;j gpd;dUk; njhlu;fpwJ.
uhk rh];jpup 2003 -y; ntspapl;Ls;s The People of India vd;w
E}ypYk; vl;fu; ju;l;]dpd; gjpNt njhlu;fpwJ.
fhydpa Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ,dtiutpay; E}y;fspy;
$wg;gl;bUf;fpw Njhw;wf; fijfis mt;thNw ,d;Wk;
gpd;gw;Wfpw nghOJ xU rhjpapDila Njhw;wj;jpd;
cz;ikahd tuyhW kiwf;fg;gl;lJ...
,e;j ,dtiutpay; E}y;fs; kUj;Jt rhjpapdupd;
ghuk;gupaj; njhopy; rtuk; nra;jy; vd;W $wp
milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
NkYk; mj;njhopy; ,opthdJ> mjidr; nra;gtu;fs;
,opTf;Fupatu;fs; vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
30
gpuhkz MZf;Fk; itrpag; ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;fNs
mk;g\;l;lu; (kUj;Jtu;) vd;w fl;Lf;fijia ,e;j E}
y; $WfpwJ. cz;ikapy; mtu;fspd; ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;
kUj;Jtk; MFk;.
kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; rtuj; njhopy; nra;jJ ve;j msTf;F
cz;ikNah mijAk;tpl $Ljyhd tuyhw;W cz;ik
mtu;fs; jkpo; r%fj;jpd; kUj;Jtu;fs; vd;gJ.
,dtiutpay; E}y;fs; cl;gl ,ju gjpTfspYk;
mk;g\;l;lu; ehtpju; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rhjpapd; njhopy;
kUj;Jtk; vd;W Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bapUg;gpDk; fs Ma;tpy;
kUj;Jtj; njhopypy; mjd; rpy NjitfSf;fhf kapu;
ePf;Fjy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. gpd;du;> mJNt rtuj; njhopy;
nra;tjw;Fk; toptFj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij mwpa Kbe;jJ.
ntl;Lf; fhak; Vw;gl;ltu;fSf;F kUj;Jtk; nra;fpwnghOJ
khg;gps;isr; rtuk; vd;w ngaupy; xU kzkfdpd; Mz;ikj;
jd;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F rlq;fpay; mbg;gilapy;
nra;ag;ngw;w gupNrhjidAk;> Mzhjpf;fg; ghu;itapy; kz
kfspd; ngz;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; filgpbf;fg;gl;L
te;j Nriy fl;btpLfpd;w (,d;W ehj;jdhu; Nriy fl;Ljy;
vd;w ngaupy; mt;tof;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ) KiwapYk; kUj;Jt
gupNrhjidNa ,Ue;jJ. khg;gps;is rtuk; ngUk;ghYk;
cilik tu;f;fq;fspilNa ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
kUj;Jtr;rp vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtr; rhjp ngz;fs;
kfg;NgW kUj;Jtj;jpy; epGzu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
tapw;wpypUf;Fk; Foe;ij ,ay;G epiyf;F khwhf ,Ue;jhy;
mjid ,ay;Gj; jd;ikf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J Rfg;gpurt
epiyf;F khw;Wfpd;w jpwik kUj;Jt rhjpg; ngz;fSf;F
(kUtj;Jr;rp) ,Ue;jJ.
kUj;Jtu;fspd; Nritf;fhf mtu;fs; FbapUg;gjw;Fk;
tptrhak; nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; epyk; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mtu;fspd; trpg;gplk; kUtj;J}u;> kUj;Jtd;Fb> kUe;J}u;>
kUj;JtNee;jy;> kUj;Jtd;Nrup vd;w ngau;fspYk; tptrha
31
epyk; ehtpjr;nra;> ehtpjNdhil> ehtpjd; nghl;ly;> ehtpj
tha;f;fhy;> ehtpjj;jpl;il> ehtpjj;jply; vd;Dk; ngaupy;
miof;fg;ngw;wd.
jkpofj;jpd; rhjpa mLf;fpy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l njhopypid
midj;J Nky; rhjpapdUf;Fk; nra;j NghjpYk; ntt;NtW
kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; ,Ue;jpUg;gjid mwpa KbfpwJ.
nts;shsu;> Njtu;> fTz;lu; vd gy rhjpapdUf;Fj;
jdpj;jdpahd ehtpju; ,Ue;jdu;. rpy fpuhkq;fspy; gy
rhjpapdUf;Fk; xNu xU kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
xNu njhopiyNa gy;NtW Vw;wj;jho;thd rhjpfSf;Fr;
nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; kUj;Jtu; rhjpapduplj;jpYk; me;j
Vw;wj;jho;T nray;gl;bUf;fpwJ> mtu;fSf;Fs; rhu;Gj; jd;ik
,y;yhjpUe;j NghjpYk;$l. Nky; rhjpapdUf;Fr; Nrtfk;
nra;J tUfpd;w kUj;Jtiu mjw;Ff; fPOs;s rhjpapdUf;F
Nrtfk; nra;fpd;w kUj;Jtu; fhZk; nghOJ tzf;fk; vd;W
gzpTld; kupahij nra;tJ toikahf ,Ue;jJ. kUj;Jt
rhjpapdUf;Fs; kz cwthdJ xU kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; ve;j
rhjpapdUf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;fpd;wdNuh mNj rhjpf;F Nrtfk;
nra;fpd;w kUj;Jtr; rhjpahNuhLjhd; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
cjhuzkhf> nts;shs rhjpf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;fpd;w
kUj;Jtu; nts;shs rhjpf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;fpd;w kUj;Jt
rhjpAlNdNa kz cwT Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fk;
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fle;j rpy gj;jhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;j
cl;rhjp jpUkz cwtpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ. jhd; Nrtfk;
nra;ahj rhjpf;Fk; Nrtfk; nra;fpd;w kUj;JtNuhL jpUkz
cwT Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fk; Njhd;wptpl;lJ> ,jdhy;
XusTf;F cl;rhjp czu;T kiwaj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ.
midj;J kUj;Jt rhjpapduplj;jpYk; mtu;fSf;nfd
jdpj;Jtkhd r%f toikfs; ,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,d;g
Jd;g epfo;r;rpfspy; filgpbf;fg;gLk; rlq;F midj;J
kUj;Jt rhjpapduplj;jpYk; mtu;fSf;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd
r%f toikfs; ,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,d;g Jd;g epfo;r;rpfspy;
32
filgpbf;fg;gLk; rlq;F Kjw;nfhz;L mtu;fspd;
czTg; gof;fk; tiuapYk; mtu;fs; vr;rhjpapdUf;F
Nrit nra;fpd;wdNuh mr;rhjpapd; gz;ghl;bidNa
gpujpgypj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. Cu; NrhW vLf;Fk; toikapdhy;
kUj;Jt rhjpf;nfd jdpj;j czTg; gz;ghL ,Ue;jnjdf;
$w ,ayhJ. ,e;jg; gz;ghl;L gpujpgypg;G kUj;Jt rhjpapy;
rpyu; jhq;fs; vr;rhjpapdUf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;J te;jdNuh
mr;rhjpapdNuhL fiue;J Nghtjw;F toptFj;jpUf;fpwJ.
fhydpa Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; GFj;jg;gl;l
Nkw;fj;jpa kUj;JtKiw mjid mt;thNw fhydpa
Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dUk; gpd;gw;wpajd; tpisT kUj;Jt rhjpapdu;
kUj;Jtj; njhopypy; <LgLtjpypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;.
r%f ,opTfspypUe;Jk; mjdhy; xLf;fg;gLtjpypUe;Jk;
jq;fis tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kide;jtu;fs; jq;fisg;
ghuk;gupa kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rtuj; njhopypUe;J tpLtpj;Jf;
nfhz;L khw;W njhopYf;Fs; nrd;wdu;.
Mdhy; mt;thW nra;a ,ayhjjhYk; kUj;Jtj;
njhopypypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gl;lf; fhuzj;jpdhYk; rtuj;
njhopiyNa ek;gp gyUk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. NkYk;>
ijay;> rhiz gpbj;jy;> jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; xg;gid
nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopypYk; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; ,d;W
rtuk; nra;jy; tUkhdk; nfhopf;fpd;w njhopyhf khwptpl;l
fhuzj;jpdhy; mj;njhopypYk; kUj;Jt rhjp my;yhNjhu;
<Lglj; njhlq;fptpl;ldu;. ,jdhy; rtuj; njhopypypUe;Jk;
kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk; epiy cUthfpAs;sJ.
,jdhy;> kUj;Jt rhjpapdu; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfyhk;.
fhuzk;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; trjp gilj;j kUj;Jt rhjp
my;yhNjhu; vspjhf ngUk; KjyPl;by; ftu;r;rpfukhd moF
epiyak; njhlq;fp tpLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; nghUshjhu
trjpapd;ik kUj;Jtu;fisg; ngUk; nghUshjhu KjyPl;by;
moF epiyak; njhlq;Ftjpy; my;yJ ,Uf;fpd;w
moFepiyaj;ijg; GJg;gpg;gjpy; jlq;fiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
33
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa R+oy; mtu;fisr; rtuj; njhopy;
nra;tjpypUe;J tpyf;fp itf;Fk; mghak; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kUj;Jtr; rhjpapdupd; ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;
tzpfkakhdjhy; fpilf;fpd;w tUkhdk; mtu;fspd;
gz;ghl;by; khWjiy Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. xU rhjpapd;
ghuk;gupak;> gz;ghL> r%fg; nghUshjhu epiy vy;yh
fhyj;jpYk; khw;wkpd;wp ,Uf;f ,ayhJ> mJ khw;wj;jpw;F
cl;gl;lNj. NkYk; xU fhyj;jpy; xU rhjpf;nfd xU njhopy;
,Ue;jpUe;j NghjpYk; ,d;W mjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
epfo;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;wpy; tu;z-rhjpa mikg;G ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;Wk;
tiu midj;J ,df; FO kf;fSk; jq;fSf;fhd Ml;rpg;
gug;GfisAk; mij Ml;rp nra;a ,df;FO jiytu;fisAk;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
gpd;dhy; ,df;FO r%fq;fs; mope;J muR vd;w
xLf;FKiw mikg;G Njhd;wpaNghJ $l ,d;d kf;fs;
jhd; murhl;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;> ,d;d kf;fs; murhl;rp
nra;tjw;Fj; jFjpahdtu;fs; fpilahJ vd;w ghFghL
Njhd;wtpy;iy.
vg;NghJ ghu;g;gdpak; xU rpj;jhe;j tbtpy; ,e;jpa
r%fj;ijg; gPbf;f Muk;gpj;jNjh> Ml;rp nra;a tu;zk; vd;gJ
Kjd;ikahdJ vd;w epiy Njhd;wpaNjh> mg;NghJjhd;
r%fj;jpy; rpy Fyq;fSk; rpy tk;rq;fs; kl;LNk Ml;rp
nra;a cupik cz;L vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
ghu;g;gdu; kw;Wk; rj;jpupau; vd;w ,uz;L tu;zq;fs; kl;LNk
Ml;rp nra;Ak; cupik cilait vd;W ghu;g;gdu;fshy;
vOjg;gl;l ju;k rhj;jpuq;fs; mwptpj;jd.
rj;jpugjp rpth[p jd;id muruhf kFlk; R+l;bf;
nfhz;lijg; ghu;g;gdu;fs; Vw;f kWj;jdu;. rpth[p xU
rj;jpupau; my;y vd;Wk;> mtu; xU R+j;jpuu; my;yhj jho;e;j
rhjpiar; Nru;e;jtu; vd;Wk; ghu;g;gdu;fs; cs;gl 96 kuhj;jp
34
cau;Fbapdu; Nghu;f;nfhb J}f;fpdu;. kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s
ve;jg; ghu;g;gdDk; rpth[p gjtpNaw;Fk; NghJ kjr; rlq;Ffs;
nra;aj; jahuhf ,y;iy. vdNt rpth[p fhrpapy; ,Ue;J
fhfgl;lu; vd;gtiu tutioj;J mtUf;Fg; ngUk; nghUs;
nfhLj;J NtjKiwg;gb rlq;Ffs; nra;a itj;J kFlk;
R+l;bf; nfhz;lhu; vd;gJ tuyhW.
mNjNghy mG kiyf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j gpd;khy; vd;w
,lj;ij Ml;rp nra;Jte;j gpufjpfhuu;fs; R+j;jpu %yj;jpy;
,Ue;J te;jtu;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fis
,uhl;bu $lu;fs; thapy; fhg;Nghd; vd;W ,opTgLj;jr;
nra;jdu;. ,jdhy; gpujpfhu murit ,uhrNrfud; vd;w
GytUf;F Mjutspj;jJ. mtu; mjw;F ed;wpf;fldhf
gpujpfhuu;fis R+upa tk;r topapy; te;jtu;fs;> mjhtJ
,uhkdpd; top te;jtu;fs; vd;W fhy;top kuig cUthf;fpf;
nfhLj;jhu;. ,e;jr; rk;gtk; rpth[pf;F rpy E}w;whz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng ele;jJ.
Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w epidf;Fk; xt;nthU
tk;rKk; jd;id rj;jpupa me;j];j;Jf;F cau;j;jpf; nfhs;s
tuyhW neLfpYk; ghu;g;gdu;fSf;Fg; nghd;Dk;> nghUSk;
nfhl;bf;nfhLj;J mOjij ek;khy; ghu;f;f Kbfpd;wJ.
rhjp vd;gJ khwhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mJ tu;z mikg;gpy;
,Ue;j ,lk; ghu;g;gdu;fspd; JizAld; khwpapUf;fpd;wJ
vd;gijAk; mjd; %yk; rpy tk;rq;fs; jq;fis rj;jpupa
me;j];Jf;F cau;j;jp ju;k rh];jpuq;fs;gb Ml;rp nra;Ak;
cupikiag; ngw;wdu;.
,e;j mbg;gilapy;jhd; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gyu; jq;fis
Mz;l guk;giuapdu; vd;W nrhy;Yk; fijfs; cyh
tUfpd;wd. ,jpy; ghjp cz;ikAk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ghjp ngha;Ak;
,Uf;fyhk;.
gyu; r%fj;jpy; Kd;Ndwpa me;j];Jf;F te;j cld;
jq;fis cau; tFg;gpdu; vd;W milahsg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,jdhy; jd;Dila Fyj;jpd; ngUikia
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ tUe;jj;jf;fJ.
35
vg;gb tu;z mLf;fpy; jd;id rj;jpupadhf khw;wpf;
nfhz;l rhjpfs; jq;fis Nky;rhjpfs; vd;W nrhy;ypf;
nfhz;ldNth> mjw;F topaw;w rhjpfs; fPo;rhjpfshf tu;z
mikg;Gf;F ntspNa tho;f;if KOtJk; tu;z r%fj;jpy;
cs;s midj;J rhjpfSf;Fk; mbikj;njhopy; nra;J te;jJ.
6
guQ;Nrhjp
Nr f;fpohu; vOjpa ngupa Guhzj;jpy; kUj;Jt
Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wp mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wp
rptj;Jld; fye;j guQ;Nrhjpahu; vd;w rpWj;njhz;liu
tpae;J Nghw;wpAs;shu;.
eurpk;k gy;ytdplk; jsgjpahf ,Ue;jtu; guQ;Nrhjp.
,tu; xU rptgf;ju;. kd;ddpd; Mizg;gb tlf;NfAs;s
thjhgpiaf; ifg;gw;wp mq;fpUe;j fzgjp rpiyapd; Nky;
kpFe;j md;G nfhz;L me;jf; fzgjpia vLj;J te;J jdJ
Cuhd jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbapy; gpujp\;il nra;J mDjpdKk;
topgl;L te;jtu;. NkYk; mj;jy <rdhd fzgjP];tuiuAk;>
mk;ghs; R+spfhk;ghisAk; jpdrup juprdk; nra;J te;jhu;.
mtUila rupj;jpuj;ijr; Nrf;fpohu; ngUkhd; topepd;W
fhz;Nghk;.
rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu;
guQ;Nrhjpahu; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu;
vd;gtu; irt rkaj;jtu;fshy; ngupJk; kjpf;fg;gLk; mWgj;J
%d;W ehad;khu;fspy; xUtu; Mthu;.
rpwg;Gkpf;f mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khu;fspy;> rpWj;njhz;l
ehadhu; vd;gtu; xUtu;. vj;jifa Jd;gq;fs; te;j NghJk;>
,tu; jdJ rptj;njhz;bYk;> gf;jpapYk; vj;jifa khWghLk;
fhl;lhJ> gf;jpNa Nguhde;jk; vd;W> xNu epiyapy; cWjpgl
,Ue;jhu;. ,tu; rptngUkhid topgl;Lk; rptdbahu;fSf;Fj;
jpUj;njhz;L nra;Jk; te;jhu;.
fhtpup tsehl;by; jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;lq;Fbapy; khkhj;jpuu;
Fyj;jpy; ,tu; Njhd;wpatu;. jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fb vd;w Cu;
36
37
jw;NghJ ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpy; ehfg;gl;bdk; tl;lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
vy;yhtw;wpYk; ngupatuhfpa mtu;> rpwpatiug; Nghy
mlq;fp xLq;fp gofpajhy; mtiu vy;NyhUk; rpWj;njhz;lu;
vd;W mioj;jdu;.
me;j Cupy; guk;giu guk;giuahf murDf;F ke;jpupahfTk;
Nridj; jiytuhfTk; cs;s khkhj;jpuu; Fyj;jpy; cjpj;jtu;.
rptngUkhdpd; jpUePw;Wr; rhu;gpdhy; cyfj;jpy; Njhd;wp
tsu;fpd;w vy;yh capu;fSf;Fk; cau;thd kUj;Jtj; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;L> ngUFk; GfioAila kUj;Jtu; Fyj;jpd; rPyk;
ngUFkhW te;J Njhd;wpatu;> gyUk; Gfo;fpd;w guQ;Nrhjpahu;
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jpUg;ngaiu cilatu;.
fhty; njhopy; - kUj;Jtj; njhopy;. mLj;J tUk; 'MAs;
Ntjf; fiyAk;" vdtUk; jpUg;ghlyhy; ,j; njhopYilik
ngwg;gLk;.
toptopahf kUj;Jtk; nra;JtUk; kugpy; tUgtu;fis
khkhj;jpuu; Fyk; vd;W $Wthu;fs;. ,tu; kUj;Jt Fyj;ijr;
rhu;e;jtu;. ngupa Guhz ghly;fspy; ,ijg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;
KOikahf cs;sd.
tlnkhopj; Nju;r;rpAk; cs;stu;. gilf;fyg; gapw;rp>
MNdNaw;wk;> FjpiuNaw;wk; Mfpatw;wpYk; mtu; Nguhw;wy;
cilatuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
,tu; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpia ntw;wp nfhz;l
Nrdhjpgjpahf eurpk;k gy;ytuplk; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
,tu; MAs; Ntjf;fiyapYk;> tlE}w;fiyapYk;>
gilf;fyj; njhopypYk; epuk;gpa gapw;rpAilatu;.
ahidNaw;wk;> FjpiuNaw;wk;> Mfpatw;wpYk; ty;ytu;.
cs;sk; epiwe;j fiyj;Jiwfis xoptpd;wpg; gapd;wjdhy;>
rptd;foiyr; rpe;jpj;Jg; Nghw;WjNy nka;e;newpahtnjdj;
njspe;jtu;. <rdbahu;f;Fg; gzpnra;jiy ,ay;ghff;
nfhz;ltu;.
38
Nrdhjpgjpahf
eurpk;k gy;ytuplk; Nrdhjpgjpaha;g; Nghu;Kidapw;
gifauru;fis ntd;W murdhy; ed;F kjpf;fg;gl;ltu;. ,tu;
kd;du; nghUl;L tl jpirapy; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W> thjhgp
efuj;ij mopj;J mq;fpUe;J gytif ed;kzpfisAk;>
nry;tq;fisAk;> ahid> Fjpiu Kjypatw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpj;
jk;Nte;jdplk; nfhzu;e;jhu;. murd; ,tuJ tPuj;ijAk;>
Mz;ikapidAk; mjprapj;J Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bdhu;.
me;epiyapy; guQ;Nrhjpahiu ed;Fzu;e;j mikr;ru;fs;>
‘muNr‚ ,tuplk; rptngUkhDf;Fj; jpUj;njhz;L nra;Ak;
,ay;G epuk;gpapUg;gjhy; Nghupy; ,tiu vjpu;f;fty;yhu;
vtUkpy;iy vd;wdu;. ,r;nra;jpiaf; Nfs;tpAw;w Nte;jd;>
'ck;gu; gpuhd; mbahiu czuhNj nfl;nlhope;Njd;>
ntk;G nfhLk; Nghu;Kidapy; tpl;bUe;Njd; vd mQ;rpg;
guQ;Nrhjpahiu Nehf;fp> vk;ngUkhd;; vdJ gpioiag;
nghWj;jUs Ntz;Lk;” vd ,iwQ;rpdhu;.
kd;dd; ,iwQ;rpaJk; guQ;NrhjpahUk; Kd; te;J
tzq;fp ‘muNr‚ vdJ njhopYf;Nfw;w gzpapidr; nra;Ntd;.
mjw;F vd;d jPq;F" vd;whu;. mwk;Gup nrq;Nfhydhfpa
Nte;jd;> mtUf;F epiwe;j epjpf;FitAk;> ePL tpUj;jpf;fhd
ey;epyk;> Mdpiu Mfpatw;iw mspj;J tzq;fp> 'ePu;
ck;Kila jpUj;njhz;bd; epiyikapid ehdwpahjgb
nfhz;L elj;jpdPu;. ,dp ck;Kila kdf;fUj;Jf;F ,iraj;
jpUj;njhz;L nra;tPuhf" vd tpilnfhLj;jDg;gpdhu;.
39
rptj; njhz;luhf
guQ;NrhjpahUk; kdk; kfpo;e;J jiyefupypUe;J
Gwg;gl;L jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbia mile;jhu;. mq;fpUf;Fk;
fzgjPr;Rtiu topgl;Lf; nfhz;L jpdKk; rptdbahUf;F
mKJ}l;ba gpd;dNu jhd; cz;Zk; tof;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp
te;jhu;.
GfohYk; epiyahYk; gyu; Nghw;w tho;e;j guQ;Nrhjpahu;>
mbahu;fsplk; kpfg; gzpthfg; gagf;jpNahL gofpdhu;.
guQ;Nrhjpahu; rptdbahu;fis tpUk;gpj; njhOJ> mtu;
kpfr; rpwpauhfg; gzpe;J xOfpaikahy; 'rpWj;njhz;lu;" vd
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
eurpk;k gy;ytdplk; jsgjpahf guQ;Nrhjp ,Ue;j NghJ>
mtu; kd;ddpd; Mizg;gb tlf;NfAs;s thjhgpiaf;
ifg;gw;wp mq;fpUe;j fzgjp rpiyapd; Nky; kpFe;j md;G
nfhz;L me;jf; fzgjpia vLj;J te;J jdJ Cuhd
jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbapy; gpujp\;il nra;J mDjpdKk;
topgl;L te;jhu;. NkYk; mj;jy <rdhd fzgjP];tuiuAk;>
mk;ghs; R+spfhk;ghisAk; jpdrup juprdk; nra;J te;jhu;.
rpWj;njhz;lu; jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if vd;Dk; ngz;iz
jk;Kila ,y;ywj; jiytpahff; nfhz;lhu;. jpUntz;fhl;L
eq;ifAk; rpWj;njhz;lupd; rpttopghl;bw;Fk;> rptdbahu;
njhz;bw;Fk; ngupJk; Jiz epd;whu;.
mtu;fSf;F ,iwaUshy; rPuhsd; vd;Dk; nry;tg;Gjy;td;
gpwe;jhd;. Foe;ijapd; me;je;jg; gUtj;Jf;Fupa Vw;w
rpwg;Gfisr; nra;J rpWj;njhz;lUk; mtUila kidtpAk;
rPuhl;bg; ghuhl;b rPuhsid tsu;j;J te;jdu;.
rPuhsd; gs;sp nry;Yk; gUtj;ij milaNt> ngw;Nwhu;
mtidf; fy;tpr; rhiyapy; Nru;j;J> mtd; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J
tpsq;Ftij mwpe;J ,d;Gw;wpUe;jdu;.
mg;gps;isf;F Ie;J taJ te;jnghOJ gs;spapw; fy;tp
gapyitj;jhu;. me;ehspy; jpUQhdrk;ge;jg; gps;isahu;
40
,iwtid topglj; jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbf;F vOe;jUspdhu;.
MSila gps;shahUk; Ngud;gpdhw; rpwe;j rpWj;njhz;lUld;
el;gpdhy; mstshtp kfpo;e;jdu;. fzgjPr;rug; ngUkhidj;
jhk; ghba ‘igq;Nfhl;L kyu;Gd;id" vd;Dk; Kjw;Fwpg;Gila
jpUg;gjpfj;jpy; rpWj;njhz;liur; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghbdhu;.
igq;Nfhl;L kyu;g;Gd;idg; gwitfhs; gag;G+ur; rq;fhl;le;
jtpu;j;njd;idj; jtpuhNeha; je;jhNd nrq;fhl;lq; FbNka
rpWj;njhz;ld; gzpnra;a ntq;fhl;L sdNye;jp tpisahLk;
ngUkhNd.
rk;ge;ju; rpWj;njhz;liuj; jk; jpUg;gjpfj;jpilNa
rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghb> rpy ehl;fs; jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbapy;
jq;fpapUe;J Gwg;gl;lhu;.
gps;isf;fwp
rptdhu; rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu; Gfio cyfwpr; nra;a
jpUTs;sk; nfhz;lhu;. Mjyhy; clypy; fWg;G mq;fp> fOj;jpy;
Uj;jpuhl;r khiy mzpe;J igut mbahu; jpUf;Nfhyk; G+z;L
jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;Fbia mile;jhu;.
rpWj;njhz;luJ cz;ik md;ig Efu;e;jUs tpUk;gpa
rptngUkhd;> igut mbahuhf Ntle;jhq;fp> jpUr;nrq;fhl;lq;
Fbia mile;jhu;.
igut Rthkpahu; nrQ;rilapidf; fhsNkfk; Nghd;W
fUkapu;j;jpushf Kbj;jpUe;jhu;. mf;fUq;FQ;rpapNy Jk;igg;
G+f;fs; R+bapUe;jhu;. jpUr;rilapYs;s ,sk;gpiwiaj;
jpUePw;Wg; nghl;lhf new;wpapypl;lhu;. nrf;fu; thdj;ij
me;jp ,Us; kiwg;gJ Nghy> nrk;Nkdpia %bf; fUQ;rl;il
mzpe;jhu;.
,lf;ifapw; R+yk; Ve;jpdhu;. ,j;jifa Nfhyj;Jld;
rpWj;njhz;luJ tPl;L thapiy mile;J 'rptdbahUf;F
cztspf;Fk; rpWj;njhz;lu; tPl;by; ,Uf;fpwhuh?” vd;W
Nfl;lhu;.
41
mg;NghJ mq;fpUe;j jhjpg; ngz; re;jd eq;if 'mtu;
jpUtKjpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; rptdbahiuj; Njb ntspNa
nrd;Ws;shu;. rw;W Neuj;jpy; te;J tpLthu;. jhq;fs; cs;Ns
vOe;jUs Ntz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdhs;.
mjw;F igut mbahu; 'ngz;fs; jdpj;jpUf;Fk;
,t;tplj;jpy; ehk; tUtjpy;iy” vd;W $wpg; Gwg;glj;
jahuhdNghJ jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifahu; mt;tplj;jpw;F
te;jhu;.
',g;NghJ te;JtpLthu;. fhyk; jho;j;j khl;lhu;” vd;W
$wpdhu;.
'rpWj;njhz;liuf; fhzNt te;Njhk;. mtu; ,y;yhj
rkaj;jpy; ,q;Nf ,Uf;f khl;Nlhk;. ,t;T+u; Nfhtpypy; Mj;jp
kuj;jbapy; ehk; mku;e;jpUf;fpNwhk;. rpWj;njhz;lu; te;jJk;
vk;ik te;J fhzr; nrhy;Yq;fs;” vd;W $wp mq;fpUe;J
nrd;Wtpl;lhu; igut mbahu;.
igut mbahu; nrd;w rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; rpWj;njhz;l
ehadhu; rptdbahu; xUtiuAk; fhzhJ ftiy Njha;e;j
Kfj;Jld; tPL jpUk;gpdhu;.
mtuplk; jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifahu; igut mbahu;
te;J jpUk;gp Nfhtpypy; fhj;jpUg;gijf; $wpaJk;> kdk;
kfpo;e;J igut mbahiu mioj;J tu rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu;
fpsk;gpdhu;.
Nfhtpypy; Mj;jp kuj;jbapy; mku;e;jpUe;j igut mbahiu
tzq;fpdhu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
igut mbahu; mtuplk; 'ePu;jhd; ngUik ngw;w
rpWj;njhz;lNuh?” vd;W tpdtpdhu;.
',r;rpwpNaid mbahu;fs; mg;ngauhy; miof;fpd;wdu;.
jpUtKjpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; rptdbahiu Nehf;fp
,d;W ntFNeuk; miye;J tpl;Nld;. mbahu; xUtUk;
njd;gltpy;iy. jq;fspd; tUifia mwpe;J jq;fSf;F
jpUtKJ nra;tpg;gjw;fhf mioj;Jr; nry;y te;Js;Nsd;.
42
mbahu; vk;Kila ,y;yj;jpw;F vOe;jUsp jpUtKJ nra;tpf;f
thUq;fs;.” vd;W md;nghOff; $wpdhu;.
'ehk; tlehl;by; cs;Nshk;. ck;ikf; fhzNt ,q;F
te;Njhk;. ck;khy; vkf;F jpUtKJ nra;tpf;f ,ayhJ” vd;W
igut mbahu; $wpdhu;.
'jhq;fs; jpUtKJ nra;Ak; Kiwikg; gw;wpf; $wpdhy;
mbNad; tpiue;J nrd;W jpUtKjpidj; jahu; nra;J
cz;gpf;f ,aYk;” vd;W rpWj;njhz;lu; kpfTk; gt;akhff;
$wpdhu;.
'ehk; MW khjk; cz;zhky; ,Ue;J MWkhj Kbtpy;
gRit mbj;J cz;ZtJ tof;fk;. ,d;W mg;gb ehd;
cz;z Ntz;ba ehs;. ck;khy; mg;gbr; nra;a KbahJ”
vd;whu; igut mbahu;.
'vd;dplk; ML> khL> vUik vd %d;W tifahd
epiufs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mbahUf;F ve;j epiuapd; gR Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijj; njuptpj;jhy; mjid jpUtKjpw;Fj; jahu; nra;ar;
nrhy;yp> fhyk; jho;j;jhky; ,q;Nf te;J jq;fis mioj;Jr;
nry;Ntd;.” vd;whu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
'ehk; cz;ZtJ epiufspd; gR md;W. e‌ ug;gR. Ie;J
taJs;s Foe;ijahf> clypy; kWtW ,y;yhjtdhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; Ntz;baijr; nrhd;dhy; ePu; tUe;JtPu;”
vd;whu; mbahu;.
'mUikahd nghUs; vd;W VJk; ,y;iy. tpiutpy;
jq;fSf;F Ntz;baijr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;” vd;whu;
rpWj;njhz;lu;.
'xU Fbf;F xU kfdhf cs;stid je;ij mupa jha;
gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; kdKte;J fwp rikj;Jj; je;jhy;
ahk; cz;Nghk;.” vd;whu; mbatu;.
',J vkf;F mupjd;W. mg;gbNa nra;Nthk;” vd;W $wp
tPl;bid mile;jhu; rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu;.
43
jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifaplk; igut mbahu; jpUtKJ
nra;Ak;Kiw gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $wpdhu;.
mjidf; Nfl;l jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifahu; 'mj;jifa
gps;isia vq;Nf ngWtJ?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
'mj;jifa ike;jd; xUtid tpiy nfhLj;jhy;$l
ahUk; ju khl;lhu;fs;. mg;gbNa mspj;jhYk; jhAk; je;ijAk;
mupe;J ju khl;lhu;fs;. eP ngw;w gps;isiaj;jhd; mioj;J
tuNtz;Lk;” vd;whu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
'mg;gbNa mioj;J thUq;fs;” vd;whu; jpUntz;fhl;L
eq;if rw;Wk; jhkjpf;fhky;.
gps;isia mioj;J te;J ePuhl;b> jha; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s
rpWj;njhz;lu; ehadhu; jiy mupe;J cWg;GfisAk; mupe;J
ju> jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if mjidg; ngw;W jiy ,iwr;rp
czTf;F MfhJ vd mjid kl;Lk; xJf;fp kw;wtw;iw
gf;Ftkhfr; rikj;jhu;.
jpUtKJ nra;J Kbf;fTk; rpWj;njhz;lu; igut
mbahiur; nrd;W mioj;J te;jhu;.
,y;yj;jpw;F vOe;jUspa igut mbahupd; ghjq;fisf;
fOtp ePupidj; jiyapy; njspj;J jFe;j Mrdj;jpy; mku
itj;jhu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if jFe;j ghj;jpuj;jpy; rikj;j
gps;isf;fwp jpUtKjpidg; gilj;jhs;.
'ahk; nrhd;d Kiwapy; fwpiaj; jahu; nra;J vy;yhg;
ghfq;fisAk; nfhz;L jpUtKJ nra;jPu;fsh?” vd;W
Nfl;lhu; igut mbahu;.
'jiyf;fwp cztpw;F Mfhnjd;gjhy; mjid ePf;fp
kw;wtw;iwr; rikj;Njhk;” vd;whu; jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifahu;.
'ahk; mjidAk; cz;Nghk;” vd;W igutu; $wf; Nfl;l
rpWj;njhz;lu; ‘,g;NghJ ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd;?" vd;W
vz;zp kdk; fyq;fpdhu;.
44
mbahu; $wpaijf; Nfl;lJk; jhjp re;jd eq;if 'mjid
gf;Ftkhf rikj;J itj;Js;Nsd;” vd;W $wp jiyf;fwpiag;
gilj;jhs;.
mjidf; fz;lJk; rpWj;njhz;lu; Kfk; kyu;e;jhu;.
igut mbahu; 'ahk; jdpahf jpUtKJ Grpf;f khl;Nlhk;.
Mjyhy; rptdbahu; xUtiu mioj;J thUk;. mtu;
cz;lgpd; ahk; cz;Nghk;” vd;whu;.
ntspNa nrd;W rptdbahu; xUtUk; fpilf;fhjjhy;
jpUk;gp te;j rpWj;njhz;lu; igutuplk; 'mbahu; xUtiuAk;
fhz;fpNyd;” vd;whu; ftiyAld;.
'jpUntz;zW P mzpe;jpUf;Fk; ePUk; mbahNu. Mjyhy;
,tUf;Fk; jFe;j fyj;jpy; jpUtKjpidg; gilg;guP f
; shf” vd;W
jpUntz;fhl;L eq;ifaplk; $wpdhu;.mt;tk;ikahUk; mbahupd;
fl;lisg;gb rpWj;njhz;lUf;Fk; gps;isf;fwp gilj;jhu;.
rpWj;njhz;lu; tpUg;G> ntWg;G> ghrk;> mUtUg;G
Mfpatw;iw ePf;fp> rptdbahu; jpUTs;sk; $rhky; xOf
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kl;Lk; epidtpy; nfhz;L Vidatw;iw
kwe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jhu;.
mg;NghJ rptdbahu; cz;lhy; kl;LNk igut mbahu;
cz;ghu; vd;gJ epidTf;F tu rpWj;njhz;lu; jpUtKjpid
cz;z ifapy; vLj;jhu;.
gps;isia miof;fTk;
'mjw;Fs; vd;d mtruk;. MWkhjk; cz;zhky; ,Uf;Fk;
ehNd fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ckf;F Xu; gps;is ,Uf;fpwhd;
my;yth? mtidAk; mioAk;. mtDk; ek;Kld; jpUtKJ
nra;al;Lk;” vd;whu; igutu;.
'mtd; jw;NghJ cjthd;” vd;whu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
'mtd; te;jhy; kl;LNk jpUtKJ nra;tpg;Ngd;. ,UtUk;
nrd;W mtid mioj;J thUq;fs;” vd;W rpWj;njhz;lu;
jk;gjpapdUf;Ff; fl;lisapl;lhu;.
45
mbahupd; fl;lisf;F fl;Lg;gl;l mt;tpUtUk; ntspNa
nrd;W> 'kfNd> rPuhsh> ehk; ca;a rptdbahu; cld; mku;e;J
jpUtKJ nra;atpf;f miof;fpwhu; fz;Nz th” vd;W
mioj;jdu;.
vd;d Mr;ru;ak;‚ Foe;ij rPuhsd; gs;spapypUe;J
md;W kyu;e;j jhkiu Nghy; rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl mq;F
te;jhd;. jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if mtid cr;rp Nkhu;e;J
rpWj;njhz;luplk; je;jhu;.
rpWj;njhz;lUk; 'igut mbahu; jpUtKJ nra;a Neuk;
MfpwNj‚” vd;wgb Foe;ijAld; cs;Ns GFe;jhu;.
mq;Nf igut mbahiuAk; jpUtKjpidAk; fhztpy;iy.
rptdhu; cikak;ik kw;Wk; KUfg; ngUkhDld; Nrhk];fe;j
%u;j;jpahff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;.
,iw juprdk; fpilf;fg; ngw;w rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu;>
jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if> rPuhsd;> re;jd eq;if MfpNahu;
epiyj;j ,d;gkhd tPLNgw;wpid ,iwaUshy; ngw;wdu;.
rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu; FUG+i[ rpj;jpiu khjk; guzp
el;rj;jpuj;jpy; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rptdbahu;ghy; nfhz;l md;gpdhy; rptdbahu; Ntz;ba
gps;isf; fwpiag; gilj;j rpWj;njhz;l ehadhiu
Re;juu; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifapy; ‘nrq;fhl;lq;Fb Nka
rpWnjhz;lu;f;F mbNad;" vd;W Gfo;fpwhu;.
'rptdbahu; „eugR… vd;Dk; Foe;ijapd; khkprk; Nfl;lhu;
vd;gjw;fhf> jdJ Foe;ijiaNa thshy; mupe;J mKJ
gilj;jhu; rpWj;njhz;lu;. mtu; msTf;F vd;dhy; cd;dplk;
gf;jp fhl;l ,ayhJ” vd;W rptngUkhdplk; KiwapLfpwhu;
gl;bdj;jhu;.
gps;isf;fwp Vd;?
,e;j tuyhw;iwg; gbf;Fk; NghJ xU re;Njfk; tUk;.. mJ
Vd; gps;isf;fwp Nfl;L rptd; Nrhjpj;jhu;.. vjw;fhf mg;gbr;
46
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W gyUk; epidg;gJz;L. mjw;fhd
gjpiyg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
rptdbahu;fSf;Fj; njhz;L nra;J czT mspj;J
cgrupg;gij tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;j rpWj;njhz;luplk;
rptdbahu; xUtu; gps;isf;fwp Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfl;lhuhk;.
Nra; rPuhsid mupe;J gupkhw> mtu; rpe;ij Fspu;e;J rpWtd;
rPuhsid capu;g;gpj;Jf;nfhLj;J> rpWj;njhz;liu tho;j;jpr;
nrd;whuhk; vd;W $wpdhy;> 'vd;d gpjw;wy;... md;gu;fisr;
Nrhjpf;fpNwd; vd;W rptngUkhd; ,g;gbnay;yhkh ele;J
nfhs;thu;...” vd;W Nfs;tpfs; vOk;.
Kjypy; xd;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gf;ju;fisr;
Nrhjpj;Jjhd; njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,iwtDf;Ff;
fpilahJ. md;gu;fisr; Nrhjpg;gJ vd;gjpd; Nehf;fk;
mtu;fSila Nkd;ikia cyFf;F czu;j;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ kl;LNk. rpWj;njhz;lu; ,stajpy; guQ;N[hjp vd;w
ngaUld; eurpk;ktu;k gy;ytdpd; gilj;jsgjpahf ,Ue;jhu;.
mtu; thjhgpiaf; ifg;gw;wp vz;zpylq;fh vjpupfisf;
nfhd;W Ftpj;jhu;. nfhiyGupjiyNa njhopyhfr; nra;jhu;
vd;W$lr; nrhy;yyhk;. MdhYk; mtu; me;jj; njhopiy
,iwtdpd; Mizahf> tpUg;G ntWg;G ,d;wp> rpe;ijapy;
rptid epWj;jp> gw;ww;w epiyapy; nra;jhu;. gpwF> gjtpiaj;
Jwe;J> rpttopghL nra;J fhyk; fopj;jhu;. ,e;j epiyapy;jhd;
mtu; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mapukhapuk; nfhiyfs; nra;jtiu
rptdbahu; vd;W rptd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;. Mdhy;> cyfk;?
gw;ww;w epiyapy;> gyd;fisg; gukDf;F mu;g;gzk;
nra;Jtpl;Lr; nra;Ak; nray; vJTNk nra;jtidg;
ghjpg;gjpy;iy. guQ;Nrhjp Nghupy; nfhiyfs; nra;jNghJ
Nfhgk;> gop czu;r;rp> re;Njh\k; VJkpy;yhky;jhd; nra;jhu;
vd;gJ cz;ikahdhy;> mNj kdepiyjhNd jd; kfidf;
nfhy;Yk;NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Jjhd; mtUf;Fr;
nra;ag;gl;l Nrhjidapd; mbehjk;. rpWj;njhz;lu; me;jr;
Nrhjidia vjpu;nfhz;L epiwNtw;wpdhu;.
47
xUNtis mtu; fu;kNahfpahf ,y;yhky; ,Ue;J
rptdbahiu VrpapUe;jhNyh> mOjpUe;jhNyh ,iwtd;
fz;bg;ghff; Nfl;bUg;ghd;. ‘,g;gbj;jhNd eP nfhiynra;j
Mapukhapuk; tPuu;fspd; jha; je;ijau; mOjpUg;ghu;fs;"
vd;W. Mdhy;> mt;thW elf;ftpy;iy. rpWj;njhz;lehadhu;
xU fu;kNahfpahf ,Ue;jjhy;> mtu; nray;fs; mtiug;
ghjpf;ftpy;iy. Mapuk; nfhiyfs; nra;jtdplk; ,d;Dk; Xu;
nfhiy> mJTk; cd; kfid nra; ghu;ff ; yhk; vd;W ,iwtd;
Nfl;L mtUila cs;sj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;il cyFf;Ff;
fhl;bAs;shd;.
FUG+i[ ehs;
rptj;njhz;L gy Gupe;j rpWj;njhz;l ehadhu; FUG+i[
rpj;jpiu khjk; guzp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; mtu; mtjhuk; nra;j
];jyKk;> Kf;jpaile;j ];jyKkhd ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;
jpUnrq;fhl;lq;Fbapy; cs;s mUs;kpF cj;juhgRgjPRtuu;
jpUf;Nfhapypy; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhapypd; cl;gpuhfhuj;jpy; rpWj;njhz;lu;> mtuJ kidtp
jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if> kfd; rPuhsNjtu;> mtuJ tPl;Lg;
gzpahs; re;jdeq;if MfpNahu; %yj; jpUNkdpfisAk;>
juprpf;fyhk;.
rpWj;njhz;lu; gy;yt kd;ddpd; gilj; jsgjpahf
‘thjhgp" nrd;W rhSf;fpaNuhL Nghu; nra;J thif
R+b te;jNghJ cld; nfhz;L te;j (thjhgp) tpehafiu
,f;Nfhapypy;jhd; gpujp\;il nra;Js;shu;. ,tuJ FUG+i[
jpdj;jd;W midj;J rpthyaq;fspYk; rpwg;G topghLfs;
eilngWk;.
7
mkuftp jpahfp
v];.v];.tp];tehjjh];
e k; ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw jq;fis KOikahf
mu;g;gzpj;j jpahfpfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; mkuftp
jpahfp tp];tehjjh];. jd;Dila rpe;jid> nrhy;> nray;
midj;JNk ehl;bd; eyDf;F vd tho;e;jtu;.
me;j tPuj;jpahfp mkuftp jpahfp tp];tehjjh]; 1886-k;
Mz;L [_d; 16 y; md;iwa xUq;fpize;jpUe;j uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lk; rptfhrpapy; kUj;Jtu; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
mtuJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; kUj;Jtj; njhopiy guk;giuahfr;
nra;Jte;jdu;. ngw;Nwhupl;l ngau; jhrupjh];. rpWtajpNyNa
,ir> ehlf> ehl;baj;jpy; <LghLnfhz;lhu;.
rptfhrpapYk; mjd; Rw;W tl;lhuf; fpuhkq;fspYk;
vq;nfy;yhk; ehlfk;> $j;J elf;fpwNjh njhiyit
nghUl;gLj;jhky; mtw;iwg; ghu;f;fr; nrd;WtpLthu;.
ehsiltpy; ehlf muq;fNk mtupd; fy;tpf;$lkhfpaJ.
ehlff;fiyapy; Nju;e;J rpwg;gpidg; ngw;whu;.
me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehlf fiyf;Nf jd;id
mu;g;gzpj;J tho;e;jtu; rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; 'ehlf cyfpd;
,kakiy" vd;Wk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ltu;. jhrupjh]; vd;w
tp];tehjdpd; Mu;tj;ijf; fz;lhu;. ey;y Fuy; tsk;>
ebg;gpy; jpwik> tuyhw;W mwpT Mfpatw;iwg; ghuhl;bdhu;.
mtupd; jpwikia ntspf;nfhz;Ltu ehlfj;jpy;> mwpKfg;
gLj;jpdhu; rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;.
48
49
ebg;gpy; midtiuAk; ftUk; tz;zk; gy tpj;jpahrkhd

Ntlq;fspy; ngz;zhfTk;> uh[ghl;ilahfTk; ebj;jhu;.
Ntlj;jpw;Fj; jf;f FuYk; cly; nkhopAk; ,ay;ghfNt ,tuplk;
,Ue;jJ.. ,tUf;nfd urpfu; $l;lk; ngUf Muk;gpj;jJ .
1911-Mk; Mz;L Jhj;Jf;Fbf;F fhe;jp tUif je;jhu;.
mg;NghJ ehlf Nkilnahd;wpy; ghba ghly; kf;fisAk;
mq;Nf ,Ue;j fhe;jpiaAk; ftu;e;jJ. ngUk; kf;fs;
$l;lj;ijf; ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; tp];tehjjh]; jpwikiaf;
fz;Ltpae;j fhe;jp mtiur; re;jpj;Jg; ghuhl;bdhu;.
'cd; jpwik ehl;bw;Fg; gad;gll;Lk;> jha;ehl;bd;
Rje;jpug; gzpapy; cd;id mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhs;” vd;W fhe;jp
Ntz;bdhu;. jd;Dila ,irj;jkpohYk;> ehlfj; jkpohYk;
Njr czu;it Cl;b te;j tp];tehjjh]; NkYk; jPtpukhfg;
gzpahw;wj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
jhd; NkilNaWk; xt;nthU ehlfj;jpYk; Njrtpopg;Gzu;T
ghly;fisg; ghbdhu;. ehlfk; ghu;f;Fk; vy;yh jug;G kf;fs;
kdjpYk; jd;Dila ebg;ghYk;> fk;gPukhdFuy; typikahYk;
Njrgf;jpiag; GFj;jpdhu; tp];tehjjh];.
Njrgf;jpAs;s ey;y ebfuhd tp];tehjjh]; urpfu;
kd;wj;ij Kiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. Raeyjpw;fhfNth> Ra
50
yhgjpw;fhfNth me;j urpfu; kd;wj;ij mtu; njhlq;f tpy;iy.
,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; jd;Dila ngaupy; $l me;jr;
rq;fj;ijj; njhlq;ftpy;iy .
mtuJ rpe;jid> nrhy;> nray; vy;yhk; ehl;bd; eyidg;
gw;wpjhd; ,Ue;jJ. vdNt me;j tPuj;jpahfp tp];tehjjh];
=Rgh\;ghG thypgu; rq;fj;ij kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
jpUkq;fyk; efiu jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L 1938k; Mz;L
Jtf;fpdhu;.
,e;jr; rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf tPuj;jpahfp v];.v];.
tp];tehjjh]; mtu;fSk;> nghUshsuhf jpahfp.
[p.ntq;fplhj;jpup ehALTk;> nrayhsuhf v];.tp.Rg;gpukzpad;
kw;Wk; v.rpjk;guk; MfpNahUk; nray;gl;ldu;.
Rgh\;re;jpu Ngh]pd; tPuj;ijg; giwrhw;wpLk; tifapy;
Rgh\; vd;w ngau; KjyhtjhfTk;> fhe;jpabfis tPl;by;
miof;Fk; ghG[pia vd;w ngaupy; cs;s ghG vd;w ngaiu
,uz;lhtjhfTk; Nru;j;J =Rgh\;ghG thypgu; rq;fk;
vd;gijj; Jtf;fpdhu;
md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;J elj;jpa jPuu; rj;jpa%u;j;jp>
t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is> fhkuh[u; Nghd;Nwhuplk; kpfTk;
neUq;fpg; gofpa tp];tehjjh]; tPuk; kw;Wk; tpNtfj;Jld;
nts;isf;fhuu;fis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl ,e;jr; rq;fj;ijj;
Jtf;fpdhu;. ,e;jr; rq;fj;jpy; mu;g;gzpg;G czu;Tld; $ba
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l thypgu;fs; Neub cWg;gpdu;fshfTk;>
Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhu; kiwKfj; njhz;lu;fshfTk;
,ize;Js;sdu;. ,tUf;Fg; gf;fgykhf jpUkq;fyj;ijr;
Nru;e;j [p. ntq;fplhj;jpup ehAL> v];.tp. Rg;gpukzpad;>
v.rpjk;guk;> [kPd;jhu; rPikuh[; ghz;bad;> ehlf ebfu; rq;f
mUzhr;ryk;> Rthkp epj;jpahde;j mbfs; Nghd;Nwhu;
,Ue;Js;sdu;.
,e;jr; rq;fj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; jpahfp tp];tehjjh];
jdJ czu;r;rp kpFe;j ehlfq;fs; %yk; kf;fspilNa Rje;jpu
Ntl;ifia tsu;j;jhu;.
51
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fs;>
jdpkdpju;fs;> $l;lzpfs;> njhz;lu; gilfs;> kd;du;fs;>
[kPd;jhu;fs; vdg; gy;NtW jug;gl;ltu;fshYk; fsk;
fz;bUe;jJ jpUkq;fyk; efuk;. mjpy; ,e;jpaj; jha;j;
jpUehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf Mq;fpNya mlf;FKiwfis
vjpu;j;J fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd njhz;lu; gilfisf; nfhz;L
Nghuhb Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fz;zpy; tpuiytpl;L Ml;baJ
=Rgh\;ghG thypgu; rq;fk;.
me;epag; nghUl;fis thq;fhky; RNjrp nghUl;fis
thq;fpg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W t.c.rp.> Rg;gpukzparpth
Nkilfspy; Koq;fpdhu;fs;> me;jf; fUj;ijj; jhd; ebj;j xU
ehlfj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhu; 'me;epaj; Jzpfis thq;fhjPu;
cs;ehl;Lj; Jzpfis thq;FtPu"; vdg; ghbdhu;. mtuJ ghlyhy;
kf;fSf;F RNjr czu;T Nkypl;lJ. ghu;itahsu; xUtu;
jhd; mzpe;jpUe;j me;epaj; Jzpiaf; fow;wp NkilapNyNa
jPitj;J vupj;jhu;. ,jidf; fz;l tp];tehjjh]; jdJ
fjuhilia mtuplk; je;J mzpar; nra;jhu;.
mtu; ebf;Fk; Guhz ehlfj;jpd; ,ilNa> rk;ge;jNk
,y;yhky;> Mq;fpNyau;fis> rpNyilahfTk;> rkaq;fspy;
NeubahfTk; jhf;fp trdk; NgRthu;. Guhzk;> rupj;jpuk; vd
ve;j ehlfkhf ,Ue;jhYk; Njrgf;jp ghly;fisg; ghLk;gb
kf;fs; tp];tehjjh]plk; Nfl;f Muk;gpj;jdu;.
rz;Kfhde;jk; F&g; vd;w ehlff; fk;ngdpia epWtp>
rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyrpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk; nrd;W
ehlfk; Nghl;lhu;.
ts;sp jpUkz ehlfk; mtuJ ehlfj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ.
mjpy; nfhf;F gwf;Fjb ghg;gh ghly; Kf;fpakhdJ.
KUfg;ngUkhd; Ntlj;jpy; ebf;Fk; tp];tehjjh]; jha; ehl;ilf;
nfhs;isabf;Fk; nts;isaidg; gw;wp nfhf;F gwf;Fjb
ghlypy; ,U nghUs;gLk;gb nts;isaid ,bj;Jiug;ghu;.
'nfhf;F gwf;Fjb ghg;gh -

ePAk; Nfhgkpd;wp $g;gplb ghg;gh
nfhf;nfd;why; nfhf;F nfhf;F - mJ
52
ek;ik nfhy;y te;j nfhf;F
tu;j;jfk; nra;a te;j nfhf;F - ekJ
tho;f;ifiaf; nfLf;f te;j nfhf;F
mf;fiur; rPiktpl;L te;J - ,q;Nf
nfhs;ismbf;Fjb ghg;gh‚"
nfhf;F me;j nts;is nfhf;F
vd;W ghbaTld; vOe;j ghku kf;fspd; ifjl;ly;fshy;

muq;fk; mjpu Nfhrq;fs; Koq;Fk; .
ney;iyapy; ts;sp jpUkz ehlfj;jpy; nfhf;F gwf;Fjb
ghg;gh ghliyg; ghLfpwhu; tp];tehjjh];. Kbtpy; Nkilf;F
te;j Nghyp]; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhfg; ghbajhy; cq;fisf;
ifJnra;fpNwhk; vdf; $wpdhu;fs;.
ahUf;Fthuz;l;vdtp];tehjjh];Nfl;f>tp];tehjjhRf;F
vd fhtyu;fs; gjpyspj;jdu;. ,e;jg; ghliyg; ghbaJ ehd;
,y;iy. KUfg; ngUkhd; Ntld; &gj;jpy; te;Jghbdhu;.
vdNt KUfg;ngUkhd; Ngupy; thuz;l; nfhz;lhq;f vd;W
tp];tehjjh]; $wpaJk; Fok;gpg; Nghapdu; fhtyu;fs;. kpfTk;
rhku;j;jpa fiyQu; tp];tehjjh];. xt;nthUKiw mtUf;F
ifJthuz;l; gpwg;gpf;Fk; NghJk; kpFe;j vr;rupf;ifAlNd
thu;j;ijfisf; fz;fhzpj;jJ Mq;fpy muR.
njhlu;e;J xypf;Fk; tp];tehjjh]pd; ehlf Fuy;
gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs; ntWg;gila itj;jJ> mtu;fspd;
neQ;irj; Jisj;jJ. 'tp];tehjjh]; Nkilfspy; njhlu;e;J
uh[ JNuhfg; ghliyg; ghb tUfpwhu;. mt;thW ghLtij
mtu; epWj;jNtz;Lk;> ,dp tp];tehjjh]; Mq;fpNyaiuj;
jhf;fpNah my;yJ ,e;jpa tpLjiy gw;wpNah Nkilfspy;
ghlf;$lhJ vd jilahiz gpwg;gpj;jJ Mq;fpNya muR.
vjw;Fk; mQ;rhky;> 'NghyP]; Gypf;$l;lk; ek;Nky;
Nghl;L tUfpwJ fz;Nzhl;lk;” vd;W ghb Mq;fpy muir
mjpuitj;jhu;. ,jdhy; tp];tehjjh]; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; rpiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ
53
mtupd; %j;jkfd; Rg;gpukzpa jh]; Nkilfspy; Njrgf;jpg;
ghly;fisj; njhlu;e;J ghbdhu;. kfidAk; ifJ nra;jdu;.
mg;nghOJjhd; jpUkzkhfpapUe;j Rg;gpukzpajh]plk;>
',dpNky; NjrtpLjiy gw;wp ve;j NkilapYk; Ngr khl;Nld;>
ghl khl;Nld; vd;W vOjpf; nfhLj;jhy; cd;id tpLjiy
nra;fpNwhk;" vd;wdu; Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfs;. jdJ
je;ijaplk; ,J gw;wpf; fUj;J Nfl;lNghJ Nfhgj;NjhL
ntbj;j tp];tehjjh];> 'kfNd‚ eP kd;dpg;G Nfl;L khdkpoe;J
kidtpAld; tho;tij tpl rpiwapNyNa khtPudhfr;
nrj;JtpL” vd;W fbjk; mDg;gpdhu;.
,e;j Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;
Njrgf;jp kzk; gug;gp Nghuhbatu;> mjw;fhf ,Ugj;njhd;gJ
Kiw rpiwr;rhiy nrd;whu; . mtUf;F 52 taJ Mfptpl;lhYk;
ehlfj;jpy; vOr;rpA+l;Lk; ehafdhfNt tpsq;fpdhu;.
1940..brk;gu; ,Wjpapy; tp];tehjjhrpd; ehlfj;ij
nrd;idapy; Ie;J ehl;fs; elj;j Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. mtupd;
ehlfj;ijf; fhz nrd;id thy;lhf;]; rhiyapNy cs;s
uhay; jpNal;lu; muq;fpy;> kf;fs; $l;lk; epuk;gp tope;jJ.
ts;sp jpUkzk; vd;w Guhz ehlfk; muq;NfwpaJ.
Guhz ehlfkhf mjpy; nts;isaid vjpu;j;J fUj;Jf;fis
kiwKfkhfTk; NeubahfTk; tp];tehjjh]; NgRk; me;j
trdq;fSf;fhfNt> kf;fs; $l;lk; ifjl;b Muthuk;
nra;jhu;fs;.
ts;sp jpUkz ehlfj;jpy;> KUfdhf ebj;jhu;. kapy; Nky;>
mku;e;J nfhz;L> ghbdhu;.
mtu; ghliyj; jzpf;if nra;aTk;> mtu; ghlj; jil
tpjpf;fTk;> Mq;fpNya NghyP]; mjpfhupfs; fhj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
ehlfk; Kbal;Lk;> mtiuf; ifJ nra;ayhk;> vd;wpUe;jhu;fs;.
KUfd; Ntlkpl;l jh];> MNtrkhf> muf;fu;fis VRtijg; Nghy>
Mq;fpNyau;fis tir ghl Muk;gpj;jhu;. $l;lk; Mu;gg
; upj;jJ.
mLj;j epkplk;> Muthuk; mlq;fpaJ. KUfd; mg;gbNa
kapy; Nky; rpiyahf ,Ue;jhu;. Mk;‚ kapy; Nky; mku;e;J
54
Njrgf;jp ghly;fisg; ghbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ mtupd;
capu; gpupe;jJ.
brk;gu; 31> 1940.. me;j ehlfj;jpNyNa> mtu; capUk; gpupe;J
tpl;lJ. 'vd; capu; ehlf NkilapNyNa Nghf Ntz;Lk;" vd;w
mtuJ tpUg;gj;ij flTs; epiwNtw;wp itj;J tpl;lhu;.
1941-Mk; Mz;bd; Jtf;fk;> [dtup 1-Mk; Njjp kf;fs;
nts;sj;jpy; mtuJ ,Wjp Cu;tyk; nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ.
52 taJtiu Nghuhb 29 Kiw rpiwr;rhiy nrd;wtu;.
jdJ tho;ehisAk;> jpwikfs; KOikAk; Njrj;jpw;F
mu;gzpj;j mkuftp jpahfp v];.v];.tp];tehjjh]; mtUila
jpahfj;ij epidT $u;e;J Nghw;WNthk;.
8
tuyhw;W mwpQu; ee;ju;
e e;ju; vd;w Gidngaupy; jq;fk; tpRtehjd; mtu;fs;
kq;fy r%fj;jhu; vd;Dk; kUj;Jt Fyk; Fwpj;J
Ma;T nra;J 'kq;fy r%fj;jhu; khz;GkpF tuyhW” vd;w
E}iy ntspapl;lhu;.
fhty; Jiwapy; 30 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp tpUg;g Xa;T
ngw;w gpd;du; njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Mu;tk; fhl;b Ma;Tfs;
nra;J tUgtu; ee;ju;. jpU. jq;fk; tpRtehjd; ehkf;fy;iyr;
Nru;e;jtu;. ,tUf;F 'ee;ju;” vd;w ngaiu md;Gld; R+l;batu;
jkpowpQu; rpyk;nghyp nry;yg;gd;. me;jg; ngaupNyNa vOj;Jg;
gzpahw;wp tUk; tpRtehjd; mtu;fs; rpwe;j Ma;thsu;.
,tuJ Ma;TE}yhd 'nfhq;F ngUkfd; ty;tpy; Xup” vd;w
Ma;T E}y; jkpof murhy; rpwe;j E}yhfj; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L
gupR toq;fp ghuhl;L ngw;Ws;sJ.
,tu; vOjpa kw;Wk; rpy E}y;fs; miua ehl;L tuyhW>
mjpfhu ee;jpru; Mfpad. ‘khzpf;fthrfu; kfhrigapd;"
khepyj; jiytuhfTk;> ‘ehkf;fy; khtl;l tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;
fofj;jpd;" mikg;Gr; nrayhsuhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;stu;.
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; epuk;gpa jpU.ee;ju; E}Yf;F
jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; cjtp
,af;FeUk; njhy;ypay; mwpQUkhd Kidtu; ,uh.
G+q;Fd;wd; mtu;fSk;> jQ;ir jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
fy;ntl;L-njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; jiytu;> Kidtu;
Gytu; nr. ,uhR mtu;fSk; mzpe;Jiu toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;Jg;
ghuhl;bAs;sdu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
55
56
mtUila mwpT> fbd ciog;G> md;G> vspik> gz;G
ek;ik tpaf;f itf;fpwJ.. goFtjw;F kpfTk; ,dpikahdtu;.
vspikahf midtuplKk;gof;f $batu;.
kq;fy r%fj;jhu; Fykhz;Gk;; tuyhw;wpy; mtu;fs;
tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l epiy Fwpj;Jk; E}ypy; mtu; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
kq;fyfukhd njhopy; nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; 'kq;fyd;”
vd;Dk; ngau; ngw;w kUj;Jtf; Fyj;jpdu;> kd;du;fshy;
toq;fg;gl;l ‘kq;fy" vd;w kq;fyfukhd nrhy;ypidj;
jq;fs; ngaNuhL ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu; vd Ma;thsu;
ee;ju; $Wfpwhu;. NkYk;; kq;fy r%fj;jhu;> rkz rkaj;ijr;
rhu;e;j mNrhf kd;dupd; ee;j tk;rhtspapy; te;jtu;fs;
vd;Wk;> mtu;fs; kq;fy(td;)> kq;fiy> ehtpju;> rtu;zd;>
itj;jpau;> mq;fitj;jpau;> kUj;Jtu;> kUj;Jtr;rp> gl;lu;>
mk;gl;lu;> Mkhj;jpau;> khkhj;jpau;> kfhkhj;jpuu;> khkhj;jpuu;>
ngUkQ;rpfu;> gpuhNzhgfhup> gpuNahfj;jiuad;> Mrtuhau;>
ry;ypauhau;> Fbkf;fs;> Mrpkf;fs;> gz;bju;> gpuhkzu;>
Ntyf;fl;lotu;> Ntyf;fl;loehau; vd;W gytiffspYk;
miof;fg;gl;lijr; rhd;WfSld; Mtzg;gLj;jpAs;shu;
ee;ju;. ‘kq;fy" vd;gJ jpUts;Stupd; thf;Fg;gb J}a
jkpo;r;nrhy; kl;Lky;y> tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd;gb mr;nrhy;
kUj;Jtf; Fyj;jpdiuAk; Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;W fUJk;
Ma;thsu;> rhd;Wfspd; %yk; mij epWTk; Kaw;rp ,e;j
Ma;T E}yhf cUthfpAs;sJ.
Nrf;fpohupd; ngupaGuhz – rpWj;njhz;lu; Guhzj;jpd;
'MAs; Ntjf;fiyAk;” (nra;As; – 3) vd;w ghly; tupfspd;
%yk; rpWj;njhz;lupd; kUj;Jtf; Fyg; gpd;dzpiaf;
fhl;Lfpwhu;.
NkYk;> khzpf;fthrfupd; Fykhd ‘Mkhj;jpa me;jzu;
Fyk;" vd;gJ kq;fy r%fk; my;yJ kq;fy me;jzu;fs; Fyk;
vd;gJ ee;jupd; Ma;T KbT.
mk;gl;lu;> mofpa gl;lu; vd;w ngaupy; kUj;Jtj; njhopy;
nra;Njhu; mk;gl;lu; vd;w me;jz Fyj;jpdu;. me;jzu;fs;
‘gl;lu;" vd miof;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. 'mk;gl;ld;
57
Ntjj;Jf;Fupa Mwq;fq;fisAk; mwpe;j jiytd;” vd;gijf;
fhl;Lk; 'mk;gl;ld; Nfhd; rlq;ftp” vd;w xU Fwpg;G jQ;irg;
ngupaNfhapy; fy;ntl;bYk; (SII Vol. II, Parts iii, iv & v No. 66.
Inscription of Rajaraja) fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kd;du; kjpg;Gld;
tho;e;jtu; ,e;j kUj;Jtf; Fyj;jpdu;. kq;fy kugpdu; vd;Wk;
Nghw;wg;gLk; cau;e;j epiyapy; tho;e;jtu;fs;. Mdhy;>
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tuyhw;wpd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mk;gl;ld;
vd;w nrhy; kUtp mk;gl;ilad; vd;w ,opnrhy; epiyf;F
MshfpAs;sJld;> jPz;lhik epiyf;Fk; ,yf;fhfpAs;sdu;
vd;fpwJ ,tuJ E}y;.
,uz;lhk; njhFjp Ma;T E}ypy;> Kjy; njhFjpapd;
Ma;it ‘Ma;Tiu" vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; njhFj;J
toq;fpAs;s KiwahdJ> Ma;T E}ypd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjpia
kl;Lk; gbg;NghUf;F Ma;T Fwpj;j rpwe;j mwpKfj;ijj;
jUtJld; njhlu;r;rpf;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Ma;Tiuiaj; njhlu;e;J tUk; ehd;F gFjpfs; ahTk; Ma;tpd;
rhd;WfSf;fhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs;. gFjp – 1; 63
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfisj; jUfpwJ. %y Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;J
fy;ntl;L tupfisAk;> mt;tupfSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fisAk;
Fwpg;GfisAk; Kjy; gFjp toq;Ffpd;wJ (gf;fq;fs; 32 –
186). E}ypd; ngUk;gFjpahf> 155 gf;fq;fspy; tpupthfj;
jfty; jUk; ,g;gFjp kq;fy r%fj;jhu; nfhz;bUe;j
ngau;fis> mtu;fsJ r%f epiyia> mtu;fs; toq;fpa
nfhilfis fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;WfSld; nfhLf;fpwJ.
fy;ntl;L Mu;tyu;fSf;Fg; ngUk; kfpo;r;rpiaj; juf;$baJ
rhd;Wfis ,izf;Fk; E}ypd; ,g;gFjp vd;why; kpifad;W.
njhlu;e;J tUk; gFjp -2; kq;fy r%fj;jhu; Fwpj;J ,U
gl;la/rhrdr; rhd;Wfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. ‘VOtifj; Njt
mk;gyf;fhuu; ju;k rhrdg; gl;laj;jpy;"> fu;zd; nrhu;zjhdk;
gz;zpdNjay;yhky; md;djhdk; nra;atpy;iy
vd;Wk;> nrhu;zjhdk; nra;jjhy; ngw;wjd; gyidf;
ifyhrj;jpy; mDgtpj;j fu;zd;> md;djhdk; nra;jhy;
fpilf;Fk; Gz;zpaj;ijg; ngwtpioe;J kPz;Lk; Gtpapy;
rpWj;njhz;luhfg; gpwe;jhd;. gpd;du; rptdbahu;fSf;F
58
md;djhdk; nra;J <rdpd; jpUtUs; ngw;whu; rpWj;njhz;lu;.
kUj;Jtk; nra;Ak; kq;fy r%fj;jtu; fu;z guk;giuapdu;
vd;w nrtptopr; nra;jpia ,g;gl;laKk; $WfpwJ vd;fpwhu;
Ma;thsu;. md;djhd nraYf;fhf vOjg;gl;l ,e;j kpf ePz;l
gl;lar; nra;jp jw;fhyj;jJ vd;gjid> mjd; 98 Mk; tupapy;
'klj;jpd; upNgu; nryTf;fhff; nfhLg;gjha; xg;Gf;nfhz;l
gbapdhNy” vd;w Mq;fpyk; fye;j tupapdhy; mwpa KbfpwJ.
gl;laj;jpd; fhyk; vJntd;W mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
kw;nwhU gl;lakhd ‘n[aKj;jpup nfhiy khdpag;
gl;lak;" vd;w rhrdk; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; fhyr; nra;jp
xd;iwf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,g;gl;lak; kUj;Jtf;Fb guk;giuapdu;
trk; ,Ug;gJ. cj;jg;gehaf;fD}u; [kPd;jhuhd rg;ghzpj;Jiu
vd;gtu; jdJ kfs; ntq;fpl;lk;khit kzKbf;f tpUk;gpa
jpUkiyehaf;fUf;F> mtis kfl;nfhilahff; nfhLf;f
kWj;JtpLfpwhu;. ngz;izj; J}f;fpg;NghNtd; vd;W $wpa
kd;diu ntl;LNtd; vd;Wk; rg;ghzpj;Jiu rTu;jk; (rgjk;)
nra;fpwhu;. rpdk; nfhz;l jpUkiyehaf;fu; rg;ghzpj;Jiu
NeNu NghUf;F tul;Lk; mtu; rpdj;ijg; ghu;g;Nghk; vd;W gjpy;
rthy; tpLfpwhu;. Neupy; Nghu;njhLj;jhy; capu; ,Uf;fhJ
vd;W cWjpahf ek;gpa rg;ghzpj;Jiu> jd;idg;Nghy cUt
xw;Wik nfhz;l tLfehjd; vd;w kUj;Jtf;Fbkfid
jd;idg;Nghy myq;fupj;J NghUf;F mDg;Gfpwhu;. tLfehjd;
jiy Nghdhy;> mtd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L capupoe;jhy;
khdpak; toq;Ftjhff; $wp gl;lak; vOjpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
,e;jf; nfhiy khdpaj;ij mofpupehjd; vd;gtu; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwhu;. tLfehjDf;Fk; mtu; capUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
khdpaj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l mofpupehjDf;Fk; cs;s cwT
Fwpj;j jfty; vJTk; ,jpy; ,y;iy.
E}ypd; %d;whk; gFjp ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; gFjp. ,jpy;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; tUk; kq;fy r%fj;jhu; Fwpj;j Fwpg;GfSk;>
mtu;fsJ gy;NtW ngau;fspy; kUj;Jtu;> ehtpju; ,d;dgpw
njhopw; Fwpg;Gfs; nfhz;l nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J
toq;FfpwJ. ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzDld; Nghu; Gupe;jpUf;f
Ntz;ba ahfjPl;ir ngw;w tPuk; epiwe;j kUj;Jt murdpd;
59
Guhzf; fijapy; fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;gpy; Jtq;fp> rq;fg; Gytu;
kUj;Jtd; jhNkhjudhu; vdj; njhlu;e;J> rpyg;gjpfhu
kJiuapd; kUj;Jtu; tPjp> me;E}y; jUk; Ik;ngUq;FO-
vz;Nguhapuk; rigfspy; kUj;Jtu;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j Fwpg;G>
jpUkq;if Mo;thupd; kidtpahd kUj;Jtf; Fbapy; gpwe;j
FKjty;yp (kUj;Jt Fy gpuhk;kzp)> GwehD}W fhl;Lk;
kUj;Jt kfspu; (ghly; 281)> jpUthrfj;jpy; kUj;Jt Fy
khzpf;fthrfu; mspf;Fk; kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs;> cyfePjp>
ngUq;fij Fwpg;gpLk; cjaFkuDf;Fk; thrtjj;ijf;Fk;
kq;fy kugpduhd ehtpju; Mw;Wk; kq;fyr; rpwg;G nfhz;l
gzpfSk; mjw;fhf mtu;fSf;Fr; rigapy; mspf;fg;gl;l
kjpg;Gk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp E}ypy; kQ;rpfu;> ngUkQ;rpfu; vd
miof;fg;gl;l ehtpju; nra;j kq;fyr; rlq;Ffs;> Mfpatw;Wld;
,Wjpahff; nfhq;F jpUkzq;fspy; kq;fytho;j;J ghLk;
rlq;F nra;Ak; kq;fy kugpdu; tiu kq;fy r%fj;jhu; Fwpj;j
,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
E}ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s fsMa;Tr; rhd;Wfs;
gFjpapy; Ma;thsu; Nrfupj;j fsMa;Tr; nra;jpfs;
kUj;Jtf;Fy kf;fs; rpyupd; tho;f;if Fwpj;j nra;jpfisf;
nfhLf;fpwJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; mwptpay; mbg;gil nfhz;l
etPd kUj;Jtk; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfk; MFk; Kd;du;
ehtpju;fs; mWitrpfpr;iriaAk; njhopypd; xU gFjpahf
Nkw;nfhz;lij mwpa KbfpwJ.
euk;Gr;rpye;jp GOf;fis ePf;Fjy;> kfg;NgW rpf;fyhFk;
nghOJ MAjk; nfhz;L fPwp Foe;ijiag; gpwf;fr; nra;J
jhiaAk; Foe;ijiaAk; fhg;ghw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
ehtpju;fspd; gq;fspg;ig fsMa;Tj; jfty;fs; fhl;LfpwJ.
,jw;Fr; rhd;whf 'The Mangala Title in Padiya Inscriptions”
vd;w fl;Liuapy; v];. ,uh[ Nfhghy; mtu;fs; vOjpa
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; ,Ue;J> 'Until recently the Barbers were
also rural doctors. The ladies of Barber community were used to
be midwives in villages. Naturally, it was a respectable community”
vd;w Nkw;Nfhisf; nfhLj;J kq;fy r%fj;jhu; khz;GkpF
tuyhw;W E}iy epiwT nra;fpwhu; Ma;thsu; ee;ju; vd;w
60
jq;fk; tpRtehjd; .
'rhJu; itj;ah” (ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk; mwpe;j
itj;jpauhd ngUkQ;rpfu;) vd;W cj;jpuNk&u;f; fy;ntl;by;
(SII VOL VI< No. 356, A.R. No. 72 of 1898) Fwpg;gplg;gLNthu;
kq;fy r%fj;jhu; vd;gijAk; E}ypy; Ma;thsu; fhl;bAs;shu;.
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpay; vd;why; mJ 'kUj;Jt
mwptpay;” vd;gij kl;LNk $wg;gLtJ vd;W Nguhrpupau; NjT
gpurhj; rl;Nlhghj;ahah mtu;fspd; tupfis Nkw;Nfhshfj;
jdJ mzpe;Jiuapy; mspj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kidtu; ,uh.
G+q;Fd;wd; tupfSk; ,q;F epidT$uj;jf;fJ.
rhjpg;gpupTfs; vt;thW eilKiw tof;F r%fj;jpd;
rpy gpuptpdupd; tho;f;iff;F CWtpistpf;Fk; tifapy;
kdpjNeakw;w nrayhf mike;jpUe;jJ vd;w cz;ikia
,tUila E}y; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. me;j tifapy;
,e;j ,tUila gzp kpfTk; ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;baJ.
9
mWit rpfpr;ir
Kd;Ndhbfs;
c yfpy; ehtpju;fs; mWit rpfpr;ir nra;jdu;>
Nguhrpupau;fshf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gijj; jhz;b>
,e;jpahtpy; mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J
tsu;j;jJ ehtpju;fNsahtu;. ,J Fwpj;J gz;ila
tuyhw;wwpQuhd b.b. Nfhrhk;gp> 'Nghupy; my;yJ Nehapy;
%f;fpoe;NjhUf;F khw;W %f;F xl;lWit Kiw> r%fj;jpdu;
rw;W mUtUg;Gld; Nehf;fpa ehtpjupd; fz;Lgpbg;Ng”
vd;fpwhu;. ,J jtpu ,e;ehtpju;fs; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j cghyp
vd;gtu; gTj;j rq;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;Js;shu;.
,g;gTj;ju;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; nka;Qhd mwptpaNyhL mWit
rpfpr;irahdJ Njhd;wp tsu;r;rpaile;jjhf tuyhw;wwpQu;
thl;]; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
Mdhy;> ,d;iwa epiyapy; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fpuhkq;fspy;
kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpakhd gzpfisr; nra;Jte;j
18 tifj; jho;j;jg;gl;l ,dq;fSld; ehtpju;fSk;
mlq;Ftu;. ,e;j ,dj;jpdu; ahtUk; Fbkf;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,g;gjpndl;L tif ,dj;jtUk;
Fbkf;fs; gpuptpidr; Nru;e;jtuhff; fUjg;gl;l NghjpYk;
ehtpjf; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu; kl;bYk; Fbkf;fs; vd;w ngaiu
,d;Wtiu jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy;
fpuhk kf;fSf;F Kb ntl;Lk; NritAld; kq;fyf; fhupaq;fs;
kl;Lkpd;wp mkq;fyf; fhupaq;fSf;Fk; mtrpakhd gzpfis
ehtpju;fs; kl;LNk nra;J tUfpd;wdu;.
61
62
,itfisf; fy;ntl;Lfspd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wd.
rhd;whf kq;fyr; rlq;Ffspd;NghJ mbg;gilg; gzp
fspy; ehtpju;fs; <Lgl;bUe;jikahy; mtu;fs; kq;fy
tpidQu;> kq;fiyad; vd;Wk;> ehtpjg; ngz; kq;fiy
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,JNt> nfhq;F kz;ly rjfj;jpy;
kq;fiy vDk; nrhy; ehtpjg; ngz;izf; Fwpg;gplg; gad;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kq;fyk; vd;Dk; nrhy; kUj;Jt Fyj;ijr;
Nru;eN
; jhupd; ngau;fSld; ,izj;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhf
KJepiy fy;ntl;lha;thsu;fs; V. Rg;guhaYTk;> Nf.[p.
fpU\;zDk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. ,t;thW ngau;fSld; kq;fyk;
vd;w milnkhopAk;> ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sijj; njuptpf;Fk; rpy
rhd;Wfshtd. '%Nte;ju; kq;fyg; Nguiuad; khwd;fhup”>
'ghz;b kq;fy tpiraiuad; khwd; vapdd;” vd;gjhFk;.
mWit rpfpr;ir fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk;> tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
NjitahdJ cly;$W mwpT. ,jw;Fr; rtg; gupNrhjid
mtrpak;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J kjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xU
tpjpahfg; gpzk; vupf;fg;gLtjhYk;> my;yJ Mw;wpy; kpjf;f
tpLtjhYk; kw;Wk; kD rh];jpuk; xU rz;lhsid> xU gpNu
jj;ij my;yJ gpNujj;ijj; njhl;l xUtid aNjr;irahfj;
njhl Neu;e;J tpl;lhy; Fspg;gjd; %yk; kPz;Lk; xUtd; jdp
gupRj;jj;ijg; ngWthd; vd;gjhYk;> Gj;j rkz kjq;fSk;>
jpUf;FwSk;> nfhy;yhikiag; Nghw;WtjhYk; cly;$W
jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahtpNyNa jiof;ftpy;iy
vdyhk;. ,f;fhuzj;ij kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf Ma;e;j
rl;Nlhghj;jpahah mWit rpfpr;irf;fhd tsu;r;rpapy; Nky;
rhjpapdUf;F vt;tpjg; gq;Fk; ,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij
tpsf;fkhf 'cliy Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpajhy;jhd; je;jpuu;
urthjk;> urhadk; Nghd;w mwptpay;fis tsu;f;f Kbe;jJ.
itjPfu;> J}a Md;khitj; Njbajhy; clk;gpd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jtpy;iy. gpzq;fis itj;Jf; fPo; rhjpapdNu mWj;J
Muha;e;jhu;fs;. ,ij Nky; rhjpapdu; jPl;lhff; fUjpajhy;
xJf;fpdhu;fs;. jtpu ‘je;jpuupd; rt rhjid" kdpj cly;
gw;wp mtu;fs; mwpa cjtpaJ. ,d;Wk; $l> (1959) gpzj;ijj;
njhl Nky;rhjpahu; kWg;gjhy; mwptpaiy kWf;fpwhu;fs;”>
vd;fpwhu;.
63
Nrhou; fhyk;
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehtpju;fs; kpfTk; cd;dj epiyapy;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ fy; ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,uh[uh[dpd; fp.gp. 1014-Mk; Mz;ila fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy;
gQ;rtd; kq;fyg; Nguiuad; midad; gtUj;jpud; kw;Wk;
,uh[uh[ gpuNahfj;jiuad; vd;Dk; ngau; nfhz;l mWit
rpfpr;ir nra;jtu;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuNahfk;
vd;w nrhy; kUj;Jt rpfpr;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy;yhFk;.
vdNt gpuNahfj;jiuad; vd;w nrhy; kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir
nra;gtidf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. midad; gtUj;jpud; vd;gtu;
Nfhypdik (Nfhypdik – Nfhyp – kapu;) vd;w njhopypy;
ty;ytd; vd;w Fwpg;G tUfpd;wJ. ,g;ngaUf;F mUfpy;
,uh[uh[ gpuNahfj; jiuad; vd;w nrhy; kUj;Jtiuf;
Fwpf;Fk;. mk;gl;ld; vd;w nrhy;Yk; kUj;Jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
vdNt Nfhypdik vd;w nrhy;Yk; kUj;Jtj;Jld;
njhlu;GilajhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fy;ntl;lha;thsu; V.
Rg;guhaY fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;whu;.
jpUtplY}u; rptNahfehju; Myaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fp.gp. 1016Mk; ehspl;l
fy;ntl;by; ,uhzp Fe;jit Mu;f;fhl;L $w;wk; = guhe;jf
rJu;Ntjp kq;fyj;Jr; rigaplkpUe;J epyk; tpiyf;F thq;fp
miuad; cj;jk Nrhod; vd;w ehtpjDf;Fr; ry;ypa Nghfkhf
toq;fpajhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ((ARE No. 351/1907)
,Nj Myaj;jpYs;s kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; Fe;jit>
,uh[Nfrup rJu;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpYs;s xU Ntyp 4
khepyj;ijAk;> Ntk;gj;J}upYs;s xU tPl;ilAk; miuad;
cj;jk Nrhod; vd;w ,uhN[e;jpu Nrho gpuNahfj; jiuad;
Mfpa mk;gl;lDf;Fr; ry;ypa fpupah Nghfkhf (mWit
kUj;Jtj; njhopiy tpUj;jpailar; nra;tjw;fhd
khdpaj;jpd; ngau;) toq;fpapUg;gJ njupa tUfpd;wJ. (ARE
No. 350/1907)
,t;tplj;jpy; kUj;Jtf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F tpj;jpl;ltu;fs;
,r;rhjpapd Mz;fsh? my;yJ ngz;fsh? vd;w Nfs;tp
64
Kf;fpakhf vOfpd;wJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy; rlq;Ffisg;
ngz;fNs Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdu;. ,d;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
'ghl;b itj;jpak;” vd;w ngau; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ md;W
ngz;fNs kUj;Jtk; nra;jdu; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.
,jw;F xU ,yf;fpar; rhd;whff; nfhq;F kz;lyr;
rjfj;jpy; fhu;Nkff; ftpQu; (9Mk; E}w;whz;L) tpupthf vLj;
Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
nfhq;F ehl;L kd;ddpd; kfs; gpurt typahy;
Jd;Gw;wnghOJ rpR ntsptuhj epiyapy; xU ehtpjg; ngz;>
tapw;iwf; fPwp (Caesarean) rpRit ntspNa vLj;jijr; rpwg;Gw
tpsf;FtJ ,q;F epidT $uj;jf;fjhFk;.
,JNghyNt tapw;W typ Vw;gLk; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; Fly;
jl;b ,d;W tiu eptu;j;jp mspg;gJk; ngz;fNs MFk;. NkYk;
ehtpjg; ngz;fs; ,d;Wk; gy fpuhkq;fspy; gpurtk; ghu;j;J
tUtJ vd;gJ Mjpfhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;J
mjid tsu;j;J ,d;W tiuapy; jf;f itj;Js;sjd;
vr;rnkd;gjhFk;.
ehtpjg; ngz;fs; kUj;Jtr;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;L>
fhydp muR fhyj;jpYk; gzpGupe;Jte;jnghOJ ,tu;fspd;
kUj;JtKiw Nkiy kUj;Jtj;ij xj;J tuhJ> J}a;ikaw;W
,Ue;jjd; fhuzkhf> 1923 ,y; fhydp muR ,tu;fs;
gzpia Nkk;gLj;j gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
kUj;Jtg; gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfs; Njhd;wpa gpwFk; jq;fs;
nghUshjhug; gpd;diltpdhy; Nkiy kUj;Jtk; fw;f
tha;g;gpd;wpg; Nghdhu;fs;. MfNt> ,tu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j
jkpo; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijr; rpf;nfdg; gpbj;jgb kUj;Jtk;
Gupe;jdu;. A+dpnrg; kw;Wk; cyfr; Rfhjhuf; fzf;Fg;gb
(1967) kUj;Jtr;rpfshy; kl;Lk; 70 tpOf;fhL gpurtq;fs;
eilngw;Ws;sjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,JNghyNt ehtpj tFg;G Mz;fs; mWit rpfpr;ir
cs;gl gy kUj;Jtg; gzpfisg; Gupe;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fshy;
kUj;Jtk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fs; Nky; Fb kf;fshf ,Ug;gpDk;
,tu;fs; $Wtijf; Nfl;gJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tof;fkhf
65
,Ue;jjd; fhuzkhf 'vj;ijr; nrhy;thNdh gupfhup mj;ijf;
Nfl;ghd; Nehahsp” vd;w gonkhop tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
tl ,e;jpar; rupj;jpu fhy muru;fspy; 'ee;ju;fs;"
R+j;jpuuhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;. ee;ju;fisg; 'ghu;gu;" (ehtpju;)
vd miof;Fk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ. re;jpuFg;j nksupaDila
jha;topj; jhj;jh xU ehtpju;.
cyf mstpy; mWit kUj;Jt Kd;Ndhbfshf
tpsq;fpatu;fs; ehtpju;fs; vdg;gLk; kUj;Jt cyfk; MFk;.
10
khzpf;fthrfu;
jp UthjT+ubfs;> njd;dtd; gpukuhad;> mUs;thrfu;>
khzpf;fthrfu; vd;w rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;W jkpOf;F
jpUthrfj;ij je;J nja;tPfj; jkpio cyfwpar; nra;j
khzpf;fthrfu; 32 Mz;LfNs tho;e;J ,iwtNdhL
,uz;lwf; fye;j ehs; Mdp kfk;. jpy;iyapy; ,iwtDld;
Neubahff; fye;J Kf;jp ngw;wtu; khzpf;fthrfu;.
Qhdnewp %yk; gf;jpAk;> ,iwkhu;f;fj;ijAk;
fhl;baUspa ngUkhd; tuyhw;iwg; gbj;J epidg;gJ vy;yh
ed;ikAk; jUk;.
Mq;fpyk; thzpfj;jpd; nkhop vd;Wk;> ,yj;jPd; rl;lj;jpd;
nkhop vd;Wk;> fpNuf;fk; ,irapd; nkhop vd;Wk;> gpuQ;R
J}jpd; nkhop vd;Wk;> ,j;jhyp fhjypd; nkhop vd;Wk; $WtJ
nghUe;Jk; vd;why; jkpo; gf;jpapd; nkhop vd;W $WtJk;
nghUe;Jk; vd;fpwhu; mwpQu; jdpehaf mbfshu;. mtuJ
$w;W Kw;wpYk; cz;ik. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f gf;jpapd;
nkhopahf jkpo; nkhop jpfo;tJ ekf;nfy;yhk; kpfTk; ngUik>
NtW vk;nkhopapYk; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa msT gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
Njhd;wtpy;iy . irt> itzt gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpOf;Ff;
fpilj;j mUl;nfhilfs; .
irtj;jpy; mg;gu;> Re;juu;> rk;ge;ju; Mfpa %d;W
rptdbahu;fs; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy; ghba gjpfq;fspy;
kiwe;jit Nghff; fpilj;jit 8000 gjpfg; ghly;fs; MFk;.
,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfu;
Njhd;wpg; gjpfk; ghbdhu;.
rptgf;ju;fs; gyuJ tPLfspy; itj;J tzq;fg;gLk;
E}y; jpUthrfk;‚ me;j khngUk; nghf;fp\j;ij> ekf;nfy;yhk;
66
67
je;J mUspatu; irt rkaf; Futu;fs;> ehy;tupy; xUtuhd
khzpf;fthrfu; Mthu;.
khzpf;fthrfuhy; vOjg;gl;l> ngUk; E}y;fSs; KjyhtJ
jpUthrfk;> kw;nwhd;W jpUf;Nfhitahu; vd;gjhFk;. rptidg;
gw;wpa gf;jpg; ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,e;j ,uz;L E}y;fs;.
FUtbthff; fhl;rpaspj;J> jpUtb jPl;ir je;J kiwe;j
rptngUkhid> kPz;Lk; ngw epidj;J> eide;J eide;J
ghbait jpUthrfk; vDk; NjdUtp. ,iwtdpd; Ngud;igAk;>
ngUq;fUiziaAk; tpsf;Fk; njtpl;lhj E}y;.
'jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhu; xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;”
vd;w njhlu; ghly;fspd; fdpTj; jd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.
ghy;epide; J}l;Le; jhapDQ; rhyg;

gupe;JeP ghtpNa Dila
Cdpid cUf;fp cs;nshsp ngUf;fp
cyg;gpyh Mde;j kha
Njdpidr; nrhupe;J Gwk;Gwe; jpupe;j
nry;tNk rptngU khNd
ahDidj; njhlu;e;J rpf;nfdg; gpbj;Njd;
vq;nfOe; jUSt jpdpNa.
,g;ghlypd; nghUSzu;e;j lhf;lu;. [p.A+.Nghg;
‘vYk;ig cUf;Fk; ghl;L" vd;W $wpdhu;. jpUthrfj;ij
mtu; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;J cyfwpar; nra;jhu;.
khzpf;fthrfiug; gw;wp> 'cyf tuyhw;wpNyNa Nkijahd
khzpf;fthrfiu tplg; Gyik> ciog;G> Jd;gj;ijg;
nghWj;jy;> ,ilawh epiyj;j gf;jp Mfpa gz;GfSld;
ek; kdj;ijf; ftu;fpd;wtu; NtW ahUk; ,y;iy" vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mj;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f jpUthrfj;ijg;
gw;wpAk; khzpf;fthrfg; ngUkhd; gw;wpAk; KOtJk; tpupj;Jf;
$w ,e;j xU fl;Liuapy; KbahJ.. mtiug; gw;wpa xU rpW
Kd;Diuahf ,e;j fl;Liuiaf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
jhAkhdtu;> ,uhkypq;fu; MfpNahuJ ghly;fs; khzpf;f
thrfuJ ghly; mikg;igg; gpd;gw;wp mike;Js;sd vdpy;
,jd; rpwg;G tpsq;Fk;.
68
jpUthrfj;ijg; gbj;jhy; cs;sk; ,sFk;. capu; cUFk;.
fUk;Gr; rhw;wpy; Njd; fye;J> ghy; fye;J> fdpapd; Rit
fye;J ,dpf;Fk; jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; capupy; fye;J ctif
jUk; vd;W ,uhkypq;f ts;syhu; $Wthu;. jpUthrfj;jpy;
rptj;ij czu;e;jjhy; mUl;ngUk; N[hjp jdpngUq;fUiz
vd;W ,iwtid ts;syhu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
jpUthrfk; 656 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 51 gpupTfs;
cs;sd. gd;dpU jpUKiwapy; vl;lhk; jpUKiw vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; tiu
mike;Js;sJ.
khzpf;f thrfu; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk;

kJiu khefuj;jpypUe;J> VO fpNyh kPl;lu; njhiytpy;
thjG+uPRtuu; vd;Dk; jpUehkj;NjhL ,iwtd; mUSk; jyk;
jpUthjT+u;.
md;iwa njd;dhl;by; Gwr; rkakhfpa Gj;jk; NkNyhq;fp>
irt rka tsu;r;rp Fd;wpapUe;jJ. ,iwtd; jpUtUshy;
irtk; jiof;fTk;> Ntj rpthfknewpfs; tpsq;fTk;
khzpf;fthrfu; mt;T+upy; mtjupj;jhu;. jha; je;ijahu; kdk;
kfpo;e;J> mk;kfdhu;f;F 'jpUthjT+uhu;" vd;W ngaupl;ldu;.
gjpdhW tajstpy;> thjT+uhu; fiyQhdq;fs; midj;
Jk; iftug;ngw;whu;. ,tuJ fy;tpj; jpwj;ijAk;> ey;nyhOf;
fj;ijAk;> mwpTj;jpwidAk; fz;L midtUk; tpae;jdu;.
mf;fhyj;jpy;> ghz;ba ehl;il Mz;L te;j kd;dd;
mupku;j;jd ghz;bad; jpUthjT+uuJ mwpTj;jpwidf;
Nfs;tpAw;whd;. mupku;j;jd ghz;bad;> mtiuj; jdJ
mitf;F mioj;J> mstshtp mtuJ mwpTj;jpwid fz;L
tpae;J> 'njd;dtd; gpuk;kuhad;" vd;Dk; gl;lk; R+l;bdhd;.
mj;NjhL jdJ Kjd; ke;jpupahf mku;j;jpf; nfhz;lhd;.
jpUthjT+uUk;> ,iwtDila nrayhf vz;zp> mjid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
69
thjT+uhUk;> mupku;j;jd ghz;baDf;F tpRthrkhf
,Ue;J kf;fs; eyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mikr;ru;
gjtpapy; rpwg;ghfr; nray;gl;L te;jhu;. MapDk; cyf mDgt
,d;gq;fspy; kfpo;r;rpailatpy;iy.
cyf tho;Tk;> tho;tpy; fhZk; ngUk; NghfKk;>
epiyaw;wit vd;wwpe;jikahy;> mg;gjtpia mtu; ngupjhf
epidf;ftpy;iy.
xU rpwe;j FUehjiuj; NjLk; Ntl;if> ,tUf;Fs;
,Ue;jJ. gpwtpg; ngUk; gaid> miljw;Fupa top vd;d>
vd;gjpNyNa ,tUila rpe;jid ,Ue;jJ.
gilfSf;Fr; rpwe;j Fjpiu thq;f epidj;j kd;dd;
mjw;fhd nghWg;ig mikr;ruplk; xg;gilf;f epidj;jhd;.
murd;> mikr;ruhfpa thjT+uidg; ghu;j;J> 'ek;Kila
fUT+yj;jpypUe;J> Ntz;Lk; nghUs;fisg; gzpahsu; %yk;
vLj;Jr; nrd;W> ey;y Fjpiufis thq;fp tUf” vd;W
Mizapl;lhd;.
thjT+uUk;> mf;fl;lisia Vw;W fUT+yj;jpypUe;J
nghUs;fis xl;lfj;jpd; kPNjw;wpf; nfhz;L> gilfSk;
gupthuq;fSk;> jd;idr; R+o;e;Jtu> kJiur; nrhf;Nfrd;
Myaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W tzq;fp kJiuia tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;lhu;.
gy khjq;fisf; fle;J> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwnad;Dk;> jyj;ij
mile;jhu;.
mt;T+iu mZf mZf> mtu;Nky; ,Ue;j VNjh xU
Rik> Fiwe;J tUtJ Nghyj; Njhd;wpaJ. ,j;jyNk>
,iwtd; jd;id Ml;nfhs;Sk; ,lk; NghYk; vd;w czu;T
Njhd;wpaJ.
me;jr; rkak; rptehk Kof;fk; vq;fpUe;Njh tUtJ>
mtu; nrtpfspy; Nfl;lJ. mt;nthyp tUk; jpirNehf;fp
thjT+uUk; tpiue;J nrd;whu;. Xuplj;jpy;> fy;yhy kuk;
Nghd;w ngupanjhU FUe;j kuj;jbapy;> rPlu;fs; rpyNuhL>
rptngUkhNd FUehjuha; vOe;jUspapUe;jhu;.
70
Ntj rpthfkq;fSk;> Guhz ,jpfhrr; rka E}y;fSk;
Mfpa gy E}y;fisAk;> fw;Wj;njspe;j rptfzehju;fs;>
me;jf; FUehjuplk; rPlu;fshf tpsq;fpdu;. mr; rPlu;fspd;
gw;wWf;Fk; Mrhdhf> me;jf; FUehju; tPw;wpUe;jhu;. mtuJ
tyj;jpUf;if> rpd;Kj;jpiuiaf; fhl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mtuJ jpUKfk;> xsp kz;lykhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. mtuJ fz;fs;>
jpUtUs; tpsf;fj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jd. ,t;thW
tPw;wpUe;j> FUehjiuf; fz;l thjT+uhu;> jhk; gyehs;fshf
tpUk;gpapUe;j FUehju;> ,tNu nad;W vz;zpdhu;.
fhe;jk; fz;l ,Uk;G Nghy> kzpthrfu; kdk;> FUehju;
trkhapw;W. ,e; epiyapy;> tpiue;J mUfpw; nrd;w
thjT+uhu;> mbaw;w kuk; Nghy> mtuJ jpUtbapy; tPo;e;J
gzpe;J> 'ma;aNd‚ vspNaid Ml;nfhz;lUSf> vd
Ntz;b epd;whu;. thjT+uupd; gzptd;ghd epiyiaf; fz;l
FUehju;> jpUf;fz; Nehf;fk;> ];guprk; Kjypa jPl;irfs;
nra;J jpUtbR+l;b jpUite;njOj;ij mtUf;F cgNjrk;
nra;jUspdhu;. QhdhrpupauJ jpUtUs; Nehf;fhy; Qhdj;jpd;
jpUTUthf thjT+uhu; khwpdhu;.
jkJ FUehjupd; jpUtbfs; jk;ik Ml;nfhz;lUspa>
ngUq;fUizj; jpwj;ij> tpae;J nrhy;khiyfs; gyTk; R+l;bdhu;.
FUehjdpd; Kd; thjT+uhu; ghba Njhj;jpuq;fs;>
,dpikNahLk;> mUs; tpsf;fj;NjhLk; ,Ue;jjhy;>
thjT+uhUf;F jPl;rh ehkkhf khzpf;fthrfd;" vd;w
ngaiur; R+l;bdhu;. md;W Kjy; thjT+uhu; khzpf;fthrfu;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
khzpf;fthrfu; FUehjiu tzq;fp> 'vd;id Ml;nfhz;l
NghNj> vd;DapUk; cilikAk; jq;fl;Fupathapd. Mjyhy;>
mbNad; nfhz;L te;j nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk; jhq;fs;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mUsy; Ntz;Lk;" vd;W $wpdhu;. FUehjUk;
mg;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L rptg;gzp nra;f" vd;W
mUshizapl;lhu;. mf;fl;lisapd;gbNa> khzpf;fthrfu;
mg;nghUs;fisf;nfhz;L> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; kpfr;
rpwe;j jpUf;Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhu;. jpUtpohf;fs; nra;jhu;.
71
jpUklq;fs;> jpUee;jtdq;fs; Kjypad mikj;jhu;.
mbahu;fSf;F> khNfRtu G+ir epfo;j;jpdhu;.
,t;thW> murd; Fjpiu thq;Ftjw;F> jk;kplk; mspj;j
nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk;> rptg;gzpfSf;Nf nrytpl;lhu;.
ehs;fs; gy nrd;wd. mikr;rupd; NtWgl;l epiyia> cld;
te;jtu;fs; fz;L khzpf;fthrfuplk;> 'Fjpiufis thq;fpf;
nfhz;L kJiu nry;y Ntz;LNk" vd;W jhq;fs; te;j
Ntiyapid epidT+l;bdu;. khzpf;fthrfu; mt;Tiufisf;
Nfshjtuha;> ,iwtopghl;by; <Lgl;bUg;gij mwpe;j
gzpahsu;fs;> kJiuf;Fr; nrd;W> ghz;badplk;
ele;jtw;iwj; njuptpj;jdu;.
,r; nra;jpiaawpe;j ghz;ba kd;dd; Nfhgq;nfhz;L
mtiu mioj;J tUkhW Mizapl;lhu;. muRg; gzpahsu;fs;
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwia mile;J> murd; mspj;j jpUKj;jpiuia
mikr;ruplk; nfhLj;J murd; fl;lisia mwptpj;J epd;wdu;.
mjidf; Nfl;l thjT+uhu;> jk; FUehjuplk; nrd;W>
epfo;e;jij tpz;zg;gpj;J epd;whu;. FUehju; Gd;KWtNyhL>
'mQ;rw;f> Mtzp %yj;jd;W Fjpiufs; tUk; vd;W
kd;ddplk; mwptpj;J> tpiyAau;e;j khzpf;ff; fy;iyAk;>
ifAiwahff; nfhLf;f" vdf; $wp> khzpf;fkzpia
mspj;J> tpil nfhLj;jDg;gpdhu;. thjT+uUk; FUehjiug;
gpupa kdkpy;yhjtuha; gpupah tpilngw;W kJiuf;F te;jhu;.
muritf;F te;j khzpf;fthrfu;> ,iwtd; mUspa
khzpf;f kzpia kd;ddplk; nfhLj;J> 'tUfpd;w Mtzp
%y ehspy;> Fjpiufs; kJiu te;jilAk;" vd;W $wpdhu;.
murDk;> rpdk; khwp kdk; kfpo;e;J> mikr;riu md;NghL
tuNtw;W> mUfpy; mku;j;jp mtiu kfpo;tpj;jhd;.
Mtzp %yehis mupku;jj ; dd; MtNyhL vjpu;ghu;jJ; f;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mjw;F ,uz;L ehs; Kd;du; mikr;rupy;
rpyu;> 'thjT+uhu; nrhy;ypad midj;Jk; ngha;Aiu> mtu;
jq;fis Vkhw;w vz;Zfpd;whu;. vLj;Jr; nrd;w nghUs;fs;
midj;ijAk;> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; rptg;gzpf;fhfr; nrytpl;L
tpl;lhu;> mtu; $Wtij ek;g Ntz;lhk;” vd;W $wpdhu;fs;.
72
ghz;bad; xw;wu;fis mDg;gp mtu;fs; %yk; mikr;ru;fs;
$wpad midj;Jk; cz;iknad;gij mwpe;jhd;. thjT+uhu;
nra;ifia vz;zpr; rpde;J> jz;lehafu; rpyiu mioj;J>
thjT+uhu; ghy; nrd;W> Fjpiu thq;ff;nfhz;LNghd>
nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk;> tw;GWj;jpj; jpUk;gg; ngw;W
tUkhW fl;lisapl;lhd;.
mr;Nridj; jiytu;fs;> thjT+uuplk; nrd;W> kd;dd;
fl;lisia vLj;Jf;$wp> mtiuj; Jd;GWj;j Muk;gpj;jdu;.
nfhLQ;rpiwapy; ,l;ldu;. RLntapypy; epWj;jpf; fLikahf
tUj;jpdu;.
thjT+uhu; ,iwtidj; jpahdpj;J> 'IaNd‚ Mtzp
%yj;jd;W Fjpiu tUtjhff; $wpa cd; ciu ngha;ahFNkh?
cd; mbj;njhz;ld; ,t;thW Jd;GWtJ cdf;F mofh? eP
vd;idf; iftpl;lhy; vdf;F ahu; Jiz?. mbahd; xUtd;
Jd;GWtJ cdf;Ff; Fiway;yth?” vd;W ,iwtdplk;
Kiwapl;lhu;.
thjT+uhu; ftiyfisg; Nghf;f jpUTs;sk; nfhz;l
rptngUkhd;> eupfisnay;yhk; Fjpiufshf khw;wp>
Njtu;fnsy;yhk; Fjpiur; Nrtfu;fsha;g; GilR+oj; jhd;
Fjpiu thzpfd; Nghy jpUf;Nfhyk; nfhz;L> Ntjkhfpa
Fjpiuapy; mku;e;J> Fjpiug; gilAld; kJiuia Nehf;fp
te;jhd;.
Fjpiug; gilfs; kJiu Nehf;fp tUtij> xw;wu;fs; %yk;
kd;dd; mwpe;jhd;. mtd; kdk; kfpo;e;jJ. jpUthjT+uiuj;
jtwhfj; jz;bj;J tpl;NlhNkh? vd;W tUe;jp> mtiu
tpLtpj;jhd;. muritapy; mtiu md;NghL tuNtw;W
mku;j;jpdhd;.
fly; miy Nghy; te;j gilfspd; tpiue;j eilahy;
vOe;j GOjpg; glyk; thid kiwj;jJ. Fjpiuf;$l;lk; kJiu
khefiu mile;jJ. thzpfj; jiytdhf te;j rptngUkhd;>
ghz;bad; Kd;dpiyapy; Fjpiufsidj;ijAk; nfhz;L
te;J epWj;jpdhd;. Fjpiufisg; gytif eilfspy;
73
elj;jpf; fhl;bAk; Mly;fs; Gupar; nra;Jk;> ghz;baid
kfpo;TWj;jpdhd;. ngUkfpo;r;rpaile;j ghz;bad;> Fjpiuj;
jiytDf;F> xU gl;lhiliag; guprhff; nfhLj;jhd;.
Fjpiuj; jiytdhf te;j ngUkhd;> mg;gupir Gd;difNahL
jd; nrz;bdhy; thq;f> jhd; mspj;j gupir kupahijf;
Fiwthff; Fjpiuj; jiytd; ngWtijf; fz;l kd;dd;
ntFz;L vOe;jhd;.
mUfpypUe;j thjT+uhu;> 'nrz;bdhy; gupR ngWjy;>
mtu;fs; ehl;L tof;F" vd;W $wp> kd;dd; rpdj;ij
khw;wpdhu;. gpd;du;> Fjpiu ,yf;fzkwpe;j Gytu;fs;>
Fjpiufis nay;yhk;; ,itfs; ey;y epwKk;; eilAk;
RopfSk;; ngw;Ws;sd vd;W ghuhl;bdu;. murDk;; jhdspj;j
nghUistplg; gy klq;F mjpfkhd Fjpiufisg; ngw;wjhf
kfpo;e;J mitfisg; ge;jpapy; Nru;f;FkhW Mizapl;lhd;.
tzpfu; jiytd; Fjpiufs; midj;ijAk; fapW khw;wp
nfhLf;Fk; gb> jd;Dld; te;jtu;fsplk; $wp> murdplk;
tpilngw;Wr; nrd;whd;.
md;W ,uT eLeprpapy; Fjpiufnsy;yhk; eupfshf khwpd.
ge;jpapy; ,Ue;j gioa FjpiufisAk; nfhd;W jpd;wJ me;j
eupf;$l;lk;.
Cu;kf;fs; mQ;Rk;gb Cisapl;L> %iy KLf;Ffspy;
vy;yhk; Xb kiwe;jd. fhiyapy; Fjpiur; Nrtfu;fs; cs;sk;
gjwp cly; eLq;fpagb murdplk; te;J Kiwapl;ldu;.
,r;nra;jpiaf; Nfl;l kd;dd; Nfhgk; mjpfk; nfhz;L
mikr;ru;fis mioj;jhd;. jpUthjT+uhu; nra;j
tQ;ridiaf; $wpdhd;.
gilj;jiytu;fis mioj;J> thjT+uiur; RLntapypy;
epWj;jp jz;lid mspj;J mtuplj;jpy; nfhLj;j nghUs;fis
nay;yhk;> jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tUkhW cj;ju tpl;lhd;.
giltPuu;fs; ,tiu mioj;Jr; nrd;W> RLntapypy; epWj;jpj;>
jiyapNy fy;Nyw;wp nfhLikg;gLj;jpdu;.
74
thjT+uhu;> ,iwtd; jpUtUis epide;J> vdf;F
,j;jifa Jd;gq;fs; tUjy; KiwahFNkh? vd;W $wp
tUe;jp epd;whu;.
thjT+uUila Jd;gk; Jilf;f vz;zpa ngUkhd;>
itifahw;wpy; nts;sk; ngUFkhW nra;jUspdhu;.
itifapy; Njhd;wpa ngUnts;sk;> kJiukhefu; KOtJk;
tpiue;J gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. ngU nts;sj;ijf; fz;l
Cu;kf;fs;> Copf;fhyNk te;Jtpl;lnjd;W mQ;rp> kd;ddplk;
nrd;W Kiwapl;ldu;.
ghz;baDk;> Mw;W nts;sj;ijj; jzpf;f> nghd;> gl;L
Kjypa mzpfyd;fis Mw;wpy; tpl;L> nts;sk; jzpAkhW
Mw;iwg; gzpe;jdd;. nts;sk; NkYk; ngUfpaNjay;yhky;>
rpwpJk; FiwahjJ fz;L> mikr;ru;fNshL $b
MNyhrpj;jhd;. midtUk; rptdbahuhfpa thjT+uiuj;
Jd;GWj;jpajd; tpisNt ,J vd;wdu;. mtiu tpLtpj;J
kJiu khefiu ,t;nts;s ePu; mopf;fhjthW fhg;ghw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
thjT+uUk; rptdpd; jpUtUis vz;zp cs;sk;
epiwe;jhu;. nts;sj;jpd; Ntfk; xU rpwpJ Fiwe;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk; Kw;Wk; nts;sk; Fiwatpy;iy. mjidr; rup nra;a
epidj;j ghz;bad;> kJiu kf;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; mioj;J
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,t;tsT gq;F vd;W mse;J nfhLj;J
Mw;wpd; fiuia milf;Fk;gb Mizapl;lhd;.murd;
Mizia fhtyu;fs; Cu; KOtJk; Kuriwe;J mwptpj;jdu;.
me;efupy; gpl;L tpw;W tho;fi; f elj;Jk; te;jp vd;Dk;
%jhl;b jdf;F msT nra;Jtpl;l Mw;wpd; gq;if milf;f
Ms; fpilf;fhky; tUe;jpdhs;. ehs;NjhWk; Mz;ltdplk;
md;G nrYj;jp te;j mt;te;jpapd; Jd;gj;ijj; jtpu;ff ;
,iwtd; mtsplk; $yp Ms; Nghyj; Njhd;wpdhd;. 'ahNuDk;
$yp nfhLj;J vd; Ntiy nfhs;thu; cz;Nlh?" vd;W $tpa
tz;zk; jd;id te;jile;j mg;gzpahsidf; fz;l te;jp
kfpo;ej
; hs; 'eP vdf;Ff; $ypahshf tu Ntz;Lk; vd;whs;.
75
mt;thW te;J> vd; Mw;wpd; gq;if> milj;Jj;
jUthahdhy;> ehd; tpw;Fk; gpl;ilf; $ypahfj; jUfpNwd;"
vd;W $wpdhs;. mjw;F ,ire;j me;jf; $ypahs;> mts;
nfhLj;j gpl;il thq;fp cz;L> jhNa‚ vd; grp jPu;e;jJ. ,dp
eP Vtpa gzpia ehd; nra;J Kbg;Ngd;> vd;W mtd; gq;if
mwpe;J> mjid milg;gjw;F Kw;gl;lhd;. Ntiyiaj;
njhlq;fpa> mt; te;jpapd; Mshfpa rptngUkhd;> kz;iz
ntl;bj; jd; jpUKbapy; vLj;Jr; nrd;W fiuapy; nfhl;btpl;Lf;>
fisg;gile;jtd; Nghy Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJk;> te;jp
mspj;j gpl;il cz;gJk;> MLtJk; ghLtJk; nra;J nghOij
Nghf;fpdhd;. Ntiy nra;J fisj;jtd; Nghyf;> $iliaj;
jiyaizahf itj;J> cwq;fTk; nra;jhd;. Mw;wpd; fiu
milgl;ljh vd;gijg; ghu;itapl te;j kd;ddplk; fhtyu;>
Cupy; cs;Nshu; xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk; gq;if milj;J
Kbj;jdu;. gpl;L tpw;Fk; te;jpnad;Dk;> fpotpapd; gq;F kl;Lk;
milglhky; fplf;fpwJ.
te;jpf;F Msha; te;j xUtd; ruptuj; jd; gzpiar;
nra;ahky; nghOijf; fopf;fpwhd;. mjdhy; mg;gFjp
E}w;iwf; nfLj;jJ FWzp vd;gJ Nghy> xUj;jp gq;F Cuhu;
gq;ifAk; fiuf;fpwJ vd;W $wpdu;.
clNd mg;gFjpiag; ghu;itapl te;j ghz;bad; me;jf;
$ypahis mioj;J tur;nra;jhd;. jd;Dila ifg;gpuk;ghy;
KJfpy; mbj;jhd;. mbj;j mstpy; $ypahshf te;j ngUkhd;
xU$il kz;iz cilg;gpw;nfhl;b kiwe;jhd;. ghz;bad;
mbj;j mg;gpuk;gb murd;> murp> mikr;ru;> fhtyhsu;fs;
Kjypa vy;Nyhu; NkYk; gl;lJ. mg;NghJ thjT+uhu; ,iwtd;
jd; mbatu; nghUl;Lf; $ypahshf te;j jpUtUis vz;zp
tpae;jhu;.
ghz;ba kd;dd; thjT+uhu; ngUikia ed;fwpe;J mtiu
tzq;fp epd;whu;> 'ew;wtg; ngupatNu vdf;F mikr;ruha;
,Ue;J vk; Fynja;tj;ij vd; fz;zpy; fhl;b> Fjpiur;
NrtfdhfTk;> $ypahshfTk; tur;nra;J> vd; gpwtp khir
xopj;j ngupatNu> vd;id kd;dpj;jUs Ntz;Lk;. jq;fs;
ngUikia> ,iwtd; vdf;F ed;Fzu;j;jpdhd;. vd;
76
muRupikia ,d;W Kjy; jhq;fs; Vw;wUsy; Ntz;Lk;">
vd;W Ntz;bdhd;.
thjT+uhu; ghz;badplk;> ',iwtDila jpUtbj;
njhz;L nra;a> vd;id cupikahf;FtNj ,t;Tyf Ml;rpia
vdf;Fj; jUtjw;F xg;ghFk;” vd;whu;. kd;dDk;> mtu;
tpUk;gpathW mtiur; nry;ytpLj;Jj; jpUtUs; czu;NthL
jk; muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;whd;.
mikr;ru; gjtpiaj; Jwe;J jt Ntlk; jhq;fpa
khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtd; jpUtpisahly;fis vz;zp
kfpo;e;jtuha; jpUg; ngUe;Jiwia mile;jhu;.
kPz;Lk; jd; FUehjiu mile;j khzpf;fthrfu; mbatu;
$l;lj;NjhL fye;J kfpo;e;jpUe;jhu;. QhdNjrpfdha; te;j rpt
ngUkhd; jhk; fapiyf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;baij rPlu;fSf;F
czu;j;jp mtu;fSf;F mUshrp toq;fpr; nrd;whu;.
mbatu;fs; jk; FUehjiug; gpupa kdk; ,y;yhky;> ngupJk;
tUe;jpdu;. mjidf; fz;l FUehju; ',f; FUe;j kuj;jpd;
epoypy; xU nja;tg; gPlk; mikj;J mjpy; ek;Kila jpUtbfis
vOg;gp topghL nra;J tUtPu;fshdhy; xUehs; ,f;Nfhapy;
jpUf;Fsj;jpy; jPg; gpok;G xd;W Njhd;Wk; mjpy; midtUk;
%o;fp vk;ik milayhk;” vd;W jpUtha; kyu;e;jhu;. jk;ikg;
gpd;njhlu;e;J te;j mbahu;fis 'epw;f" vdf; fl;lisapl;Lf;
fapiy nrd;whu;. thjT+ubfs; kl;Lk;> mtiug; gpd;njhlu;e;J
nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtiuf;fz;l FUehju; 'eP vk;ikg;
gpd; njhlu;e;J tUjy; Ntz;lhk;. cj;ju Nfhrkq;if vd;Dk;
jpUg;gjpf;Fr; nrd;W> mq;F vz;tifr; rpj;jpfisAk; ngw;W>
jpUf;fOf;Fd;wk; Kjyhd jyq;fisj; juprpj;Jg; gpd;du;>
jpy;iy milthahf" vd;W $wpr;nrd;whu;.
khzpf;fthrfUk; mt;thNw jpUg;ngUe;Jiw FUe;j
kuj;jpd;fPo;> xU nja;tPfg; gPlk; mikj;J> mjpy; FUehjupd;
jpUtbfis vOe;jUsr; nra;J> mbahu;fNshL jhKk;
topgl;L te;jhu;.
77
jyahj;jpiu
khzpf;fthrfu;> jpUtUspy; jpisj;J thOk; ehs;fspy;>
ekr;rptha tho;f vd;W njhlq;Fk; rptGuhzk; Kjy;>
mw;Gjg; gj;J> mjprag;gj;J> Fioj;j gj;J> nrd;dpg; gj;J>
Mirg;gj;J> thohg;gj;J> milf;fyg; gj;J> nrj;jpyhg; gj;J>
Gzu;r;rpg; gj;J> mUl;gj;J> jpUthu;j;ij> vz;zg; gjpfk;>
jpUntz;gh> jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> jpUNtrwT> Mde;j khiy>
capUz;zpg;gj;J> gpuhu;j;jidg; gj;J> jpUg;ghz;bg; gjpfk;
Kjypa gjpfq;fisj; jpUtha; kyu;e;jUsp ghbdhu;.
mjpfhiyapy; vOf vd;W ghLtJ ‘gs;sp vOr;rp" MFk;.
kd;du;fis vOg;g> gs;spnaOr;rp ghLk; epiy me;ehspy;
,Ue;jJ. khzpf;fthrfu; rptidj; J}f;fj;jpypUe;J
vOg;Gtjhfg; gj;Jg; ghly;fis 'jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp”
ghbAs;shu;. ,JTk; jpUthrfj;jpy; xU gFjpNa.
mbahu; $l;lj;Jld;; gyehs; jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;
vOe;jUspapUe;jhu;. xUehs; jpUf;Fsj;jpy; jPg;gpok;G
Njhd;wpw;W. mbahu;fs; midtUk;> Ie;njOj;ij
Xjpf;nfhz;L mjpy; %o;fpdu;. ngUkhd;> mk;ikag;guha;
,lg thfdj;jpy; vOe;jUsp mUl;fhl;rp toq;fpaUspdhu;.
mbahu;fs; midtUk; mjpy; %o;fpr; rptfzq;fshapdu;.
khzpf;fthrfu; ,t;Ntisapy; nfhd;iw ku epoypy;>
rptNahfj;jpy; mku;e;jpUe;jhu;. ,e;epfo;r;rpia> Nahff;
fhl;rpapy; mwpe;j mbfs;> mbahu;fspd; gpupthw;whJ tUe;jp>
FUe;j kuj;jpdbapy; ,Ue;j> FUehjupd; jpUtbg; gPlj;ij>
gw;wpf; nfhz;L mOjhu;. jpUr;rjfk; vd;Dk; ghkhiyahy;>
,iwtd; jpUtUisj; Njhj;jupj;jhu;.
gpd;du;> FUehjd; jdf;Fg; gzpj;j mUshizapd;
tz;zk;> jpUTj;juNfhrkq;iff;Fr; nrd;W> mq;Fk;
FUehjiuf; fhzhJ tUe;jp> ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gk; vd;Dk;
jpUg;gjpfj;jhy; Njhj;jpuk; nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ> ,iwtd;
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; fhl;ba FUe;jku; Nfhyj;ijf;
fhl;baUspdhu;. mj;jpUf;Nfhyj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;e;j
mbfs;> mq;Fg; gy rpj;jpfSk; iftug; ngw;whu;. gpd;du;> gy
78
jpUg;gjpfisAk; tzq;fpf; nfhz;L ghz;ba ehl;ilf; fle;J
Nrhotsehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jpUtpilkUJ}iu te;jile;jhu;.
,ilkUjpy; Mde;jj; Njdhf vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtd;
mUs; eyj;ij Efu;e;J jpUth&iu mile;jhu;. mq;F Gw;wplq;
nfhz;l ngUkhid tzq;fp jpUg;Gyk;gy; vd;Dk; gjpfj;ij
mUspr; nra;jhu;.
mjd; gpd;du;> rPu;fhopia mile;J Njhzpag;giuj;
juprpj;J> gpbj;jgj;J vd;Dk; gjpfj;ij mUspr;nra;jhu;.
gpd;du;> mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L> NrhoehL fle;J eLehl;il
mile;J> jpUKJFd;wk;> jpU ntz;nza; ey;Y}u; Kjypa
jyq;fisj; juprpj;Jf; nfhz;L> jpUtz;zhkiyia
mile;jhu;. mq;Fk; ,iwtd; FUe;jku; jpUf;Nfhyk;
fhl;baUspdhd;. mf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L tzq;fpa mbfs;>
mj;jyj;jpy; gyehs;fs; jq;fpapUe;jhu;.
khzpf;fthrfu; jy ahj;jpiu nry;Yk; ,lq;fspy; kf;fs;
tho;tpaNyhL tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j rpy ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
tbtq;fSf;F Vw;g jk; gf;jp ghly;fSf;F tbtk;
nfhLj;Js;shu;. mjdhy; jhd; vOjg; gbf;fj; njupahj
rpw;W}u; kf;fSk; fhjhy; Nfl;L> kdg;ghlk; nra;J> ntF
vspjhfg; ghLtij ,d;W tiu fhzKbAk;.
mz;zhkiyapy; jq;fpapUe;jNghJ> khu;fop khjk; te;jJ.
jpUthjpiuf;F Kd; gj;J ehs;fspy;> fd;dpg; ngz;fs;
tpbaw;fhyk; vOe;J> tPLfs;NjhWk; nrd;W> xUtiu nahUtu;
JapnyOg;gpf; nfhz;L> ePuhb topghL nra;tijf; fz;lhu;.
mtu;fs; tha;nkhopahfNt itj;J> jpUntk;ghitia
khzpf;fthrfu; ghbdhu;.
jpUntk;ghit
,J jpUthrfj;jpy; xU gFjp. ,d;wsTk; khu;fop khjj;jpy;
mjpfhiyapy; irtu;fshy; ghlg;gLfpwJ. 20 ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. jpUkzk; Mfhj fd;dpg; ngz;fs; xUtiu
xUtu; Japy; vOg;gp> $b> ngha;iff;Fr; nrd;W ePuhb ghit
itj;J topgLtijr; nrhy;YfpwJ.
79
MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh mUk;ngUk;
Nrhjpia ahk;ghlf; Nfl;NlAk; ths;jlq;fz;
khNj tsUjpNah td;nrtpNah epd;nrtpjhd;
khNjtd; thu;foy;fs; tho;j;jpa tho;j;njhypNgha;
tPjptha;f; Nfl;lYNk tpk;kptpk;kp nka;k;kwe;J
Nghjhu; mkspapd;Nky; epd;Wk; Guz;L ,q;qd;
VNjDk; Mfhs; fple;jhs; vd;Nd vd;Nd
<Nj ve;Njhop gupNrNyhu; vk;ghtha;..
(jpUntk;ghit - Kjy; ghly;)
vd;W ,iwtopghl;Lf;F Md;khf;fisj; jl;b vOg;Gk;
tpjkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,tuJ ghly;fs;. jpUtz;zhkiy fpuptyk;
tUk; NghJ mb mz;zhkiy nry;Yk; Kd;G khzpf;fthrfu;
jpUntk;ghit mUspa rd;djp rhiyapd; Kd;Ng ,Uf;Fk;.
Nghdhy; xU epkplk; mikjpahf czUq;fs;.
mNjNghy jpUtz;zhkiy ngz;fs; mk;khidahLk;
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L> mtu;fs; ghLtjhf itj;J>
jpUtk;khidiaAk; mUspdhu;.
,sk;ngz;fs; cl;fhu;e;J fha;fisj; J}f;fpg;Nghl;L
ifahy; gpbj;J tpisahLk; tpisahl;L mk;khid. mg;NghJ
mtu;fs; ghLtu;. mg;ghly; mikg;gpy; khzpf;fthrfu; ghbaJ
jpUtk;khid MFk;.
mz;zhkiyf;F mLj;J fhQ;rpGuk; te;jile;jhu;.
mt;T+u; ,iwtidj; juprpj;J jpUf;fOf;Fd;wk; mile;jhu;.
jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; gjpfk; ghbdhu;. mq;Nf ngUkhd;
ngUe;Jiwapy;> mtiu Ml;nfhz;l FUehju; jpUf;Nfhyj;NjhL
fhl;rp toq;fpdhd;. gpd;du;> mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L>
jpUj;jpy;iyapd; vy;iyia mile;J> mj; jpUj;jyj;ijj;
juprpj;jhu;. jpy;iy> rptNyhfk; Nghyf; fhl;rpaspj;jJ.
me;efiuaile;j khzpf;fthrfu; jpUtPjpfisf; fle;J
tlf;Fj; jpUthapy; topNa jpUf; NfhapYf;Fs; nrd;whu;.
rptfq;ifapy; ePuhb tykhfr; rpw;rigapy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;>
Mde;j eluhrg; ngUkhid csk; nefpo;eJ ; tzq;fpdhu;.
FU ehjdhf vOe;jUsp fhl;rp nfhLj;j ,iwtid> jpy;iyr;
80
rpw;wk;gyj;jpNy fz;L juprpj;J Nguhde;jk; nfhz;lhu;.
Mde;jf; fz;zuP ; ngUf fz;l gj;J vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghb
topgl;lhu;. gpd;du;> jpy;iyapd; fPoj
; j
; pirapy;> xU jtr;rhiy
mikj;J> gyehs;fs; jq;fpapUe;J> jpdKk; mk;gythzdpd;>
Mde;j eldj;ijj; juprpj;Jte;jhu;. mq;fpUe;J jpUg;GyPrR ; uk;>
jpUehNfr;Ruk; Kjyhd jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W juprpj;J>
kPzL ; k; jpy;iy te;jile;jhu;.
jpy;iyapy; mbfs; mUspr; nra;jit> Fyhg;gj;J> Nfhapy;
jpUg;gjpfk;> Nfhapy; %j;j jpUg;gjpfk;> fPuj ; j
; pj; jpUtfty;>
jpUtz;lg; gFjp> Nghw;wpj; jpUtfty;> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;>
jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUTe;jpahu;> jpUj;Njhs; Nehf;fk;>
jpUg;G+ty;yp> jpUg;nghd;D}ry;> md;idg; gj;J> jpUf;Nfhj;Jk;gp>
Fapy; gj;J> jpUj;jrhq;fk;> mr;rg;gj;J vd;gdthk;.
fPu;j;jpj; jpU mfty;

fPuj
; j; p vd;gJ Gfo;. rptdJ Gfiog; ghLk; E}y; fPuj
; j
; pj; jpU
mfty;. mbahu; ghu;fF ; k; tifapYk;> epidf;Fk; tifapYk;
vspikahf mUs; nra;jtd; rptd;. jpy;iyapy; MLgtd; rptd;
Ntl;Ltd; tbtk; jhq;fpaJ> tiy tPRk; kPdtdhf te;J nfspw;W
kPidf; nfhd;wJ> vd;W ,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly;fisg;
Nghw;Wfpwhu; khzpf;fthrfu;. jpUthrfj;jpd; xU gFjpahff;
fPuj
; j
; pj; jpU mfty; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
jpUtz;lg; gFjp
khzpf;fthrfu; ghbaJ> ‘jpUtz;lg; gFjp" MFk;. rptd;
vy;yhk; ty;ytd;. ngupajpy; ngupatd;> rpwpajpy; rpwpatd;
vd;W mtdJ tbtj;ijg; Nghw;WtJ ‘jpUtz;lg; gFjp"
MFk;. rptdpd; jpwj;ij tpae;J ghLfpwJ.
gilg;Nghw; gilf;Fk; gioNahd;> gilj;jit

fhg;Nghw; fhf;Fk; flTs;> fhg;git
fug;Nghd; fug;git fUjhf;
fUj;Jilf; flTs;
(jpUtz;lg; gFjp : 13-16)
81
R+upaDf;F xsp je;jtd;. re;jpudpy; Fspu;r;rpia
itj;jtd;. jPapy; ntg;gj;ij itj;jtd;. fhw;wpy; ,af;fj;ij
itj;jtd;. ePupy; Ritiaj; je;jtd;. kz;zpy; jpl;gj;ij
itj;jtd; vd;W rptid tpaf;fpwhu; khzpf;fthrfu;.
Nghw;wpj; jpU mfty;

‘Nghw;wp" vd;why; tzf;fk; vd;W nghUs;. cyfpy;
capu;fs; clk;Gld; nghUe;jpj; Njhd;Wk; cyf cw;gj;jpiaf;
$WtJ> Nghw;wpj; jpUtfty; MFk;.
Iah Nghw;wp mZNt Nghw;wp

irth Nghw;wp jiyth Nghw;wp
FwpNa Nghw;wp FzNk Nghw;wp
newpNa Nghw;wp epidNt Nghw;wp
thNdhu;f;F mupa kUe;Nj Nghw;wp
VNdhu;f;F vspa ,iwth Nghw;wp
(mbfs;: 112-117)
jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUr;rhoy;> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;>
jpUtk;khid> jpUg;G+ty;yp> jpUTe;jpahu; Kjypad gyu; $bg;
ghLk; $l;Lg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sd.
ney; Fj;Jk; NghJk;> thridg;nghbfs; ,bf;Fk;
NghJk; ngz;fs; if Nrhu;T njupahkypUf;fg; ghLk;
ghly; ‘ts;isg; ghl;L" vd;gJ. ‘jpUg;nghw;Rz;zkhf"
khzpf;fthrfu; mikj;Js;shu;. me;jg; ghly;fspd; mikg;gpy;
khzpf;fthrfu; ,aw;wpaJ> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk; MFk;
ngz;fs; G+g;gwpf;Fk;NghJ ghLk; mikg;gpy; mtu; vOjpaJ>
jpUg;G+ty;yp. ngz;fs; CQ;rypy; mku;e;J MLk;NghJ ghLk;
ghly; tbtpy; mtu; mikj;j ghf;fs;> jpUg;nghd;D}Q;ry;
MFk;.
tpohf; fhyq;fspy; kfspu; xd;whff; $b tl;lkhf epd;W
ifnfhl;b MLk; NghJ ghLk; ghly; tbtk; ‘jpUj;njs;Nszk;"
MFk;. ,t;thwhf ngz;fsJ ghly;fs; Kiwikiag; gpd;gw;wp
khzpf;fthrfu; ghf;fis mikj;Js;sik rpwg;ghdJ>
midtUf;Fk; ghl vspjhdJ.
82
khzpf;fthrfuJ ‘jpUr;rhoy;" ghly;fs;> ‘jpUg;gpr;

nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy;" mike;Js;sd.
jhAkpyp je;ijAkpyp jhd; jdpad; fhNzB

jhAkpyp je;ijAkpyp jhd; jdpad; MapbDk; (3)
vd;Wk;
njhf;fd te;jtu; jk;ikj; njhiyj;jJjhd; vd;NdB‚

njhf;fd te;jtu; jikj; njhiyj;jUsp mUs;
nfhLj;jq;F (5)
vd;W ‘jpUr;rhoy;" gFjp KOtJNk jpUg;gpr; nrhy;Yk;

Kiwapy; cs;sJ. xUtu; ghl VidNahu; jpUg;gpr; nrhy;Yk;
Kiw midtuplKk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;L Nru;f;f cjtpaJ
vdyhk;.
,d;iwa epiwa etPd ghly;fSf;F rpe;jid tsj;ij
jUtJ jpUthrfj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fs; MFk;.
Gj;jnuhL rka thjk;

khzpf;fthrfu; jpy;iyapy; tho;e;JtUk; ehs;fspy; rptdb
ahu; xUtu; rpjk;guj;jpypUe;J <o ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhu;.
83
mt;tbahu; nrk;nghd;dk;gyk; jpUtk;gyk; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;
vd;w jpUehkq;fis ,iltplhJ nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;.
mtu; <ok; nrd;wpUe;j fhyj;jpy; <oehl;by; Gj;j rkak;
NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. ,t;tbahupd; ,ay;igf; fz;l rpyu;
murdplk; nrd;W mtuJ nra;iffis czu;j;jpdu;. murd;
mr; rptdbahiur; rigf;F mioj;J tUkhW nra;jhd;.
muritf;F te;j mbatu; nrk;nghd;dk;gyk;> jpUtk;gyk;>
vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl jd; ,Uf;ifapyku;e;jhu;.
murd; tpae;J ,jd; nghUs; ahJ? vd;W mtiuf;
Nfl;lhd;. mt;tbahu;> mjd; rpwg;Gf;fis vLj;Jiuj;J>
'jPatUk; cs;sd;NghL ,g;ngaiu xUKiw $wpdhy;>
21>600 jlit> jpUite;njOj;ijf; $wpajdhy; cz;lhFk;
gaid ,J jUk;" vd;W $wpj; jpy;iyg; ngUkhdpd;>
rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jdu;. mq;fpUe;j Gj;jkj Mrhupad;
rptdbahu; $Wtijf; Nfl;Lr; rpde;jhu;. 'jpupgplfk;
mUspa vq;fs; Gj;jidj; jtpu NtW nja;tk; cz;Nlh?
,d;Nw ehd; jpy;iyf;Fr; nrd;W irtj;ij ntd;W Gj;jNd
flTs; vd;W epiyehl;b tUNtd;" vd;W R+Siuj;Jf;
fpsk;gpdhd;. <oj;jurDk; jd; Cikg; ngz;izAk;
cld; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L Gj;jhrhupaDld; jpy;iyf;Fg;
Gwg;gl;lhd;. jpy;iyiaaile;j Gj;jFU> murd; KjyhNdhu;
jpUf;Nfhapiyaile;jdu;. mf;Nfhapy; kz;lgk; xd;wpy;
mku;e;jdu;. Nfhapy; fhg;ghsu; mtu;fis mZfp Gwr;
rkaj;jhu; ,q;Fj; jq;Fjy; $lhJ vd;W $wpdu;. mjidf;
Nfl;l Gj;jFU 'ahk; cq;fs; rkaj;ij ntd;W vq;fs;
rkaj;ij ,q;F epiyehl;l te;Js;Nshk; vd;W thjpw;F
miw$tpdhd;.
mr;R+Siu jpy;iytho; me;jzu;fSf;F vl;baJ. mtu;fs;
Nrhokd;dDf;F ,e;epfo;r;rpia cld; njuptpj;jdu;. md;wpuT
jpy;iytho; me;jzu;fs; midtUk; Gj;jkj FUit vt;thW
nty;tJ vd;w ftiyAld; jpy;iyr;rpw;wk;gytid vz;zp
tzq;fpj; Japy;nfhz;ldu;. eluhrg; ngUkhd; mtu;fs;
fdtpy; vOe;jUsp 'jpy;iyapd; fPo;ghy; rptNahfj;jpy;
mku;e;J jtkpaw;wp tUk; ek; mbatdhfpa thjT+uid
84
mioj;J te;J ,e;j Gj;j FUNthL thjplr; nra;f mtd;
mtu;fis nty;thd;.” vd;W $wp kiwe;jhu;.
kWehs; jhk;fz;l fdit xt;nthUtUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ,iwtd; jpUtUis tpae;J
khzpf;fthrfu; vOe;jUspAs;s jtr;rhiyia mile;jdu;.
khzpf;fthrfuplk; 'mbfNs‚ ek; irt rkaj;ij mopj;J Gj;j
kjj;ij epiyehl;Lk; vz;zj;Jld; <oehl;L kd;dDk;> Gj;j
kjFUTk; te;Js;sdu;. jhq;fs; te;J mtu;fis thjpy; ntd;W
ek; rkaj;ij epiyepWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;" vd;W mioj;jhu;fs;.
thjT+ubfSk; jpy;iy %thaputUld; nrd;W
Mde;jf; $j;jid tzq;fp mtdUs; ngw;W Gj;jkjFU
,Ue;j kz;lgj;ij mile;jhu;. jPatu;fisf; fhz;gJ
jPnjd;nwz;zp mtu;fSf;nfjpNu xU jpiuaplr; nra;J
jhd; kWgf;fj;jpy; mku;e;jhu;. Nrho kd;dDk; kiwNahUk;
Gytu;fSk; me;j mitapy; $bapUe;jdu;.
Nrhod; thjT+uiug; gzpe;J> 'Gj;ju;fis thjpy; ntd;W
ek; rkaj;ij epiyngwr; nra;tJ jq;fs; flik> Njhy;tpAw;w
Gj;ju;fis Kiwnra;tJ vd; flik” vd;W Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhd;.
gpd;du; khzpf;fthrfu; Gj;jFUit Nehf;fp te;j fhupak;
vd;d? vd;W thjj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
thjk; njhlu;e;J eilngw;wJ. khzpf;fthrfu; vj;jid
cz;ikfis vLj;Jiuj;jhYk; mit Gj;jFUtpd;
nrtpfspy; Vwtpy;iy. khzpf;fthrfu; $wpa thjj;ij
kWf;Fk; topapd;wp> rpt epe;ij nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
mjidf; fz;l khzpf;fthrfu; fiykfis Ntz;b
'rptepe;ij nra;Ak; ehtpy; eP ,Uj;jy; nghUe;JNkh? ,tu;fs;
ehittpl;L mfy;thahf. ,J ,iwtd; Miz” vd;W
$wpdhu;. mt;tstpy; Gj;jFUTk;> mtUld; te;jtu;fSk;
Cikfshapdu;.
,jidf; fz;L tpag;Gw;w <o kd;dd;> thjT+uiu tzq;fp
'mbfNs vd; ngz; gpwtp Kjy; Cikahf ,Uf;fpd;whs;.
mtisg; NgRk;gbr; nra;jhy; ehd; jq;fSf;F mbikahNtd;”
85
vd;W $wpdhd;. thjT+uhUk; mjw;fpire;jhu;. mg;ngz;iz
mitf;F tutioj;J mku;j;jp> ngz;Nz‚ ,g;Gj;jd; Nfl;l
Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil $W vd;W $wpdhu;. mg;ngz;Zk;;
midtUk; tpae;J kfpOk;gb> Gj;j FUtpd; tpdhf;fis
khzpf;fthrfu; jhNk mg;ngz;zplk; Nfl;f mg;ngz; mjw;F
tpilaspj;jhs;.
me;j tpdhtpilfs; jhk;> jpUr;rhoy; vd;w jpUg;gjpfkhf

mike;jJ. (Njhopau; ,Utu; xUtiu xUtu; tpdh-tpil
$Wk; tpisahl;Lg; ghly; Kiw ‘jpUr;rhoy;" MFk;.)
<okd;dDk; mjidf; fz;L kfpo;e;jhu;. khzpf;fthrfu;
jpUtbfspNy tpOe;J tzq;fp irtk; rhu;e;jhd;. mitNahu;
midtUk; khzpf;fthrfg; ngUkhidg; Nghw;wpj;
Jjpj;jhu;fs;. <o kd;dd; jpUePWk; fz;bifAk; G+z;L
mbfisg; gzpe;J> Gj;jFUTk; kw;wtu;fSk; kPz;Lk;
NgRk; jpwk; ngw mUs; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W Ntz;bdhd;.
khzpf;fthrfu; mtu;fs; kPJ jpUtUl; ghu;itiar;
nrYj;jpdhu;.
mt;tstpy; midtUk; Cik ePqf ; pg;NgRk; jpwk; ngw;wdu;.
khzpf;fthrfiu tzq;fpj; jhq;fs; nra;j Fw;wj;ij>
kd;dpf;Fk;gb Ntz;bf;nfhz;ldu;. Gj;jFUTk; mtiur; R+o
te;j midtUk; irtu;fshf khwpdu;. khzpf;fthrfUk;
jpUf;NfhapYf;Fl; nrd;W rghehafiu tzq;fpj; jk; jtr;
rhiyf;F vOe;jUspdhu;. ,t;thW jtr;rhiyapy; jq;fpapUe;j
86
fhyj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfu; jpUg;gilahl;rp> jpUg;gilnaOr;rp>
mr;Nrhg;gj;J> ahj;jpiug;gj;J vd;w gjpfq;fisg; ghbaUspdhu;.
,iwtd; jpUthrfk; Nfl;L vOjpaJ

rpjk;guj;jpy; ,g;gbahf khzpf;fthrfu; tho;e;J tUk;
ehs;fspy;> xUehs; me;jzu; xUtu; mtuplk; te;J> jhd; ghz;ba
ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtnud;Wk;> rptgpuhd; khzpf;fthrfUf;fhfr;
nra;j mUl;nray; cynfq;Fk; gutpAs;sJ vd;Wk; tpae;J
$wp> khzpf;f thrfu; gy rkaq;fspYk; ghba ghly;fis
Kiwahfr; nrhy;Yk;gbf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
khzpf;fthrfUk; me;jziu mUfpypUj;jp jhk; ghba
jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; midj;ijAk; nrhy;ypaUspdhu;.
me;jzUk; jk; jpUf;fuj;jhy; mitfis vOjp Kbj;jhu;.
'ghitghba jq;fs; jpUthahy; xU Nfhit ghLf” vd;W
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. mt;Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fpa
khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtdJ jpUtbg;Ngw;iw cl;fUj;jhff;
nfhz;L ,dpa Nfhitahu; vd;w E}iy mUspr; nra;jhu;.
mijf; Nfl;l me;jzu; me;j E}iyAk; jk; jpUf;fuj;jhy;
vOjp Kbj;jhu;. gpd;du; me;jzu; tbtpy; te;j rptngUkhd;
kiwe;jhu;. mjidf; fz;l khzpf;fthrfu; ,g;gbj; jd;id
Ml;nfhz;ltu; rptgpuhNd vd;gij mwpe;J Mde;jf;
fz;zPu; ngUfp jpUtUis vz;zp kfpo;e;jhu;.
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit rptid ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff;
nfhz;l jkpo; kuGg; ghly;. jpy;iyapy; rpw;wk;gyj;jpy; ciwAk;
rptd; jiytd; Mjyhy; ,e;E}y;> ‘jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit"
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtd; jiytd;. kdpj Md;kh jiytp.
,j;jiytd; jiytpapd; md;G fye;j fhjy; Ety;nghUs;
Mf mike;j ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ghly;fspy;
nrhw;Rit> nghUs; Rit kpFe;Js;sJ. ‘NjD}W nrQ;nrhy;
jpUf;Nfhit ehD}W" vd;ghu;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; fl;lisf;
fypj;Jiwg; ghtifapy; mike;Js;sd.
87
kPz;lhnud cte;Njd; fz;LEk;ik ,k;NkjfNt
G+z;lhu; ,Utu;Kd; NghapdNu GypA+nuid epd;W
Mz;lhd; mUtiu Mspad;dhidf; fz;NldaNy
J}z;lh tpsf;fidaha; vd;idNah md;id
nrhy;ypaNj
(jpUf;Nfhitahu; - 244)
jpUthjT+uupd; jpUthrfj;ijAk;> jpUf;NfhitiaAk;
jk; ifahy; vOjpa ,iwtd; me;E}y;fis cyfwpar;
nra;a Ntz;b E}ypd; Kbtpy; 'jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd;
ifnaOj;J" vdj; jpUr;rhj;jpl;L jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyj;jpd;
thapw;gbapNy itj;jUspdhu;.
fhiyapy; ,iwtidg; G+ir nra;a te;j mu;r;rfu;
thapw;gbapy; E}y; xd;W ,Ug;gijf;fz;L mjidnaLj;J
Mz;ltdhy; ,J jug;gl;ljhFk; vd;w md;Gzu;NthL
gpupj;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; gbj;jhu;. mt;NtLfspd; Kbtpy;
jpUthjT+uhu; nrhw;gb jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd; ifnaOj;J
vd;wpUe;jijf;fz;L cly; rpypu;j;jdu;. ,iwtd;
jpUtUisg; ngWjw;Fupa E}y;fspy; ,J jiyahdJ vd;W
Gfo;e;J ,e;E}iyg; ghba thjT+uiuf; fz;L tzq;fpdhu;.
jpUthapw;gbapy; ,e;E}y; ,iwtdhy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
epfo;r;rpia mtuplk; njuptpj;jhu;. thjT+uhu; mjidf; Nfl;L
jpUtUis vz;zp tzq;fpdhu;.
Kbtpy; me;jzu; midtUk; ,e;E}ypd; nghUis jhq;fNs
tpsf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. mjw;F
khzpf;fthrfu; ,jd; nghUis jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyj;jpy; te;J
njuptpf;fpd;Nwd; vd;W nrhy;yp mtu;fNshL rpw;rigf;F
vOe;jUspdhu;. mq;F te;J ',e;E}w; nghUs; ,r;rigapy;
vOe;jUspAs;s Mde;jf; $j;jg;ngUkhNd Mthd;” vd;W
Rl;bf; fhl;b mr;rigapy; vy;NyhUk; fhz kiwe;jUspdhu;.
Mdp kfj;jd;W ,iwtNdhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jhu;.
,t;tw;Gj epfo;r;rpiaf; fz;l midtUk; tpae;J kfpo;e;J
njhOJ Nghw;wpdu;.
88
eluhrg;ngUkhd; khzpf;fthrfUf;Fj; jk;
jpUtbfspNyNa ,uz;lwf; fyf;Fk; Ngupd;gg; Ngw;iwj; je;J>
mtiu Ml; nfhz;lUspdhu;.
32 Mz;LfNs tho;e;j ngUkhd; Qhdnewp %yk; gf;jpAk;>
,iwkhu;f;fj;ijAk; fhl;baUspdhu;. ,tUf;F mUs;thrfu;>
khzpf;fthrfu;> jpUthjT+ubfs;> njd;dtd; gpuk uhad;
vd;w ngau;fSk; cz;L.
Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhuJ jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif E}ypy;
khzpf;fthrfu; ngau; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. Mdhy;
khzpf;fthrfupd; ghly;fspy; tuFz ghz;badpd; ngau;
,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt khzpf;fthrfu; tuFz ghz;bad;
fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu; vdyhk;. ,tw;why; ,tuJ fhyj;ij
fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;.
Mdhy; 'eupiaf; Fjpiu nra;" vDk;> jpUehTf;furu;
ghly; %yk; khzpf;fthrfu;> mg;gUf;Fk; Ke;jpa fhyj;jhu;
vdTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ..
kzpthrfu; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Muha;rr ; pahsu;fs;> gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. xt;nthUtUk; jq;fs;
fUj;Jf;fis epiyehl;Ltjw;F> gy;NtW Mjhuq;fisf;
fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. vy;NyhUila Muha;rr ; pAk;> filr; rq;f
fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; njhlq;fp 11-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu cs;s
fhyq;fspy;> VNjDk; xUfhyk; kzpthrfu; tho;ej ; fhyk;> vd
KbT nra;fpd;wJ. ,f;fhy Muha;rr ; pfis> njhFj;J Muha;eJ ;
kzpthrfu; fhyk;> fp.gp %d;whk; E}w;whz;L vd KbT nra;J>
jUik MjPd jpUthrf E}y;ntspaPlL ; tpohtpy; kfhtpj;Jthd;>
jpU. jz;lghzp Njrpfu; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;.
khzpf;fthrfupd; fhyj;ij NghyNt mtu; Fyj;ijAk;
gyu; mwpatpy;iy. khzpf;fthrfu; 'kq;fyd;” vd;Dk;
ngau; ngw;w kUj;Jtf; Fyj;ij rhu;e;jtu; Mthu;. ‘kq;fy"
vd;gJ jpUts;Stupd; thf;Fg;gb J}a jkpo;r;nrhy;
kl;Lky;y> tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd;gb mr;nrhy; kUj;Jtf;
Fyj;jpdiuAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
89
jq;fk; tpRtehjd; vd;w ee;ju; mtu;fs; vOjpa 'kq;fy
r%fj;jhu; khz;GkpF tuyhW” vd;w E}ypy; kUj;Jt
rKjhaj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpAk; khzpf;fthrfu; kUj;Jt
Fyj;ij rhu;e;jtu; vd;gij tuyhw;W rhd;WfSld; mtu;
vOjpa E}ypd; top epd;W tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
Nrf;fpohupd; ngupaGuhz - rpWj;njhz;lu; Guhzj;jpd;
'MAs; Ntjf;fiyAk;” (nra;As; - 3) vd;w ghly; tupfspd;
%yk; rpWj;njhz;lupd; kUj;Jtf; Fyg; gpd;dzpiaf;
fhl;Lfpwhu;. NkYk;> khzpf;fthrfupd; Fykhd ‘Mkhj;jpa
me;jzu; Fyk;" vd;gJ kq;fy r%fk; my;yJ kq;fy
me;jzu;fs; Fyk;. mk;gl;lu;> mofpa gl;lu; vd;w ngaupy;
kUj;Jtj; njhopy; nra;Njhu; mk;gl;lu; vd;w me;jz Fyj;jpdu;.
me;jzu;fs; ‘gl;lu;" vd miof;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. 'mk;gl;ld;
Ntjj;Jf;Fupa Mwq;fq;fisAk; mwpe;j jiytd;” vd;gijf;
fhl;Lk; 'mk;gl;ld; Nfhd; rlq;ftp” vd;w xU Fwpg;G jQ;irg;
ngupaNfhapy; fy;ntl;bYk; (SIIVol.II,Parts iii,iv & v No.66.Inscription
of Rajaraja) fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kd;du; kjpg;Gld; tho;ej ; tu; ,e;j
kUj;Jtf; Fyj;jpdu;. kq;fy kugpdu; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLk;
cau;ej; epiyapy; tho;ej
; tu;fs;. Mdhy;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
tuyhw;wpd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mk;gl;ld; vd;w nrhy; kUtp
mk;gl;ilad; vd;w ,opnrhy; epiyf;F MshfpAs;sJld;>
jPzl; hik epiyf;Fk; ,yf;fhfpaJ Ntjid.
rhjp gw;wpf; $Wtjhf epidf;f Ntz;lhk;. jkpof rKjha
tuyhw;wpd; xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpd; Mtzq;fSk; njhFf;fg;
ngWjy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;” vd;W fy;ntl;L-njhy;ypay;
Jiw mwpQu; Gytu; nr. ,uhR $Wk; rpwe;j mwpTiuiaf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> ek; ,d tuyhW mwptjpy; Mu;tk;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;..
khzpf;f thrfu; tho;itAk;> mtu; ,aw;wpa ghly;fisAk;
gbj;Jzu;e;jhy; ,k;ikAk; kWikAk; rpwf;Fk;. ,J cWjp.
11
Ntjhuz;ak; itug;gd;
eh fg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpy; cg;Gf;Fg; ngau; ngw;w
Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; 1930-y; ele;j rk;gtk; ,J.
mg;NghJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. nghJkf;fs;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fSf;F Mjuthf Mq;fpNyau;fisAk;
mtu;fsJ vLgpbfisAk; Gwf;fzpj;J te;j Neuk; mJ.
1930k; Mz;L uh[h[p jiyikapy; ele;j cg;G rj;jpahfpufg;
Nghuhl;lk; me;jg; gFjpapy; kpfg;ngupa jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. cg;G fha;r;r jiltpjpj;j Mq;fpNyNa
muRf;Fk;> mtu;fsJ gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; cjtpfs; vJTk;
nra;tjpy;iy vd;W kf;fs; jhq;fSf;Fs;shfNt xU
fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
mg;gbg;gl;l R+oypy; xUehs; NghyP]; fhd;];lgps; xUtu;

Nf. itug;gd; vd;w Kb jpUj;Jgtuplk; Kb jpUj;j te;jhu;. Nf.
itug;gd; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;Fk;> mtu;fsJ gzpahsu;fSf;Fk;
90
91
Kb jpUj;Jtjpy;iy vd;W cWjp G+z;bUe;jhu;. Kb jpUj;Jk;
Ntiy ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. Ngr;Rthf;fpy; mtu; xU
fhd;];lgps; vd;w cz;ik> 24 tajhd itug;gDf;Fj;
njupe;jJ. ghjp rtuk; nra;j epiyapy; me;jf; fhd;];lgpSf;F
rtuk; nra;a kWj;J tpl;lhu;. fhd;];lgps; mr;RWj;jpaNghJk;
itug;gdpd; Njrgf;jp miratpy;iy. ,jdhy; itug;gd;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> 1930k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 14-k; Njjp NtY}u;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.
tprhuiz nra;j ePjpgjp itug;gdplk; me;j
NghyP];fhuUf;F KOr;rtuKk; nra;Jtpl;lhy; kdpjhgpkhd
mbg;gilapy; mtiu tpLtpj;J tpLtjhff; $wpdhu;.
ePjpgjpapd; ,e;jf; $w;iw cWjpahf kWj;j itug;gd;
'cq;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhdk; ,Ue;jhy;> ,Njh ,Uf;fpwJ
fj;jpAk; ngl;bAk; ePq;fs; Ntz;Lkhdhy; mtUf;Fr; rtuk;
nra;Aq;fs;" vd;W gjpyb nfhLj;jhu;. ,ijf; Nfl;l ePjpgjp
Mj;jpukile;J itug;gDf;F 6 khjf; fLq;fhty; jz;lid
tpjpj;jhu;. NtY}u;> jpUr;rp rpiwfspy; ,e;j jz;lidia
mtu; mDgtpj;jhu;. 1906> Nk 22y; gpwe;j itug;gd; jdJ
90tajpy; 1997 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 15-k; Njjp ehL jdJ
Rje;jpu jpd nghd;tpohitf; nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUe;j
Neuj;jpy; kiwe;jhu;.
12
fu;g;G+up jhf;$u;
f u;g;G+up jhf;$u; ([dtup 24> 1924--gpg;gputup 17> 1988)
gpfhu; khepyj;J Kd;dhs; Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;jtu;.
rk;Af;j NrhrypRl; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;.
fu;g;G+up jhf;$u; gpfhu; khepyj;jpy; rkRjpg;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s xU rpw;Wupy; gpwe;jhu;. khztg; gUtj;jpNyNa
'nts;isaNd ntspNaW" Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ljhy; 26
khjq;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jhu;. fy;tpf;Fg; gpd; xU rpw;Wu;g;
gs;spapy; Mrpupauhfg; gzp Gupe;jhu;.
1960 Mk; Mz;by; mQ;ry; njhiytupj; Jiw Copau;fs;
elj;jpa Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; Kd;dpd;W Nghuhbajhy; rpiwf;Fr;
nrd;whu;. nly;Nfh FOkj; njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; 28
ehs;fs; cz;zh Nehd;G ,Ue;J fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;fhfTk; jho;jj
; g;gl;NlhUf;fhfTk;
muR mYty;fs;> fy;tp Mfpatw;wpy; ,l xJf;fL P Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Nfhupr; nray;gl;ltu;.
92
93
1970-k; Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; fu;g;G+up jhf;$u; gpfhu; Kjy;
mikr;ru; Mdhu;. ,uz;lhk; Kiwahf 1977 ,y; kPz;Lk;
gpfhu; Kjyikr;ru; Mdhu;. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l khztu;fSf;Ff;
fy;tpapy; 12 tpOf;fhL xJf;fPL nra;jhu;. fl;lha Mq;fpy
topf; fy;tpia mfw;wp khepy nkhopahd ,e;jpiaf;
nfhz;L te;jhu;. Nyhfj; jsf; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; kz;ly;FOg;
gupe;Jiufis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; njhlu;e;J
Nghuhbdhu;. kJ tpyf;if mKy;gLj;jpdhu;. neUf;fbf;
fhyj;jpy; nrag;gpufhR ehuhazd; jiyikapy; ele;j KOg;
Gul;rp ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;J tpidahw;wpdhu;. gpfhu; murpay;
jiytu;fshd yhY gpurhj; ahjt;> uhk; tpyhR ghRthd;>
epjpR Fkhu; Nghd;Nwhupd; Mrhdhf fu;g;G+up jhf;$u;
kjpf;fg;gLfpwhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1991 Mk; Mz;L
Nk khjk; 30 Mk; ehspy; xd;wpa muR ,tu; epiditg;
Nghw;Wk; tifapy; rpwg;G mQ;ry;jiyia ntspapl;lJ.
13
rtuj;
njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l
tuyhW
Nfh . uFgjp vOjpa ‘Mjp kUj;Jtu; rtuj;
njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW" vd;w E}ypy;
cs;s fUj;Jfs; tuyhw;iw kPl;nlLf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf cs;sJ.
‘kUj;Jtu;fs;" vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vg;gb
rtuj;njhopyhsu;fs; Mf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fs;kPJ rhjp ,opT
jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij tuyhw;W uPjpapyhd juTfSld;
tpsf;Ffpwhu; uFgjp.
fhe;jpapd; njd;dhg;gpupf;fg; gazk;> jkpofj;jpy;
jz;zU P f;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;> ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrdpd;
kj epiyg;ghLfs; Mfpait Fwpj;J Kf;fpakhd Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;L E}y;fs; vOjpAs;s ,sk; Ma;thsu; Nfh.uFgjpapd;
E}y; ‘Mjp kUj;Jtu; rtuj; njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW".
vg;NghJ jiykapiuf; fj;jupj;jy; kw;Wk; jhb> kPir kopj;jy;
vd;Dk; gof;fk; ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; cUthdJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J
tpsf;Fk; ,lq;fs; ekf;F tpag;gspf;Fk;. jiykapu; kopg;gJk;
tsu;g;gJk; rhjpauPjpahf vg;gb NtWgLfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ ,e;jpa rhjpar; r%fk; Fwpj;Jg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
cjTk;.
rhjpaKk; fhydpaKk; ,ize;J vg;gb rtuj;
njhopyhsu;fs; vd;Dk; tifapdj;ij cUthf;fpaJ vd;W
tpsf;Fk; uFgjp> Mjpfhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa kf;fsplk; ,Ue;j
94
95
kUj;JtKiwfSf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;GfisAk; tptupf;fpwhu;. ‘jypj;JfSldhd Kuz;ghL"
vd;Dk; mj;jpahaKk; kUj;Jtu;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
kUj;Jtu;fspd; jiytu;fs;> ,jo;fs; Fwpj;J tptupf;Fk;
gFjpfSk; Kf;fpakhdit.
me;E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU fUj;ij midtUk; mwpe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; ,q;Nf gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpNwd;.
Mjpgl;lu; vd;gjd; jpupghfpa mk;gl;lu; vd;Dk;
r%fg;gpuptpdu; Mjpapy; rlq;F nra;Ak; G+rhupfshfTk;
gpzp Kwpf;Fk; itj;jpau;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
ntl;Lf;fhaq;fSf;F kUe;jpLtjw;fhf fhaj;ijr;
Rw;wpYKs;s Nuhkj;ijr; rtuk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa
,tu;fsplkpUe;J G+irAupikAk; kUj;Jt mwpTk;
gpLq;fg;gl;L ntWkNd rtuj; njhopyhsu;fshf vt;thW
fPo;g;gLj;jg;gl;ldu; vd;gij tptupf;Fk; ‘Mjp kUj;Jtu; rtuj;
njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW" vd;w jk; E}ypy; Nfh.uFgjp
,g;gbahd mZFKiwiaj; jhd; iff;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.
cyfpd; gyghfq;fisAk; NghyNt ,q;Fk; kf;fspd;
cly; kd Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jfpwtu;fshf G+rhupfNs
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. Neha;fF ; k; ghu; Nga;fF; k; ghu; vd;w
gonkhopapd; nra;jp ,JNt. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j G+rhup
itj;jpau;fs;/itj;jpag; G+rhupfshd mk;gl;lu;fNs mWitr;
rpfpr;ir Kiwiaf; fz;lwpfpd;wdu;. rfkdpjidj;
njhLtij jPlL ; ghtk; vd;W ghu;gg
; du;fs; xJq;fp epw;ifapy;>
Nghupy; ntl;Lz;ltu;fisj; njhl;Lj; J}f;fp itj;jpak;
nra;jNjhL mWgl;l %f;fpw;F khw;W %f;F nghUj;Jk;
KiwiaAk; gTj;jj;jpd; JizNahL ,tu;fNs fz;lwpe;jdu;.
G+g;Gr;rlq;Fk; kfg;NgW kUj;JtKk; ehtpju; FLk;gj;Jg;
ngz;fSf;fhdit. (AIIMSrpy; gbg;gjw;fhd mwpTk; jFjpAk;
guk;giu guk;giuahf vq;fSf;Fj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w
Mjpfr;rhjpapdupd; GSFk; ,t;tplj;jpy; mk;gykhfptpLfpwJ)
kdpj ehfuPfj;jpy; kopj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; cUthtjw;F
kjek;gpf;iffSk; NghUNk mbg;gil. vjpupfs; ,Oj;Jj;
96
jhf;FtjpypUe;J jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;sNt giltPuu;fSf;F
Kfr;rtuKk; jiyia kOq;f rpiug;gJkhfpa tof;fq;fs;
cUthapd. ,e;jpahtpy; jiykapiuf; fj;jpupj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ my;yJ kopj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Jwtpfspy; xU
gFjpapdupd; RatpUg;gkhfTk; jPnahOf;fKs;stu;fSf;Fj;
jz;lidahfTk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,wg;Gr;rlq;fhf>
Neu;j;jpf;fldhf nkhl;ilabj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fnky;yhk;
gTj;jj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; ntF gpw;fhyj;jpy; te;jJjhd;.
xt;nthd;wpYk; NtWgLj;jp rhjpa Vw;wj;jho;it
epiyepWj;Jfpw ghu;g;gdu;fs; ifapy; jiykapUk; rpf;fpaJ.
kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J jk;ik NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; nraw;ifahd
gz;ghl;L milahskhf jiyapd; Kd;gFjp kapiu
miuepyh tbtj;jpy; rpiuj;J nfhz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Sk;
tof;fj;ij mtu;fs; cUthf;fpdu;. gpwrhjpapdu; mt;thW
rpiuj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jiltpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jj; jil
tp[aefu Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ePq;fpaJ. (1930 tiuapYk;
jypj;Jfs; kPJ jil ePbj;jJ) vdpy; ,tu;fSf;nfy;yhk;
kopj;Jtpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?
Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j gfthDf;F gupfhuq;fs;
nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W gpLq;fpnaLj;j tR+y;uh[hf;fsplkpUe;J
(,tu;fs; ahnudf; Nfl;L vd; thiaf; fpswNth
tapw;nwupr;riyf; fpsg;gNth Ntz;lhnkd thrfu;fs;
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;) jg;gpj;J> Fiwe;j
nghUl;nrytpy; Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk; gTj;j rkz kUj;Jt
kugpdiu- Mjpgl;lu;fis mz;lj; njhlq;fpaJ rKjhak;.
irtu;fSk; itztu;fSk; gTj;j rkz rkaj;jtiu
fONtw;wpf; nfhd;w fhyj;jpy;> kUj;Jtj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
kapu; rpiuj;jiyAk; nfhz;bUe;j kUj;Jtu;fis> jq;fspd;
rtuj; njhopyhsu;fshff; fPo;g;gLj;jpdu;.
njhlu;e;J mtkjpg;gJ> Gwf;fzpg;gJ> jk;ikNa mz;bg;
gpiof;FkhW tho;thjhuq;fis epu;%ykhf;FtJ> ciog;ig
,ytrkha; mDgtpg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp ,tw;iwnay;yhk;
epahag;gLj;Jk; xU jj;Jt tpsf;fj;ij cw;gj;jp
nra;tJkhfpa topKiwfspy;jhd; rhjpaLf;fpd; Nky;fPo;
97
tupir mile;Js;sJ. gy;NtW RoyLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l
Mjpf;frhjpapdupd; ,t;td;KiwfSf;F ehtpju;fSk;
jg;gtpy;iy. ghu;g;gdu;fspd; Kd;new;wpiar; rpiuf;fg;
gzpf;fg;gl;L> gpd;te;j fhyj;jpy; me;juq;fg; gFjpfspYk;
(,UghyUf;Fk;)> gpzq;fSf;Fk; rtuk; nra;Ak; nfhLikf;F
Mshf;fg;gl;ldu;. fhy;fisf; fOtptpLtJ- rhT nra;jp
nrhy;tJ- <kf;fhupaq;fs; nra;tJ- efk; ntl;btpLtJ-
,k;khjpupahd jkJ tf;fpuq;fis epiwNtw;wpj; jUk;
,opepiyf;F ehtpju;fis Ml;gLj;jptpl;L gpd; mNj
fhuzq;fisr; nrhy;yp ehtpju;fisj; jPz;lj;jfhjhuhf;fpdu;.
ghu;g;gdu; cs;spl;l Mjpf;frhjpapdu; efuq;fSf;Fg; ngau;e;J
Ngha;tpl;l epiyapy; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ,ilepiyr; rhjpfs;
mNjtifahd xLf;FKiwfisf; ifahs;fpd;wdu;.
ciog;Gf;F Cjpakhf Cu;r;NrhW vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
tof;fj;ij cUthf;fpajd; %yk; ehtpjrhjp> jd; mLj;jNtis
fQ;rpf;F Mjpf;frhjpapdiuNa mz;b thOk; epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;lJ. jypj;fSf;Fr; rtuk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W
Mjpf;frhjp jLj;jnjd;why;> vy;yhtifapYk; jk;ksTf;F
jho;j;jg;gl;Ltpl;l ehtpju;fisj; jPz;lj;jfhjhuha; ghu;f;Fk;
kNdhghtk; jypj;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; mtyj;ij vd;dntd;gJ?
guk;giu kUj;Jt mwpit xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; Mjpf;frhjp
ntwpf;F gpupl;b\; fhydpahl;rp GFj;jpa mNyhgjp
kUj;JtKiw cjtpaJ. mNyhgjpiaf; iff;nfhz;l
Mjpf;frhjpapdu;> ghuk;gupa kUj;Jt mwpit ,opthdjhfr;
rpj;jupj;jdu; (RNjrp vd;W Koq;Ffpwtu;fSk; ,tu;fNs).
Mjpf;frhjpapdupd; tPLfSf;Fg; Ngha; my;yJ
Mw;wq;fiufspy; fhj;Jf; fple;J njhopy; nra;Ak;
epiyapypUe;J tpLgLk; Kaw;rpahf fhydpahl;rpiag;
gad;gLj;jp ehtpju;fs; rY}d;fisj; njhlq;fpdu;. gFj;jwpT>
,lJrhup murpaypd; tpthjf;fskhf ,Ue;j ,r;rY}d;fspy;
,d;W ‘jaT nra;J murpay; NgrhjPu;fs;" vd;w ];bf;fu;fs;
xl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ Vndd;w Ma;T NjitahAs;sJ.
98
Cu;f;Fbkfd; vd;W xLq;fpf;fplf;f xg;ghky;
,yq;iff;F jg;gpNahba ehtpju;fs; mq;fpUe;jgbNa jk;
r%fj;ij mikg;GuPjpaha; mzpjpul;baJk;> ,q;fpUe;J
Nghuhbatu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jJk;> gy;NtW gj;jpupiffis
ntspapl;lJk; Kf;fpakhd fyfr; nray;ghLfshFk;.
ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; rpj;j kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up miktjw;F
ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpa gz;bju; v];.v];.Mde;jk;
Nghd;Nwhupd; kUj;Jt mwpTk; Nghu;f;FzKk; ftdkhfg;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. tpjitg; ngz;nzhUtu; jd;
Foe;ijNahL jq;fp kUj;Jtk; gapy jd; re;jhj;njhifiar;
nrytpl;l kUj;Jtu; rq;fj;jpd; nray;ghl;bypUe;J ,f;fhy
kf;fs; mikg;Gfs; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nra;jpfSz;L. ,e;jpah
KOtJk; rtuj;njhopy; nra;Ak; rhjpfspd; gl;bay;> mit
vjpu;nfhz;l xLf;FKiwfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;W tpupAk;
,e;E}y; rtuj;njhopyhsu;fis jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; gl;baypy;
Nru;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w mtu;fsJ Nfhupf;ifapy; fuprdk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F murpay; rl;lk;
toq;fpAs;s vy;yh cupikfisAk; gwpj;njhopf;Fk; td;kj;jpy;
cr;rePjp kd;wNk fskpwq;fpAs;s epiyapy; ,f;Nfhupf;if
rtuj;njhopyhsu;fSf;F vd;d gad;fis jUk; vd;gJ
tpthjj;jpw;FupaJ.
cz;ikapy; rhjpa tuyhw;wpYk; rhjp vjpu;g;G r%fePjp
tuyhw;wpYk; ‘Nritr;rhjpfspd;" epiy rpf;fyhdJ.
gl;baypdr; rhjpapdu; kPJ Mjpf;fr;rhjpapduhy;
jPz;lhikAk; xJf;fYk; filg;gpbf;fg;gLtijg; NghyNt
Nritr;rhjpapdu; kPJk; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNjNeuj;jpy;
Nritr;rhjpapdNu rpy ,lq;fspy; gl;baypdr; rhjpapdUf;F
rtuj;njhopy; ghu;f;f kWj;J xJq;Fk; epiyAk; ,jw;nfdNt
gl;baypdr; rhjpfspNyNa rpy cl;FOf;fs; cz;lhtJk;
eilngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. vdNt rhjpag;gbepiyapy;
Nritr;rhjpfspd; ,lk; vd;gJ vg;NghJk; Fog;gkhfNt
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. gl;baypdr; rhjpfisg;Nghy; murpay;
jpul;rpnfhz;L Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;
ngupa mstpy; kUj;Jtu;fsplk; eilngwtpy;iy. ,j;jifa
R+oypy; v];.v];.Mde;jk; Nghd;w jiytu;fspd; gq;F
99
kfj;jhdJ. mj;jifa jiytu;fisAk; ,jo;fisAk;
Mtzg;gLj;jpa uFgjp ed;wpf;Fupatu;.
jpuhtpl ,af;f vOr;rpf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; rY}d;fs; vg;gb
murpay; gpurhu ikaq;fshf tpsq;fpd vd;W tptupf;Fk;
jfty;fs;> tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. gy;NtW
E}y;fis thrpj;Jk; fsg;gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;Lk; Nfh.uFgjp
cUthf;fpapUf;Fk; ,e;j E}y;> kUj;Jtu;fspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F
cjTtNjhL rhjpnahopg;Gg; gzpfSf;Fk; mtrpak; cjTk;.
(ed;wp - Nfh.uFgjp> ty;ypdk; ntspaPL)
14
Mde;jk; gz;bju;
M de;jk; gz;bju; kUj;Jtu; rhjpiar; Nru;e;j
Fk;gNfhzk; rhkpehjd;-fkyk;khs; jk;gjpaUf;Fg;
gpwe;jhu;;. ,e;jf; FLk;gj;jpdu; guk;giu guk;giuahf muru;
FLk;gq;fSf;F itj;jpak; nra;Jte;jdu;. itj;jpau;
guk;giuapy; gpwe;J tsu;e;j Mde;jk; gz;bju; jd;
rhjpapd; ghuk;gupaf; Fyj;njhopyhd rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijf;
iff;nfhz;bUe;jNjhL mjpy; epGzj;JtKk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
,ir> ehlfk;> $j;J Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mu;tkpf;f mtu;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; kUj;Jt E}y;fisAk; Mo;e;J
gbj;jhu;. jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaKiwiag; ghJfhj;J
mLj;jLj;jj; jiyKiwfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yNtz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zKk; mtUf;fpUe;jJ. Mdhy; mtu; tho;e;j
me;jf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; rpj;jitj;jpak; MAu;Ntj> Mq;fpy
kUj;Jtk; Mfpa ,UKidj; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;nfhz;lJƒ
Kd;dJ RtPfupj;Jf;nfhs;s vj;jdpj;jJƒ gpd;dJ
mopj;njhopf;f Kw;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; jd; murpay;
nghUshjhu eyDf;fhf Mq;fpy kUj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gpaJ.
nrd;id khfhzj;jpd; gygFjpfspYk; Mq;fpy kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}up> kUj;Jtkid Mfpatw;iw epWtj; njhlq;fpaJ.
,jdhy; jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpak; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahtpy;
mg;NghjpUe;j gy;NtW tifahd RNjr kUj;JtKiwfs;
jhf;FjYf;Fs;shapd. vdNt> MAu;Ntj itj;jpau;fs;
,e;jpa mstpy; xU rq;fj;ij epWtp khehL> fz;fhl;rp Nghd;w
tw;iw elj;jpaNjhL mij Mq;fpy kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy;
Kiwahff; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Mjuit
Ntz;bdu;. ,tu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; RNjrpa itj;jpak; vd;why;
mJ MAu; Ntjk;> A+dhdp Mfpad kl;LNk vdf; $wpdu;.
100
101
NkYk; me;j kUj;JtKiwfis epWtdkakhf;Ftjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfis vLj;jdu;. MAu;Ntj itj;jpaj;ijg; gug;Gk;
gzpiar; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j itj;jpa fyhepjp gj;jpupif
MAu;Ntjk;> Adhdp Mfpa RNjr itj;jparhiyfis
murhq;fk; mikf;fNtz;Lk; vd Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jJ.
(itj;jpa fyhepjp> mf;Nlhgu; 1914> g.45.).
nrd;id rl;lrigapy; V.v];.fpU\;zuht; etk;gu; 1914

Mk; Mz;L ‘MAu;Ntj - A+dhdp itj;jpaq;fnsd;Dk;
RNjr itj;jpa Kiwfis" ftu;d;nkd;lhu; Mjupj;J>
mtw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W xU jPu;khdj;ij
Kd;nkhope;jhu;. NkYk; me;jj; jPu;khdk;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
Vw;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; kUj;Jtkidfs; kf;fspd; kUj;Jtj;
Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghJkhditahf
,y;iy. kf;fspy; gbj;NjhUf;F RNjr itj;jpaj;jpd;
kPJ ek;gpf;iff;FiwT Vw;gltpy;iy. MfNt> RNjr
itj;jpaKiwfshd MAu; Ntjk; Adhdp Mfpatw;iw Njr
nkhopfspYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; gutr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd
typAWj;jpaJ. mtu;fs; MAu; Ntj> A+dhdp kUj;Jt
Kiwfis Mjupg;gjw;F rhjpAk; xU fhuzk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
jPu;khdj;ij Mjupj;J eu]pk;ikau;> ‘Nkdhl;L Kiwia
mD]upj;j rh];jpuq;fspd;gb itj;jpak; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F
mtu;fSf;F ,\;lK kpy;iy. MfNt [dq;fSf;F itj;jpa
cjtp Ntz;basTf;F fpilf;Fk;gbr; nra;tjw;F ,J xd;W
jhd; Vw;w topahFk;. mjhtJ> MAu;Ntj A+dhdp itj;jpa
102
rhiyfisAk; ghlrhiyfisAk; ];jhgpj;J..." vdg; Ngrpdhu;
(itj;jpa fyhepjp> etk;gu; 1914> 63).
MAu;Ntj itj;jpau;fs; jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; rpj;j itj;jpak;
vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jjhf vq;Fk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,J
,Ul;lbg;G Ntiy kl;Lky;y> RtPfupf;Fk; je;jpuKk;$l.
,jd; murpayhdJ> jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpak; cl;gl
,ju nkhop NgRk; khepyq;fspy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsplk;
kUj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;j gd;ikj;jd;ik kPJ MAu;Ntjnkd;w
xw;iwj;jd;ikia xl;Ltjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa mJ. ,jpy;
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpak; mopj;njhopf;fg;gLk; mghakpUg;gij
md;W czu;e;jtuhfj; njd;gLgtu; Mde;jk; gz;bju;
kl;LNk. vdNt mijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,uz;L tbtq;fspy;
Nghuhbdhu;: 1).fsg;Nghuhl;lk; 2).mwpTr; nray;ghL. ,e;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mde;jk; gz;bjupd; Kjy; ntspg;ghL>
gpuhkzuy;yhj ,af;fj;jpd; jiytu;fspy; xUtuhd
gp.jpahfuhau; jiyikapy; 1915 brk;gu; 23 md;W mtu;
njd; ,e;jpa kUj;Jtu; rq;fj;ij epWtpajhFk;. Mq;fpNya
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; JizAld; MAu;Ntjj;ij epWtdkhf;F
tjw;fhd Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;l (1914) mLj;j Mz;Nl (1915)
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhdr; rq;fj;ij
Mde;jk; gz;bju; epWtpaJ $u;e;J ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,e;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mtUf;Fj; Jizepd;Nwhu; MjpkUj;Jtu;
rhjpapdUk; md;iwf;F tYthf ,Ue;j gpuhkz uy;yhNjhu;
,af;fj;jpdUk; Mtu;. MAu;Ntj itj;jpaj;ij epWTtjw;F
Kd;dpd;wtu;fs; gpuhkzu;fs; vd;gjhy; jkpo;r; rpj;j
itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; ,ay;ghfNt gpuhkz
vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lkhfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;
,af;fj; jiytu;fs; Mde;jk; gz;bjUf;F MjuT
nfhLj;jJ tpag;Gf;Fupajy;y. Mjp kUj;Jtu;fspd; ghuk;gupa
njhopy; jkpo;r; rpj;jitj;jpak; vd;gjhy; mtu;fSk; me;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. NkYk;>
njd; ,e;jpa kUj;Jtu; rq;fk; MjpkUj;Jtu;fspd; r%f
tpLjiyiaAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jjhYk; mtu;fs;
,ay;ghf mjpy; ma;f;fpkhapdu;. mjhtJ> jkpo;r; rpj;j
itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjD}lhf mijf; Fyj; njhopyhff;
103
iff;nfhz;bUe;j MjpkUj;Jtu;fspd; tpLjiyiaAk;
Mde;jk; gz;bju; ,izj;jhu;.
fhydpa murhq;fk; 1921Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;
ntspapl;l kUj;Jtu; Nfhkd; mwpf;ifahdJ ,e;jp ahtpYs;s
ghuk;gupa kUj;JtKiwfs; kPJ ghjfj;ij tpistpg;gij
czu;e;j Mde;jk; gz;bju; RNjrp kUj;JtKiwfisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; nrd;idapy; 1923 mf;Nlhgu; 20>21
Mfpa ehl;fspy; njd; ,e;jpa kUj;Jtu; rq;f khehl;il
xUq;fpizj;jNjhL mjpy; jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpak; Fwpj;J
ciu epfo;j;jpdhu;. fhydpa murhq;fk; 1924 [_iy 01
md;W MAu;Ntjk;> A+dhdp Mfpa kUj;Jt Kiwfisf;
fw;gpg;gpjw;Ff; fy;tpepiyak; epWt Kide;jNghJ me;j
itj;jpaKiwfNshL rpj;j itj;jpaKk; fw;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;W FunyOg;gpa Mde;jk; gz;bju; mjpy;
ntw;wp fz;lhu;. jkpo;r; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
,j;jifa fsg;Nghuhl;lk; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. mjw;F
mwpTg;Nghul;lKk; mtrpak; vd;Wzu;e;jhu; mtu;. tpisT>
kUj;Jtd; vd;w jkpo; itj;jpa khj ,jio 1929 Mk;
Mz;L nrd;id> 221 jq;frhiy tPjpia jiyikaplkhff;
nfhz;L ntspapl;lhu;. ,J Xuhz;Lfhyk; ntspahdJ.
,jpy; Mde;jk; gz;bju; ‘jkpo; itj;jpaKk; rk;];fpUj
itj;jpaKk;" vd;w jiyg;gpl;L njhlu; fl;Liu vOjpdhu;.
,e;jf; fl;Liuapy; rpj;j itj;jpak; rk;];fpUjj;jpypUe;J
cUthdJ vdf;$wp mijf; fgsPfuk; nra;tij vjpu;j;J
jkpou;fSf;nfd kUj;Jt mwpTg; ghuk;gupak; ,Ug;gij
vLj;Jiuj;jhu;; jkpo;r; rpj;jitj;jpak; Rakhf cUthfp gpw
kUj;Jt Kiwfspd; Jizapd;wp jdpj;Jr; nray;gLfpwJ
vd;w thjj;ij Kd;itj;jhu;.
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpa mwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;ijj; jw;fhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ‘jkpo;r; rpj;j
itj;jpak; jdpj;JtkhdJ vd;w tuyhw;iw xg;Gf;nfhz;l"
gpuhkzu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; kUj;Jtd; ,jopy;
Mde;jk; gz;bju; ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; nrd;id
cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp v];. Rg;ukzpa Iau;> itj;jpau;
104
b.Nfhghyhr;rhupahu; MfpNahupd; fl;Liu> ciu Mfpad
me;jg; gj;jpupifapy; ntspahapd. NkYk;> mtuplk; rpfpr;ir
ngw;W Fzkile;j ,uhkehjGuk; muru;> vl;laGuk; muru;>
[kPd;jhu;> ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> gpuhkzu;fs;> gpuhkzuy;yh
cau;rhjpapdu; Nghd;Nwhu; jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpak; Fwpj;Jk;
mjpy; Mde;jk; gz;bjupd; epGzj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jk; vOjpa
fbjq;fis kUj;Jtd; ,jopy; Mde;jk; gz;bju; ntspapl;lhu;.
,J jw;Gfo;r;rpf;fhd nray;ghL my;y. mJ jkpo;r; rpj;j
itj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;w Xu; mwpTr;
nray;ghL. ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; ntFkf;fsplj;jpy;
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;Jtk;> mjd; rpwg;G
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gug;GtjD}lhf mijg; ghJfhj;jyhFk;.
mtu; jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; Nghuhba
mNjrkak; mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; ,ju kUj;Jt Kiwfisg;
Gwf;fzpf;ftpy;iy. njd; ,e;jpa kUj;Jtu; rq;f khehl;il
1923 Mk; Mz;L mtu; elj;jpaNghJ MAu;Ntj kUj;Jtu;fNs
vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfk; gq;Nfw;wdu; vd;gJ mjw;Fr; rhl;rp.
mtu; elj;jpa ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf rpj;j kUj;Jt
khztu;fSf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; mspf;Fk; Nju;thsu; FOtpy;
Mde;jk; gz;bju; ,izf;fg;gl;lhu;. rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij
,ju kUj;Jt KiwfNshL ,izj;Jf; fw;gpf;fg; gl
Ntz;Lnkd;w Nghuhb ntw;wpfz;l gz;bju; ,Wjpapy;
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;Jf;F kl;LNknadj; jdpf;fy;tp epiyak;
epWtg;gLtjw;F tpj;jpl;lhu;. Fwpg;ghf ghisaq;Nfhl;il
muR rpj;j kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;ljpy; Mde;jk;
gz;bjUila gq;F msg;gupaJ.
MjpkUj;Jtu;fspd; nghUshjhu tpLjiyf;fhd Xu;
MAjkhfTk; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijf; fz;lhu; Mde;jk; gz;bju;.
,ij MjpkUj;Jtu;fSf;fhd $l;LwTr; rq;fk; %yk;
nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdr; rpe;jpj;jhu;. ,J mtu;fSf;F
xU nghUshjhu tpLjiyiaj; jUnkdf; fUjpdhu; mtu;.
,jdhy; rpj;j itj;jpak; %yk; nghUsPl;Ltjw;F mtu; jpl;l
kpl;lhu; vd mtu;kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jTk; ,ayhJ. fhuzk;>
nghUshjhuk; xd;Wjhd; mtUf;fhd ,yf;fhf xU NghJk;
,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy. nrd;idapy; mtu; elj;jpa jkpo;
rpj;j itj;jparhiyapy; ,ytrkhfTk; rpfpr;ir mspj;jJ>
105
Rakupahij ,af;f khehLfs; elf;fpwNghJ mq;F jd;
kUj;Jtf;FONthLr; nrd;W ,ytr kUj;Jtk; nra;jJ
Mfpad mtu; kUj;Jtj;ijg; nghUsPl;Ltjw;fhd njhopyhfr;
nray;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gijj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. ‘...gzk;
rk;ghjpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ijNa Kf;fpakhff; fUjhky; rpj;j
itj;jpaj;jpy; jkf;Fs;s mwpitg; nghJ[d ed;ikf;Nf
cupajhfr; nra;af; fUjp mt;thNw nra;J tUfpd;whu;"
vd Mde;jk; gz;bju; Fwpj;J nrd;id efuhl;rpapd;
md;iwa fTd;rpyu; tp.rf;fiu nrl;bahu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
kUj;Jtupd; MNyhridf;F xU nghUshjhu kjpg;ig
Mq;fpy kUj;JtKiw epu;zak; nra;J mij tR+ypf;fpwJ.
Mdhy;> Mde;jk; gz;bju; vt;tpjg; nghUshjhuKk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;shky; kUj;Jt MNyhridia ,ytrkhf
toq;fpdhu;. ‘Neupy; tUtjw;F ,ayhj Nehahsu; jkJ
Nehapd; tptuj;ijj; jghypy; mwptpj;jhy; jf;f MNyhrid
nrhy;yg;gLk;" vd;W Mde;jk; gz;bju; kUj;Jtd; ,jopy;
mwptpj;jhu;;. ,J mtu; jd;Dila nrhe;jr; nrytpy; kUj;Jt
MNyhrid nfhLj;jhu; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ.
md;iwa fhyfl;lq;fspd; Mtzq;fisf;
fhZfpwNghJ gy;NtW Neha;fspd; jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfp
kfspUk; Foe;ijfSk; Mq;fpy kUj;Jtkidfspy; rpfpr;ir
ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. NkYk; Foe;ij ,wg;Gk;
mjpfk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. gpwe;j Foe;ijfspy; ehd;fpy; xU
gq;fpdu; xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; ,we;jdu;. vdNt> ,tw;iwj;
jLg;gjw;F kUj;Jt MNyhrid kf;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ.
Mde;jk; gz;bju; kUj;Jtd; ,jopy; ghyu; gupghydk; vd;w
gFjpapy; jha;-Nra; eyd; Fwpj;Jj; njhlu;f;fl;Liu vOjpdhu;.
,ju Neha;fs; Fwpj;Jg; gpw itj;jpau;fs; vOjpaijAk;
me;jg; gj;jpupifapy; ntspapl;lhu;. ,d;iwa jpdrup
gj;jpupiffs; kUj;Jtkidfs;> kUe;J cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J ngUj;jj; njhifia tpsk;gukhfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;L Nkk;Nghf;fhd kUj;Jt MNyhridfs; toq;FtJ
Nghy; my;yhky; ve;jtpj tpsk;guKk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;shky; kpf
Mokhd tpupthd kUj;Jt MNyhrid toq;fpdhu; Mde;jk;
gz;bju;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ve;j Neha;f;nfy;yhk; mWitr;
106
rpfpr;ir nra;a Ntz;Lnkd Mq;fpy kUj;Jtk; gupe;Jiu
nra;jNjh me;j Neha;fSf;nfy;yhk; mWitapd;wpNa
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;jhy; Fzg;gLj;jpdhu; Mde;jk;
gz;bju;. Mq;fpy kUj;Jtj;jpd; mWitr; rpfpr;irf;Ff;
$Ljy; gzr;nryTk; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpw;F kpff; Fiwe;j
gzr;nryTk; MFk; vd;gij tpsf;fj; Njitapy;iy.
vdNt Mde;jk; gz;bju; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; nghUisg;
ngUq;Ftpayhf khw;Wtjw;fhd njhopyhf my;yhky; kf;fs;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhd xd;whff; iff;nfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;gJ
jpz;zk;. ,e;jf; fhuzj;jhy;jhd; je;ij ngupahu;> jpahfuha
nrl;bahu;> kiwkiy mbfs; vdg; gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;
,af;fj; jiytu;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp gh\;ak; Iaq;fhu;> nrd;id
cau;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp v];. Rg;gpukzp Iau; vdg; gpuhkzu;
fSk; Mde;jk; gz;bjiug; Nghw;wp vOjpAs;sdu;.
r%f murpay; mwpQu;

gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,e;jpahtpy; rpy murpay;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jNghJ me;jr; re;ju;g;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L xt;nthU rhjpapdUk; jq;fis
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghuhbdu;. mjw;fhf mtu;fs;
rhjpr;rq;fq;fs; epWTjy;> gpupl; b\; murhq;fj;Jf;F Nfhupf;if
tpLj;jy;> mjd; Mjuit ehLjy;> ,opNtiyfisr;
nra;a kWj;jy; vdg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; gy elj;jpdu;. ,e;jg;
Nghf;FfspypUe;J Mde;jk; gz;bju; rpytw;wpy; xd;W
gl;Lk; rpytw;wpy; NtWgl;Lk; rpytw;wpy; jdpj;Jk; epd;whu;.
md;iwa rhjpa ,af;fq;fs; rpy khfhz mstpYk; rpy
,e;jpa mstpYk; cUthapd. Mjp kUj;Jtu;fSf;fhd
rhjpr;rq;fj;ij njd; ,e;jpa mstpy; epWtpa Mde;jk;
gz;bju; mtu;fis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhfg; ngUk; Kaw;rp
vLj;jhu;. ,e;jpa mstpy; tiyg;gpd;diy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
1921 brk;gu; 26 Kjy; 28Mk; Njjp tiu Mf;uhtpy; eilngw;w
kUj;Jt r%f khehl;by; gq;Nfw;whu;. jkpo; MjpkUj;Jtu;
rhjpapdu; ve;nje;j ehLfSf;nfy;yhk; ,lk;ngau;e;jdNuh
mq;nfy;yhk; rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. 1924Mk; Mz;L xU
FOthf ,yq;iff;Fr; nrd;w mtu; mq;Fr; Rw;Wg;gazk;
107
nra;J kUj;Jt Fyr; rq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. cz;ikapy;>
Mde;jk; gz;bju; MjpkUj;Jtu; rq;fj;ij Mrpa mstpy;
fl;likj;jhu;. ,e;jr; rq;fj;jpd; %yk; mtu; ',e;jpa murpay;
kfhrigahfpa ru;. [hd; irkd; fkp\Df;F njd; ,e;jpa
kUj;Jtu; rq;fj;jpd; mwpf;if” nadr; rku;g;gpj;jhu;. mjpy;
MjpkUj;Jtu;fspd; xLf;fg;gLk; epiyik> mtu;fis
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahdit Fwpj;J vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.
nghJthf> ‘ghuk;gupa njhopiyf;" iftpLjy;>
gpuhkzpakakhf;fk; vdr; rhjpa mikg;Gfs; nfhz;bUe;j
epiyg;ghl;Lld; mtu; NtWgl;L epd;whu;; jq;fspd; ghuk;gupaj;
njhopyhd rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd
mwpTWj;jpdhu;;. mJ mjd; nry;thf;if nky;ynky;y
,oe;J nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;$l. md;iwa fhyq;fspy;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf $l;LwT rq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;
Kaw;rpapy; midj;J rhjpfSk; <Lgl;ld. Mde;jk;
gz;bjUk; mjw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y. Mdhy; mtUila
rpe;jidapd; jdpj;JtkhdJ> mtu; MjpkUj;Jtu; rhjpapd;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhff; $l;LwT rq;fk; %yk;
%ypifkuk; tsu;g;G> kUe;Jj; jahupg;G> Vw;Wkjp vd mij
epWtdkhf khw;wNtz;Lnkd;w njhiyNehf;Fj; jpl;lj;ij
Kd;itj;jhFk;;. Mdhy;> me;jj; jpl;lk; me;jr; r%fj;jhy;
nray;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> nrd;idapy; 1944Mk;
Mz;L epWtg;gl;L ,d;Wk; nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
,e;jpa kUj;Jtu;fspd; (rpj;jh> MAu;Ntjk;> Adhdp) $l;LwTr;
rq;fj;jpd; kUe;J cw;gj;jp> tpw;gid vd;w nray;ghL
Mde;jk; gz;bjupd; rpe;jidapd; tpisT vdyhk;. ,e;jf;
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Mde;jk; gz;bju;
Mw;wpa gq;F vd;dntd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy.
Mdhy; mjw;fhd fUj;jpaiy Kjd;Kjypy; Kd;itj;jtu;
Mde;jk; gz;bju; vd;gij kWf;f ,ayhJ. Mde;jk;
gz;bjupd; rpe;jid ghuk;gupa njhopiyNa Rw;wp ,Ue;jjhy;
mtu; etPd njhopy;fSf;F vjpuhdtu; vd;w KbTf;F tu
,ayhJ. fhuzk;> mtu; etPd njhopy;fs; gytw;iwAk;
MjpkUj;Jtu;fs; fw;f Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;jpdhu;.
mjhtJ> Mde;jk; gz;bju; njhopypy; [dehafg;Nghf;iff;
filg;gpbj;jhu;.
108
rhjp ,af;fq;fs; vitnay;yhk; ,opnjhopy;fs; vdf;
fUjpdNth mtw;iw vy;yhk; tpl;nlhopg;gjw;fhfg; Nghuhbd.
MjpkUj;Jtu; nra;j ,op njhopy;fis kWg;gjw;fhd
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;l Mde;jk; gz;bju; mjdhy;
Vw;gLk; gpd;tpisTfs; Fwpj;Jk; rpe;jpj;jhu;. Mjpf;fr;rhjpfs;
tof;fkhf muq;Nfw;Wk; ‘td;Kiw> r%fg; nghUshjhu
tpyf;fk;" Mfpa vjpu;tpidfisg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L
Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fSf;fhd khw;Wj; njhopiyAk; mijr;
nra;Ak; ,lj;ijAk; Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L Nghuhl;lj;ij
elj;jpdhu;. vjpu;tpidfisAk; czu;e;J jq;fisj; jw;fhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghl;NlhL Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L
epfo;j;jpaJ mtUila jdpj;Jtk;.
khg;gps;isr; rtuk;> rtr;rtuk; nra;a kWj;jy;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; 1920-fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jpUney;Ntypapy;
Kfpo;j;J mJ me;j khtl;lj;jpd; jhkpuguzp ejpf;fiuapd;
Nkw;Fj;jpirapy; mk;ghrKj;jpuk;> fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp Nghd;w
Cu;fspy; njhlq;fp fpof;Fj;jpirapy; Mj;J}u; tiu
gutpaNghJ me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;ij ntw;wp ngwr; nra;tjw;F
MjpkUj;Jtu; r%f Mltu;fis ,yq;iff;Fr; nrd;W
mq;F xg;gidj;njhopy; nra;J gpioj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
toptFj;jhu;. Mdhy; Mjpf;fr;rhjpapdupd; cstpay;
td;kj;ij mtu; vjpu; ghu;j;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; Mjp
kUj;Jtu; rhjp ngz;fisAk; Foe;ijfisAk; nfhûkhfj;
jhf;fpdu;. nghJthf> ngz;fisAk;> Foe;ijfisAk;
kjpj;Jg; Nghw;Wfpd;w ehnld;W njhlu;e;J $wptUtJ
mg;gl;lkhd ngha;nad;gij Mde;jk; gz;bju; mg;NghJ
czu;e;jpUf;fyhk;. xU epfo;tpy; mtUk; td;Kiwia
vjpu;nfhz;lhu;. jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk; jpUtpil kUJ}upy; 1924
Nk 25 md;W gz;bju; Mjpf;fr;rhjpapduhy; jhf;fg;gl;lhu;>
mjpypUe;J jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ngz;
Ntlkzpe;J NtWtopapd;wp mq;fpUe;J ntspNawpdhu;. jd;
r%f tpLjiyiaf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L nray;gl;l
gz;bju; mjw;fhdg; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;JfpwNghJ jdf;F
kl;Lnkd rYif jUtij kWj;jhu;. MjpkUj;Jtu;
r%fj;jpw;F mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kiyf;
109
Nfhl;il jhAkhdtu; Nfhapypy; 1923 Vg;uy; 01 md;W
mtu;fis mioj;Jf;nfhz;L me;jf; NfhapYf;Fs;
nrd;wNghJ Mde;jk; gz;bjUf;F kl;Lk; mDkjp
je;jNghJ> ‘,e;Jf;fnsy;NyhUk; Myaj;Js; nry;Yq;fhyk;
tUk;Nghjd;wp ,JNghJ ehd; Myaj;Jl; nry;Nyd;" vdf;
$wp mij kWj;jhu;. ,e;jr; rk;gtq;fnsy;yhk; mur kUj;Jt
FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Mde;jk; gz;bjUf;Fr; rhjpapd;
nfhûKfj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. mjdhy;jhd;
mtu; md;W tYthf xypj;J Mq;fhq;F nray;gLj;jg;gl;l
rPu;jpUj;jj; jpUkzk;> rhjp xopg;G Mfpa fUj;jhf;fq;fNshL
xj;jpire;jhu;;. Mdhy;> ,J Fwpj;Jj; jdpahff; fl;Liu VJk;
mtu; vOjtpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> kUj;Jtd; ,jopy; jpUkzk;
njhlu;ghf mtu; ntspapl;l nra;jp; rhjp kWg;Gj; jpUkzk;
xd;W Kbe;j gpd;du; mtu; tpUe;J nfhLj;jJ Nghd;w
mtUila nray;ghLfs; mtu; rhjp xopg;G epiyg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;gJ njspT.
Rakupahij ,af;fj;NjhL el;GwT nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;
Mde;jk; gz;bju; ehj;jpfu; my;yu;. mtu; flTsu;fis
tpku;rpg;gNjhL Kuz;gl;lhu;. Fwpg;ghf> rptypq;fk;
tpku;rpf;fg;gLtjw;F vjpuhf vjpu;tpidahw;wpdhu;. mNjrkak;
kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Kd;itj;j mtu; kj milahsq;fSf;F
jd;Dila fUj;ij Fkud; gj;jpupifapy; ,t;thW gjpT
nra;jhu;: ‘flTisg; gw;wpa nfhs;ifnay;yhk; kf;fSila
kdj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;LNkay;yhJ mtutu; kjr;rpd;dq;fshf
cilfspNyh> jiykapupNyh> new;wpfspypLk; FwpfspNyh
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Ltjpy;iy.
,f;nfhs;ifiag; gutr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay;
ehl;by; kf;fs; rkhjhdkhf xw;WikNahL tho;tjw;F top
Vw;glhJ." kjr;rpd;dq;fisNa Vw;fhj Mde;jk; gz;bju;
kjq;fs; epWtdq;fshf;fg;gLtijAk; Vw;fhjtu; vd;W
KbT nra;ayhk;. nkhop Fwpj;j mtUila rpe;jidAk;
jdpj;JtkhdJ. nkhop vd;gijg; Gtpg;gug;G tiuNfhLf;Fs;
kl;Lk; RUf;fpf; nfhs;shky; nkhopapDlhfNt mwpT
fl;likf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fz;l Mde;jk; gz;bju; jkpo;
nkhopiaf; fw;gjD}lhfNt rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhf;f
110
,aYk; vd;Wzu;e;J jd; rhjpapdiu jkpo; nkhopia ed;whff;
fw;FkhW mwpTWj;jpdhu;;ƒ mNjrkak; Mq;fpyj;ijAk;
gapYkhWk; mwpTWj;jpdhu;.
Mde;jk; gz;bju; gpuhkz vjpu;g;G kugpd; Xu; jdpj;Jtkhd
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpa MSik vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L
$wNtz;baJs;sJ. gpuhkz Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd
,af;fj;jpw;F jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ePz;lneba tuyhW cz;L.
me;j kugpd; etPd fhy MSikfshf mNahj;jpjhr gz;bju;>
Mgpufhk; gz;bju;> Mde;jk; gz;bju; MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gpl
yhk;. gpuhkz> rk;];fpUj vjpu;g;G cr;rj;jpypUe;j md;iwa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; giwau; rhjpiar; Nru;e;j mNahj;jpjhr gz;bju;
jypj;Jfspd; rhjp Ngjkw;w jdpj;Jtkhd jkpo; ngsj;j
milahsj;ij Kd; itj;jhu;. ehlhu; rhjpiar; Nru;e;j
Mgpufhk; gz;bju; fu;ehlf ,iria kWj;J mJ jkpo; ,ir
vd;whu;. ,e;j tupirapy; MjpkUj;Jtu; rhjpiar; Nru;e;j
Mde;jk; gz;bju; MAu;Ntj itj;jpaj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;J
jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ij cau;j;jpg; gpbj;jhu;. gpuhkz
Vfhjpgj;jpakhdJ nkhop> ,ir> kUj;Jtk; vdj; jkpo; mwpTg;
ghuk;gupaj;ijf; fgsPfuk; nra;tjw;F vjpuhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
gz;bju;fs; mwpTj;jsj;jpy; Nghuhbdu;. mjhtJ gpwupd;
cilikf;F jd; ngaupl;L jd; cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
fgsPfur; nray;ghl;bw;F vjpuhfj; jq;fs; cilikia
jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghuhbdu;. mNahj;jpjhr gz;bju;>
Mgpufhk; gz;bju;> Mde;jk; gz;bju; Mfpa %tUk; ,uz;L
Gs;spfspy; xd;wpizfpd;wdu;.
1. ,
k;%tUk; ntt;NtW rhjpiar; Nru;eN
; jhu;
vd;wNghjpYk; njhopybg;gilapy; jkpo;r; rpj;j
itj;jpau;fs;
2.
gpuhkzpa fgsPfuj;jpypUe;J jkpou;fspd; mwpTg;
ghuk;gupaj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;. ,J me;j %tupd;
jdpj;Jtk;$l.
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;> jd; r%f kf;fspd;
tpLjiy Mfpa ,uz;L ,yf;FfisAk; iff;nfhz;L
111
gazpj;j gz;bju; c.Nt.rhkpehj ma;au;> uh[h[p>
ngupahu; Nghd;NwhUld; el;GwT nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhUld; neUf;fkhd cwitf; nfhz;bUe;j
Mde;jk; gz;bju; gpuhkzu; Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;j NghjpYk;
mtu;fis ntWj;J xJf;ftpy;iy> mtu; elj;jpa kUj;Jtu;
khehl;bd; tuNtw;Gf;FOj; jiytuhfTk; b.gp. rPdpthr
Iaq;fhu;> khehl;Lj; jiytuhf = ehuhaz Iaq;fhu;
MfpNahu; nray;gl;lJ mjw;Fr; rhl;rp. mtUila ,e;j
ew;gz;gpd; fhuzkhfNt mtu; nrd;id efu gupghyd rig
cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJ njd;dpe;jpa kUj;Jtu;
rq;fk;> tpahru;ghb Mjpj;jpuhtpl If;fpa ehza rq;fk;>
fNzrGuk; fy;tp tsu;r;rp rq;fk;> thypgu; fhy;ge;Jf; $l;lk;>
nrd;id rptdbahu; jpUf;$l;lk;> Mupa rkh[k; Mfpa
mikg;Gfs; mtUf;F nrd;idapy; tho;j;Jf; $l;lk; elj;jpd.
gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
xLf;fg;gl;l rhjpfisr; Nru;e;j rhjpr; rq;fq;fs; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpd; ‘iff;$ypfshfr;" nray;gl;ldu; vdf;
fhq;fpu]; ,af;fk; Fw;wk; Rkj;jpaJ. nghJthfNt gpuhkzu;
rhjpr; rq;fk; Kjw;nfhz;L rhjpa r%fj;jpd; mbj;jl;bYs;s
rhjpr; rq;fq;fs; tiu gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;ijg; Nghw;wpd.
Mdhy; Njrg;gw;iw vt;thW mstpLtJ vd;gJjhd;
,q;Fr; rpf;fy;. RNjr njhopy;fSk; mjid Mjhukhff;
nfhz;L thOk; kf;fSk; gpwuhy; jhf;FjYf; Fs;shFk;NghJ
mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ Njrg;gw;W vd tiuaWf;fyhk;. ifj;jwp
%yk; Jzp cw;gj;jp nra;jtu;fspd; tho;f;if gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; ve;jpu cw;gj;jp fLikahfj; jhf;fpaNghJ
fjuhil Njrg;gw;wpd; milahskhf Kd;dpWj;jg; gl;lJ.
,ju RNjrp njhopy;fis fhq;fpu]; fzf;fpy; nfhs;stpy;iy.
Mdhy; Fiwe;j nrytpy; kf;fSf;F kUj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpd; kPJ gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpak; kl;Lkpd;wp mjd;kPJ jhf;Fjy; njhLj;j
MAu;Ntj rk;];fpUj itj;jpaj;ijAk; vd;dntd;W
tiuaWg;gJ? jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfg;
Nghuhba Mde;jk; gz;bjiu ahu; vd mil ahsg;gLj;JtJ?
cs;ehl;Lj; njhopy;fs; vitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mtw;iwg;
112
ghJfhj;jy; vd;gNj Njrg;gw;wpd; FwpaPLjhd;. me;jtifapy;
rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; Njrg;gw;wpd; milahsNk.
mt;thnwd;why; Mde;jk; gz;bju; xU gr;irahd
Njrg;gf;ju;. jkpo;r; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
mtu; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F MjuT nfhLj;j> jpahfuha
nrl;bahu;> gdfy; muru; MfpNahiu epidT$Wk;tpjkhf
GJkhk;gyk; vd;W ,Ue;J te;j ngaiu jpahfuhaefu; vd;Wk;
mNjgFjpapy; ‘gdfy; G+q;fh" vdTk; ngau; R+l;batu; gz;bju;
Mde;jk;. mJkl;Lky;y> nrd;idapy; eilngw;w kfspu;
khehl;by; ‘ngupahu; <.Nt.uh." vd;wiof;f Ntz;Lnkd;w
jPu;khdj;ijAk; cUthf;fpatu; Mde;jk; gz;bjNu.
rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp r%f> nghUshjhu>
murpay; JiwfspYk; Gyik kpf;f Mde;jk; gz;bju; 1876
khu;r; 16 md;W gpwe;J 1972 [_d; 18 md;W kupj;j NghjpYk;
mtu; Nghuhb epWtdkakhf;fpAs;s jkpo;r; rpj;j kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}upfspy; gapd;W xUNghJk; me;jj; njhopiyr; rhjpj;
njhopyhff; nfhz;bUf;fhj rhjpapdu; rpj;j kUj;Jtu;fshfp
nghUsPl;Lfpd;wdu;;. kf;fSk; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fpj;
jpUk;Gfpd;wdu; vd;why; mjw;F mbj;jskpl;ltu;. Mdhy;
me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahfg; gq;Fngw;w
mtUila MjpkUj;Jtu; rhjpapdu; mtu;fspd; ghuk;gupa
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij ,oe;J epw;fpd;wdu;.
(ed;wp: ,e;jf; fl;Liu Mde;jk; gz;bju; kUj;Jtd;
,jo;> jpuhtpld; gj;jpupif Mfpatw;wpy; vOjpa fl;Liufs;>
mtiug; gw;wp je;ij ngupahu;> kiwkiy mbfs; Nghd;Nwhu;
vOjpa fl;Liufs; Mfpatw;iw Nfh.uFgjp njhFj;J
ntspaplapUf;Fk; E}ypd; Kd;Diu.)
15
,e;jpa mstpy;
kUj;Jt Fyj;jpd;
rpwg;Gfs;
m fpy ,e;jpa mstpy; eap gpuhkzu;> gz;bl;>
gz;bju; gzp ehafu; vd;w nghJg; ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLk; kUj;Jtu; ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;> gy;NtW
khepyq;fspy; fPo;f;fz;lthW gy;NtW [hjpg; ngau;fspy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
jkpo;ehL
kUj;Jtu;> Mkj;jpau;> khkj;jpau;> ,ir Ntshsu;>
khud;> khuhu;> gz;bju;> itj;jpau;> itj;jpa gpuhkzu;>
gps;is> mk;gl;lu;> ehRtu;> ehtpju;> gpuNdhgfhup> gNuhgfhup>
Mr;rhu;ah> Mrhd;> Xr;rd; tpsf;fj;jiy ehau;.
Me;jpu khepyk;
eap gpuhkzu; (ehau;> ehaPu;)> ehtp> kq;fyp> kq;fsh> fy;ahz
kq;fyp> jd;te;jpup gpuhkzu;> gz;bjuh[h> itj;jpaeap
gpuhkzu;> epNahfp eapgpuhkzu;> eap fhG> gyp[h> njyfh.
m];]hk;
ea;> re;Juh Ntjpau;> ee;j rj;jpupau;
113
114
gPfhu;
jhf;$u;> jh$u;> ea;> ehtpf;> ee;jrj;jpupau;> eapgpuhkzu;.
cj;jug;gpuNjrk;
iea; ghz;Nl> jhf;$u; my;yJ jh$u;> eapgpuhkzu;> ee;j
rj;jpupau;.
nly;yp
iea;> eapgpuhkzu;> rtpj;uh> rNuhth my;yJ rNuhfh>
nrapd; ge;ju;> uh[h gz;lhup ee;j rj;jpupah
fh\;kPu;
`rd; ehtpf;> iea;> et;> rgpjh> eapgpuhkzu; ej;j rj;jpupah.
Nfush
kj;th]; gpuhkzu; (ftjpa gpuhkzu;)> thj;jp my;yJ
thj;jpkh> <otjp gpuhkzu;> tpsf;Fj;jiy ehau;> mk;gl;lu;>
gz;lhup> khud;> khuu;> itj;jpau; cghj;jpahah> itj;jpah>
rpthyp gpuhkzu;> GNuhfpju;> rh];jpup> Mr;rhupahu;> Mrhd;>
fdf gpuhkzu;> fzpahu;> FUg;gd;khu;> rJu;Ntjp> <oth>
gzpf;fu;.
fu;ehlfh
kj;th];> thj;jp my;yJ thj;jpkh gpuhkzu;> Njtjpfh
(nkha;yp> nrupfu;> nrupad;> F[ud;)> <otjp gpuhkzu;> kq;fsh>
`lg;glh> g[e;jpup> ea e[ rj;jpupau;> irt gpuhkzu;> Mjprpt
gpuhkzu;> rpthyp gpuhkzu;.
kfhuh];buh
ghye;J> ehtpf;> nfyrp> eapgpuhkzu;> gde;J
115
xup]h
gl;up> thupf;> uh[h> gz;lhup> ehafd;
gQ;rhg;
iea;> eap gpuhkzu;> gz;bjuh[d;> Nkj;jh> jhf;$u; my;yJ
jh$u;.
uh[];jhd;
iea;> nrapd;> eapgpuhkzu;
eap rj;jpupau; (ee;j rj;jpupau;) ,d khkd;du;fs;

1. e
e;ju; tk;r rhk;uh[;aj;ij epWtpa re;jpu tk;r rhk;uhl;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kfhgj;k ee;ju; kw;Wk; mtuJ
re;jjpapdu; (fp.K. 424–321)
2. jdhde;ju; (fp.K. 321 tiu)
ee;ju; tl ,e;jpahitr; Nru;e;j xU mur kugpdu;
Mtu;. ,tu;fs; fpK 4-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; kfj ehl;il
Mz;Lte;jdu;. rpRehf kuigr; Nru;e;j kfhee;jp vd;gtUf;Fg;
gpwe;j kfhgj;k ee;jd; ee;j mur kuigj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjhfr;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
kfhgj;k ee;jd; vd;Dk; ngaUld; ,tu; muR fl;by;
Vwpdhu;. jdJ 88 taJ tiu tho;e;J Ml;rp Gupe;jjhy;>
Rkhu; 100 Mz;Lfs; tiu epiyj;jpUe;j ,e;j mur
kugpdupd; fhyj;jpy; ngUk;gFjp ,td; Ml;rpf;fhyj;Js;
mlq;FfpwJ. ee;jg; NguuR cr;r epiyapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;
mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjp gPfhupy; ,Ue;J Nkw;Nf tq;fhsk; tiu
gue;jpUe;jJ. ee;jg; NguuR gpd;du; nksupag; Nguuir epWtpa
re;jpuFg;j nksupadhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ.
kfhgj;k ee;jd; (Mahapadma Nand) (fpK 400–329) tl
,e;jpahtpd; ee;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Nguuru; Mthu;. ,tuJ
je;ij kfhee;jp rpRehf tk;rj;jpd; ,Wjpg; Nguuru; Mthu;.
116
kfhee;jpapd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;> kfhgj;k ee;jd;> jdJ
rNfhjuu;fis tPo;j;jp> ee;ju; tk;rj;ij epWtp mjd; Kjy;
Nguurd; Mdhu;.
,e;J rka Guhzq;fs; kfhgj;k ee;jid> rj;jpupau;fisf;
nfhd;wopg;gtd; vd;W $WfpwJ. kfhgj;k ee;jd; ghQ;rhyk;>
fhrp ehL> Nfhry ehL> N`Nà ehL> fypq;f ehL> m];kfk;>
R+uNrdk;> kpjpiy Nghd;w kfh[dgj ehLfis ntd;W tl
,e;jpahtpy; ee;jg; Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdhd;.
ee;j murkugpd; Kjy; kd;ddhd kfhgj;k ee;jd;
rj;jpupau;fis mopj;jtu; vd tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;.
,r;thF kugpdu;> ghQ;rhyk;> fhrp ehL> N`Nà ehL>
fypq;f ehL> m];kfk;> FU ehL> ikjpypau;> R+uNrdk;>
tpjpNfhj;jpuu; Nghd;Nwhiu ntw;wp nfhz;lhu;. ,td; jdJ
ehl;il jf;fhzj;Jf;Fj; njw;Fg; gFjp tiu tpupthf;fpdhu;.
ee;j kugpd; filrp kd;dd; jd ee;jd; vd;gtd;
Mthd;. fpNuf;f> ,yj;jPd; E}y;fspy; ,tu; f;re;uhNk];
(Xandrames) my;yJ mf;uhNk]; (Aggrammes) vd;Dk; ngauhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. nfhLikfs; fhuzkhf kf;fs;
ntWj;jjhfTk;> mjdhy; jhd; ,k; kd;did ntw;wpnfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jjhfTk; re;jpuFg;j nksupad; $wpajhf
GShl;uhf; vd;Dk; E}y; $WfpwJ.
rpRehfu; kugpduplkpUe;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa ee;ju;fs;
rj;jpupau; my;yhj kuigr; rhu;e;jtu;fs;. tl ,e;jpahit Mz;l
rj;jpupau; my;yhj mur kugpdUs; ,tu; Kjy;tu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; Nguuir cUthf;fpatu; ,tu; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLtJ
cz;L. kfj ehl;bd; Ml;rpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ,tu;>
mjid NkYk; tpupthf;fpdhu;. ,jw;fhf 200>000 Ngu; nfhz;l
fhyhl;gil> 2000 Nju;fs;> 3000 Nghu; ahidfs; vd;git
nfhz;l giliaf; fl;bnaOg;gpdu;. GShl;uhf; E}ypd;gb
,tu;fs; gil ,ijtplTk; ngupajhFk;.
rhzf;fpau; cjtpAld; ,Wjp ee;jg; Nguuru; jd ee;jid
ntd;whu; re;jpuFg;j nksupau;. jd ee;jd; fhyj;jpy; fpNuf;fg;
117
Nguuru; mnyf;rhz;lu; rpe;J Mw;iwf; fle;J ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu;.
3. k
Tupa rhk;uh[;aj;ij cUthf;fpa re;jpu Fg;j kTupau;
(fp.K. 322–298)
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; nksupag; Nguuir epWtpatu;
re;jpuFg;j nksupau;. ehl;bd; rpwpa Jz;L Jz;lhd
uh[;aq;fis xd;wpizj;J mtw;iw xU ngupa Nguurhf
,izj;j ngUik mtUf;F cz;L. mtuJ Ml;rpapd;
NghJ> nksupag; NguuR fpof;fpy; tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; m];]hk;>
Nkw;fpy; Mg;fhdp];jhd; kw;Wk; gYrp];jhd;> tlf;fpy; fh\;kPu;
kw;Wk; Neghsk; kw;Wk; njw;fpy; jf;fhz gPlG+kp tiu gutpaJ.
re;jpuFg;j nksupau;> mtuJ topfhl;bahd rhzf;ahTld;
Nru;e;J ee;jh Nguuir KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuf; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;. Rkhu; 23 Mz;Lfhy ntw;wpfukhd Ml;rpf;Fg;
gpwF> re;jpuFg;j nksupau; cyf ,d;gq;fs; midj;ijAk;
Jwe;J jd;id xU rkzj; Jwtpahf khw;wpf;nfhz;lhu;.
mtu; rhFk;tiu cz;zhtpujk; ,Uf;Fk; xU rlq;fhd
‘ry;Nyfdh" nra;jjhfTk;> mjdhy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jdJ
nrhe;j tho;f;ifia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
rhzf;fpau; xU ee;j kd;ddpd; Ml;rpiaAk;> xUNtis
Nguurpd; Ml;rpiaAk; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu nghUj;jkhd
egiuj; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> kfj uh[;[paj;jpy;
jdJ ez;gu;fSld; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j xU ,sk;
re;jpuFg;jid rhzf;fpad; fz;lhd;. re;jpuFg;jdpd;
jiyikj;Jtj; jpwikahy; <u;f;fg;gl;l rhzf;ah>
re;jpuFg;jid gy;NtW epiyfspy; gapw;rp nra;tjw;F
Kd;G mtiuj; jj;njLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpwF>
rhzf;fpau; re;jpuFg;jiu jf;\rpyhTf;F mioj;J te;jhu;>
mq;F mtu; ee;j kd;diu mfw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; jdJ
Kd;$l;ba nry;tk; midj;ijAk; xU ngupa gilahf
khw;wpdhu;.
118
nksupag; NguuR
fpK 324 ,y;> mnyf;rhz;lu; jp fpNul; kw;Wk; mtuJ
tPuu;fs; fpNuf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd;thq;f KbT nra;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; rpy gFjpfis ,g;NghJ
MSk; fpNuf;f Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ghuk;gupaj;ij mtu; tpl;Lr;
nrd;whu;. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;> re;jpuFg;jUk; rhzf;fpaUk;
cs;Shu; Ml;rpahsu;fSld; $l;lzp mikj;J fpNuf;f
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gilfisj; Njhw;fbf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,J
,Wjpahf nksupag; NguuR ];jhgpf;fg;gLk; tiu mtu;fsJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
ee;jg; Nguurpd; KbT

,Wjpahf ee;j rhk;uh[;aj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;
tha;g;G rhzf;fpaUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. cz;ikapy;> ee;jg;
Nguuir mopf;Fk; xNu Fwpf;NfhSld; re;jpuFg;jDf;F
nksupag; Nguuir epWt cjtpdhu;. vdNt> re;jpuFg;jd;>
rhzf;fpaupd; MNyhridapd;gb> gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;
,kakiyg; gFjpapd; Ml;rpahsuhd gu;tj;fh kd;dUld;
$l;lzp mikj;jhu;. re;jpuFg;jh kw;Wk; gu;tj;fhtpd;
$l;Lg; gilfSld;> ee;jg; NguuR fpK 322 ,y; KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
re;jpuFg;j nksupau; ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd;
tlNkw;fpy; cs;s khrpNlhdpa rj;jpupaq;fisj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;.
gpd;du; mtu; fpNuf;f Ml;rpahsuhd nrY}f]{f;F vjpuhf
xU Nghiu elj;jpdhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nrY}f]; jdJ kfspd;
ifia re;jpuFg;j nksupaUf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;Jitj;J>
mtUld; $l;lzp itj;jhu;. nrY}f]pd; cjtpAld;>
re;jpuFg;ju; gy gFjpfisf; ifafg;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdhu;
kw;Wk; njw;fhrpah tiu jdJ Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdhu;.
,e;jg; ghupa tpupthf;fj;jpw;F ed;wp> re;jpuFg;j nksupahtpd;
NguuR KO MrpahtpYk; kpfTk; tpupthdjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ>
,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mnyf;rhz;lupd; NguuRf;F
mLj;jgbahf ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j gFjpfs;
119
nrY}f]plkpUe;J ngwg;gl;lit vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rpe;J ejpf;F Nkw;Nf cs;s khfhzq;fis
nrY}f]plkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa gpwF> re;jpuFg;jdpd; NguuR
njw;F Mrpahtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpfspy; gutpaJ. mjd;gpwF>
njw;fpYk;> tpe;jpa kiyj;njhliuj; jhz;b ,e;jpahtpd;
njd; gFjpfspYk; mtuJ ntw;wpfisj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
,d;iwa jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfushtpd; rpy gFjpfisj; jtpu>
re;jpuFg;jd; ,e;jpah KOtJk; jdJ Nguuir epWt Kbe;jJ.
rhzf;fpaupd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy;> mtuJ
Kjy;tu;> re;jpuFg;j nksupau; jdJ Nguuir ehd;F
khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;. mtu; jdJ jiyefuhd
ghlypGj;jpuk; mike;Js;s ,lj;jpy; xU rpwe;j kj;jpa
epu;thfj;ij epWtpdhu;. me;je;j khfhzj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk;
murupd; gpujpepjpfis epakpj;J epu;thfk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rhzf;fpaupd; mu;j;jrh];jpuk; vdg;gLk; E}y;fspd; njhFg;gpy;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb> ,J xU El;gkhd epu;thfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
nksupag; NguuR Nfhapy;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;>
rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Ruq;fq;fs; Nghd;w nghwpapay;
mw;Gjq;fSf;fhf mwpag;gl;lJ. re;jpuFg;j nksupau;
ePu;topg;ghijfisg; ngupJk; tpUk;ghjtu; vd;gjhy;> mtuJ
Kf;fpa Nghf;Ftuj;J top rhiy topahfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,J
mtiu ngupa rhiyfis cUthf;f toptFj;jJ> ,J
ngupa tz;bfs; rPuhfr; nry;y mDkjpj;jJ. ghlypGj;uhit
(,d;iwa ghl;dh) jf;\rpyhit (,d;iwa ghfp];jhd;)
,izf;Fk; tifapy; Mapuk; iky;fs; ePsKs;s
neLQ;rhiyiaAk; mtu; mikj;jhu;. mtu; mikj;j
,NjNghd;w gpw neLQ;rhiyfs; mtuJ jiyefiu Neghsk;>
Nluh^d;> xbrh> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; fu;ehlfh Nghd;w
,lq;fSld; ,izf;fpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd cs;fl;likg;G
gpd;du; xU tYthd nghUshjhuj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ> ,J
KO rhk;uh[;aj;ijAk; J}z;baJ.
120
re;jpuFg;j nksupa rfhg;jj;jpd; fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy
ghzpia milahsk; fhz tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
,y;iy vd;whYk;> jpju;fQ;r; af;\p Nghd;w njhy;nghUs;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; mtuJ rfhg;jj;jpd; fiy fpNuf;fu;fshy;
jhf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpd;wd. nksupag; Nguurpd;
ngUk;ghyhd fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;jit vd;Wk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; thjpLfpd;wdu;.
re;jpuFg;j nksupau; Nghd;w xU NguurUf;F
E}whapuf;fzf;fhd tPuu;fisf; nfhz;l xU ngupa gil
,Ug;gJ kl;LNk nghUj;jkhdJ. ,JNt gy fpNuf;f E}y;fspy;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy fpNuf;f fzf;Ffs; re;jpuFg;j
nksupaupd; gilapy; 500>000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhyhl;gil
tPuu;fs;> 9000 Nghu; ahidfs; kw;Wk; 30000 Fjpiug;gilfs;
,Ue;jd vd;W $Wfpd;wd. rhzf;fpaupd; mwpTiuapd;gb
KO ,uhZtKk; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> ey;y Cjpak;
kw;Wk; rpwg;G me;j];ij mDgtpj;jJ.
re;jpuFg;jhTk; rhzf;ahTk; MAjj; jahupg;G trjpfisf;
nfhz;L te;jdu;> ,J mtu;fis vjpupfspd; ghu;itapy;
fpl;lj;jl;l nty;y Kbahjjhf Mf;fpaJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs;
jq;fs; vjpupfisg; gaKWj;Jtjw;F kl;LNk jq;fs;
rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;> NkYk; Nghiuf; fhl;bYk;
,uh[je;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kjpg;ngz;fisj; jPu;f;ftpy;iy.
ju;kj;jpd;gb fhupaq;fisr; nra;tjw;F ,JNt rupahd top
vd;W rhzf;fpau; ek;gpdhu;> ,J mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpy; mtu;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
re;jpuFg;j nksupaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;> ,e;jpah KOtJk;
kw;Wk; njw;fhrpahtpd; ngUk; gFjp xd;Wgl;lJ. ngsj;jk;>
rkzk;> ,e;J kjk; kw;Wk; m[Ptpfh (MrPtfk;) Nghd;w
gy;NtW kjq;fs; mtuJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nropj;J tsu;e;jd.
KO rhk;uh[;aKk; mjd; epu;thfk;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;
cs;fl;likg;G Mfpatw;wpy; xNu rPuhd jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;bUe;jjhy;> Fbkf;fs; jq;fs; rYiffis
mDgtpj;jdu; kw;Wk; re;jpuFg;j nksupaiu kpfg;ngupa Nguuru;
vd;W Nghw;wpdu;. ,J mtuJ epu;thfj;jpw;F Mjuthfr;
121
nray;gl;lJ> ,J gpd;du; xU nropg;ghd rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;F
toptFj;jJ.
re;jpuFg;j nksupau; Ju;juhit kze;J kfpo;r;rpahd
jpUkz tho;f;ifia elj;jp te;jhu;. ,jw;F ,izahf>
re;jpuFg;j nksupau; rhg;gpLk; cztpy; rhzf;fpau; rpwpa
msT tp\j;ijr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;> mjdhy; mtuJ
cztpy; tp\k; itj;J nfhy;y Kaw;rpf;Fk; vjpupfspd;
Kaw;rpfshy; mtuJ Nguuru; ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ. re;jpuFg;j
nksupaupd; cliy tp\j;jpw;Fg; gof;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F gapw;rp
mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. Jujpu;\;ltrkhf>
uhzp Ju;jhuh jdJ fu;g;gj;jpd; filrp fl;lj;jpy;> re;jpuFg;j
nksupaUf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy czit cl;nfhz;lhu;.
me;j Neuj;jpy; muz;kidf;Fs; Eioe;j rhzf;fpad;>
Ju;juh ,dp thog;Nghtjpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;J> gpwf;fhj
Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;w KbT nra;jhu;. vdNt> Foe;ijiaf;
fhg;ghw;w mtu; this vLj;J Ju;juhtpd; tapw;iwj; jpwe;jhu;>
gpd;du; mtUf;F gpe;Jrhuh vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;>
re;jpuFg;j nksupah jdJ ,uh[je;jpuj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
nrY}f]pd; kfs; n`ypdhit kze;J> nrY}f]{ld;
$l;lzpapy; Eioe;jhu;.
gpe;Jrhuu; taJ te;jTld;> re;jpuFg;j nksupau; jdJ
xNu kfd; gpe;Jrhuhtplk; jbabia toq;f KbT nra;jhu;.
mtiug; Gjpa Nguuru; Mf;fpa gpwF> mtu; nksupa tk;rj;jpd;
jiyik MNyhrfuhf jdJ Nritfisj; njhlUkhW
rhzf;fpauplk; Nfl;L> gl;ypGj;uhit tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;.
cyf ,d;gq;fs; midj;ijAk; Jwe;J rkz kuGg;gb
Jwtpahdhu;. mtu; \;utzngyNfhyhtpy; (jw;Nghija
fu;ehlfh) FbNaWtjw;F Kd;G ,e;jpahtpd; njd;gFjpf;F
ntFJ}uk; gazk; nra;jhu;.
fpK 297 ,y;> mtuJ Md;kPff; FU Jwtp gj;ughFtpd;
topfhl;Ljypd; fPo;> re;jpuFg;j nksupau; ry;Nyfhdh %yk;
jdJ kuz cliyj; Jwf;f KbT nra;jhu;. vdNt mtu;
cz;zhtpujj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;. NkYk; xU ey;y ehspy;
\;utzngyNfhyhtpy; cs;s xU Fiff;Fs;> mtu; jdJ
122
,Wjp %r;Rld;> jdJ Ra gl;bdp ehl;fis Kbj;jhu;. xU
fhyj;jpy; mtu; kiwe;j Fif ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; ,d;W xU
rpwpa Nfhtpy; cs;sJ.
re;jpuFg;j nksupaupd; kfd; gpe;Jrhuu; mtUf;Fg; gpwF
mupaiz Vwpdhu;. gpe;JrhuUf;F mNrhfu; vd;w kfd;
gpwe;jhu;> mtu; ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lj;jpd; kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j
kd;du;fspy; xUtuhf Mdhu;. cz;ikapy;> mNrhfupd;
fPo;jhd; nksupag; NguuR mjd; KO kfpikiaf; fz;lJ.
NguuR KO cyfpYk; kpfg;ngupa xd;whf khwpaJ. NguuR 130
Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf jiyKiw jiyKiwahf tsu;e;jJ.
re;jpuFg;j nksupaUk; ,d;iwa ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;gFjpia
xd;wpizg;gjpy; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. nksupag; NguuR
epWtg;gLk; tiu> ,e;jg; ngupa ehL gy fpNuf;f kw;Wk; ghurPf
kd;du;fshy; Msg;gl;L> jq;fs; nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fis
cUthf;fpaJ. ,d;Wtiu> re;jpuFg;j nksupah gz;ila
,e;jpahtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; nry;thf;F kpf;f
Nguuru;fspy; xUtuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
4. gpe;Jrhuu; (fp.K.298-273)
5.
mNrhf tu;j;jdh vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rf;utu;j;jp
(fp.K. 273-232) mNrhf gpe;Jrhuu;> mNrhfu;
kTupag; Nguurpd; Kjy; kd;du; re;jpuFg;j nksupau;
Mthu;. kTupau;fs; Mz;l ehL kfj ehL. mjd; jiy efuk;
ghlyp Gj;jpuk;. ,J jw;Nghija gPfhu;> jiy efuk; ghl;dh vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rpyu; ee;j tk;r kd;dUf;Fk; Kuh vd;w ngz;Zf;Fk;
gpwe;jtu; vd;gu;. Kuhtpd; kfd; vd;gNj kTupah MfpaJ
vd;gu;. fhl;by; ,Ue;j re;jpuFg;jiu ee;j kd;duhy;
mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;l rhzf;fpau; re;jpj;J mtiuf; nfhz;L
ee;j kd;diu ntd;W rgjk; jPu;j;jhu;.
re;jpuFg;ju; kpfr; rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;J kTupa
rhk;uh[;aj;ij epWtpdhu;. njd;dpe;jpah tiuf;Fk; jd;
MSifapd; fPo; nfhzu;e;jhu;. ,tu; jdJ filrpf; fhyj;jpy;
rkz kjj; Jwtpahfp ngq;f@u; mUNf cs;s rutz
123
ngyFyhtpy; gj;jpughF vd;w Kdptu; JizAld; JwT
tho;if tho;e;J capu; Jwe;jhu;. ,jdhNyNa mq;Fs;s
kiyf;F re;jpu fpup vd;w ngau; te;jJ.
re;jpuFg;jupd; kfd; gpe;Jrhuu; Mthu;> gpe;Jrhuu; fUtpy;
,Uf;Fk; NghNj mtu; jha; ,we;Jtpl;ljhy;> R\;Uju;
vd;w Gfo;ngw;w kUj;Jt Nkij KOJk; tsu;r;rpailahj
Foe;ijia vLj;J xU Ml;bd; fUg;igapy; itj;J tsu;j;J
10 khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; gpwf;fr; nra;jhu; vdf; $Wfpwhu;fs;>
,jdhNy gpe;J rhuu; vd;w ngau; te;jjhf nrhy;fpwhu;fs;
(gpe;J vd;why; ML my;yJ khd; vdg;nghUs; gLk;).
gpe;J rhuu; jpUneNtyp tiuf;Fk; gil vLj;J te;J
ntd;wjhff; $Wfpwhu;fs;. ,tUf;F 12 kidtpfs; 101
Gjy;tu;fs; mtu;fspy; xUtu; jhd; mNrhfu;.
gpe;J rhuUf;Fg; gpwF mupaiz VWtjpy; Vw;gl;l Nghupy;
99 cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fisAk; mNrhfu; nfhd;wjhf
xU tuyhW cz;L. jp\;ah vd;w xU rNfhjupia kl;Lk;
nfhy;ytpy;iy vd;fpwhu;fs;.
rf;utu;j;jp mNrhfu;
mNrhfu; gpe;J rhuUf;Fk; mtuJ gpuhkd kidtp
Rkj;jpuhq;fp vd;gtUf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;> rpyu; mtu; nry;Yf];
epf;Nflu; vd;w fpNuf;f kd;dd; kfs; vd;ghu;fs;.
mNrhfupd; ,sk; tajpy; mte;jp ehl;il epu;tfpf;Fk;
nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jhu;. mg;NghJ Njtp vdg;gLk;
tzpf Fyg;ngz;izf; fhjypj;J kzk; Gupe;J
nfhz;lhu;. ,tu;fSf;Fg; gpwe;jtu;fNs kNfe;jpuDk;>
rq;fkpjpiuAk;> gpd;dhspy; ,tu;fis ,yq;iff;F Gj;j
kjj;jpid gug;g mDg;gpdhu;.
fypq;fg; NghUf;F Kd;du; mNrhfu; nfhLq;Nfhyuhf
,Ue;Js;shu;> jdJ muz;kidapy; xU rpj;jputij $lk;
mikj;J jtW nra;gtu;fisg; gy tifapYk; jz;bj;Js;shu;.
mNrhfu; fupa epwKk; > mofw;wtuhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shu; ,jid
124
fpz;ly; nra;j me;jg;Gug; ngz;fs; 1000 Ngiu fOtpy; Vw;wpf;
nfhd;W cs;shu;.
re;jpu Fg;ju; > gpe;J rhuu; Nghd;wtu;fs; fypq;f ehl;bd; kPJ
gil vLj;J ntd;Ws;shu;fs; Mdhy; rpy fhy ,ilntspf;Fg;
gpwF mtu;fs; jdpj;J ,aq;f Muk;gpj;Js;shu;fs;. vdNt
xNu mbahf fypq;f ehl;il mlf;f mNrhfu; tpUk;gpdhu;.
fypq;f ehL vd;gJ jw;NghJs;s xup]h> kfj ehL
jw;Nghija gPfhu fypq;f ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jJ fuNtsu;fs;
vd;w mur tk;rk;. fypq;f kd;du; ,d;dhu; jhd; vdg; ngau;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy ve;j tuyhw;W E}ypYk;.
fypq;f ehl;bd; kPJ gil vLj;J mjid epu;%ykhf;fpdhu;
mNrhfu;. mg;Nghupy; 1>50>000 tPuu;fs; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;ldu;>
Rkhu; 100000 tPuu;fs; fsj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,f;nfhba
Nghu;ff
; sf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L jhd; mNrhfu; kdk; khwpdhu;.
Gj;j rkaj;ijj; jOtp> rkhjhdk; jiof;fg; ghLgl;lhu;. Mdhy;
cz;ikapy; ,g;NghUf;F Kd;dNu mNrhfu; Gj;j kjj;jpw;F
khwp tpl;lhu; vd;ghu;fs;. mNrhfupd; fhjy; kidtp Njtp Gj;j
kjk; rhu;ej
; tu;> mtiu kzf;Fk; NghNj Gj;j kjj;jpidj; jOtp
tpl;lhu;. Mdhy; KOjhf Gj;j kjf;nfhs;ifapd; kPJ <LghL
nfhs;shky; ,Ue;Js;shu;. Nghupd; nfhba tpisitf; fz;l
gpwNf KOJk; kdk; khwp capu;fn ; fhiy Jwe;jhu;> gpd;du;
cyfk; KOtJk; Gj;jk; gut top nra;jhu;.
mNrhfUf;F Njtp vd;w kidtp jtpu NtW gy kidtpfs;
cz;L. me;j tifapy;> Fzhsd;> uhjh Fg;ju; vd;w kfd;fs;
cz;L. ,jpy; Fzhsd; moF kpFe;jtu; vdNt mtu; kPJ
mNrhfupd; kw;nwhU kidtpahd jp\;auf;\jh vd;gtu;
Mirnfhz;lhu;> Mdhy; Fzhsd; jd;J rpw;wd;idapd;
tpUg;gjpw;F ,zq;ftpiy vdNt tQ;rfkhf mtiu
ntspehl;LfF Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ vd mDg;gp mq;F itj;J
jdJ Ml;fis itj;J fz;fisf; FUlhf;fp tpl;lhu;.
fz; ,oe;j Fzhsd; vg;gbNah kPz;Lk; jiyefuk;
te;J ghlypGj;jpuj;jpd; tPjpfspy; ghl;Lg;gb gpr;ir vLj;jhu;.
mtuJ Fuiy milahsk; fz;L mNrhfu; tprhupj;J cz;ik
mwpe;J> jp\;auf;\jhtpd; jiyiaj; Jz;bjhu;. (,g;gb xU
125
fijak;rk; nfhz;l rpth[pfNzrd; ebj;j glk; $l cz;L
ngau; rhuq;fjhuh.)
jdJ nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; Gj;j rq;fj;jpw;Fj;
jhdk; mspj;J tpl;L fl;ba cilAld; tho;e;jhu;. mtuJ
,Wjpf;fhyk; kpfTk; Jd;gkhdjhfTk; jdpikahTk;
mike;jJ. ,Ue;j nry;tk; midj;ijAk; jhdk;
nra;Jtpl;ljhy; Ml;rpf;F te;j kw;nwhU kfd; uhjhFg;ju;
vd;gtu; mNrhfiug; Gwf;fzpj;J ftdpf;fhky; tpl;L tpl;lhu;.
Njtdhk;gpahr gpupaju;\d; vd;w ngaupNyNa mNrhfu;
Ml;rp Gupe;jhu;> mtu; vOjpa fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; ,Nj
ngau; fhzg;gl;lJ vdNt mNrhfu; jhd; me;j Gfo;ngw;w
fypq;fg;Nghu; Gupe;j rf;utu;jj
; p vd;gJ ePzl
; ehl;fSf;Fj;
njupahky; ,Ue;jJ. gpd;du; xU nts;isf;fhu Ma;thsu; jhd;
,UtUk; xUtNu vd;gjid nka;gpj;jhu;. ,y;iy vdpy; ,d;W
ekf;F mNrhfu; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; njupahkNy Ngha; ,Uf;Fk;.
mNrhfUf;Fg; gpd;du; te;jtu;fs; mtu; msTf;F jpwik
ngw;wtu;fs; my;y vd;gjhYk;> mNrhfu; gil tPuu;fisf;
fiyj;J Gj;jkj gpur;rhuj;jpw;F mDg;gptpl;ljhYk;
typikapd;wp ,Ue;jhu;fs; NkYk; Gj;j kjjpw;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;gl;ljhy; gpuhkd mwpQu;fs; muirf; ftpo;f;f Neuk;
ghu;j;J te;jdu;. ,ijg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L kTupa murpy;
jsgjpahf ,Ue;j G\;akpj;jpu Rq;fu; vdg;gLk; gpuhkzj;
jsgjp filrp kTupa murd; Md gpUf;ujh vd;gtiu
eatQ;rfkhff; nfhd;W Rq;f tk;r muir epWtpdhu;.
mj;Jld; khngUk; kTupa rhk;uh[;ak; KbTf;F te;jJ.
6. uh[rpq;fk; (jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;if nrd;W

,yq;ifia Mz;l khkd;du;) ,tu; ,yq;if
mtprtpy;iy vd;w efuj;ij jiyefuhff; nfhz;L
,yq;ifia Mz;Ls;shu;. ,yq;ifj; jPtpy; irt
rkaj;ij epWtp> rptndhspghj kiyia irt kj
kf;fSf;F cupikahf;fpAs;shu;.
7. gp[;[yh> tlf;F fu;ehlfj;ij Mz;l muru;> mtuJ
mitapy; kUj;Jtu; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j grtz;zh
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu;.
126
vk;. tPug;g nkha;yp
khu;ghb tPug;g nkha;yp Gfo;kpf;f ,e;jpa murpay;thjp
Mthu;. ,tu; ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;.
fu;ehlfj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;.
fu;ehlfh khepyj;jpy; %l;gpj;up> jf;\pd fd;dlh khtl;lk;
gFjpy; 12 -01- 1940 md;W gpwe;jhu;. 5 taJ igadhf nkha;yp
,Ue;jNghJ mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdu; jq;fpapUe;j tPl;bd;
cupikahsu;> mtu;fis tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wpdhu;.
mg;NghJ jdJ jhahupd; kbapy; mku;e;J rhg;gpl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu; nkha;yp. ,e;j rk;gtk; mtuJ kdjpy; Mwhj
tLthfg; gjpe;J tpl;lJ. ,e;j rk;gtj;jpw;Fg; gpwFjhd;
ePjpf;fhd mtuJ NjlYk; njhlq;fpaJ.
rpf;fg;gy;yG+u; Nyhf;rgh njhFjpapypUe;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;. ,tu; fu;ehlf
Kd;dhs; Kjy;tuhf Ml;rp nra;jtu;. kj;jpa ngl;Nuhypak;>
rl;lj;Jiw mikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;jtu;.
2009-k; Mz;L rpf;fg;gy;yG+u; njhFjpapypUe;J
kpfg; ngupa thf;F tpj;jpahrj;jpy; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L rhjid gilj;jtu; tPug;g nkha;yp. 2014
Nju;jypy; rpf;fgy;yG+u; Nyhf;rgh njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L
ntw;wp ngw;whu;. Me;jpu gpuNjr khepyj;Jf;fhd fhq;fpu];
nghWg;ghsuhfr; nray;gLfpwhu;. mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; nghJr; nrayhsuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;. fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; %j;j jiytu;.
kq;fShupy; cs;s `k;gd;fl;lhtpy; cs;s muRf; fy;Y}
upapy; (jw;NghJ ,J gy;fiyf;fof fy;Y}upahfp tpl;lJ) gp.V.
gbj;jhu;. gpd;du; ngq;f@U gy;fiyf;fof rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy;
gp.vy;. Kbj;jhu;.
murpay;thjp> vk;.gp> tof;fwpQu;> vOj;jhsu;>ftpQu; vd
gd;Kfj; jpwd; nfhz;l ,tu;> gy;NtW Kd;dzp gj;jpupiffs;>
kpd;dZ Clfq;fspy; njhlu;e;J vOjpatu;. gy;NtW
Gj;jfq;fis vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. mjpy; Kf;fpakhdJ
127
Unleashing India - The Fire of Knowledge.
,Jjtpu ];uP uhkhazh k`d;Nt\dk; vd;w E}iyAk;
vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; Fwpj;J ed;F Gupe;jtu;.
,e;jpa epjpf; fl;likg;G> khepyq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nkf;Nuh
kw;Wk; ikf;Nuh epjpj; Njitfs; Fwpj;Jk; ed;F mwpe;jtu;.
khepyj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpatu;.
2015 2015 [dtup 29 y; nghJ Nehf;ff; FO cWg;gpduhfj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.
2014,y; 16tJ Nyhf;rghTf;F kPz;Lk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu; (2tJ Kiw).
2014 nrg;lk;gu; 1k; Njjp epjpj;Jiw cWg;gpdu;> epiyf;FO
jiytu;> ntspAwTj;Jiw MNyhridf; fkpl;b> ntspehL
tho; ,e;jpau; eyj;Jiwapy; nray;gl;L tUfpwhu;.
2009-k; Mz;L 15tJ Nyhf;rghTf;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.
2009 Kjy; 2012 tiu kj;jpa epjp> ePjpj;Jiw> fk;ngdp
tptfhuk;> kpd;rhuk;> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if vupthA Mfpa
mikr;ru; gjtpfis tfpj;jhu;.
1992 Kjy; 1994 tiu fu;ehlf Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
1990-y; fu;ehlf mikr;ruitapy; fy;tpj;Jiw Nfgpdl;
mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1989y; fu;ehlf mikr;ruitapy; rl;lj;Jiw Nfgpdl;
mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1983 fu;ehlf rl;lrigj; Nju;jypy; Njhy;tp mile;j tPug;g
nkha;yp> rl;lrig vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhdhu;.
1980–83 fhyfl;lj;jpy; fu;ehlf mikr;ruitapy;
epjpj;Jiw Nfgpdl; mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1975 fu;ehlf mikr;ruitapy; rpW njhopy;Jiw ,iz
mikr;ruhdhu;.
128
1972 Kjy; 1979 tiu fu;ehlf rl;lrig cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jhu; (6 Kiw)
gy;NtW FbePu;j; jpl;lq;fs;> Ntiytha;g;G cj;juthjj;
jpl;lq;fs;> tPl;L trjpj; jpl;lq;fis mky;gLj;jpdhu;.
fu;ehlfj;jpd; ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fSf;F tuyhW fhzhj
msTf;F cjtpdhu;. fu;ehlf ePu;g;ghrdg; gug;gsT mjpfupf;f
,tNu Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;. 1992-93> 1994-95> 1980-81> 1981-
82> 1983-84 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fu;ehlfj;jpd; gl;n[l;ilj;
jhf;fy; nra;jhu;. epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ xt;nthU
KiwAk; cgup tUthia cUthf;fp rhjid gilj;jhu;.
tUtha; rPu;jpUj;j Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mkPd;
rj;ghtdh tpUJ - 2000 Njtuh[; mu;]; gpurh\;jp - 2001
Mu;agl;lh tpUJ - 2001 lhf;lu; gp.Mu;. mk;Ngj;fu; tpUJ -
2002 %u;j;jpNjtp tpUJ - 2007 ru];tjp rk;khd; - 2014.
,uhNkRtu; jhf;$u; (Rameshwar Thakur)

[_iy 28 1925 - Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jtu;. ,e;jpaj; Njrpa
fhq;fpuirr; Nru;e;j %j;j murpay;thjpAk; Mthu;. ,tu;
kj;jpag; gpuNjr MSeuhf 2009 Kjy; 2011 tiuapYk;> xbrh
MSeuhf 2004 Kjy; 2006 tiuapYk;> Me;jpug; gpuNjr
MSeuhf 2006 Kjy; 2007 tiuapYk;> fu;ehlfh MSeuhf
2007 Kjy; 2009 tiuapYk; ,Ue;jhu;. gl;la fzf;fwpQuhd>
,tu; 1966 Kjy; 1967 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; gl;la fzf;fwpQu;fs;
fofj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. jhf;$u; rhu;f;fz;bd;
Nfhlh khtl;lj;jpYs;s jhf;$u; fhe;jp fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tu; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;whu;.
etk;gu; 1998 Kjy; etk;gu; 2001 tiu ,e;jpa rhuzu;
rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. kPz;Lk; etk;gu; 2004
f;Fg; gpwF. jhf;$u; Mf];l; 21> 2007 md;W fu;ehlfj;jpd;
15tJ MSeuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
[_d; 24> 2009 md;W ,tu; kj;jpa gpuNjr MSeuhf
khw;wg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; 15 [dtup 2015 md;W jpy;ypapy;
fhykhdhu;. ,tUila kidtp eu;kjh.. ,tu;fSf;F ,uz;L
kfd;fSk;> ,uz;L kfs;fSk; cs;sdu;.

மருத்துவ குலம் - Rev 01

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Nkd;ikkpF

gjpg;G Mz;L † 2023

Nkyl;il & tbtikg;G:

2. kUj;Jtu; r%f tuyhW 12

3. yz;ld; ehtpju;fs; rq;fk; 16

4. jkpofj;jpy; kUj;Jt Fyk; 17

7. mkuftp jpahfp v];.v];.tp];tehjjh]; 48

8. tuyhw;W mwpQu; ee;ju; 55

9. mWit rpfpr;ir Kd;Ndhbfs; 61

11. Ntjhuz;ak; itug;gd; 90

12. fu;g;G+up jhf;$u; 92

13. rtuj; njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW 94

14. Mde;jk; gz;bju; 100

15. ,e;jpa mstpy; kUj;Jt Fyj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; 113

rtuj; njhopyhspfs; ahu; ?

'(mQ;RNguf;) $ypiaf; iff; nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;

'kfh NehT jd;idj; jPu;j;j kUj;Jtd; $yp.”

'Myk; ghf;fj;J rtu;zd; Nfhjz;luhkd;

vd tUk; fy;ntl;L tupfs; Myk;ghf;fk; vd;w CupypUe;J

kUj;Jtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;

ry;ypaf; fpupah Nghfk;

tp\ `hu Nghfk;

',d;dhl;rp Mug;gho; eha; thyKk;

kUj;Jtf; fhzp tof;F

ebg;gpy; midtiuAk; ftUk; tz;zk; gy tpj;jpahrkhd

'nfhf;F gwf;Fjb ghg;gh -

nfhf;F me;j nts;is nfhf;F

vd;W ghbaTld; vOe;j ghku kf;fspd; ifjl;ly;fshy;

ghy;epide; J}l;Le; jhapDQ; rhyg;

khzpf;f thrfu; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk;

fPu;j;jpj; jpU mfty;

gilg;Nghw; gilf;Fk; gioNahd;> gilj;jit

Nghw;wpj; jpU mfty;

Iah Nghw;wp mZNt Nghw;wp

khzpf;fthrfuJ ‘jpUr;rhoy;" ghly;fs;> ‘jpUg;gpr;

jhAkpyp je;ijAkpyp jhd; jdpad; fhNzB

njhf;fd te;jtu; jk;ikj; njhiyj;jJjhd; vd;NdB‚

vd;W ‘jpUr;rhoy;" gFjp KOtJNk jpUg;gpr; nrhy;Yk;

Gj;jnuhL rka thjk;

me;j tpdhtpilfs; jhk;> jpUr;rhoy; vd;w jpUg;gjpfkhf

,iwtd; jpUthrfk; Nfl;L vOjpaJ

mg;gbg;gl;l R+oypy; xUehs; NghyP]; fhd;];lgps; xUtu;

nrd;id rl;lrigapy; V.v];.fpU\;zuht; etk;gu; 1914

r%f murpay; mwpQu;

eap rj;jpupau; (ee;j rj;jpupau;) ,d khkd;du;fs;

ee;jg; Nguurpd; KbT

6. uh[rpq;fk; (jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;if nrd;W

,uhNkRtu; jhf;$u; (Rameshwar Thakur)

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2. kUj;Jtu; r%f tuyhW 12

3. yz;ld; ehtpju;fs; rq;fk; 16

4. jkpofj;jpy; kUj;Jt Fyk; 17

7. mkuftp jpahfp v];.v];.tp];tehjjh]; 48

8. tuyhw;W mwpQu; ee;ju; 55

9. mWit rpfpr;ir Kd;Ndhbfs; 61

11. Ntjhuz;ak; itug;gd; 90

12. fu;g;G+up jhf;$u; 92

13. rtuj; njhopyhsuhf;fg;gl;l tuyhW 94

14. Mde;jk; gz;bju; 100

15. ,e;jpa mstpy; kUj;Jt Fyj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; 113

'nfhf;F gwf;Fjb ghg;gh -

6. uh[rpq;fk; (jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;if nrd;W